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Leiva-Torres GA, Cigna M, Constanzo-Yanez J, St-Louis M, Perreault J, Lavoie J, Laflamme G, Lewin A, Pastore Y, Robitaille N. Transfusing children with sickle cell disease using blood group genotyping when the pool of Black donors is limited. Transfusion 2024; 64:716-726. [PMID: 38497419 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell transfusion is an effective treatment for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Alloimmunization can occur after a single transfusion, limiting further usage of blood transfusion. It is recommended to match for the ABO, D, C, E, and K antigens to reduce risks of alloimmunization. However, availability of compatible blood units can be challenging for blood providers with a limited number of Black donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective cohort of 205 pediatric patients with SCD was genotyped for the RH and FY genes. Transfusion and alloimmunization history were collected. Our capacity to find RhCE-matched donors was evaluated using a database of genotyped donors. RESULTS Nearly 9.8% of patients carried a partial D variant and 5.9% were D-. Only 45.9% of RHCE alleles were normal, with the majority of variants affecting the RH5 (e) antigen. We found an alloimmunization prevalence of 20.7% and a Rh alloimmunization prevalence of 7.1%. Since Black donors represented only 1.40% of all blood donors in our province, D- Caucasian donors were mostly used to provide phenotype matched products. Compatible blood for patients with rare Rh variants was found only in Black donors. A donor with compatible RhCE could be identified for all patients. CONCLUSION Although Rh-compatible donors were identified, blood units might not be available when needed and/or the extended phenotype or ABO group might not match the patient. A greater effort has to be made for the recruitment of Black donors to accommodate patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maude Cigna
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Josée Lavoie
- Hema-Quebec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Antoine Lewin
- Hema-Quebec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Yves Pastore
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nancy Robitaille
- Hema-Quebec, Transfusion Medicine, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
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Armstrong‐Fisher S, Urbaniak S, Karimi Rouzbahani A, Hemmati Chegeni M, Mahmoudvand G, Varzi AM. The highest Duffy ( FYX) allele frequency ever reported for Scottish population: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1314. [PMID: 37275674 PMCID: PMC10238784 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The Duffy (FY) blood group system has six known antigens among which the Fya and Fyb are known as major antigens. Fyx phenotype forms as a result of two point mutations in the FYB allele leading to instability of Duffy protein and so reduction of Duffy antigen expression in the cells. This study aimed to investigate the FYX allele frequency in the Scottish population. Methods The Duffy blood group system was serologically and molecularly investigated in 222 samples collected from donors of Aberdeen Regional Blood Transfusion Center (BTC). The haemagglutination and BeadChip microarray chemistry methods were used for phenotyping and genotyping. Confirmatory tests were also used to check the discrepant results. Results In this study, the frequency of Duffy blood group phenotypes including Fya+, Fya+b+, and Fyb+ were 17.57%, 42.79%, and 39.64%, respectively. Furthermore, the frequency of FYA/FYA, FYA/FYB, and FYB/FYB genotypes was estimated to be 14.41%, 45.95%, and 39.64%, respectively, using the Bioarray method. In the present study, based on Duffy DNA sequencing results, 12 samples (5.41%) had just one FYX allele. Conclusion The frequency of the FYX allele in this study was estimated to be 0.0270% which is more than the results reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stan Urbaniak
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Arian Karimi Rouzbahani
- Student Research CommitteeLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- USERN OfficeLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | | | | | - Ali Mohammad Varzi
- USERN OfficeLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Department of ImmunologyLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
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Costa GL, Alvarenga DAM, Aguiar ACC, Louzada J, Pereira DB, de Oliveira TF, Fonseca Júnior AA, Carvalho LH, Ferreira Alves de Brito C, Nóbrega de Sousa T. Improving the Molecular Diagnosis of Malaria: Droplet Digital PCR-Based Method Using Saliva as a DNA Source. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882530. [PMID: 35633683 PMCID: PMC9136408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an acute febrile disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. Light microscopy (LM) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria. Despite this method being rapid and inexpensive, it has a low limit of detection, which hampers the identification of low parasitemia infections. By using multicopy targets and highly sensitive molecular techniques, it is possible to change this scenario. In this study, we evaluated the performance of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to detect Plasmodium DNA obtained from saliva samples (whole saliva and buccal swab) of 157 individuals exposed to malaria transmission from the Brazilian Amazon region. We used the highly sensitive ddPCR method with non-ribosomal multicopy targets for Plasmodium vivax (Pvr47) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pfr364). There was good concordance between the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results from the saliva and blood, except for mixed-species infections. The sensitivity of qPCR was 93% for blood, 77% for saliva, and 47% for swabs. Parasite DNA was not detected in saliva samples in low-density infections compared with the detection in blood samples. ddPCR showed increased sensitivity for detecting Plasmodium in the blood and swabs (99% in blood, 73% in saliva, and 59% in swabs). Notably, ddPCR detected more mixed infections in the blood (15%), saliva (9%), and swabs (18%) than qPCR. Our data showed that the differences between ddPCR and qPCR were the result of a higher number of P. falciparum infections detected by ddPCR. Overall, there was a moderate correlation between parasite densities estimated by the different methods in the blood. Our findings highlight the possibility of using non-invasive sample collection methods for malaria diagnosis by targeting multicopy sequences combined with highly sensitive molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luíz Costa
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Denise Anete Madureira Alvarenga
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime Louzada
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
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Hongfongfa P, Kuesap J. Genotyping of ABO and Duffy blood groups among malaria patients in Thailand. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:178-185. [PMID: 35299921 PMCID: PMC8901834 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ABO blood groups have been proposed to influence malaria parasite infection and disease severity in individuals residing in different geographical areas. In Thailand, genetic polymorphisms of blood groups and susceptibility to malaria infection have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the genotype frequencies of ABO and Duffy blood groups and susceptibility to malaria infection in two populations residing in malaria-endemic areas of Thailand. 1100 malaria samples and an identical number of samples from healthy subjects were collected from Thai-Malaysian and Thai-Myanmar areas. Genotyping of ABO and Duffy blood groups was performed by sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of ABO and Duffy blood groups was similar in malaria-positive and negative subjects. Blood group O was prevalent in both populations followed by blood group B (BO genotype) and A (AO genotype), respectively. In Plasmodium falciparum infections, blood group A frequency was significantly higher in Thai-Malaysian samples (P = 0.042) whereas blood group B frequency was significantly higher in Thai-Myanmar samples (P = 0.022). FY*A/*A frequency was significantly higher in Plasmodium vivax infection (P = 0.036) while FY*A/*B frequency was significantly higher in healthy subjects (P = 0.005). The different ABO blood group frequencies in the two populations may contribute to susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and the high prevalence of FY*A/*A can confer a risk of P. vivax infection. Further research in various ethnic groups is needed to clarify the association between blood groups and pathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattharaphon Hongfongfa
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kuesap
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
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Haiyambo DH, Aleksenko L, Mumbengegwi D, Bock R, Uusiku P, Malleret B, Rénia L, Quaye IK. Children with Plasmodium vivax infection previously observed in Namibia, were Duffy negative and carried a c.136G > A mutation. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:856. [PMID: 34418990 PMCID: PMC8380386 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, using a molecular approach, we reported the presence of P. vivax in Namibia. Here, we have extended our investigation to the Duffy antigen genetic profile of individuals of the same cohort with and without Plasmodium infections. Methods Participants with P. vivax (n = 3), P. falciparum (n = 23) mono-infections and co-infections of P. vivax/P. falciparum (n = 4), and P. falciparum/P. ovale (n = 3) were selected from seven regions. Participants with similar age but without any Plasmodium infections (n = 47) were also selected from all the regions. Duffy allelic profile was examined using standard PCR followed by sequencing of amplified products. Sequenced samples were also examined for the presence or absence of G125A mutation in codon 42, exon 2. Results All individuals tested carried the − 67 T > C mutation. However, while all P. vivax infected participants carried the c.G125A mutation, 7/28 P. falciparum infected participants and 9/41 of uninfected participants did not have the c.G125A mutation. The exon 2 region surrounding codon 42, had a c.136G > A mutation that was present in all P. vivax infections. The odds ratio for lack of this mutation with P. vivax infections was (OR 0.015, 95% CI 0.001–0.176; p = 0.001). Conclusion We conclude that P. vivax infections previously reported in Namibia, occurred in Duffy negative participants, carrying the G125A mutation in codon 42. The role of the additional mutation c.136 G > A in exon 2 in P. vivax infections, will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hosea Haiyambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Larysa Aleksenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Davies Mumbengegwi
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ronnie Bock
- Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Petrina Uusiku
- Ministry of Health and Social Services Department of Biology, National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR ID Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Isaac Kweku Quaye
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Applied Sciences, Regent University College of Science and Technology, Dansoman, P. O. Box DS 1636, Accra, Ghana.
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Brown CA, Pappoe-Ashong PJ, Duah N, Ghansah A, Asmah H, Afari E, Koram KA. High frequency of the Duffy-negative genotype and absence of Plasmodium vivax infections in Ghana. Malar J 2021; 20:99. [PMID: 33596926 PMCID: PMC7888148 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies from different malaria-endemic regions including western Africa have now shown that Plasmodium vivax can infect red blood cells (RBCs) and cause clinical disease in Duffy-negative people, though the Duffy-negative phenotype was thought to confer complete refractoriness against blood invasion with P. vivax. The actual prevalence of P. vivax in local populations in Ghana is unknown and little information is available about the distribution of Duffy genotypes. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of P. vivax in both asymptomatic and symptomatic outpatients and the distribution of Duffy genotypes in Ghana. Methods DNA was extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) collected from 952 subjects (845 malaria patients and 107 asymptomatic persons) from nine locations in Ghana. Plasmodium species identification was carried out by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA genes. For P. vivax detection, a second PCR of the central region of the Pvcsp gene was carried out. Duffy blood group genotyping was performed by allele-specific PCR to detect the presence of the FYES allele. Results No cases of P. vivax were detected in any of the samples by both PCR methods used. Majority of infections (542, 94.8%) in the malaria patient samples were due to P. falciparum with only 1 infection (0.0017%) due to Plasmodium malariae, and 2 infections (0.0034%) due to Plasmodium ovale. No case of mixed infection was identified. Of the samples tested for the FYES allele from all the sites, 90.5% (862/952) had the FYES allele. All positive samples were genotyped as FY*B-33/FY*B-33 (Duffy-negative homozygous) and therefore classified as Fy(a−b−). Conclusions No cases of P. vivax were detected by both PCRs and majority of the subjects tested carried the FYES allele. The lack of P. vivax infections observed can be attributed to the high frequency of the FYES allele that silences erythroid expression of the Duffy. These results provide insights on the host susceptibility for P. vivax infections that had not been investigated in Ghana before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Brown
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Prince J Pappoe-Ashong
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Nancy Duah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Anita Ghansah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Harry Asmah
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Edwin Afari
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo A Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Robortella DR, Calvet AA, Amaral LC, Fantin RF, Guimarães LFF, França Dias MH, de Brito CFA, de Sousa TN, Herzog MM, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Carvalho LH. Prospective assessment of malaria infection in a semi-isolated Amazonian indigenous Yanomami community: Transmission heterogeneity and predominance of submicroscopic infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230643. [PMID: 32191777 PMCID: PMC7081991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Amazon basin, indigenous forest-dwelling communities typically suffer from a high burden of infectious diseases, including malaria. Difficulties in accessing these isolated ethnic groups, such as the semi-nomadic Yanomami, make official malaria data largely underestimated. In the current study, we longitudinally surveyed microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection in four Yanomami villages of the Marari community in the northern-most region of the Brazilian Amazon. Malaria parasite species-specific PCR-based detection of ribosomal and non-ribosomal targets showed that approximately 75% to 80% of all malaria infections were submicroscopic, with the ratio of submicroscopic to microscopic infection remaining stable over the 4-month follow-up period. Although the prevalence of malaria infection fluctuated over time, microscopically-detectable parasitemia was only found in children and adolescents, presumably reflecting their higher susceptibility to malaria infection. As well as temporal variation, the prevalence of malaria infection differed significantly between villages (from 1% to 19%), demonstrating a marked heterogeneity at micro-scales. Over the study period, Plasmodium vivax was the most commonly detected malaria parasite species, followed by P. malariae, and much less frequently P. falciparum. Consecutive blood samples from 859 out of the 981 studied Yanomami showed that malaria parasites were detected in only 8% of the previously malaria-positive individuals, with most of them young children (median age 3 yrs). Overall, our results show that molecular tools are more sensitive for the identification of malaria infection among the Yanomami, which is characterized by heterogeneous transmission, a predominance of low-density infections, circulation of multiple malaria parasite species, and a higher susceptibility in young children. Our findings are important for the design and implementation of the new strategic interventions that will be required for the elimination of malaria from isolated indigenous populations in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rocha Robortella
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariza Maia Herzog
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LHC); (JOF)
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LHC); (JOF)
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Amaral LC, Robortella DR, Guimarães LFF, Limongi JE, Fontes CJF, Pereira DB, de Brito CFA, Kano FS, de Sousa TN, Carvalho LH. Ribosomal and non-ribosomal PCR targets for the detection of low-density and mixed malaria infections. Malar J 2019; 18:154. [PMID: 31039781 PMCID: PMC6492410 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The unexpected high proportion of submicroscopic malaria infections in areas with low transmission intensity challenges the control and elimination of malaria in the Americas. The current PCR-based assays present limitations as most protocols still rely on amplification of few-copies target gene. Here, the hypothesis was that amplification of different plasmodial targets—ribosomal (18S rRNA) and non-ribosomal multi-copy sequences (Pvr47 for Plasmodium vivax and Pfr364 for Plasmodium falciparum)—could increase the chances of detecting submicroscopic malaria infection. Methods A non-ribosomal real-time PCR assay targeting Pvr47/Pfr364 (NR-qPCR) was established and compared with three additional PCR protocols, two of them based on 18S rRNA gene amplification (Nested-PCR and R-qPCR) and one based on Pvr47/Pfr364 targets (NR-cPCR). The limit of detection of each PCR protocol, at single and artificial mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum infections, was determined by end-point titration curves. Field samples from clinical (n = 110) and subclinical (n = 324) malaria infections were used to evaluate the impact of using multiple molecular targets to detect malaria infections. Results The results demonstrated that an association of ribosomal and non-ribosomal targets did not increase sensitivity to detect submicroscopic malaria infections. Despite of that, artificial mixed-malaria infections demonstrated that the NR-qPCR was the most sensitive protocol to detect low-levels of P. vivax/P. falciparum co-infections. Field studies confirmed that submicroscopic malaria represented a large proportion (up to 77%) of infections among asymptomatic Amazonian residents, with a high proportion of infections (~ 20%) identified only by the NR-qPCR. Conclusions This study presents a new species-specific non-ribosomal PCR assay with potential to identify low-density P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. As the majority of subclinical infections was caused by P. vivax, the commonest form of malaria in the Amazon area, future studies should investigate the potential of Pvr47/Pfr364 to detect mixed-malaria infections in the field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2781-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cotta Amaral
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rocha Robortella
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dhelio Batista Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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de Oliveira HSS, da Silva ANLM, Andrade GB, Gaia KC, Costa GDLC, dos Santos ÂKCR, Guerreiro JF. Molecular genotyping of G6PD mutations and Duffy blood group in Afro-descendant communities from Brazilian Amazon. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:758-765. [PMID: 30508000 PMCID: PMC6415611 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) and Duffy-negative blood group are two red blood cells variants that confer protection against malaria. In this study, the distribution of the most common G6PD variants (G6PD*A-, GGPD*A and G6PD Mediterranean) and the major alleles of the Duffy blood group (FY*A, FY*B and FY*BES) were investigated in an Afro-descendant population from state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. G6PD variants and Duffy blood group alleles were determined by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Overall, molecular genotyping revealed the presence of G6PD variants in 126 (24%) of the individuals studied (5% male and 19% female), and frequencies of the G6PD*A- and G6PD*A alleles were 0.061 and 0.104, respectively. Duffy blood group genotyping showed that 24.3% of people were Duffy-negative and 41.3% were heterozygous for FY*BES. The frequency of allele FY*BES was 41.0%. The results emphasize the need to monitor G6PD deficiency for the use of primaquine in the routine care of the Afro-descendant communities of the Trombetas, Erepecuru and Cumná rivers, evaluating the risks of hemolytic crisis in case of recurrence of malaria in the region. In addition, the possible greater protection against malaria conferred by these erythrocyte polymorphisms deserves to be better investigated and explored among these Afro-descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiala S. Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Aylla N. Lima Martins da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Barreto Andrade
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Karoline Coelho Gaia
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso Costa
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Gorakshakar A, Gogri H, Ghosh K. Evolution of technology for molecular genotyping in blood group systems. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:305-315. [PMID: 29355136 PMCID: PMC5793464 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_914_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the blood group antigens was identified first in the 1980s and 1990s. Since then the importance of molecular biology in transfusion medicine has been described extensively by several investigators. Molecular genotyping of blood group antigens is one of the important aspects and is successfully making its way into transfusion medicine. Low-, medium- and high-throughput techniques have been developed for this purpose. Depending on the requirement of the centre like screening for high- or low-prevalence antigens where antisera are not available, correct typing of multiple transfused patients, screening for antigen-negative donor units to reduce the rate of alloimmunization, etc. a suitable technique can be selected. The present review discusses the evolution of different techniques to detect molecular genotypes of blood group systems and how these approaches can be used in transfusion medicine where haemagglutination is of limited value. Currently, this technology is being used in only a few blood banks in India. Hence, there is a need for understanding this technology with all its variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Gorakshakar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Harita Gogri
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
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Martins ML, da Silva AR, Santos HC, Alves MT, Schmidt LC, Vertchenko SB, Dusse LMS, Silva Malta MCFD. Duffy blood group system: New genotyping method and distribution in a Brazilian extra-Amazonian population. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 35:20-26. [PMID: 28587995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Duffy blood group system is of interest in several fields of science including transfusion medicine, immunology and malariology. Although some methods have been developed for Duffy polymorphism genotyping, not all of them have been sufficiently described and validated, and all present limitations. At the same time, the frequency of Duffy alleles and antigens in some densely populated regions of the world are still missing. In this study we present new tests for genotyping the major alleles of the Duffy blood system and describe Duffy alleles and antigens in blood donors and transfusion-dependent patients in Minas Gerais, Brazil. A simple and reproducible strategy was devised for Duffy genotyping based on real-time PCR that included SNPs rs12075 and rs2814778. No significant differences between the allele frequencies were observed comparing blood donors and patients. Among the blood donors, the phenotype Fy(a-b+) was the most common and the Fy(a-b-) phenotype, associated with populations of African descent, was remarkably less common among subjects who self-identified as black in comparison to other ethnoracial categories. However, the African ancestry estimated by molecular markers was significantly higher in individuals with the allele associated to the Duffy null phenotype. The genotyping method presented may be useful to study Duffy genotypes accurately in different contexts and populations. The results suggest a reduced risk of alloimmunization for Duffy antigens and increased susceptibility for malaria in Minas Gerais, considering the high frequency of Duffy-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lobato Martins
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais - Hemominas, MG, Brazil
| | - Adão Rogerio da Silva
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais - Hemominas, MG, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hadassa Campos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luci Maria SantAna Dusse
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nathalang O, Intharanut K, Siriphanthong K, Nathalang S, Kupatawintu P. Duffy blood group genotyping in Thai blood donors. Ann Lab Med 2016; 35:618-23. [PMID: 26354350 PMCID: PMC4579106 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.6.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duffy (FY) blood group genotyping is important in transfusion medicine because Duffy alloantibodies are associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. In this study, FY allele frequencies in Thai blood donors were determined by in-house PCR with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), and the probability of obtaining compatible blood for alloimmunized patients was assessed. Methods Five hundred blood samples from Thai blood donors of the National Blood Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, were included. Only 200 samples were tested with anti-Fya and anti-Fyb using the gel technique. All 500 samples and four samples from a Guinea family with the Fy(a-b-) phenotype were genotyped by using PCR-SSP. Additionally, the probability of obtaining antigen-negative red blood cells (RBCs) for alloimmunized patients was calculated according to the estimated FY allele frequencies. Results The FY phenotyping and genotyping results were in 100% concordance. The allele frequencies of FY*A and FY*B in 500 central Thais were 0.962 (962/1,000) and 0.038 (38/1,000), respectively. Although the Fy(a-b-) phenotype was not observed in this study, FY*BES/FY*BES was identified by PCR-SSP in the Guinea family and was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Conclusions Our results confirm the high frequency of the FY*A allele in the Thai population, similar to that of Asian populations. At least 500 Thai blood donors are needed to obtain two units of antigen-negative RBCs for the Fy(a-b+) phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oytip Nathalang
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumtani, Thailand.
| | - Kamphon Intharanut
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumtani, Thailand
| | - Kanokpol Siriphanthong
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumtani, Thailand
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Ba A, Bagayoko S, Chiaroni J, Baiily P, Silvy M. Genotyping of 28 blood group alleles in blood donors from Mali: Prediction of rare phenotypes. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 54:289-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fichou Y, Le Maréchal C, Scotet V, Jamet D, Férec C. Insights into RHCE Molecular Analysis in Samples with Partial D Variants: the Experience of Western France. Transfus Med Hemother 2015; 42:372-7. [PMID: 26733768 DOI: 10.1159/000382086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although systematic blood group genotyping of patients/donors is virtually possible, serological studies remain the gold standard to identify samples of clinical interest that may be further genotyped. In this context, we sought to identify variant D alleles that are likely to be clinically relevant in terms of other Rh antigens in a subset of population genotyped in Western France. METHODS Samples presenting with the RHD*weak D type 4.2.2 allele (n = 47) were selected for the study. RHCE exons 1-7 were directly sequenced, and expression of Rh antigens was predicted on the basis of the molecular data. RESULTS Of the 47 samples tested, 19 (40.4%) were predicted to be of potential clinical interest. Moreover, we could show that selecting the samples to be genotyped by the nature of their variant D allele (i.e., RHD*weak D type 4.2.2 allele) rather than by their Duffy-null status appears to increase significantly the likelihood of identifying clinically relevant individuals for Rh status. CONCLUSION On the basis of our findings we suggest that all individuals genotyped as weak D type 4.2.2 should be systematically screened for RHCE variants by molecular analysis on a routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Fichou
- French Blood Institute (EFS-Bretagne), Brest, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm, UMR1078), Brest, France
| | - Cédric Le Maréchal
- French Blood Institute (EFS-Bretagne), Brest, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm, UMR1078), Brest, France; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; Molecular Genetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Regional University Hospital (CHRU), Morvan Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Virginie Scotet
- French Blood Institute (EFS-Bretagne), Brest, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm, UMR1078), Brest, France
| | - Déborah Jamet
- French Blood Institute (EFS-Bretagne), Brest, France
| | - Claude Férec
- French Blood Institute (EFS-Bretagne), Brest, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm, UMR1078), Brest, France; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; Molecular Genetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Regional University Hospital (CHRU), Morvan Hospital, Brest, France
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Manfroi S, Scarcello A, Pagliaro P. Molecular identification of rare FY*Null and FY*X alleles in Caucasian thalassemic family from Sardinia. Transfus Apher Sci 2015; 53:225-7. [PMID: 25921504 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies on Duffy blood group antigens have identified mutations underlying rare FY*Null and FY*X alleles. FY*Null has a high frequency in Blacks, especially from sub-Saharan Africa, while its frequency is not defined in Caucasians. FY*X allele, associated with Fy(a-b+w) phenotype, has a frequency of 2-3.5% in Caucasian people while it is absent in Blacks. During the project of extensive blood group genotyping in patients affected by hemoglobinopathies, we identified FY*X/FY*Null and FY*A/FY*Null genotypes in a Caucasian thalassemic family from Sardinia. We speculate on the frequency of FY*X and FY*Null alleles in Caucasian and Black people; further, we focused on the association of FY*X allele with weak Fyb antigen expression on red blood cells and its identification performing high sensitivity serological typing methods or genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Manfroi
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Service, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonio Scarcello
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Service, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasqualepaolo Pagliaro
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Service, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Lopez GH, Morrison J, Condon JA, Wilson B, Martin JR, Liew YW, Flower RL, Hyland CA. Duffy blood group phenotype-genotype correlations using high-resolution melting analysis PCR and microarray reveal complex cases including a new null FY*A allele: the role for sequencing in genotyping algorithms. Vox Sang 2015; 109:296-303. [PMID: 25900316 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Duffy blood group phenotypes can be predicted by genotyping for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the Fy(a) /Fy(b) polymorphism, for weak Fy(b) antigen, and for the red cell null Fy(a-b-) phenotype. This study correlates Duffy phenotype predictions with serotyping to assess the most reliable procedure for typing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples, n = 155 (135 donors and 20 patients), were genotyped by high-resolution melt PCR and by microarray. Samples were in three serology groups: 1) Duffy patterns expected n = 79, 2) weak and equivocal Fy(b) patterns n = 29 and 3) Fy(a-b-) n = 47 (one with anti-Fy3 antibody). RESULTS Discrepancies were observed for five samples. For two, SNP genotyping predicted weak Fy(b) expression discrepant with Fy(b-) (Group 1 and 3). For three, SNP genotyping predicted Fy(a) , discrepant with Fy(a-b-) (Group 3). DNA sequencing identified silencing mutations in these FY*A alleles. One was a novel FY*A 719delG. One, the sample with the anti-Fy3, was homozygous for a 14-bp deletion (FY*01N.02); a true null. CONCLUSION Both the high-resolution melting analysis and SNP microarray assays were concordant and showed genotyping, as well as phenotyping, is essential to ensure 100% accuracy for Duffy blood group assignments. Sequencing is important to resolve phenotype/genotype conflicts which here identified alleles, one novel, that carry silencing mutations. The risk of alloimmunisation may be dependent on this zygosity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Lopez
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - J Morrison
- Red Cell Reference Laboratory, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - J A Condon
- Red Cell Reference Laboratory, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, West Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Wilson
- Red Cell Reference Laboratory, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - J R Martin
- Red Cell Reference Laboratory, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Y-W Liew
- Red Cell Reference Laboratory, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - R L Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - C A Hyland
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
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Costa DC, Madureira AP, Amaral LC, Sanchez BAM, Gomes LT, Fontes CJF, Limongi JE, Brito CFAD, Carvalho LH. Submicroscopic malaria parasite carriage: how reproducible are polymerase chain reaction-based methods? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:21-8. [PMID: 24626306 PMCID: PMC4005536 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the diagnosis of malaria infection are expected to accurately identify submicroscopic parasite carriers. Although a significant number of PCR protocols have been described, few studies have addressed the performance of PCR amplification in cases of field samples with submicroscopic malaria infection. Here, the reproducibility of two well-established PCR protocols (nested-PCR and real-time PCR for the Plasmodium 18 small subunit rRNA gene) were evaluated in a panel of 34 blood field samples from individuals that are potential reservoirs of malaria infection, but were negative for malaria by optical microscopy. Regardless of the PCR protocol, a large variation between the PCR replicates was observed, leading to alternating positive and negative results in 38% (13 out of 34) of the samples. These findings were quite different from those obtained from the microscopy-positive patients or the unexposed individuals; the diagnosis of these individuals could be confirmed based on the high reproducibility and specificity of the PCR-based protocols. The limitation of PCR amplification was restricted to the field samples with very low levels of parasitaemia because titrations of the DNA templates were able to detect < 3 parasites/µL in the blood. In conclusion, conventional PCR protocols require careful interpretation in cases of submicroscopic malaria infection, as inconsistent and false-negative results can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Camargos Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Madureira
- Departamento de Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del ReyMG, Brasil, Departamento de Bioengenharia , Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei , São João Del Rey , MG , Brasil
| | - Lara Cotta Amaral
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
| | | | - Luciano Teixeira Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CuiabáMT, Brasil, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brasil
| | - Cor Jésus Fernandes Fontes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CuiabáMT, Brasil, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brasil
| | - Jean Ezequiel Limongi
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Uberlândia, UberlândiaMG, Brasil, Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Uberlândia , Uberlândia , MG , Brasil
| | - Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
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Avent ND. Prenatal testing for hemolytic disease of the newborn and fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia – current status. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:741-5. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.970160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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De Silva JR, Lau YL, Fong MY. Genotyping of the Duffy blood group among Plasmodium knowlesi-infected patients in Malaysia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108951. [PMID: 25268233 PMCID: PMC4182577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Duffy blood group is of major interest in clinical medicine as it plays an important role in Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax infection. In the present study, the distribution of Duffy blood group genotypes and allelic frequencies among P. knowlesi infected patients as well as healthy individuals in Peninsular Malaysia were determined. The blood group of 60 healthy blood donors and 51 P. knowlesi malaria patients were genotyped using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ASP-PCR). The data was analyzed using Fisher's exact test in order to assess the significance of the variables. Our results show a high proportion of the FY*A/FY*A genotype (>85% for both groups) and a high frequency of the FY*A allele (>90% for both groups). The FY*A/FY*A genotype was the most predominant genotype in both infected and healthy blood samples. The genotype frequency did not differ significantly between the donor blood and the malaria patient groups. Also, there was no significant correlation between susceptibility to P. knowlesi infection with any Duffy blood genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Ryan De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhou S, Liu M, An W, Liang X, Yu W, Piao F. A New Method for Analyzing the Duffy Blood Group Genotype by TaqMan Minor Groove Binding Probes. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:203-7. [PMID: 24798509 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duffy blood group genotyping is useful to ensure transfusion safety and determine the association of Duffy blood group polymorphism with diseases, and therefore has its clinical significance. In order to improve the existing methods for genotyping of Duffy blood group, which normally require post-PCR manipulation, a new method was developed by using 5'-nuclease assay (NA) with TaqMan minor groove binding (MGB) probes. METHODS Primers and TaqMan-MGB probes were designed and synthesized to genotype FY*A and FY*B alleles at Duffy blood group locus on a real-time PCR platform. A total of 120 samples were genotyped by using the new 5'-NA and conventional polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific primers (PCR-ASP). The results obtained by the two methods were compared. RESULTS There was a complete concordance of results for all samples genotyped by 5'-NA and PCR-ASP. The retesting results of 5'-NA were consistent with those of the initial testing. The detection limit of 5'-NA was determined as 100 pg per reaction. The FY*A and FY*B allelic frequencies were 93.3% and 6.7% respectively in the Chinese Han population in Dalian. CONCLUSIONS The 5'-NA for genotyping of Duffy blood group is simple, rapid, reliable, reproducible, sensitive, and high-throughput and is superior to PCR-ASP used in routine genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihang Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Dalian Blood Center, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | | | | | - Fengyuan Piao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Reticulocytes from cryopreserved erythroblasts support Plasmodium vivax infection in vitro. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:278-84. [PMID: 24291603 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite. Despite its importance, both clinical research and basic research have been hampered by lack of a convenient in vitro culture system, in part due to the parasite's infection preference of reticulocytes rather than mature erythrocytes. The use of reticulocyte-producing hematopoietic stem cell culture has been proposed for the maintenance of the parasite, but good numbers of reticulocytes and P. vivax parasites sufficient for practical use in research have been difficult to produce from this system. Here, we report an improved method of hematopoietic stem cell culture for P. vivax infection, which requires less time and produces higher or equivalent percentage of reticulocytes than previously reported systems. Reticulocytes were cultured from cryopreserved erythroblasts that were frozen after 8day-cultivation of purified CD34+ cells from human umbilical cord blood. This method of production allowed the recovery of reticulocytes in a shorter time than with continuous stem cell culture. We obtained a relatively high percentage of peak reticulocyte production by using co-cultivation with a mouse stromal cell line. Using P. vivax mature stage parasites obtained from infected Aotus monkeys, we observed substantial numbers (up to 0.8% of the total number of the cells) of newly invaded reticulocytes 24h after initial cultivation. The addition of fresh reticulocytes after 48h culture, however, did not result in significant increase of second cycle reticulocyte invasion. Assays of invasion inhibition with specific antibodies were successful with this system, demonstrating potential for study of biological processes as well as the conditions necessary for long-term maintenance of P. vivax in vitro.
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DNA biosensor/biochip for multiplex blood group genotyping. Methods 2013; 64:241-9. [PMID: 24080420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, 33 blood groups representing over 300 antigens are listed by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). Most of them result from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the corresponding DNA sequence, i.e. approx. 200 SNPs. In immunohematology laboratories, blood group determination is classically carried out by serological tests, but these have some limitations, mostly in term of multiplexing and throughput. Yet, there is a growing need of extended blood group typing to prevent alloimmunization in transfused patients and transfusion accidents. The knowledge of the molecular bases of blood groups allows the use of molecular biology methods within immunohematology laboratories. Numerous assays focused on blood group genotyping were developed and described during the last 10 years. Some of them were real biochips or biosensors while others were more characterized by the particular molecular biology techniques they used, but all were intending to produce multiplex analysis. PCR techniques are most of the time used followed by an analytical step involving a DNA biosensor, biochip or analysis system (capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry). According to the method used, the test can then be classified as low-, medium- or high-throughput. There are several companies which developed platforms dedicated to blood group genotyping able to analyze simultaneously various SNPs or variants associated with blood group systems. This review summarizes the characteristics of each molecular biology method and medium-/high-throughput platforms dedicated to the blood group genotyping.
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Sood R, Makroo RN, Riana V, Rosamma NL. Detection of alloimmunization to ensure safer transfusion practice. Asian J Transfus Sci 2013; 7:135-9. [PMID: 24014944 PMCID: PMC3757774 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.115577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological safety is an integral part of overall safety for blood banks. Emphasis is on the use of routinue Red Blood Cell (RBC) antibody screen test, at set time intervals, to reduce risks related to alloantibodies. Also emphasis is on importance of issuing antigen negative blood to alloantibody positive patients. Effect of using leucodepleted blood on the rate of alloimmunization is highlighted. The concept of provision of phenotypically matched blood is suggested. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibody screen test is important to select appropriate blood for transfusion. Repeat antibody screen testing, except if time interval between the earlier and subsequent transfusion was less than 72 hours, followed by antibody identification, if required, was performed in patients being treated with repeat multiple blood transfusions. Between February 2008 and June 2009, repeat samples of 306 multi-transfused patients were analyzed. Search for irregular antibodies and reading of results was conducted using RBC panels (three-cell panel of Column Agglutination Technology (CAT) and two cell panel of the Solid Phase Red Cell Adherence Technology (SPRCAT). Specificities of antibodies were investigated using appropriate panels, 11 cell panel of CAT and 16 cell panel of SPRCA. These technologies, detecting agglutination in columns and reactions in solid phase, evaluate the attachment of irregular incomplete antibody to antigen in the first phase of immunological reaction more directly and hence improve the reading of agglutination. Three to four log leuco reduced red blood cells were transfused to patients in the study using blood collection bags with integral filters. RESULTS Alloimmunization rate of 4.24% was detected from 306 multiply transfused patients tested and followed up. The Transfusion therapy may become significantly complicated. CONCLUSION Red cell antibody screening and identification and subsequent issue of antigen negative blood have a significant role in improving blood safety. Centers that have incorporated antibody screen test and identification have ensured safe transfusion. Identified patients should be flagged in a database and information shared. Such patients can be given carry-on cards and educated about the names of the identified antibodies. Full red cell phenotyping of individuals, patients and donors, can be feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sood
- Department of Transfusion Medicine at Artemis Health Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - R. N. Makroo
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology and Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vimarsh Riana
- Transfusion Medicine, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - N. L. Rosamma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology and Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Carvalho TAA, Queiroz MG, Cardoso GL, Diniz IG, Silva ANLM, Pinto AYN, Guerreiro JF. Plasmodium vivax infection in Anajás, State of Pará: no differential resistance profile among Duffy-negative and Duffy-positive individuals. Malar J 2012; 11:430. [PMID: 23259672 PMCID: PMC3544589 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is large body of evidence that states that invasion of Plasmodium vivax requires the Duffy antigen, but the universality of this specificity is certainly now under question with recent reports showing that in some parts of the world P. vivax infects and causes disease in Duffy-negative people. These findings reinforce the idea that this parasite is rapidly evolving, being able to use other receptors than Duffy to invade the erythrocytes, which may have an enormous impact in P. vivax current distribution. The presence of P. vivax infection in Duffy-negative individuals was investigated in a cross-sectional study conducted in Anajás, Archipelago of Marajó, State of Pará, which is an area of malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazonia. Methods Duffy genotyping and Plasmodium species diagnostic assays were performed successfully in 678 individuals. An allele-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for Duffy blood group genotyping. Identification of Plasmodium species was achieved by conventional blood smear light microscopy and a TaqMan-based real-time PCR method to detect mitochondrial genome of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Results Plasmodium spp. infection was detected in 137 samples (20.2%). Prevalence of each Plasmodium species was 13.9% P. vivax, 5.8% P. falciparum, and 0.6% P. vivax plus P. falciparum. Overall, 4.3% (29/678) were genotyped as Duffy-negative (FY*BES/*BES). Among Duffy-negative individuals 6.9% were P. vivax PCR positive and among Duffy-positive 14.2% were P. vivax PCR positive. Although lower, the risk of Duffy-negatives to experience a P. vivax blood stage infection was not significantly different to that of Duffy-positives. Furthermore, the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the Duffy blood group among P. vivax-infected patients and in the control group did not differ significantly, also suggesting no reduction in infection rates among the carriers of FY*BES allele. Conclusions The data obtained in Anajás showed no differential resistance vivax malaria among Duffy-negative and Duffy-positive individuals. This result needs additional confirmation through a deeper evaluation in a larger sample of patients with P. vivax malaria and molecular parasite characterization. Nonetheless, this genetic profile of the parasite may be contributing to the high incidence of malaria in the municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcisio A A Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof, José da Silva Neto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, N º 1, Guamá, CEP 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Kempińska-Podhorodecka A, Knap O, Drozd A, Kaczmarczyk M, Parafiniuk M, Parczewski M, Ciechanowicz A. Analysis for genotyping Duffy blood group in inhabitants of Sudan, the fourth cataract of the Nile. Malar J 2012; 11:115. [PMID: 22510366 PMCID: PMC3375187 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic polymophisms of the Duffy antigen receptor for the chemokines (DARC) gene successfully protected against blood stage infection by Plasmodium vivax infection. The Fy (a-, b-) phenotype is predominant among African populations, particularly those originating from West Africa, and it is rare among non-African populations. The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency of four Duffy blood groups based on SNPs (T-33C, G125A, G298A and C5411T) in two local tribes of Sudanese Arabs, the Shagia and Manasir, which are both from the region of the Fourth Nile cataract in Sudan. Methods An analysis of polymorphisms was performed on 217 individuals (126 representatives of the Shagia tribe and 91 of the Manasir). Real-time PCR and TaqMan Genotyping Assays were used to study the prevalence of alleles and genotypes. Results The analysis of allelic and genotype frequency in the T-33C polymorphisms demonstrated a significant dominance of the C allele and CC genotype (OR = 0.53 [0.32-0.88]; p = 0.02) in both tribes. The G125A polymorphism is associated with phenotype Fy(a-, b-) and was identified in 83% of Shagia and 77% of Manasir. With regard to G298A polymorphisms, the genotype frequencies were different between the tribes (p = 0,002) and no single AA homozygote was found. Based on four SNPs examined, 20 combinations of genotypes for the Shagia and Manasir tribes were determined. The genotype CC/AA/GG/CT occurred most often in Shagia tribe (45.9%) but was rare in the Manasir tribe (6.6%) (p < 0.001 Shagia versus Manasir). The FY*AES allele was identified in both analysed tribes. The presence of individuals with the FY*A/FY*A genotype was demonstrated only in the Shagia tribe. Conclusion This is probably the first report showing genotypically Duffy-negative people who carry both FY*BES and FY*AES. The identification of the FY*AES allele in both tribes may be due to admixture of the non-African genetic background. Taken as a whole, allele and genotype frequencies between the Shagia and the Manasir were statistically different. However, the presence of individuals with the FY*A/FY*A genotype was demonstrated only in the Shagia tribe.
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Kangelaris KN, Sapru A, Calfee CS, Liu KD, Pawlikowska L, Witte JS, Vittinghoff E, Zhuo H, Auerbach AD, Ziv E, Matthay MA. The association between a Darc gene polymorphism and clinical outcomes in African American patients with acute lung injury. Chest 2011; 141:1160-1169. [PMID: 22207676 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) mortality is increased among African Americans compared with Americans of European descent, and genetic factors may be involved. A functional T-46C polymorphism (rs2814778) in the promoter region of Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (Darc) gene, present almost exclusively in people of African descent, results in isolated erythrocyte DARC deficiency and has been implicated in ALI pathogenesis in preclinical and murine models, possibly because of an increase in circulating Duffy-binding, proinflammatory chemokines like IL-8. We sought to determine the effect of the functional rs2814778 polymorphism, C/C genotype (Duffy null state), on clinical outcomes in African Americans with acute lung injury. METHODS Clinical data and biologic specimens from African American patients with ALI who enrolled in three randomized controlled trials were analyzed. Multivariate analysis accounted for proportion of African ancestry, sex, cirrhosis, and severity of illness on presentation. RESULTS Among 132 subjects, 88 (67%) were Duffy null (C/C genotype). The Duffy null state was associated with a 17% absolute risk increase (95% CI, 1.4%-33%) in mortality at 60 days, a median of 8 fewer ventilator-free days (95% CI, 1-18.5), and 4.5 fewer organ failure-free days (95% CI, 0-18) compared with individuals with the C/T or T/T genotypes (all P values < .05). Estimates were similar on multivariate analysis. In African Americans without the null variant, clinical outcomes were similar to those in patients of European descent. A subgroup analysis suggested that plasma IL-8 levels are increased in Duffy null individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that the functional rs2814778 polymorphism in the gene encoding DARC is associated with worse clinical outcomes among African Americans with ALI, possibly via an increase in circulating IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Neudoerffer Kangelaris
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hanjing Zhuo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew D Auerbach
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elad Ziv
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Jeremy KP, Plummer ZE, Head DJ, Madgett TE, Sanders KL, Wallington A, Storry JR, Gilsanz F, Delaunay J, Avent ND. 4.1R-deficient human red blood cells have altered phosphatidylserine exposure pathways and are deficient in CD44 and CD47 glycoproteins. Haematologica 2011; 94:1354-61. [PMID: 19794081 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.006585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein 4.1R is an important component of the red cell membrane skeleton. It imparts structural integrity and has transmembrane signaling roles by direct interactions with transmembrane proteins and other membrane skeletal components, notably p55 and calmodulin. DESIGN AND METHODS Spontaneous and ligation-induced phosphatidylserine exposure on erythrocytes from two patients with 4.1R deficiency were studied, using CD47 glycoprotein and glycophorin C as ligands. We also looked for protein abnormalities in the 4.1R-based multiprotein complex. RESULTS Phosphatidylserine exposure was significantly increased in 4.1R-deficient erythrocytes obtained from the two different individuals when ligands to CD47 glycoprotein were bound. Spontaneous phosphatidylserine exposure was normal. 4.1R, glycophorin C and p55 were missing or sharply reduced. Furthermore there was an alteration or deficiency of CD47 glycoprotein and a lack of CD44 glycoprotein. Based on a recent study in 4.1R-deficient mice, we found that there are clear functional differences between interactions of human red cell 4.1R and its murine counterpart. CONCLUSIONS Glycophorin C is known to bind 4.1R, and we have defined previously that it also binds CD47. From our evidence, we suggest that 4.1R plays a role in the phosphatidylserine exposure signaling pathway that is of fundamental importance in red cell turnover. The linkage of CD44 to 4.1R may be relevant to this process.
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Elson JK, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Morgenstern H, Chilkuri M, Blanchard J, Lentsch AB. The Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) and prostate-cancer risk among Jamaican men. J Immigr Minor Health 2011; 13:36-41. [PMID: 20596779 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-010-9330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As an evolutionary response to prevent malaria infection, most Africans do not express the Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) on their red blood cells. Results from experimental studies suggest that DARC expression inhibits prostate-tumor growth. We tested the hypothesis that men of African descent who lack DARC expression are at increased risk of prostate cancer. A case-control study involving 81 age-matched pairs was conducted in Jamaica. Participants were interviewed to collect data, and they donated blood for determination of DARC expression. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with prostate cancer and aggressive disease. Little or no association was observed between erythrocyte DARC expression and prostate cancer or between DARC expression and aggressive disease. These associations changed little when adjusting for other potential confounders. Our results do not support an effect of erythrocyte DARC expression on the risk or progression of prostate cancer in men of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Elson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hopp K, Weber K, Bellissimo D, Johnson ST, Pietz B. High-throughput red blood cell antigen genotyping using a nanofluidic real-time polymerase chain reaction platform. Transfusion 2010; 50:40-6. [PMID: 19761548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serologic testing of donors to obtain antigen-negative blood for transfusion is limited by availability and quality of reagents. Where sequence variant information is available, molecular typing platforms can be used to determine the presence of a variant allele and offer a high-throughput format correlated to the blood group antigen. We have investigated a flexible high-throughput platform to screen blood donors for antigen genotypes in the African American population. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Genomic DNA from 427 African American donors was analyzed for single-nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for red blood cell (RBC) antigens E/e, Fy(a)/Fy(b), Fy gene promoter, Jk(a)/Jk(b), Lu(a)/Lu(b), K/k, Js(a)/Js(b), Do(a)/Do(b), Jo(a), and Hy using primer/probe sets (Taqman, Applied Biosystems) on a high-throughput genotyping platform (OpenArray, BioTrove). Where available, the phenotype obtained by serologic testing was compared to genotype data. RESULTS Serologic antigen types were available for 2037 of the 4270 genotypes generated. There were five discordant results. Three resolved with repeat serologic typing, one resolved after repeat genotyping, and one discordance was clarified by confirmation of the BioTrove genotype by Sanger sequencing. Triplicate determinations were made for each sample genotype and the results were identical more than 99% of the time. CONCLUSIONS The nanofluidic genotyping platform described here provides an accurate method for predicting blood group phenotypes. The user-specified array layout provides flexibility of target selection and number of replicate determinations and is suitable for screening antigen types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hopp
- Diagnostic Laboratories, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
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Abstract
There are multiple situations in the context of transfusion medicine where the classic serologic methods are unable to provide an adequate response, for example, recently polytransfused patients, patients with positive direct human antiglobulin tests, and hemolytic disease of the newborn. The traditional polymerase chain reaction techniques are slow and sometimes difficult to carry out and interpret. Thus there is a need for the development and validation of rapid and effective molecular methods. The genetic basis of the main alleles of the most important blood groups are known, but the frequencies vary in the different populations, thus for the genetic techniques to be efficient it is important to evaluate them, in order to adapt the molecular approaches.
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Culleton RL, Mita T, Ndounga M, Unger H, Cravo PVL, Paganotti GM, Takahashi N, Kaneko A, Eto H, Tinto H, Karema C, D'Alessandro U, do Rosário V, Kobayakawa T, Ntoumi F, Carter R, Tanabe K. Failure to detect Plasmodium vivax in West and Central Africa by PCR species typing. Malar J 2008; 7:174. [PMID: 18783630 PMCID: PMC2546428 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is estimated to affect 75 million people annually. It is reportedly absent, however, from west and central Africa due to the high prevalence of the Duffy negative phenotype in the indigenous populations. Despite this, non-African travellers consistently return to their own countries with P. vivax malaria after visiting this region. An attempt was made, therefore, to detect the presence of P. vivax parasites in blood samples collected from the indigenous populations of west and central Africa. Methods Parasite species typing (for all four human malaria parasites) was carried out by PCR on 2,588 blood samples collected from individuals from nine African malaria-endemic countries. Results Most infections (98.5%) were Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae was identified in 8.5% of all infections, and Plasmodium ovale in 3.9%. The prevalence of both parasites varied greatly by country. Only one case of P. vivax was detected from Sao Tome, an island off the west coast of Africa, confirming the scarcity of this parasite in Africa. Conclusion The prevalence of P. vivax in local populations in sub-Saharan Africa is very low, despite the frequent identification of this parasite in non-African travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Culleton
- Laboratory of Malariology, International Research Centre of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Cotorruelo CM, Fiori SV, Borrás SEG, Racca LL, Biondi CS, Racca AL. Distribution of the FYBES and RHCE*ce(733C>G) alleles in an Argentinean population: implications for transfusion medicine. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:40. [PMID: 18460195 PMCID: PMC2412855 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of the molecular bases of blood groups makes possible the identification of red cell antigens and antibodies using molecular approaches, especially when haemagglutination is of limited value. The practical application of DNA typing requires the analysis of the polymorphism and allele distribution of the blood group genes under study since genetic variability was observed among different ethnic groups. Urban populations of Argentina are assumed to have a white Caucasian European genetic component. However, historical and biological data account for the influence of other ethnic groups. In this work we analyse FY and RH blood group alleles attributed to Africans and that could have clinical implications in the immune destruction of erythrocytes. METHODS We studied 103 white trios (father, mother and child, 309 samples) from the city of Rosario by allele specific PCRs and serological methods. The data obtained were analysed with the appropriate statistical test considering only fathers and mothers (n = 206). RESULTS We found the presence of the FY*BES and RHCE*ce(733C>G) alleles and an elevated frequency (0.0583) for the Dce haplotype. The number of individuals with a concomitant occurrence of both alleles was significantly higher than that expected by chance. We found that 4.68% of the present gene pool is composed by alleles primarily associated with African ancestry and about 10% of the individuals carried at least one RH or FY allele that is predominantly observed among African populations. Thirteen percent of Fy(b-) subjects were FY*A/FY*BES. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results suggest that admixture events between African slaves and European immigrants at the beginning of the 20th century made the physical characteristics of black Africans to be invisible nowadays. Considering that it was a recent historical event, the FY*BES and RHCE*ce(733C>G) alleles did not have time to become widespread but remain concentrated within families. These findings have considerable impact for typing and transfusion strategy in our population, increasing the pool of compatible units for Fy(b-) individuals requiring chronic transfusion. Possible difficulties in transfusion therapy and in genotyping could be anticipated and appropriately improved strategies devised, allowing a better management of the alloimmunization in the blood bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Cotorruelo
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | - Silvana V Fiori
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvia E García Borrás
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Liliana L Racca
- Área Estadística y Procesamiento de Datos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Biondi
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Amelia L Racca
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Hosseini-Maaf B, Hellberg A, Chester MA, Olsson ML. An extensive polymerase chain reaction-allele-specific polymorphism strategy for clinical ABO blood group genotyping that avoids potential errors caused by null, subgroup, and hybrid alleles. Transfusion 2008; 47:2110-25. [PMID: 17958541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABO genotyping is complicated by the remarkable diversity at the ABO locus. Recombination or gene conversion between common alleles may lead to hybrids resulting in unexpected ABO phenotypes. Furthermore, numerous mutations associated with weak subgroups and nondeletional null alleles should be considered. All known ABO genotyping methods, however, risk incorrect phenotype predictions if any such alleles are present. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS An extensive set of allele-specific primers was designed to accomplish hybrid-proof multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA fragments for detection of ABO alleles. Results were compared with serologic findings and ABO genotypes defined by previously published PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism/PCR-allele-specific polymorphism (ASP) methods or DNA sequencing. RESULTS Phenotypically well-characterized samples from blood donors with common blood groups and rare-subgroup families were analyzed. In addition to the commonly encountered alleles (A1, A1(467C>T), A2, B, O1, O1v, and O2), the new method can detect hybrid alleles thanks to long-range amplification across intron 6. Four of 12 PCR-ASP procedures are used to screen for multiple infrequent subgroup and null alleles. This concept allows for a low-resolution typing format in which the presence of, for example, a weak subgroup or cis-AB/B(A) is indicated but not further defined. In an optional high-resolution step, more detailed genotype information is obtained. CONCLUSION A new genotyping approach has been developed and evaluated that can correctly identify ABO alleles including nondeletional null alleles, subgroups, and hybrids resulting from recombinational crossing-over events between exons 6 and 7. This approach is clinically applicable and decreases the risk for erroneous ABO phenotype prediction compared to previously published methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Hosseini-Maaf
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University and Blood Center, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Hosseini-Maaf B, Letts JA, Persson M, Smart E, LePennec PY, Hustinx H, Zhao Z, Palcic MM, Evans SV, Chester MA, Olsson ML. Structural basis for red cell phenotypic changes in newly identified, naturally occurring subgroup mutants of the human blood group B glycosyltransferase. Transfusion 2007; 47:864-75. [PMID: 17465952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four amino-acid-changing polymorphisms differentiate the blood group A and B alleles. Multiple missense mutations are associated with weak expression of A and B antigens but the structural changes causing subgroups have not been studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Individuals or families having serologically weak B antigen on their red cells were studied. Alleles were characterized by sequencing of exons 1 through 7 in the ABO gene. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, three-dimensional-structure molecular modeling, and enzyme kinetics showed the effects of the B allele mutations on the glycosyltransferases. RESULTS Seven unrelated individuals with weak B phenotypes possessed seven different B alleles, five of which are new and result in substitution of highly conserved amino acids: M189V, I192T, F216I, D262N, and A268T. One of these (F216I) was due to a hybrid allele resulting from recombination between B and O(1v) alleles. The two other alleles were recently described in other ethnic groups and result in V175M and L232P. The first crystal-structure determination (A268T) of a subgroup glycosyltransferase and molecular modeling (F216I, D262N, L232P) indicated conformational changes in the enzyme that could explain the diminished enzyme activity. The effect of three mutations could not be visualized since they occur in a disordered loop. CONCLUSION The genetic background for B(w) phenotypes is very heterogeneous but usually arises through seemingly random missense mutations throughout the last ABO exon. The targeted amino acid residues, however, are well conserved during evolution. Based on analysis of the resulting structural changes in the glycosyltransferase, the mutations are likely to disrupt molecular bonds of importance for enzymatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Hosseini-Maaf
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University and Blood Center, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Castilho
- Hemocentro, Unicamp, Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas 480, Cidade Universitária Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Storry JR, Olsson ML, Reid ME. Application of DNA analysis to the quality assurance of reagent red blood cells. Transfusion 2007; 47:73S-8S. [PMID: 17593291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Storry
- Blood Center, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Sousa TN, Sanchez BAM, Cerávolo IP, Carvalho LH, Brito CFA. Real-time multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction for genotyping of the Duffy antigen, the Plasmodium vivax invasion receptor. Vox Sang 2007; 92:373-80. [PMID: 17456162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Duffy blood group is of major interest in clinical medicine as it is not only involved in blood-transfusion risks and occasionally in neonatal haemolytic disease, but it is also the receptor for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax in the erythrocyte invasion. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and inexpensive approach for high-throughput Duffy genotyping. MATERIALS AND METHODS This paper reported the development of a Duffy genotyping assay based on multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. RESULTS By using this approach for Duffy genotyping we obtained the same results as that for the conventional allele-specific PCR, however, in a high-throughput assay. The Duffy genotyping of field samples demonstrated that P. vivax-infected individuals showed a significantly higher prevalence of two functional alleles than Plasmodium falciparum-infected and non-infected individuals. This finding corroborates the hypothesis that the presence of two functional alleles increases the risk of P. vivax infection. CONCLUSION This methodology may be suitable for epidemiological studies, particularly for exploring the relationship between Duffy alleles and malaria susceptibility, and also for identification of transfusional incompatibility in blood banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Sousa
- Laboratory of Malaria, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
Determination of predicted blood group phenotype by determination of genotype has been performed since the 1990s. This evolved due to the rapid accrual of information surrounding the molecular basis of blood group antigen expression, which started in 1990 with ABO and RH systems and has now resulted in the molecular description of 28 of the 29 blood groups. Blood group genotyping is currently performed mostly for fetal blood group incompatibility and for assessment of multi-transfused patients. Both of these clinical scenarios are either dangerous or technically difficult, respectively to define serologically. With the simultaneous development of mass scale genotyping platforms it has now permitted the application of them to blood group genotype determination. In this paper, I describe some recently published work that has demonstrated that mass scale genotyping approaches are feasible. These approaches may lead to more effective management of blood stocks and patient cross-matching by reducing the dependence on serology during the time critical pre-transfusion phase. It is most probable that large scale studies, perhaps involving many European Union and North American based blood suppliers, may drive the introduction of this technology and convince red cell serologists that this approach may allow their work to be more focussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Avent
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Bristol Genomics Research Institute, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Ansart-Pirenne H, Martin-Blanc S, Le Pennec PY, Rouger P, Cartron JP, Tournamille C. FY*X real-time polymerase chain reaction with melting curve analysis associated with a complete one-step real-time FY genotyping. Vox Sang 2007; 92:142-7. [PMID: 17298577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Duffy (FY) blood group system is controlled by four major alleles: FY*A and FY*B, the Caucasian common alleles, encoding Fy(a) and Fy(b) antigens; FY*X allele responsible for a poorly expressed Fy(b) antigen, and FY*Fy a silent predominant allele among Black population. Despite the recent development of a real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for FY genotyping FY*X genotyping has not been described by this method. This study focused on the real-time FY*X genotyping development associated with a complete, one-step real-time FY genotyping, based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two blood samples from Fy(a+b-) Caucasian blood donors were studied by real-time PCR only. Forty-seven Caucasian and Black individual blood samples, referred to our laboratory, were studied by PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR. For each individual, the result of the genotype was compared to the known phenotype. RESULTS The FY*X allele frequency calculated in an Fy(a+b-) Caucasian blood donors population was 0.014. With the Caucasian and Black patient samples we found a complete correlation between PCR-RFLP and the real-time PCR method whatever the alleles combination tested. When the known phenotype was not correlated to FY*X genotype, the presence of the Fy(b) antigen was always confirmed by adsorption-elution. CONCLUSION The real-time technology method is rapid and accurate for FY genotyping. From now, we are able to detect the FY*X allele in all the alleles combinations studied. Regarding its significant frequency, the detection of the FY*X allele is useful for the correct typing of blood donors and recipients considering the therapeutic use of blood units and the preparation of test red blood cells for antibody screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ansart-Pirenne
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins, 20 rue Bouvier, 75522 Paris cedex 11, France
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Morelati F, Barcellini W, Manera MC, Paccapelo C, Revelli N, Villa MA, Marconi M. New technologies in immunohaematology. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2007; 5:58-65. [PMID: 19204755 PMCID: PMC2535883 DOI: 10.2450/2007.0006-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Morelati
- Centro Trasfusionale e di Immunoematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Rigenerativa, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy.
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Olsson ML, Michalewska B, Hellberg A, Walaszczyk A, Chester MA. A clue to the basis of allelic enhancement: occurrence of the Ax subgroup in the offspring of blood group O parents. Transfus Med 2005; 15:435-42. [PMID: 16202060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2005.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apparent deviation from Mendelian rules of blood group inheritance is rarely observed. Blood group O parents with children expressing weak A subgroups have occasionally been described but not explained. A detailed serological investigation of such a family is described here. The ABO locus was analysed by PCR-ASP/restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and DNA sequencing. The propositus' RBCs were very weakly agglutinated with monoclonal anti-A but distinctly with polyclonal anti-A,B, i.e. typical for Ax. Serum anti-A1 (titre 4) and -B were present. Her parents' blood groups were both clearly O, with titres of serum anti-A1, and -A at 16 and 4, respectively. Adsorption/ elution studies demonstrated A antigen on the daughter's cells only. The ABO genotypes were: mother, AxO1; father, O1vO2; and propositus, AxO2. The Ax allele was an A1-O1v hybrid allele with a crossing-over breakpoint between positions 235 and 446 in intron 6 (Ax-4). Compared to the A1 glycosyltransferase, this allele predicts a protein with two amino acid substitutions (Phe216Ile and Met277Val) known to yield either weakly expressed or no A antigen on RBCs. This study suggests that the nature of the ABO allele in trans can influence A antigen expression, a phenomenon previously described as allelic enhancement (or reinforcement). Potential mechanisms for this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Olsson
- Division of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University & the Blood Centre, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Hosseini-Maaf B, Smart E, Chester MA, Olsson ML. The Abantu phenotype in the ABO blood group system is due to a splice-site mutation in a hybrid between a new O1-like allelic lineage and the A2 allele. Vox Sang 2005; 88:256-64. [PMID: 15877647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Many phenotypic variations in the expression of blood group A have been explained by variations in gene structure, but unresolved samples are frequently encountered in the reference laboratory. Among ABO subgroups, A(bantu) has the highest frequency in a specified population. The molecular basis of this phenotype is now described. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood from Black donors phenotyped as A(bantu) was subjected to genomic ABO screening and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified ABO exons 1-7 and introns 2-6. Total RNA was extracted and ABO cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Control material comprised Black South African, Swedish, Jordanian and Brazilian blood samples with common phenotypes. RESULTS Genomic ABO typing indicated the presence of an A(2) allele in each A(bantu) donor, in combination with an O allele. No previously reported mutations associated with weak A or B expression were found. Direct sequencing indicated the common A(2) sequence with a single nucleotide deletion (AGGT>AGT) at the exon 4/intron 4 junction, predicted either to disrupt the reading frame (resulting in a premature stop codon) or to cause erroneous splicing (resulting in the exclusion of exon 4 from the mRNA). O mRNA, but no transcripts from the A(bantu) allele, could be detected. Surprisingly, the splice-site mutation was also found in approximately 5% of O alleles in Black South Africans, but not in other blood donors, or in non-O(1) alleles. Utilizing intron polymorphisms, the A(bantu) allele was shown to be a recombination between a new allelic lineage (O(1bantu)) and A(2), with a cross-over region near exon 5. CONCLUSION The A(bantu) phenotype is caused by an O(1bantu)-A(2) hybrid at the ABO locus.
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Hult A, Hellberg A, Wester ES, Olausson P, Storry JR, Olsson ML. Blood group genotype analysis for the quality improvement of reagent test red blood cells. Vox Sang 2005; 88:265-70. [PMID: 15877648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Reagent red blood cells (RBCs) for antibody detection should express certain important antigens as a double dose, that is, the donors must be homozygous for the corresponding alleles. Traditionally, dose is determined by serological typing and known allele frequencies. However, RHD zygosity cannot be predicted serologically owing to the absence of an antithetical antigen, and FY zygosity is confounded by two variant haplotypes, FY*0 and FY*X. Furthermore, lack of reagents hampers our ability to type for some clinically important antigen pairs such as Do(a)/Do(b). MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from reagent RBC samples. Established, validated methods were used to determine the RHD, FY, and DO genotypes. RESULTS Three of 52 D+ samples gave results that differed from the predicted genotype: two presumed R(1)R(1) samples and an R(2)R(2) sample were shown to be R(1)r' and R(2)r'', respectively. Five of 59 samples that were from presumed homozygotes for either FY*A or FY*B were heterozygous, together with either FY*X (three samples) or FY*0 (two samples). Seventy-five samples tested for DO were DO*A/A (n = 14), DO*A/B (n = 39), or DO*B/B (n = 22). CONCLUSIONS The results show that serologically determined RhD and Duffy phenotypes of reagent RBCs are unreliable and that antigens we thought were represented as a double dose were single dose. The addition of Dombrock genotyping provides information which is useful in antibody identification. We conclude that selected genotype analyses are a valuable quality assurance measure to ensure that reagent RBCs comply with national and international recommendations for test sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hult
- Blood Centre, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
The GATA box single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -33 (T>C) in Blacks silences the expression of FY*B in erythrocytes, and the substitution 265 C>T, together with 298 G>A, weakens the Fy(b) antigen (Fy(x)). Individuals with these phenotypes/genotypes who receive Fy(b+) blood are unlikely to be alloimmunized to Fy(b) because, in the presence of 265 T, the Fy(b) antigen is expressed, and in the case of -33 C, other tissues express Duffy protein and probably the Fy(b) antigen. We studied samples from 361 blood donors (182 of African ancestry and 179 of Caucasian ancestry) by haemagglutination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Forty Caucasian and 130 donors of African ancestry were serologically Fy(b-); among these, the majority of the donors of African ancestry had FY*B with the GATA SNP, while the majority of Caucasians typing Fy(b-) had FY*B with 265 T/298 A SNPs. Six of the Fy(b-) donors (three Africans and three Caucasians) had both GATA and 265/298 SNPs, and six donors of Caucasian ancestry apparently had a GATA SNP. Samples from two donors - one African and one Caucasian with an unusual MspA1I-RFLP pattern - were sequenced and found to have a novel SNP (145 G>T) co-existent with 265 C>T and 298 G>A SNPs. These findings highlight the importance of establishing the incidence and nature of molecular events that impact on Duffy expression in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castilho
- Hemocentro, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Olsson
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- G Daniels
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK.
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Hosseini-Maaf B, Hellberg Å, Rodrigues MJ, Chester MA, Olsson ML. ABO exon and intron analysis in individuals with the AweakB phenotype reveals a novel O1v-A2 hybrid allele that causes four missense mutations in the A transferase. BMC Genet 2003; 4:17. [PMID: 14617382 PMCID: PMC305365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the cloning in 1990 of cDNA corresponding to mRNA transcribed at the blood-group ABO locus, polymorphisms due to ethnic and/or phenotypic variations have been reported. Some subgroups have been explained at the molecular level, but unresolved samples are frequently encountered in the reference laboratory. Results ABO blood grouping discrepancies were investigated serologically and by ABO genotyping [duplex polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) – restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP) and PCR – allele-specific-primer (ASP) across intron 6] and DNA sequencing of the ABO gene and its proposed regulatory elements. Blood samples from five individuals living in Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden and the USA were analysed. These individuals were confirmed to be of Black ethnic origin and had the unusual AweakB phenotype but appeared to have the A2B genotype without previously reported mutations associated with weak A or B expression. Sequencing of this A allele (having 467C>T and 1061delC associated with the common A2 [A201] allele) revealed three mutations regularly encountered in the O1v [O02] allele: 106C>T (Val36Phe), 188G>A (Arg63His), 220C>T (Pro74Ser) in exons 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The additional presence of 46G>A (Ala16Thr) was noted, whilst 189C>T that normally accompanies 188G>A in O1v was missing, as were all O1v-related mutations in exons 6 and 7 (261delG, 297A>G, 646T>A, 681G>A, 771C>T and 829G>A). On screening other samples, 46G>A was absent, but two new O alleles were found, a Jordanian O1 and an African O1v allele having 188G>A but lacking 189C>T. Sequencing of introns 2, 3, 4 and 5 in common alleles (A1 [A101], A2, B [B101], O1, O1vand O2 [O03]) revealed 7, 12, 17 and 8 polymorphic positions, respectively, suggesting that alleles could be defined by intronic sequences. These polymorphic sites allowed definition of a breakpoint in intron 5 where the O1v-related sequence was fused with A2 to form the new hybrid. Intron 6 has previously been sequenced. Four new mutations were detected in the hybrid allele and these were subsequently also found in intron 6 of A2 alleles in other Black African samples. Conclusions A novel O1v-A2 hybrid was defined by ABO exon/intron analysis in five unrelated individuals of African descent with the AweakB blood group phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Hosseini-Maaf
- Dept. of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University & Blood Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Hellberg
- Dept. of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University & Blood Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - M Alan Chester
- Dept. of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University & Blood Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin L Olsson
- Dept. of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University & Blood Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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St-Louis M, Perreault J, Lemieux R. Extended blood grouping of blood donors with automatable PCR-ELISA genotyping. Transfusion 2003; 43:1126-32. [PMID: 12869120 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past 10 years, PCR-based methods have been described to allow the detection of gene polymorphisms responsible for many blood group antigens. These methods are routinely used to test samples of fetal origin and to resolve serologic discrepancies. Another interesting application of blood group genotyping could be the extended typing of blood donors for minor antigens to facilitate the procurement of compatible blood for alloimmunized patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PCR-based tests have been modified to allow multiplex amplification of specific fragments of blood group genes and the convenient detection of hybridized amplicons by ELISA in a microplate format. RESULTS The results obtained show that fragments of the Rh (D, c, C, e, E), Kell (K, k), Duffy (Fya, Fyb), and Kidd (Jka, Jkb) genes could be amplified along with controls in multiplex PCR reactions. Labeling of amplicons with digoxigenin allowed their solid-phase detection in microplate wells previously coated with individual blood group-specific oligonucleotides. A comparative study performed with 100 individuals showed a 99.7 percent concordance between genotypes and phenotypes for the 11 antigens assayed, with only three discrepant Fyb genotypes. CONCLUSION Extended genotyping could be performed once on regular donors and confirmed when needed by standard serologic RBC assays. The format of these tests will allow easy automation of the procedure including the interpretation and downloading of the results with existing ELISA software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse St-Louis
- Department of Research and Development, Héma-Québec, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
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Bauduer F, Touinssi M, Degioanni A, Leroux S, Dutour O, Ducout L, De Micco P, Chiaroni J. Duffy blood group genotyping in French Basques using polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific primers (PCR-ASP). Am J Hum Biol 2003; 16:78-81. [PMID: 14689518 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood group antigens such as Duffy represent interesting models for population genetics studies. The distribution of the Duffy blood group was determined using PCR in a sample of Basque (n = 126) and non-Basque (n = 110) patients from the general hospital of the French Basque Country. The frequency of FY*A allele was significantly lower among autochthonous French Basques (P < 0.001). This result, obtained for the first time by PCR analysis in this population, was within the range of previous historical studies in various Basque subpopulations using traditional hemagglutination methods. When compared with European data, our Basque sample demonstrated the lowest FY*A/FY*B ratio, this fact confirming hemotypology data published before the molecular biology era. Our results with FY*X were quite similar to those reported in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bauduer
- UMR CNRS 6578, Université de la Méditerranée, Unité d'Anthropologie - Adaptabilité biologique et culturelle, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France.
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