1
|
Drozdzewska K, Gehlen H. Markers for internal neoplasia in the horse. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:132-143. [PMID: 36495211 PMCID: PMC9857019 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of internal neoplasia in horses is challenging. Increased production of hormones physiologic for adult animals (e.g., adrenocorticotropin, norepinephrine, and erythropoietin) or typical for the foetal phase (alpha-fetoprotein, anti-Müllerian hormone, and parathyroid-hormone-related protein) might aid in tumour diagnostics. Thymidine kinase-1 and alkaline phosphatase are examples of intracellular enzymes, whose activity in the blood may increase in some neoplasia cases. Furthermore, inappropriate production of abnormal monoclonal or autologous antibodies can accompany lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Many of those tumour markers lead to clinical or laboratory changes, called paraneoplastic syndromes, such as hypercalcaemia and erythrocytosis. The interpretation of the results of the tumour marker measurements in horses is complicated due to many factors affecting the markers' concentration or activity (e.g., young age, pregnancy, and inflammation) and other diseases triggering the same changes. Moreover, the presence of paraneoplastic syndromes is inconsistent, which leads to low sensitivity of those substances as tumour markers. In conclusion, screening for neoplasia in horses is not recommended. The measurement of tumour markers should be performed only in risk groups with suspicious clinical or laboratory findings, and the results should be interpreted with caution. It is advisable to add inflammatory markers to the tumour profile or repeat the measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFreie Universitaet BerlinBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nolte LC, Rosiak M, Baechlein C, Baumgärtner W, Allnoch L. Equine Idiopathic Systemic Granulomatous Disease With Manifestation in the Cerebellum Associated With Equid Gammaherpesvirus 2. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103225. [PMID: 33077072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease (ISGD), also known as equine sarcoidosis is an uncommon disease of horses, manifesting in exfoliative dermatitis and granulomatous inflammation in various organs. The current report presents a case of a 15-year-old Hanoverian mare with a 4-month history of weight loss, recurrent fever, skin lesions, and movement disorders. Pathological examination revealed granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation in the skin, regional lymph nodes, and cerebellum. Based on histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological findings, the diagnosis of ISGD was made. Sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction product of pooled brain tissue revealed the presence of equid gammaherpesvirus 2 DNA. This case is the first description of generalized ISGD with granulomatous dermatitis simultaneously affecting the skin and cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caroline Nolte
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Rosiak
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Baechlein
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira-Filho JP, Monteiro LN, Delfiol DJZ, Sequeira JL, Amorim RM, Fabris VE, Del Piero F, Borges AS. Mycobacterium DNA detection in liver and skin of a horse with generalized sarcoidosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:596-600. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712440996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a rare equine skin disease characterized primarily by an exfoliative and granulomatous dermatitis but also presenting granulomatous inflammation of multiple systems. The current report presents the clinical and histopathological findings of sarcoidosis in a 16-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding with nested polymerase chain reaction Mycobacterium spp. DNA detection within hepatic and skin samples. Mycobacterium spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoidosis as has been proposed for human sarcoidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P. Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Lidianne N. Monteiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Diego José Z. Delfiol
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Julio L. Sequeira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Rogério M. Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Viciany E. Fabris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Alexandre S. Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spiegel IB, White SD, Foley JE, Drazenovich NL, Ihrke PJ, Affolter VK. A retrospective study of cutaneous equine sarcoidosis and its potential infectious aetiological agents. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:51-62. [PMID: 16412120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nine horses from ages 5 to 21 years were diagnosed with cutaneous equine sarcoidosis (ES) over an 18-year period. In addition to skin, the lungs were frequently involved, with other organ systems affected less commonly. A predisposition for thoroughbreds and geldings was noted. Cutaneous lesions and signs included crusts, scales, alopecia and pruritus. These were found at various sites, particularly the legs/thighs/elbows, thorax, neck, face and ventral abdomen. Three horses were euthanized shortly after hospitalization; others survived as long as 12 years. Histopathologic stains, immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction assays on paraffin-embedded cutaneous specimens from eight horses for Mycobacterium spp., Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Borrelia burgdorferi were all negative. The aetiology of ES is unlikely microbial and continues to be a diagnosis of exclusion. ES, when limited to the skin, is associated with a good prognosis, with either partial or complete response to glucocorticoid therapy in all the surviving horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Spiegel
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pusterla N, Pesavento PA, Smith P, Durando MM, Magdesian KG, Wilson WD. Idiopathic granulomatous pneumonia in seven horses. Vet Rec 2003; 153:653-5. [PMID: 14667086 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.21.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The history, clinical signs and pathological findings in seven adult horses with histologically confirmed idiopathic granulomatous disease, primarily of the lungs, are reviewed. They ranged in age from eight to 21 years, five were geldings and two were females, they belonged to five breeds and there were no seasonal or geographical associations. The primary clinical signs were chronic weight loss, exercise intolerance and respiratory distress which did not respond to conventional treatment. The most consistent physical findings were depression, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea and adventitious lung sounds. Thoracic radiographs revealed a diffuse, structured, nodular, interstitial pulmonary pattern in each horse. Haematological measurements suggested a chronic inflammatory process and the cytology of transtracheal washes was consistent with a mild suppurative inflammation. Idiopathic granulomatous pneumonia was confirmed histologically in each of the horses, either postmortem or by a lung biopsy. The horses responded poorly to medical treatment and only one of three treated horses is still alive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Funk JL, Chen J, Downey KJ, Davee SM, Stafford G. Blockade of parathyroid hormone-related protein prevents joint destruction and granuloma formation in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1721-31. [PMID: 12794841 DOI: 10.1002/art.10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), an interleukin-1beta-inducible, bone-resorbing peptide that is produced in increasing amounts by the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), may play a role in the pathophysiology of joint destruction in RA. METHODS PTHrP expression and the effect of PTHrP 1-34 neutralizing antibody on disease progression were tested in streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis, an animal model of RA. RESULTS As has been reported in RA, while serum levels of PTHrP did not change during SCW-induced arthritis, PTHrP expression dramatically increased in the arthritic synovium. Treatment with PTHrP neutralizing antibody (versus control antibody) did not affect joint swelling in SCW-treated animals. However, PTHrP antibody significantly inhibited SCW-induced joint destruction, as measured by its ability to block increases in serum pyridinoline (a marker of cartilage and bone destruction), erosion of articular cartilage, decreases in femoral bone mineral density, and increases in the numbers of osteoclasts in eroded bone. Unexpectedly, granuloma formation at sites of SCW deposition in the liver and spleen was also inhibited by PTHrP antibody, an effect associated with significant decreases in the tissue influx of PTH/PTHrP receptor-positive neutrophils and in SCW-induced neutrophilia. In vitro, neutrophil chemotaxis was stimulated by PTHrP 1-34. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PTHrP, consistent with its previously described osteolytic effects in metastatic bone disease, can also be an important mediator of joint destruction in inflammatory bone disorders, such as RA. Moreover, this study reveals heretofore unknown effects of PTHrP peptides on neutrophil function that could have important implications in the pathogenesis of inflammatory granulomatous disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acids/blood
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Reactive/immunology
- Arthritis, Reactive/pathology
- Arthritis, Reactive/prevention & control
- Bone Density/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Femur/diagnostic imaging
- Femur/drug effects
- Femur/metabolism
- Granuloma/immunology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Granuloma/prevention & control
- Growth Plate/drug effects
- Growth Plate/pathology
- Hindlimb/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Joints/metabolism
- Joints/pathology
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- Peptide Hormones/analysis
- Peptide Hormones/biosynthesis
- Peptide Hormones/immunology
- Radiography
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Streptococcus/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/chemistry
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Funk
- University of Arizona Health Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peters M, Graf G, Pohlenz J. Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease with encephalitis in a horse. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:108-12. [PMID: 12667202 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 14-year-old standardbred mare with clinically suspected acute bronchitis was killed because of rapidly progressing central nervous disturbances. Necropsy revealed systemic granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis involving the lungs, thoracic lymph nodes, ribs, and liver. In the cerebrum there was a severe subacute bilateral encephalitis and malacia predominately affecting the white matter, and vasculitis with perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and giant cells. A causative infectious agent could not be detected by Ziehl-Neelsen, Grocott, or Giemsa stains, by periodic acid-Schiff reaction of tissue sections, nor by bacterial and fungal cultures. Therefore, idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease (ISGD) was diagnosed and an immune-mediated pathogenesis was suspected. Inflammatory involvement of the brain has hitherto not been reported in cases of equine ISGD. This case seems to be an uncommon variant of ISGD with encephalitis and lack of dermal involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Peters
- Addresses of authors: Institut für Pathologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|