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Fohmann I, Weinmann A, Schumacher F, Peters S, Prell A, Weigel C, Spiegel S, Kleuser B, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis is essential for cellular uptake of Neisseria meningitidis in brain endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011842. [PMID: 38033162 PMCID: PMC10715668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of brain endothelial cells (BECs) is central to the pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Here, we established a key role for the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor (S1PR) 2 in the uptake process. Quantitative sphingolipidome analyses of BECs infected with N. meningitidis revealed elevated S1P levels, which could be attributed to enhanced expression of the enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its activity. Increased activity was dependent on the interaction of meningococcal type IV pilus with the endothelial receptor CD147. Concurrently, infection led to increased expression of the S1PR2. Blocking S1PR2 signaling impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, which has been shown to be involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and bacterial endocytosis. Strikingly, targeting S1PR1 or S1PR3 also interfered with bacterial uptake. Collectively, our data support a critical role of the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis in the invasion of N. meningitidis into BECs, defining a potential target for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alina Weinmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agata Prell
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Pitman MR, Lewis AC, Davies LT, Moretti PAB, Anderson D, Creek DJ, Powell JA, Pitson SM. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2/4 antagonist JTE-013 elicits off-target effects on sphingolipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:454. [PMID: 35013382 PMCID: PMC8748775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid that has broad roles, working either intracellularly through various protein targets, or extracellularly via a family of five G-protein coupled receptors. Agents that selectively and specifically target each of the S1P receptors have been sought as both biological tools and potential therapeutics. JTE-013, a small molecule antagonist of S1P receptors 2 and 4 (S1P2 and S1P4) has been widely used in defining the roles of these receptors in various biological processes. Indeed, our previous studies showed that JTE-013 had anti-acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) activity, supporting a role for S1P2 in the biology and therapeutic targeting of AML. Here we examined this further and describe lipidomic analysis of AML cells that revealed JTE-013 caused alterations in sphingolipid metabolism, increasing cellular ceramides, dihydroceramides, sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine. Further examination of the mechanisms behind these observations showed that JTE-013, at concentrations frequently used in the literature to target S1P2/4, inhibits several sphingolipid metabolic enzymes, including dihydroceramide desaturase 1 and both sphingosine kinases. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that JTE-013 can have broad off-target effects on sphingolipid metabolism and highlight that caution must be employed in interpreting the use of this reagent in defining the roles of S1P2/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pitman
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Alexander C Lewis
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena T Davies
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A B Moretti
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason A Powell
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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3
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Ren R, Pang B, Han Y, Li Y. A Glimpse of the Structural Biology of the Metabolism of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:2515256421995601. [PMID: 37366379 PMCID: PMC10243590 DOI: 10.1177/2515256421995601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As a key sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays crucial roles in vascular and immune systems. It regulates angiogenesis, vascular integrity and homeostasis, allergic responses, and lymphocyte trafficking. S1P is interconverted with sphingosine, which is also derived from the deacylation of ceramide. S1P levels and the ratio to ceramide in cells are tightly regulated by its metabolic pathways. Abnormal S1P production causes the occurrence and progression of numerous severe diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cancers, autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, and kidney and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, huge advances on the structure of S1P metabolic pathways have been accomplished. In this review, we have got a glimpse of S1P metabolism through structural and biochemical studies of: sphingosine kinases, S1P transporters and S1P receptors, and the development of therapeutics targeting S1P signaling. The progress we summarize here could provide fresh perspectives to further the exploration of S1P functions and facilitate the development of therapeutic molecules targeting S1P signaling with improved specificity and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Ren
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug
Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Pang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug
Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufei Han
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug
Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug
Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Chen Z, Hu M. The apoM-S1P axis in hepatic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:235-242. [PMID: 33096030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver dysfunction is always accompanied by lipid metabolism dysfunction. Apolipoprotein M (apoM), a member of the apolipoprotein family, is primarily expressed and secreted from the liver. apoM is the main chaperone of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a small signalling molecule associated with numerous physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. In addition to transport, apoM also influences the biologic effects of S1P. Most recently, numerous studies have investigated the potential role of the apoM-S1P axis in a variety of hepatic diseases. These include liver fibrosis, viral hepatitis B and C infection, hepatobiliary disease, non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis, acute liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, the roles of apoM and S1P in the development of hepatic diseases are summarized, and novel insights into the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
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5
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Jiang Y, Tie C, Wang Y, Bian D, Liu M, Wang T, Ren Y, Liu S, Bai L, Chen Y, Duan Z, Zheng S, Zhang J. Upregulation of Serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P Potentially Contributes to Distinguish HCC Including AFP-Negative HCC From Cirrhosis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1759. [PMID: 33014866 PMCID: PMC7506152 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum sphingolipids are widely involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the serum sphingolipid profile in patients with HCC or cirrhosis and explored the potential diagnostic efficiency of serum sphingolipid metabolites which may be helpful in differentiating HCC including α-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative HCC from cirrhosis. Methods Seventy-two HCC patients (including 24 AFP-negative HCC) and 104 cirrhotic patients were consecutively enrolled in this study. High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect a panel of 57 serum sphingolipid metabolites. Results Twenty-four sphingolipid metabolites showed significant differences between HCC and cirrhotic patients (all P < 0.05). Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was found to have the potential to differentiate HCC from cirrhosis by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P and AFP to distinguish HCC from cirrhosis, and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were 0.85 and 0.83 (P > 0.05), respectively. When the cut-off value of Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was set at 56.29 pmol/0.1 ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 79.20% and 78.70%, respectively. Notably, the upregulation of Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P could also distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis with an AUC of 0.79. The sensitivity and specificity were 62.50% and 77.90% at a cut-off value of 56.29 pmol/0.1 ml. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed that serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was not correlated with AFP in patients with cirrhosis, AFP-positive HCC, and AFP-negative HCC. Moreover, the difference in the diagnostic efficiency of serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was not statistically significant between tumor size (≤2 cm vs. >2 cm, P = 0.476). Also, there was no difference among patients with different TNM stages and BCLC stages. Conclusion The upregulation of serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P exhibits good diagnostic performance for HCC. Particularly, Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P could also serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of AFP-negative HCC. These findings may contribute to the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC including AFP-negative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jiang
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Tie
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Bian
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
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6
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McGowan EM, Haddadi N, Nassif NT, Lin Y. Targeting the SphK-S1P-SIPR Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197189. [PMID: 33003377 PMCID: PMC7583882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is currently experiencing the worst health pandemic since the Spanish flu in 1918-the COVID-19 pandemic-caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pandemic is the world's third wake-up call this century. In 2003 and 2012, the world experienced two major coronavirus outbreaks, SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), causing major respiratory tract infections. At present, there is neither a vaccine nor a cure for COVID-19. The severe COVID-19 symptoms of hyperinflammation, catastrophic damage to the vascular endothelium, thrombotic complications, septic shock, brain damage, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and acute neurological and psychiatric complications are unprecedented. Many COVID-19 deaths result from the aftermath of hyperinflammatory complications, also referred to as the "cytokine storm syndrome", endotheliitus and blood clotting, all with the potential to cause multiorgan dysfunction. The sphingolipid rheostat plays integral roles in viral replication, activation/modulation of the immune response, and importantly in maintaining vasculature integrity, with sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) and its cognate receptors (SIPRs: G-protein-coupled receptors) being key factors in vascular protection against endotheliitus. Hence, modulation of sphingosine kinase (SphK), S1P, and the S1P receptor pathway may provide significant beneficial effects towards counteracting the life-threatening, acute, and chronic complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease, prospective vaccines, and current treatments. We then discuss the evidence supporting the targeting of SphK/S1P and S1P receptors in the repertoire of COVID-19 therapies to control viral replication and alleviate the known and emerging acute and chronic symptoms of COVID-19. Three clinical trials using FDA-approved sphingolipid-based drugs being repurposed and evaluated to help in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M McGowan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-405814048
| | - Nahal Haddadi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
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7
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Suppression of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase retards the liver regeneration in mice after partial hepatectomy. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225683. [PMID: 32614038 PMCID: PMC7352043 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver regeneration is an extremely complicated process that is regulated by a number of signaling pathways. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a potent bioactive lipid mediator playing crucial roles in various cellular responses through its receptors, has been attracting attention in the fields of hepatology, where S1P lyase (SPL), an irreversibly degrading enzyme of S1P, reportedly has a stimulatory role in growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aim of the study: To examine whether SPL might play a stimulatory role in liver regeneration. Method: Using in-vivo siRNA technology, we inhibited SPL expression. Seventy percent of the liver was resected in mice as partial hepatectomy (PH). Liver tissue samples were collected and mRNA expression level of the SPL, IHC of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), protein levels of various proliferation factors and lipid measurements were performed in different groups. Results: The mRNA levels of SPL increased in PH mice on the third day after PH surgery. When we suppressed the expression of SPL by in-vivo siRNA, we observed a significant decline of the PCNA positive cell numbers. Furthermore, the Cyclin D1 expressions and phosphorylation of ERK also were decreased in the siSPL injected PH group. Conclusion: We verified the importance of the SPL in liver regeneration, using the mice PH model. SPL might be a potential target to facilitate liver regeneration.
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Langeslag M, Kress M. The ceramide-S1P pathway as a druggable target to alleviate peripheral neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:869-884. [PMID: 32589067 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1787989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Neuropathic pain disorders are diverse, and the currently available therapies are ineffective in the majority of cases. Therefore, there is a major need for gaining novel mechanistic insights and developing new treatment strategies for neuropathic pain. Areas covered: We performed an in-depth literature search on the molecular mechanisms and systemic importance of the ceramide-to-S1P rheostat regulating neuron function and neuroimmune interactions in the development of neuropathic pain. Expert opinion: The S1P receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya®), LPA receptor antagonists and several mechanistically related compounds in clinical development raise great expectations for treating neuropathic pain disorders. Research on S1P receptors, S1P receptor modulators or SPHK inhibitors with distinct selectivity, pharmacokinetics and safety must provide more mechanistic insight into whether they may qualify as useful treatment options for neuropathic pain disorders. The functional relevance of genetic variations within the ceramide-to-S1P rheostat should be explored for an enhanced understanding of neuropathic pain pathogenesis. The ceramide-to-S1P rheostat is emerging as a critically important regulator hub of neuroimmune interactions along the pain pathway, and improved mechanistic insight is required to develop more precise and effective drug treatment options for patients suffering from neuropathic pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Langeslag
- Institute of Physiology, DPMP, Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, DPMP, Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
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9
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Stepanovska B, Huwiler A. Targeting the S1P receptor signaling pathways as a promising approach for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 154:104170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Balaphas A, Meyer J, Sadoul R, Morel P, Gonelle-Gispert C, Bühler LH. Extracellular vesicles: Future diagnostic and therapeutic tools for liver disease and regeneration. Liver Int 2019; 39:1801-1817. [PMID: 31286675 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane fragments that can be produced by all cell types. Interactions between extracellular vesicles and various liver cells constitute an emerging field in hepatology and recent evidences have established a role for extracellular vesicles in various liver diseases and physiological processes. Extracellular vesicles originating from liver cells are implicated in intercellular communication and fluctuations of specific circulating extracellular vesicles could constitute new diagnostic tools. In contrast, extracellular vesicles derived from progenitor cells interact with hepatocytes or non-parenchymal cells, thereby protecting the liver from various injuries and promoting liver regeneration. Our review focuses on recent developments investigating the role of various types of extracellular vesicles in acute and chronic liver diseases as well as their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Balaphas
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Meyer
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Morel
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hans Bühler
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Metabolic Nano-Machines: Extracellular Vesicles Containing Active Enzymes and Their Contribution to Liver Diseases. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Yin Y, Xu M, Gao J, Li M. Alkaline ceramidase 3 promotes growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulating S1P/S1PR2/PI3K/AKT signaling. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1381-1387. [PMID: 30097213 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the cancer types with poor prognosis. To effectively treat HCC, new molecular targets and therapeutic approaches must be identified. Alkaline ceramidase 3 (Acer3) hydrolyzed long-chain unsaturated ceramide to produce free fatty acids and sphingosine. However, whether and how Acer3 modulates progression of HCC remains largely unknown. METHODS Acer3 mRNA levels in different types of human HCC samples or normal tissues were determined from Gene Expression across Normal and Tumor tissue (GENT) database. The expression level of Acer3 in human HCC cell lines were examined by western blot. Overall survival and disease-free survival of HCC patients were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Effects of Acer3 knockdown by lentivirus infection were evaluated on cell growth and apoptosis. The mechanisms involved in HCC cells growth and apoptosis were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS In silico analysis of TCGA databases of HCC patients showed that the expression of Acer3 significantly inversely correlates with the overall and disease-free survival of HCC patients. Knockdown expression of Acer3 resulted in decreased cell growth and increased apoptosis. Notably, inhibition of Acer3 resulted in intracellular exhaustion of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and inhibited activation of S1PR2/PI3K/AKT signaling. Finally, knockdown of Acer3 induced up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that Acer3 contributes to HCC propagation, and suggests that inhibition of Acer3 may be novel strategy for treating human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancun Yin
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Maolei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Ju Gao
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Minjing Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
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13
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Liu L, Zhai C, Pan Y, Zhu Y, Shi W, Wang J, Yan X, Su X, Song Y, Gao L, Li M. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces airway smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and contraction by modulating Hippo signaling effector YAP. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L609-L621. [PMID: 29999407 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00554.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid, has been shown to be elevated in the airways of individuals with asthma and modulates the airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) functions, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of the present study is to address this issue. S1P induced yes-associated protein (YAP) dephosphorylation and nuclear localization via the S1PR2/3/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway, and this in turn increased forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and cyclin D1 expression leading to ASMC proliferation, migration, and contraction. Pretreatment of cells with S1PR2 antagonist JTE013, S1PR3 antagonist CAY10444, or ROCK inhibitor Y27632 blocked S1P-induced alterations of YAP, FOXM1, cyclin D1, and ASMC proliferation, migration, and contraction. In addition, prior silencing of YAP or FOXM1 with siRNA reversed the effect of S1P on ASMC functions. Taken together, our study indicates that S1P stimulates ASMC proliferation, migration, and contraction by binding to S1PR2/3 and modulating ROCK/YAP/FOXM1 axis and suggests that targeting this pathway might have potential value in the management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
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14
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Cheng JC, Wang EY, Yi Y, Thakur A, Tsai SH, Hoodless PA. S1P Stimulates Proliferation by Upregulating CTGF Expression through S1PR2-Mediated YAP Activation. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1543-1555. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Hatoum D, Haddadi N, Lin Y, Nassif NT, McGowan EM. Mammalian sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoenzymes and isoform expression: challenges for SphK as an oncotarget. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36898-36929. [PMID: 28415564 PMCID: PMC5482707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The various sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoenzymes (isozymes) and isoforms, key players in normal cellular physiology, are strongly implicated in cancer and other diseases. Mutations in SphKs, that may justify abnormal physiological function, have not been recorded. Nonetheless, there is a large and growing body of evidence demonstrating the contribution of gain or loss of function and the imbalance in the SphK/S1P rheostat to a plethora of pathological conditions including cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases. SphK is expressed as two isozymes SphK1 and SphK2, transcribed from genes located on different chromosomes and both isozymes catalyze the phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P. Expression of each SphK isozyme produces alternately spliced isoforms. In recent years the importance of the contribution of SpK1 expression to treatment resistance in cancer has been highlighted and, additionally, differences in treatment outcome appear to also be dependent upon SphK isoform expression. This review focuses on an exciting emerging area of research involving SphKs functions, expression and subcellular localization, highlighting the complexity of targeting SphK in cancer and also comorbid diseases. This review also covers the SphK isoenzymes and isoforms from a historical perspective, from their first discovery in murine species and then in humans, their role(s) in normal cellular function and in disease processes, to advancement of SphK as an oncotarget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hatoum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nahal Haddadi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Najah T Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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16
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The Role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Ceramide-1-Phosphate in Inflammation and Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4806541. [PMID: 29269995 PMCID: PMC5705877 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4806541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is part of our body's response to tissue injury and pathogens. It helps to recruit various immune cells to the site of inflammation and activates the production of mediators to mobilize systemic protective processes. However, chronic inflammation can increase the risk of diseases like cancer. Apart from cytokines and chemokines, lipid mediators, particularly sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), contribute to inflammation and cancer. S1P is an important player in inflammation-associated colon cancer progression. On the other hand, C1P has been recognized to be involved in cancer cell growth, migration, survival, and inflammation. However, whether C1P is involved in inflammation-associated cancer is not yet established. In contrast, few studies have also suggested that S1P and C1P are involved in anti-inflammatory pathways regulated in certain cell types. Ceramide is the substrate for ceramide kinase (CERK) to yield C1P, and sphingosine is phosphorylated to S1P by sphingosine kinases (SphKs). Biological functions of sphingolipid metabolites have been studied extensively. Ceramide is associated with cell growth inhibition and enhancement of apoptosis while S1P and C1P are associated with enhancement of cell growth and survival. Altogether, S1P and C1P are important regulators of ceramide level and cell fate. This review focuses on S1P and C1P involvement in inflammation and cancer with emphasis on recent progress in the field.
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17
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Al Alam N, Kreydiyyeh SI. FTY720P inhibits hepatic Na(+)-K(+) ATPase via S1PR2 and PGE2. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:371-7. [PMID: 27501354 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was found previously to inhibit Na(+)-K(+) ATPase in HepG2 cells. Whether fingolimod (FTY720), a S1P receptor (S1PR) agonist, similarly inhibits the ATPase is a question that needs to be addressed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of FTY720P, the active form of the drug, on the activity of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase in HepG2 cells and determine its mechanism of action. The activity of the ATPase was assayed by measuring the amount of inorganic phosphate liberated in the presence and the absence of ouabain. FTY720-P (7.5 nmol/L, 15 min) significantly reduced the activity of the ATPase. This effect disappeared completely in the presence of JTE-013, which is a specific blocker of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), as well as in the presence of calphostin and indomethacin, which are inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and COX-2, respectively. The effect of FTY720P was mimicked by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PMA, but abrogated by NF-κB inhibition. When NF-κB was inhibited, the effect of exogenous PGE2 still appeared, but that of PMA did not manifest, suggesting that NF-κB is upstream of PGE2 and downstream of PKC. It was concluded that FTY720P activates via S1PR2, PKC, and NF-κB. The latter induces PGE2 generation and inhibits Na(+)-K(+) ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Al Alam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 11-0236, Lebanon.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Sawsan Ibrahim Kreydiyyeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 11-0236, Lebanon.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 11-0236, Lebanon
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18
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Webster CRL, Anwer MS. Hydrophobic bile acid apoptosis is regulated by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in rat hepatocytes and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G865-73. [PMID: 26999807 PMCID: PMC4895872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00253.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The hepatotoxic bile acid glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) modulates hepatocyte cell death through activation of JNK, Akt, and Erk. The nonhepatotoxic bile acid taurocholate activates Akt and Erk through the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). The role of the S1PR2 in GCDC-mediated apoptosis and kinase activation is unknown. Studies were done in rat hepatocytes, HUH7 cells, and HUH7 cells stably transfected with rat Ntcp (HUH7-Ntcp). Cells were treated with GCDC and apoptosis was monitored morphologically by Hoechst staining and biochemically by immunoblotting for the active cleaved fragment of caspase 3. Kinase activation was determined by immunoblotting with phospho-specific antibodies. JTE-013, an inhibitor of S1PR2, significantly attenuated morphological evidence of GCDC-induced apoptosis and prevented caspase 3 cleavage in rat hepatocytes and HUH7-Ntcp cells. In hepatocytes, JTE-013 mildly suppressed, augmented, and had no effect on GCDC-induced JNK, Akt, and Erk phosphorylation, respectively. Similar results were seen in HUH7-Ntcp cells except for mild suppression of JNK and Erk phosphorylation. Knockdown of S1PR2 in HUH7-Ntcp augmented Akt, inhibited JNK, and had no effect on Erk phosphorylation. GCDC failed to induce apoptosis or kinase activation in HUH7 cells. In conclusion, SIPR2 inhibition attenuates GCDC-induced apoptosis and inhibits and augments GCDC-induced JNK and Akt phosphorylation, respectively. In addition, GCDC must enter hepatocytes to mediate cell death or activate kinases. These results suggest that SIPR2 activation is proapoptotic in GCDC-induced cell death but that this effect is not due to direct ligation of the S1PR2 by the bile acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R L Webster
- Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and
| | - M Sawkat Anwer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts
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19
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Uranbileg B, Ikeda H, Kurano M, Enooku K, Sato M, Saigusa D, Aoki J, Ishizawa T, Hasegawa K, Kokudo N, Yatomi Y. Increased mRNA Levels of Sphingosine Kinases and S1P Lyase and Reduced Levels of S1P Were Observed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Association with Poorer Differentiation and Earlier Recurrence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149462. [PMID: 26886371 PMCID: PMC4757388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been reported to play an important role in cancer pathophysiology, little is known about S1P and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To clarify the relationship between S1P and HCC, 77 patients with HCC who underwent surgical treatment were consecutively enrolled in this study. In addition, S1P and its metabolites were quantitated by LC-MS/MS. The mRNA levels of sphingosine kinases (SKs), which phosphorylate sphingosine to generate S1P, were increased in HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-HCC tissues. Higher mRNA levels of SKs in HCC were associated with poorer differentiation and microvascular invasion, whereas a higher level of SK2 mRNA was a risk factor for intra- and extra-hepatic recurrence. S1P levels, however, were unexpectedly reduced in HCC compared with non-HCC tissues, and increased mRNA levels of S1P lyase (SPL), which degrades S1P, were observed in HCC compared with non-HCC tissues. Higher SPL mRNA levels in HCC were associated with poorer differentiation. Finally, in HCC cell lines, inhibition of the expression of SKs or SPL by siRNA led to reduced proliferation, invasion and migration, whereas overexpression of SKs or SPL enhanced proliferation. In conclusion, increased SK and SPL mRNA expression along with reduced S1P levels were more commonly observed in HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-HCC tissues and were associated with poor differentiation and early recurrence. SPL as well as SKs may be therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehyde-Lyases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aldehyde-Lyases/genetics
- Aldehyde-Lyases/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/surgery
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Metabolome
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Baasanjav Uranbileg
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Enooku
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Miyagi, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ishizawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan
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20
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Nojima H, Freeman CM, Schuster RM, Japtok L, Kleuser B, Edwards MJ, Gulbins E, Lentsch AB. Hepatocyte exosomes mediate liver repair and regeneration via sphingosine-1-phosphate. J Hepatol 2016; 64:60-8. [PMID: 26254847 PMCID: PMC4843792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Exosomes are small membrane vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Hepatocytes are known to release exosomes, but little is known about their biological function. We sought to determine if exosomes derived from hepatocytes contribute to liver repair and regeneration after injury. METHODS Exosomes derived from primary murine hepatocytes were isolated and characterized biochemically and biophysically. Using cultures of primary hepatocytes, we tested whether hepatocyte exosomes induced proliferation of hepatocytes in vitro. Using models of ischemia/reperfusion injury and partial hepatectomy, we evaluated whether hepatocyte exosomes promote hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in vivo. RESULTS Hepatocyte exosomes, but not exosomes from other liver cell types, induce dose-dependent hepatocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, hepatocyte exosomes directly fuse with target hepatocytes and transfer neutral ceramidase and sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) causing increased synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) within target hepatocytes. Ablation of exosomal SK prevents the proliferative effect of exosomes. After ischemia/reperfusion injury, the number of circulating exosomes with proliferative effects increases. CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that hepatocyte-derived exosomes deliver the synthetic machinery to form S1P in target hepatocytes resulting in cell proliferation and liver regeneration after ischemia/reperfusion injury or partial hepatectomy. These findings represent a potentially novel new contributing mechanism of liver regeneration and have important implications for new therapeutic approaches to acute and chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nojima
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Christopher M. Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Schuster
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lukasz Japtok
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael J. Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0558, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA. Tel.: +1 (513) 558 8674; fax: +1 (513) 558 8677. (A.B. Lentsch)
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21
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The cooperative role of S1P3 with LYVE-1 in LMW-HA-induced lymphangiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:150-7. [PMID: 26116468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymph vessels, plays a significant role in the development and metastasis of various cancers. We and others have demonstrated that low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA) promotes lymphangiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. In this study, using immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation, we found that LMW-HA increased the colocalization of lymphatic vessel endothelial HA receptor (LYVE-1) and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P3) at the cell surface. Silencing of either LYVE-1 or S1P3 decreased LMW-HA-mediated tube formation in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Furthermore, silencing of either LYVE-1 or S1P3 significantly inhibited LMW-HA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Src kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). In summary, these results suggest that S1P3 and LYVE-1 may cooperate to play a role in LMW-HA-mediated lymphangiogenesis. This interaction may provide a useful target for the intervention of lymphangiogenesis-associated tumor progression.
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22
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Mignard V, Lalier L, Paris F, Vallette FM. Bioactive lipids and the control of Bax pro-apoptotic activity. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1266. [PMID: 24874738 PMCID: PMC4047880 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are key regulators of cell physiology through the control of many aspects of cellular life and survival. In particular, lipids have been implicated at different levels and through many different mechanisms in the cell death program called apoptosis. Here, we discuss the action of lipids in the regulation of the activation and the integration of Bax into the mitochondrial outer membrane, a key pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family. We describe how, during apoptosis, lipids can act simultaneously or in parallel as receptors or ligands for Bax to stimulate or inhibit its pro-death activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mignard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Lalier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - F Paris
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - F M Vallette
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
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23
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Targeting the sphingosine-1-phosphate axis in cancer, inflammation and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:688-702. [PMID: 23954895 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in multiple cellular signalling systems and has a pivotal role in the control of immune cell trafficking. As such, S1P has been implicated in disorders such as cancer and inflammatory diseases. This Review discusses the ways in which S1P might be therapeutically targeted - for example, via the development of chemical inhibitors that target the generation, transport and degradation of S1P and via the development of specific S1P receptor agonists. We also highlight recent conflicting results observed in preclinical studies targeting S1P and discuss ongoing clinical trials in this field.
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24
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Fortier M, Figeac N, White RB, Knopp P, Zammit PS. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 influences cell cycle progression in muscle satellite cells. Dev Biol 2013; 382:504-16. [PMID: 23911934 PMCID: PMC3898928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle retains a resident stem cell population called satellite cells, which are mitotically quiescent in mature muscle, but can be activated to produce myoblast progeny for muscle homeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. We have previously shown that satellite cell activation is partially controlled by the bioactive phospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and that S1P biosynthesis is required for muscle regeneration. Here we investigate the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) in regulating murine satellite cell function. S1PR3 levels were high in quiescent myogenic cells before falling during entry into cell cycle. Retrovirally-mediated constitutive expression of S1PR3 led to suppressed cell cycle progression in satellite cells, but did not overtly affect the myogenic program. Conversely, satellite cells isolated from S1PR3-null mice exhibited enhanced proliferation ex-vivo. In vivo, acute cardiotoxin-induced muscle regeneration was enhanced in S1PR3-null mice, with bigger muscle fibres compared to control mice. Importantly, genetically deleting S1PR3 in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy produced a less severe muscle dystrophic phenotype, than when signalling though S1PR3 was operational. In conclusion, signalling though S1PR3 suppresses cell cycle progression to regulate function in muscle satellite cells. Expression of S1PR3 is associated with non-cycling myoblasts. Constitutive expression of S1PR3 leads to reduced cell proliferation. Satellite cells lacking S1PR3 have enhanced proliferation. Muscle regeneration is improved in the absence of S1PR3. The dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice is improved by the absence of S1PR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fortier
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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25
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Sphingosine kinase-1 inhibition protects primary rat hepatocytes against bile salt-induced apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1922-9. [PMID: 23816565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and their product sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been reported to regulate apoptosis and survival of liver cells. Cholestatic liver diseases are characterized by cytotoxic levels of bile salts inducing liver injury. It is unknown whether SphKs and/or S1P play a role in this pathogenic process. Here, we investigated the putative involvement of SphK1 and S1P in bile salt-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) to induce apoptosis. GCDCA-exposed hepatocytes were co-treated with S1P, the SphK1 inhibitor Ski-II and/or specific antagonists of S1P receptors (S1PR1 and S1PR2). Apoptosis and necrosis were quantified. Ski-II significantly reduced GCDCA-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes (-70%, P<0.05) without inducing necrosis. GCDCA increased the S1P levels in hepatocytes (P<0.05). GCDCA induced [Ca(2+)] oscillations in hepatocytes and co-treatment with the [Ca(2+)] chelator BAPTA repressed GCDCA-induced apoptosis. Ski-II inhibited the GCDCA-induced intracellular [Ca(2+)] oscillations. Transcripts of all five S1P receptors were detected in hepatocytes, of which S1PR1 and S1PR2 appear most dominant. Inhibition of S1PR1, but not S1PR2, reduced GCDCA-induced apoptosis by 20%. Exogenous S1P also significantly reduced GCDCA-induced apoptosis (-50%, P<0.05), however, in contrast to the GCDCA-induced (intracellular) SphK1 pathway, this was dependent on S1PR2 and not S1PR1. Our results indicate that SphK1 plays a pivotal role in mediating bile salt-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes in part by interfering with intracellular [Ca(2+)] signaling and activation of S1PR1.
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Kageyama Y, Ikeda H, Watanabe N, Nagamine M, Kusumoto Y, Yashiro M, Satoh Y, Shimosawa T, Shinozaki K, Tomiya T, Inoue Y, Nishikawa T, Ohtomo N, Tanoue Y, Yokota H, Koyama T, Ishimaru K, Okamoto Y, Takuwa Y, Koike K, Yatomi Y. Antagonism of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 causes a selective reduction of portal vein pressure in bile duct-ligated rodents. Hepatology 2012; 56:1427-38. [PMID: 22505286 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sinusoidal vasoconstriction, in which hepatic stellate cells operate as contractile machinery, has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. We investigated whether sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) stimulates contractility of those cells and enhances portal vein pressure in isolated perfused rat livers with Rho activation by way of S1P receptor 2 (S1P(2) ). Rho and its effector, Rho kinase, reportedly contribute to the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Thus, a potential effect of S1P(2) antagonism on portal hypertension was examined. Intravenous infusion of the S1P(2) antagonist, JTE-013, at 1 mg/kg body weight reduced portal vein pressure by 24% without affecting mean arterial pressure in cirrhotic rats induced by bile duct ligation at 4 weeks after the operation, whereas the same amount of S1P(2) antagonist did not alter portal vein pressure and mean arterial pressure in control sham-operated rats. Rho kinase activity in the livers was enhanced in bile duct-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats, and this enhanced Rho kinase activity in bile duct-ligated livers was reduced after infusion of the S1P(2) antagonist. S1P(2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, but not S1P(1) or S1P(3) , was increased in bile duct-ligated livers of rats and mice and also in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells. S1P(2) expression, determined in S1P 2LacZ/+ mice, was highly increased in hepatic stellate cells of bile duct-ligated livers. Furthermore, the increase of Rho kinase activity in bile duct-ligated livers was observed as early as 7 days after the operation in wildtype mice, but was less in S1P 2-/- mice. CONCLUSION S1P may play an important role in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension with Rho kinase activation by way of S1P(2) . The S1P(2) antagonist merits consideration as a novel therapeutic agent for portal hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/surgery
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Hemodynamics/physiology
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/drug effects
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/physiology
- Hypertension, Portal/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Portal/physiopathology
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Ligation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/drug effects
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics
- Reference Values
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- rho-Associated Kinases/drug effects
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kageyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Germinario E, Peron S, Toniolo L, Betto R, Cencetti F, Donati C, Bruni P, Danieli-Betto D. S1P2 receptor promotes mouse skeletal muscle regeneration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:707-13. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00300.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a bioactive lipid that modulates skeletal muscle growth through its interaction with specific receptors localized in the cell membrane of muscle fibers and satellite cells. This study analyzes the role of S1P2 receptor during in vivo regeneration of soleus muscle in two models of S1P2 deficiency: the S1P2-null mouse and wild-type mice systemically treated with the S1P2 receptor antagonist JTE-013. To stimulate regeneration, muscle degeneration was induced by injecting into soleus muscle the myotoxic drug notexin. Both ablation of S1P2 receptor and its functional inactivation delayed regeneration of soleus muscle. The exogenous supplementation of S1P or its removal, by a specific antibody, two conditions known to stimulate or inhibit, respectively, soleus muscle regeneration, were without effects when the S1P2 receptor was absent or inactive. The delayed regeneration was associated with a lower level of myogenin, a muscle differentiation marker, and reduced phosphorylation of Akt, a key marker of muscle growth. Consistently, silencing of S1P2 receptor abrogated the pro-myogenic action of S1P in satellite cells, paralleled by low levels of the myogenic transcription factor myogenin. The study indicates that S1P2 receptor plays a key role in the early phases of muscle regeneration by sustaining differentiation and growth of new-forming myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Germinario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
| | - Samantha Peron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
| | - Romeo Betto
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniela Danieli-Betto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
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28
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Calise S, Blescia S, Cencetti F, Bernacchioni C, Donati C, Bruni P. Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates proliferation and migration of satellite cells: role of S1P receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:439-50. [PMID: 22178384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident stem cells of skeletal muscle; they are normally quiescent but upon post-trauma activation start to proliferate and fuse with damaged fibers contributing to muscle regeneration. In this study the effect of the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on the proliferative and migratory response of murine satellite cells has been examined. S1P was found to stimulate labeled thymidine incorporation in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner. Moreover, by employing selective S1P receptor agonists and antagonists and silencing individual S1P receptors, the mitogenic action of S1P in satellite cells was shown to depend on S1P2 and S1P3. Notably, by using different experimental approaches S1P was found to positively influence satellite cell migration, necessary for their recruitment at the site of muscle damage. Interestingly, the specific silencing of individual S1P receptor subtypes demonstrated the pivotal role of S1P1 and S1P4 in mediating the S1P migratory effect. This latter result demonstrates for the first time that S1P4 receptor has a role in skeletal muscle cells, supporting the notion that this receptor subtype plays a biological action broader than that so far identified in lymphoid tissue. On the contrary, S1P2 was found to negatively regulate cell migration. Collectively, these results are in favour of an important function of S1P in satellite cell biology that could in principle be exploited as novel pharmacological target for improving skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Calise
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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29
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Park SW, Kim M, Brown KM, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:266-80. [PMID: 22095950 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P(1)R) protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and inflammation, but the role of other members of this receptor family in modulating renal IR injury is unknown. We found that a selective S1P(2)R antagonist protected against renal IR injury in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with this observation, both S1P(2)R-deficient mice and wild-type mice treated with S1P(2)R small interfering RNA had reduced renal injury after IR. In contrast, a selective S1P(2)R agonist exacerbated renal IR injury. The S1P(2)R antagonist increased sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) expression via Rho kinase signaling in renal proximal tubules; the S1P(2)R agonist decreased SK1. S1P(2)R antagonism failed to protect the kidneys of SK1-deficient mice or wild-type mice pretreated with an SK1 inhibitor or an S1P(1)R antagonist, suggesting that the renoprotection conferred by S1P(2)R antagonism results from pathways involving activation of S1P(1)R by SK1. In cultured human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells, the S1P(2)R antagonist selectively upregulated SK1 and attenuated both H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis and TNF-α/cycloheximide-induced apoptosis; the S1P(2)R agonist had the opposite effects. In addition, increased nuclear hypoxia inducible factor-1α was critical in mediating the renoprotective effects of S1P(2)R inhibition. Finally, induction of SK1 and S1P(2)R in response to renal IR and S1P(2)R antagonism occurred selectively in renal proximal tubule cells but not in renal endothelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that S1P(2)R may be a therapeutic target to attenuate the effects of renal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wong Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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30
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Delgado-Coello B, Briones-Orta MA, Macías-Silva M, Mas-Oliva J. Cholesterol: recapitulation of its active role during liver regeneration. Liver Int 2011; 31:1271-84. [PMID: 21745289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a compensatory hyperplasia produced by several stimuli that promotes proliferation in order to provide recovery of the liver mass and architecture. This process involves complex signalling cascades that receive feedback from autocrine and paracrine pathways, recognized by parenchymal as well as non-parenchymal cells. Nowadays the dynamic role of lipids in biological processes is widely recognized; however, a systematic analysis of their importance during liver regeneration is still missing. Therefore, in this review we address the role of lipids including the bioactive ones such as sphingolipids, but with special emphasis on cholesterol. Cholesterol is not only considered as a structural component but also as a relevant lipid involved in the control of the intermediate metabolism of different liver cell types such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells. Cholesterol plays a significant role at the level of specific membrane domains, as well as modulating the expression of sterol-dependent proteins. Moreover, several enzymes related to the catabolism of cholesterol and whose activity is down regulated are related to the protection of liver tissue from toxicity during the process of regeneration. This review puts in perspective the necessity to study and understand the basic mechanisms involving lipids during the process of liver regeneration. On the other hand, the knowledge acquired in this area in the past years, can be considered invaluable in order to provide further insights into processes such as general organogenesis and several liver-related pathologies, including steatosis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Delgado-Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF Mexico
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31
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Liu X, Yue S, Li C, Yang L, You H, Li L. Essential roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in human hepatic stellate cells motility and activation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2370-7. [PMID: 21660960 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The biological roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptors (S1PRs) have been broadly investigated. However, at present pathophysiological roles of S1P/S1PRs axis in liver fibrosis are not well defined. Here, we investigated the functions of S1P/S1PRs axis in human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) line, LX-2 cells. We found that S1PR types 1, 2 and 3 (S1PR1-3) are clearly detected in LX-2 cells, as determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry analysis. S1P exerted a powerful migratory action on LX-2 cells, as determined in Boyden chambers, and stimulated fibrogenic activity of LX-2 cells, as demonstrated by increase of expression of smooth muscle α-actin, procollagen α1(I) and α1(III) and total hydroxyproline content. Moreover, the effects of S1P were mimicked by S1PR1 agonist SEW2871, and abrogated by W146 (S1PR1 antagonist) and/or silencing S1PR1, three expression with small interfering RNA, suggesting the main roles of S1PR1 and 3. However, studies with S1PR2 antagonist JTE-013 and silencing S1PR2 expression indicated that S1PR2 negatively regulated S1P-induced cell migration. Interestingly, exogenously added S1P induced significant up-regulation of sphingosine kinase-1 and the synthesis of additional S1P, and expression of S1PR1,3, but not S1PR2. In conclusion, our data have identified an additional function regulated by S1P/S1PR1,3 axis involving migration and fibrogenic activation of HSCs. These results suggest that selective modulation of S1PR activity may represent a new antifibrotic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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32
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Salomone S, Waeber C. Selectivity and specificity of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor ligands: caveats and critical thinking in characterizing receptor-mediated effects. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:9. [PMID: 21687504 PMCID: PMC3110020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been identified only recently. Their medicinal chemistry is therefore still in its infancy, and few selective agonists or antagonists are available. Furthermore, the selectivity of S1P receptor agonists or antagonists is not well established. JTE-013 and BML-241 (also known as CAY10444), used extensively as specific S1P2 and S1P3 receptors antagonists respectively, are cases in point. When analyzing S1P-induced vasoconstriction in mouse basilar artery, we observed that JTE-013 inhibited not only the effect of S1P, but also the effect of U46619, endothelin-1 or high KCl; JTE-013 strongly inhibited responses to S1P in S1P2 receptor knockout mice. Similarly, BML-241 has been shown to inhibit increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration via P2 receptor or α1A-adrenoceptor stimulation and α1A-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of rat mesenteric artery, while it did not affect S1P3-mediated decrease of forskolin-induced cyclic AMP accumulation. Another putative S1P1/3 receptor antagonist, VPC23019, does not inhibit S1P3-mediated vasoconstriction. With these examples in mind, we discuss caveats about relying on available pharmacological tools to characterize receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Catania University Catania, Italy
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33
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McQuiston T, Luberto C, Del Poeta M. Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor 2 in the phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by alveolar macrophages. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1416-1427. [PMID: 21292747 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.045989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Infection of the human host occurs through inhalation of infectious propagules following environmental exposure. In the lung, C. neoformans can reside in the extracellular environment of the alveolar spaces or, upon phagocytosis, it can survive and grow intracellularly within alveolar macrophages (AMs). In previous studies, we found that sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) influenced the intracellular residency of C. neoformans within AMs. Therefore, with this study we aimed to examine the role of the SK1 lipid product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in the AMs-C. neoformans interaction. It was found that extracellular S1P enhances the phagocytosis of C. neoformans by AMs. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches we further show that extracellular S1P exerts its effect on the phagocytosis of C. neoformans by AMs through S1P receptor 2 (S1P2). Interestingly, loss of S1P2 caused a dramatic decrease in the mRNA levels of Fcγ receptors I (FcγRI), -II and -III. In conclusion, our data suggest that extracellular S1P increases antibody-mediated phagocytosis through S1P2 by regulating the expression of the phagocytic Fcγ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis McQuiston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Im DS. Pharmacological tools for lysophospholipid GPCRs: development of agonists and antagonists for LPA and S1P receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1213-22. [PMID: 20729877 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) using various approaches have shown that both the molecules can act as intercellular signaling molecules. The discovery of the Edg subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (later renamed LPA(1-3) and S1P(1-5)) for these molecules has opened up a new avenue for pathophysiological research on lysophospholipids. Genetic and molecular studies on lysophospholipid GPCRs have elucidated pathophysiological impacts and roles in cellular signaling pathways. Recently, lysophospholipid GPCR genes have been used to develop receptor subtype-selective agonists and antagonists. The discovery of FTY720, a novel immune modulator, along with other chemical tools, has provided a means of elucidating the functions of each lysophospholipid GPCR on an organ and the whole body level. This communication attempts to retrospectively review the development of agonists and antagonists for lysophospholipid GPCRs, provide integrated information on pharmacological tools for lysophospholipid GPCR signaling, and speculate on future drug development.
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Ikeda H, Ohkawa R, Watanabe N, Nakamura K, Kume Y, Nakagawa H, Yoshida H, Okubo S, Yokota H, Tomiya T, Inoue Y, Nishikawa T, Ohtomo N, Tanoue Y, Koike K, Yatomi Y. Plasma concentration of bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate is reduced in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:765-70. [PMID: 20188085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioactive lipid mediator S1P has been suggested to play pathophysiological roles in various fields of clinical science as a circulating paracrine mediator. We previously established a reliable method of measuring plasma S1P concentration, and reported that the one in healthy subjects has a gender difference and a correlation with red blood cell (RBC)-parameters, however, the reports of S1P measurements in the blood in patients with a specific disease have been scarce. Because our previous evidence suggests that S1P is involved in liver pathophysiology, we examined plasma S1P concentration in chronic hepatitis C patients. METHODS S1P assay was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography system. RESULTS Plasma S1P concentrations were reduced in chronic hepatitis C patients compared with in healthy subjects with the same hemoglobin concentration, irrespective of gender. Among the blood parameters, serum hyaluronic acid concentration, a surrogate marker for liver fibrosis, was most closely and inversely correlated with plasma S1P concentration. Furthermore, plasma S1P concentration decreased throughout the progression of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. CONCLUSIONS Plasma S1P concentration was reduced in chronic hepatitis C patients, and liver fibrosis might be involved, at least in part, in the mechanism responsible for this reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Unrestricted somatic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood grow in serum-free medium as spheres. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:101. [PMID: 20003538 PMCID: PMC2805630 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human umbilical cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), which are capable of multilineage differentiation, are currently under investigation for a number of therapeutic applications. A major obstacle to their clinical use is the fact that in vitro expansion is still dependent upon fetal calf serum, which could be a source of pathogens. In this study, we investigate the capacity of three different stem cell culture media to support USSCs in serum-free conditions; HEScGRO™, PSM and USSC growth mediumACF. Our findings demonstrate that USSCs do not grow in HEScGRO™ or PSM, but we were able to isolate, proliferate and maintain multipotency of three USSC lines in USSC growth mediumACF. Results For the first one to three passages, cells grown in USSC growth mediumACF proliferate and maintain their morphology, but with continued passaging the cells form spherical cell aggregates. Upon dissociation of spheres, cells continue to grow in suspension and form new spheres. Dissociated cells can also revert to monolayer growth when cultured on extracellular matrix support (fibronectin or gelatin), or in medium containing fetal calf serum. Analysis of markers associated with pluripotency (Oct4 and Sox2) and differentiation (FoxA2, Brachyury, Goosecoid, Nestin, Pax6, Gata6 and Cytokeratin 8) confirms that cells in the spheres maintain their gene expression profile. The cells in the spheres also retain the ability to differentiate in vitro to form cells representative of the three germline layers after five passages. Conclusions These data suggest that USSC growth mediumACF maintains USSCs in an undifferentiated state and supports growth in suspension. This is the first demonstration that USSCs can grow in a serum- and animal component-free medium and that USSCs can form spheres.
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Zheng ZY, Weng SY, Yu Y. Signal molecule-mediated hepatic cell communication during liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5776-83. [PMID: 19998497 PMCID: PMC2791269 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complex and well-orchestrated process, during which hepatic cells are activated to produce large signal molecules in response to liver injury or mass reduction. These signal molecules, in turn, set up the connections and cross-talk among liver cells to promote hepatic recovery. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the network of signal molecules that mediates hepatic cell communication in the regulation of liver regeneration.
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Rapizzi E, Taddei ML, Fiaschi T, Donati C, Bruni P, Chiarugi P. Sphingosine 1-phosphate increases glucose uptake through trans-activation of insulin receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3207-18. [PMID: 19662499 PMCID: PMC11115622 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that acts through a family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Herein, we report evidence of a novel redox-based cross-talk between S1P and insulin signaling pathways. In skeletal muscle cells S1P, through engagement of its S1P(2) receptor, is found to produce a transient burst of reactive oxygen species through a calcium-dependent activation of the small GTPase Rac1. S1P-induced redox-signaling is sensed by protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, the main negative regulator of insulin receptor phosphorylation, which undergoes oxidation and enzymatic inhibition. This redox-based inhibition of the phosphatase provokes a ligand-independent trans-phosphorylation of insulin receptor and a strong increase in glucose uptake. Our results propose a new role of S1P, recognizing the lipid as an insulin-mimetic cue and pointing at reactive oxygen species as critical regulators of the cross-talk between S1P and insulin pathways. Any possible implication of S1P-directed insulin signaling in diabetes and insulin resistance remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rapizzi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Florence, Italy
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Skoura A, Hla T. Regulation of vascular physiology and pathology by the S1P2 receptor subtype. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:221-8. [PMID: 19287048 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is now recognized as a lipid mediator that acts via G-protein-coupled receptors. S1P receptors couple to various heterotrimeric G-proteins and regulate downstream targets and ultimately cell behaviour. The prototypical S1P1 receptor is known to couple to Gi and regulates angiogenesis, vascular development, and immune cell trafficking. In this review, we focus our attention on the S1P2 receptor, which has a unique G-protein-coupling property in that it preferentially activates the G(12/13) pathway. Recent studies indicate that the S1P2 receptor regulates critical intracellular signalling pathways, such as Rho GTPase, the phosphatase PTEN, and VE-cadherin-based adherens junctions. Analysis of mutant mice has revealed the critical role of this receptor in inner ear physiology, heart and vascular development, vascular remodelling, and vascular tone, permeability, and angiogenesis in vertebrates. These studies suggest that selective modulation of S1P2 receptor function by pharmacological tools may be useful in a variety of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Skoura
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3501, USA
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The S1P2 receptor expressed in human platelets is linked to the RhoA-Rho kinase pathway and is down regulated in type 2 diabetes. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104:333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-008-0769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lee JF, Gordon S, Estrada R, Wang L, Siow DL, Wattenberg BW, Lominadze D, Lee MJ. Balance of S1P1 and S1P2 signaling regulates peripheral microvascular permeability in rat cremaster muscle vasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 296:H33-42. [PMID: 19011048 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00097.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates various molecular and cellular events in cultured endothelial cells, such as cytoskeletal restructuring, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and intercellular junction interactions. We utilized the venular leakage model of the cremaster muscle vascular bed in Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the role of S1P signaling in regulation of microvascular permeability. S1P signaling is mediated by the S1P family of G protein-coupled receptors (S1P(1-5) receptors). S1P(1) and S1P(2) receptors, which transduce stimulatory and inhibitory signaling, respectively, are expressed in the endothelium of the cremaster muscle vasculature. S1P administration alone via the carotid artery was unable to protect against histamine-induced venular leakage of the cremaster muscle vascular bed in Sprague-Dawley rats. However, activation of S1P(1)-mediated signaling by SEW2871 and FTY720, two agonists of S1P(1), significantly inhibited histamine-induced microvascular leakage. Treatment with VPC 23019 to antagonize S1P(1)-regulated signaling greatly potentiated histamine-induced venular leakage. After inhibition of S1P(2) signaling by JTE-013, a specific antagonist of S1P(2), S1P was able to protect microvascular permeability in vivo. Moreover, endothelial tight junctions and barrier function were regulated by S1P(1)- and S1P(2)-mediated signaling in a concerted manner in cultured endothelial cells. These data suggest that the balance between S1P(1) and S1P(2) signaling regulates the homeostasis of microvascular permeability in the peripheral circulation and, thus, may affect total peripheral vascular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Fu Lee
- Gheens Center on Aging, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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42
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Ikeda H, Watanabe N, Ishii I, Shimosawa T, Kume Y, Tomiya T, Inoue Y, Nishikawa T, Ohtomo N, Tanoue Y, Iitsuka S, Fujita R, Omata M, Chun J, Yatomi Y. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates regeneration and fibrosis after liver injury via sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:556-564. [PMID: 18955732 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800496-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator, stimulates proliferation and contractility in hepatic stellate cells, the principal matrix-producing cells in the liver, and inhibits proliferation via S1P receptor 2 (S1P(2)) in hepatocytes in rats in vitro. A potential role of S1P and S1P(2) in liver regeneration and fibrosis was examined in S1P(2)-deficient mice. Nuclear 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine labeling, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining in hepatocytes, and the ratio of liver weight to body weight were enhanced at 48 h in S1P(2)-deficient mice after a single carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) injection. After dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration with a lethal dose, PCNA staining in hepatocytes was enhanced at 48 h and survival rate was higher in S1P(2)-deficient mice. Serum aminotransferase level was unaltered in those mice compared with wild-type mice in both CCl(4)- and DMN-induced liver injury, suggesting that S1P(2) inactivation accelerated regeneration not as a response to enhanced liver damage. After chronic CCl(4) administration, fibrosis was less apparent, with reduced expression of smooth-muscle alpha-actin-positive cells in the livers of S1P(2)-deficient mice, suggesting that S1P(2) inactivation ameliorated CCl(4)-induced fibrosis due to the decreased accumulation of hepatic stellate cells. Thus, S1P plays a significant role in regeneration and fibrosis after liver injury via S1P(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naoko Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shimosawa
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kume
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ohtomo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Iitsuka
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoto Fujita
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Omata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Helen L. Dorris Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Disorder Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Labo ratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Sphingosine 1-phosphate chemical biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:508-12. [PMID: 18638568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A dozen years ago, the term 'S1P' (sphingosine 1-phosphate) was not in the lexicons of scientific literature databases. By early 2008, this query term retrieved well over 1000 citations from PubMed - about 225 of these appeared in 2007. Indeed, S1P is arguably the most heavily studied lipid molecule at present. What happened to distinguish S1P among many other signaling lipids? We believe that the seminal event was the linking of the investigational drug, FTY720 (fingolimod), to S1P signaling. This realization profoundly altered understanding of S1P biology, revealing both that S1P is prominent in lymphocyte trafficking and that mimicking S1P signaling with an agonist drug can modulate the immune system to considerable therapeutic benefit. Neither fact was known prior to FTY720; indeed, this molecule is testament to the power of chemical biology. In this communication, we attempt to summarize progress to date in S1P chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Takashima SI, Sugimoto N, Takuwa N, Okamoto Y, Yoshioka K, Takamura M, Takata S, Kaneko S, Takuwa Y. G12/13 and Gq mediate S1P2-induced inhibition of Rac and migration in vascular smooth muscle in a manner dependent on Rho but not Rho kinase. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:689-97. [PMID: 18480127 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The lysophospholipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to induce potent inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced Rac activation and, thereby, chemotaxis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We explored the heterotrimeric G protein and the downstream mechanism that mediated S1P inhibition of Rac and cell migration in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS S1P inhibition of PDGF-induced cell migration and Rac activation in VSMCs was abolished by the selective S1P(2) receptor antagonist JTE-013. The C-terminal peptides of Galpha subunits (Galpha-CTs) act as specific inhibitors of respective G protein-GPCR coupling. Adenovirus-mediated expression of Galpha(12)-CT, Galpha(13)-CT, and Galpha(q)-CT, but not that of Galpha(s)-CT or LacZ or pertussis toxin treatment, abrogated S1P inhibition of PDGF-induced Rac activation and migration, indicating that both G(12/13) and G(q) classes are necessary for the S1P inhibition. The expression of Galpha(q)-CT as well as Galpha(12)-CT and Galpha(13)-CT also abolished S1P-induced Rho stimulation. C3 toxin, but not a Rho kinase inhibitor or a dominant negative form of Rho kinase, abolished S1P inhibition of PDGF-induced Rac activation and cell migration. The angiotensin II receptor AT(1), which robustly couples to G(q), did not mediate either Rho activation or inhibition of PDGF-induced Rac activation or migration, suggesting that activation of G(q) alone was not sufficient for Rho activation and resultant Rac inhibition. However, the AT(1) receptor fused to Galpha(12) was able to induce not only Rho stimulation but also inhibition of PDGF-induced Rac activation and migration. Phospholipase C inhibition did not affect S1P-induced Rho activation, and protein kinase C activation by a phorbol ester did not mimic S1P action, suggesting that S1P inhibition of migration or Rac was not dependent on the phospholipase C pathway. CONCLUSION These observations together suggest that S1P(2) mediates inhibition of Rac and migration through the coordinated action of G(12/13) and G(q) for Rho activation in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Takashima
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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Rapizzi E, Donati C, Cencetti F, Nincheri P, Bruni P. Sphingosine 1-phosphate differentially regulates proliferation of C2C12 reserve cells and myoblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 314:193-9. [PMID: 18454302 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on the proliferative response to low serum was examined in two closely related cell populations, such as C2C12 reserve cells and myoblasts. S1P reduced DNA synthesis promoted by serum in myoblasts, whereas it enhanced the mitogenic response to serum in reserve cells. By employing selective S1P receptor agonist and antagonists, the co-mitogenic action of S1P in reserve cells was shown to depend mainly on S1P(1). Real time PCR analysis revealed distinct S1P receptor pattern expression, which however could not account for the differential action of S1P in C2C12 reserve cells and myoblasts, thereby suggesting that the cell-specific responsiveness to S1P may depend on a different functional coupling of S1P(1). This study discloses a unique pleiotropic effect of S1P which stimulates proliferation of muscle resident stem cells, such as reserve cells, and favours the growth arrest of committed progenitors cells, such as myoblasts, required for their subsequent myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rapizzi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Kim K, Kim HL, Lee YK, Han M, Sacket SJ, Jo JY, Kim YL, Im DS. Lysophosphatidylserine induces calcium signaling through Ki16425/VPC32183-sensitive GPCR in bone marrow-derived mast cells and in C6 glioma and colon cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:310-7. [PMID: 18409043 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) can be generated following phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A2 activation. The effects of LPS on cellular activities and the identities of its target molecules, however, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we observed that LPS stimulated intracellular calcium increased in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), and rat C6 glioma and human HCT116 colon cancer cells and compared the LPS-induced Ca2+ increases with the response by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a structurally related bioactive lysolipid. In order to test involvement of signaling molecules in the LPS-induced Ca2+ signaling, we used pertussis toxin (PTX), U73122, and 2-APB, which are specific inhibitors for G proteins, phospholipase C (PLC), and IP3 receptors, respectively. The increases due to LPS and LPA were inhibited by PTX, U-73122 and 2-APB, suggesting that both lipids stimulate calcium signaling via G proteins (Gi/o types), PLC activation, and subsequent IP3 production, although the sensitivity to pharmacological inhibitors varied from complete inhibition to partial inhibition depending on cell type and lysolipid. Furthermore, we observed that Ki16425 completely inhibited an LPS-induced Ca2+ response in three cell types, but that the effect of VPC32183 varied from complete inhibition in BMMC and C6 glioma cells to partial inhibition in HCT116 cells. Therefore, we conclude that LPS increases [Ca2+]i through Ki16425/VPC32183-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), G protein, PLC, and IP3 in mouse BMMC, rat C6, and human HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeok Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (BK21 Project), Pusan National University, San 30, Jang-Jun-dong, Geum-Jung-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Schüppel M, Kürschner U, Kleuser U, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B. Sphingosine 1-phosphate restrains insulin-mediated keratinocyte proliferation via inhibition of Akt through the S1P2 receptor subtype. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1747-56. [PMID: 18219276 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation plays a decisive role for skin formation and development. Among the well-characterized biological mediators, insulin and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) have been identified as major regulators of keratinocyte growth and differentiation. Insulin induces proliferation of keratinocytes, whereas S1P inhibits keratinocyte growth and initiates keratinocyte differentiation. However, it is not clear which S1P receptor subtype and downstream signaling pathways are involved in the antiproliferative action of S1P. In this study, we present evidence that S1P inhibits insulin-mediated keratinocyte growth via the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) followed by a subsequent dephosphorylation of Akt. The inhibition of insulin-mediated Akt activity by S1P is completely abolished in the presence of PKCdelta siRNA indicating that this isozyme is selectively potent at causing dephosphorylation of Akt and modifying keratinocyte proliferation. Further experiments by downregulation of S1P receptor subtypes and the use of specific receptor agonists/antagonists clearly indicated that the S1P(2) receptor is dominantly involved in the S1P-induced dephosphorylation of Akt and keratinocyte growth arrest. This is of great clinical interest, as the immunomodulator FTY720, after being phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase, activates all of the five S1P receptors except S1P(2) and therefore fails to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schüppel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide is intimately involved in the growth, differentiation, senescence, and death of normal and cancerous cells. Mitochondria are increasingly appreciated to play a key role in ceramide-induced cell death. Recent work showed the C16-pyridinium ceramide analogue LCL-30 to induce cell death in vitro by mitochondrial targeting. The aim of the current study was to translate these results to an in vivo model. We found that LCL-30 accumulated in mitochondria in the murine colorectal cancer cell line CT-26 and reduced cellular ATP content, leading to dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. Although the mitochondrial levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) became elevated, transcription levels of ceramide-metabolising enzymes were not affected. In mice, LCL-30 was rapidly absorbed from the peritoneal cavity and cleared from the circulation within 24 h, but local peritoneal toxicity was dose-limiting. In a model of subcutaneous tumour inoculation, LCL-30 significantly reduced the proliferative activity and the growth rate of established tumours. Sphingolipid profiles in tumour tissue also showed increased levels of S1P. In summary, we present the first in vivo application of a long-chain pyridinium ceramide for the treatment of experimental metastatic colorectal cancer, together with its pharmacokinetic parameters. LCL-30 was an efficacious and safe agent. Future studies should identify an improved application route and effective partners for combination treatment.
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Ikeda H, Kume Y, Tejima K, Tomiya T, Nishikawa T, Watanabe N, Ohtomo N, Arai M, Arai C, Omata M, Fujiwara K, Yatomi Y. Rho-kinase inhibitor prevents hepatocyte damage in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G911-7. [PMID: 17761835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00210.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A protective effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor on various organ injuries is gaining attention. Regarding liver injury, Rho-kinase inhibitor is reported to prevent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- or dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Because Rho-kinase inhibitor not only improved liver fibrosis but also reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, we wondered whether Rho-kinase inhibitor might exert a direct hepatocyte-protective effect. We examined this possibility in acute CCl4 intoxication in rats. Rho-kinase inhibitor, HA-1077, reduced serum alanine ALT level in rats with acute liver injury induced by CCl4 with the improvement of histological damage and the reduction of the number of apoptotic cells. In cultured rat hepatocytes in serum-free condition, HA-1077 reduced apoptosis evaluated by quantitative determination of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA oligonucleosome fragments with the reduction of caspase-3 activity and the enhancement of Bcl-2 expression. HA-1077 stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, and wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt pathway, abrogated the reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis by HA-1077 in vitro. Furthermore, wortmannin abrogated the reduction of serum ALT level by HA-1077 in rats with acute liver injury induced by CCl4, suggesting that the activation of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway may be involved in the hepatocyte-protective effect by Rho-kinase inhibitor in vivo. In conclusion, Rho-kinase inhibitor prevented hepatocyte damage in acute liver injury induced by CCl4 in rats and merits consideration as a hepatocyte-protective agent in liver injury, considering its direct antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ikeda
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, The Univ. of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Shimizu T, Nakazawa T, Cho A, Dastvan F, Shilling D, Daum G, Reidy MA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 negatively regulates neointimal formation in mouse arteries. Circ Res 2007; 101:995-1000. [PMID: 17872461 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.159228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal lesion formation was induced in sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 2 (S1P2)-null and wild-type mice by ligation of the left carotid artery. After 28 days, large neointimal lesions developed in S1P2-null but not in wild-type arteries. This was accompanied with a significant increase in both medial and intimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) replication between days 4 to 28, with only minimal replication in wild-type arteries. S1P2-null SMCs showed a significant increase in migration when stimulated with S1P alone and together with platelet-derived growth factor, whereas both wild-type and null SMCs migrated equally well to platelet-derived growth factor. S1P increased Rho activation in wild-type but not in S1P2-null SMCs, and inhibition of Rho activity promoted S1P-induced SMC migration. Plasma S1P levels were similar and did not change after surgery. These results suggest that activation of S1P2 normally acts to suppress SMC growth in arteries and that S1P is a regulator of neointimal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 815 Mercer St, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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