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Parainfluenza Virus 5 Infection in Neurological Disease and Encephalitis of Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020498. [PMID: 31941046 PMCID: PMC7013525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of viral encephalitis in cattle often remains unresolved, posing a potential risk for animal and human health. In metagenomics studies of cattle with bovine non-suppurative encephalitis, parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) was identified in three brain samples. Interestingly, in two of these animals, bovine herpesvirus 6 and bovine astrovirus CH13 were additionally found. We investigated the role of PIV5 in bovine non-suppurative encephalitis and further characterized the three cases. With traditional sequencing methods, we completed the three PIV5 genomes, which were compared to one another. However, in comparison to already described PIV5 strains, unique features were revealed, like an 81 nucleotide longer open reading frame encoding the small hydrophobic (SH) protein. With in situ techniques, we demonstrated PIV5 antigen and RNA in one animal and found a broad cell tropism of PIV5 in the brain. Comparative quantitative analyses revealed a high viral load of PIV5 in the in situ positive animal and therefore, we propose that PIV5 was probably the cause of the disease. With this study, we clearly show that PIV5 is capable of naturally infecting different brain cell types in cattle in vivo and therefore it is a probable cause of encephalitis and neurological disease in cattle.
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Barba M, Fairbanks EL, Daly JM. Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:99-110. [PMID: 31497528 PMCID: PMC6689664 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s168227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of several different virus families cause equine viral encephalitis, the majority of which are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) with zoonotic potential. The clinical signs caused are rarely pathognomonic; therefore, a clinical diagnosis is usually presumptive according to the geographical region. However, recent decades have seen expansion of the geographical range and emergence in new regions of numerous viral diseases. In this context, this review presents an overview of the prevalence and distribution of the main viral causes of equine encephalitis and discusses their impact and potential approaches to limit their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barba
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma L Fairbanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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Ferreira AM, Grossmann J, Fortes C, Kilminster T, Scanlon T, Milton J, Greeff J, Oldham C, Nanni P, Almeida AM. The sheep (Ovis aries) muscle proteome: Decoding the mechanisms of tolerance to Seasonal Weight Loss using label-free proteomics. J Proteomics 2017; 161:57-67. [PMID: 28366878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal Weight Loss (SWL) is one of the most pressing issues in animal production in the tropics and Mediterranean. This work aims to characterize muscle proteome changes as a consequence of SWL in meat producing sheep, using a label-free proteomics approach. We compare three breeds: the Australian Merino (SWL susceptible), the Damara (SWL tolerant) and the Dorper (SWL intermediate tolerance). We identified 668 proteins of the sheep proteome, 95 with differential regulation. Also we observe that the more vulnerable to SWL a breed is, the more differential abundance proteins we find. Protein binding was the most frequently altered molecular function identified. We suggest 6 putative markers for restricted nutritional conditions independently of breed: ferritin heavy-chain; immunoglobulin V lambda chain; transgelin; fatty acid synthase; glutathione S-transferase A2; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 3-like. Moreover, we suggest as related to SWL tolerance: S100-A10 Serpin A3-5-like and Catalase, subject however to necessary validation assays. The identification of SWL-tolerance related proteins using proteomics will lead to increased stock productivity of relevant interest to animal production, particularly if identified at the muscle level, the tissue of economic importance in meat production. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Seasonal Weight Loss (SWL) is the most pressing issue in animal production in the tropics and the Mediterranean. To counter SWL, farmers often use animal breeds that have a natural ability to withstand pasture scarcity. Here we study the sheep muscle proteome at the muscle level, the tissue of economic importance in meat production. Furthermore, the identification of proteins that change their abundance in response to SWL using proteomics can contribute to increased stock productivity of relevant interest to animal production. We identified 668 proteins of the sheep proteome. We demonstrate that the following proteins are affected by restricted nutritional conditions: ferritin heavy chain; immunoglobulin V lambda chain; transgelin; fatty acid synthase; glutathione S-transferase A2; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 3-like. Furthermore, S100-A10, Serpin A3-5-like and Catalase are proteins that changed their abundance in response to SWL. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that Catalase values for the merino breed were close to significance and therefore catalase validation is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH/UZH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Fortes
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH/UZH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanya Kilminster
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Scanlon
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Milton
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Johan Greeff
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chris Oldham
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH/UZH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André M Almeida
- IBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Priestnall SL, Schöniger S, Ivens PAS, Eickmann M, Brachthäuser L, Kehr K, Tupper C, Piercy RJ, Menzies-Gow NJ, Herden C. Borna disease virus infection of a horse in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2011; 168:380b. [PMID: 21498268 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Priestnall
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA.
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Na HN, Nam JH. Infectobesity: a New Area for Microbiological and Virological Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2011.41.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Na
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Dagleish M, Benavides J, Chianini F. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious diseases of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a serious public health problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although the causes for obesity are unclear, it seems that environmental, genetic, neural and endocrine factors contribute to its development. However, the rapid global spread of obesity resembles epidemiologically the spread of an infectious disease. Thus far, little consideration has been given to the possibility that the epidemic of obesity could be due to an infectious agent. Seven viruses and a scrapie agent have been implicated in obesity. DESIGN This review evaluates the infectious pathogens and the evidence that these viruses are associated with obesity and concludes that a strong evidence base is emerging that associates certain viruses with obesity. CONCLUSION More work is however required to elucidate the mechanisms of weight gain after viral infection. In the mean time, discounting viruses as a contributing factor to obesity would deprive us of a potential new avenue of investigating and treating the ever increasing epidemic of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vasilakopoulou
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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Miranda HC, Nunes SOV, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MAE. Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:43-7. [PMID: 16324750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is a virus that naturally infects a broad range of warm-blooded animals. BDV is an enveloped virus, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA genome and has an organization characteristic of a member of Bornaviridae in the order of Mononegavirale. In the present work we investigated the presence of BDV p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from 30 psychiatric patients (19 with mood disorder and 11 with psychotic disorder) and 30 healthy volunteers as the control group. METHODS All subjects were interviewed by structured diagnostic criteria categorized according to the DSM-IV, Axis I (SCID-V). The presence of BDV p24 RNA was investigated by nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using specific primers to p24 from BDV. The specificity of the detection was analyzed by the sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS The mean duration of illness in mood and psychotic patients with p24 RNA of BDV was 25 (+/-12.3) years and the median age was 43.77 (+/-15.2) years. There were no significant differences in gender and age among patients and control group, neither duration of illness among patients with mood and psychotic disorders in the presence or absence of p24 RNA of BDV. We found a frequency of 33.33% (10/30) of BDV-RNA on patient's group and 13.33% (4/30) on control group. The given sequences revealed identity with GenBank database sequence for BDV. CONCLUSION The detection of a higher level of BDV-RNA in the peripheral blood cells of patients than on control group should help our understanding of the pathogenesis in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cristina Miranda
- Department of Pathological Sciences-Immunology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Burnouf T, Griffiths E, Padilla A, Seddik S, Stephano MA, Gutiérrez JM. Assessment of the viral safety of antivenoms fractionated from equine plasma. Biologicals 2005; 32:115-28. [PMID: 15536042 PMCID: PMC7128792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms are preparations of intact or fragmented (F(ab′)2 or Fab) immunoglobulin G (IgG) used in human medicine to treat the severe envenomings resulting from the bites and stings of various animals, such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, or marine animals, or from the contact with poisonous plants. They are obtained by fractionating plasma collected from immunized horses or, less frequently, sheep. Manufacturing processes usually include pepsin digestion at acid pH, papain digestion, ammonium sulphate precipitation, caprylic acid precipitation, heat coagulation and/or chromatography. Most production processes do not have deliberately introduced viral inactivation or removal treatments, but antivenoms have never been found to transmit viruses to humans. Nevertheless, the recent examples of zoonotic diseases highlight the need to perform a careful assessment of the viral safety of antivenoms. This paper reviews the characteristics of equine viruses of antivenoms and discusses the potential of some manufacturing steps to avoid risks of viral contamination. Analysis of production parameters indicate that acid pH treatments and caprylic acid precipitations, which have been validated for the manufacture of some human IgG products, appear to provide the best potential for viral inactivation of antivenoms. As many manufacturers of antivenoms located in developing countries lack the resources to conduct formal viral validation studies, it is hoped that this review will help in the scientific understanding of the viral safety factors of antivenoms, in the controlled implementation of the manufacturing steps with expected impact on viral safety, and in the overall reinforcement of good manufacturing practices of these essential therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- Human Plasma Product Services, 18 rue Saint-Jacques, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Abstract
Neurologic disease is seen commonly in cats, with infectious causes accounting for 30-45% of cases. However, since a specific infection cannot be identified in 12-40% of these cases, it is essential that we try to understand these cases better in the hope that we can eventually identify the cause(s), and so determine how best to treat and/or prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Feline Clinic, University of Edinburgh Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Clinics, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG.
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Callan RJ, Van Metre DC. Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:327-62, vii. [PMID: 15203229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features,and diagnosis of the primary viral neurologic diseases observed in ruminants. In general, these viral neurologic diseases are uncommon but often fatal. Rabies virus is perhaps the most important cause of encephalitis in cattle because of the public health implications. Other viral encephalitis diseases in ruminants include bovine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis, pseudorabies, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine and caprine lentiviral encephalitis, West Nile virus encephalitis, Borna disease, paramyxoviral sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis,and ovine encephalomyelitis (louping-ill).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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