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Pichard V, Couton D, Desdouets C, Ferry N. Polyploidization without mitosis improves in vivo liver transduction with lentiviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:143-51. [PMID: 23249390 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are efficient gene delivery vehicles for therapeutic and research applications. In contrast to oncoretroviral vectors, they are able to infect most nonproliferating cells. In the liver, induction of cell proliferation dramatically improved hepatocyte transduction using all types of retroviral vectors. However, the precise relationship between hepatocyte division and transduction efficiency has not been determined yet. Here we compared gene transfer efficiency in the liver after in vivo injection of recombinant lentiviral or Moloney murine leukemia viral (MoMuLV) vectors in hepatectomized rats treated or not with retrorsine, an alkaloid that blocks hepatocyte division and induces megalocytosis. Partial hepatectomy alone resulted in a similar increase in hepatocyte transduction using either vector. In retrorsine-treated and partially hepatectomized rats, transduction with MoMuLV vectors dropped dramatically. In contrast, we observed that retrorsine treatment combined with partial hepatectomy increased lentiviral transduction to higher levels than hepatectomy alone. Analysis of nuclear ploidy in single cells showed that a high level of transduction was associated with polyploidization. In conclusion, endoreplication could be exploited to improve the efficiency of liver-directed lentiviral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Pichard
- INSERM UMR-S 948, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes, France
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Simic D, Euler C, Thurby C, Peden M, Tannehill-Gregg S, Bunch T, Sanderson T, Van Vleet T. Assessing cell fusion and cytokinesis failure as mechanisms of clone 9 hepatocyte multinucleation in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 14:Unit 14.9.1-17. [PMID: 22896007 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1409s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this in vitro model of hepatocyte multinucleation, separate cultures of rat Clone 9 cells are labeled with either red or green cell tracker dyes (Red Cell Tracker CMPTX or Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer), plated together in mixed-color colonies, and treated with positive or negative control agents for 4 days. The fluorescent dyes become cell-impermeant after entering cells and are not transferred to adjacent cells in a population, but are inherited by daughter cells after fusion. The mixed-color cultures are then evaluated microscopically for multinucleation and analysis of the underlying mechanism (cell fusion/cytokinesis). Multinucleated cells containing only one dye have undergone cytokinesis failure, whereas dual-labeled multinucleated cells have resulted from fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Simic
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Mount Vernon, Indiana, USA
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Hayashi S, Fujii E, Kato A, Kimura K, Mizoguchi K, Suzuki M, Sugimoto T, Takanashi H, Itoh Z, Ōmura S, Wanibuchi H. Characterization of Multinuclear Hepatocytes Induced in Rats by Mitemcinal (GM-611), an Erythromycin Derivative. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:858-65. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308322307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitemcinal is an erythromycin derivative with motilin agonistic action, developed as a gastrointestinal motor-activating agent. The characteristics of mitemcinal-induced multinuclear hepatocytes (MNHs, hepatocytes with three or more nuclei per cell) from detailed morphological observations together with the results of a study on the mechanisms of MNH formation by combining cytocentrifuge preparations with 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine cumulative labeling are reported. MNHs were observed only in rats in the high-dose groups of the subchronic study, with a higher incidence in females and reversibility after twenty-eight days of drug withdrawal, but not observed in dogs. In the chronic study, the incidence increased relative to the dose. Histopathologically, MNHs were preferentially observed in the centrilobular zone, without nuclear atypia or mitotic figures. In the cell kinetic study, the labeling pattern of MNHs included all-positive, all-negative, and mixed labeling patterns of nuclei. The all-negative pattern indicated that the cells were formed by fusion of nondividing cells. The current results indicate that the cell kinetic approach effectively demonstrated the mechanism of mitemcinal-induced MNHs as fusion of hepatocytes and that drug-induced disturbance of mitosis is not involved in the multinucleation of MNHs by mitemcinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Hayashi
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Fujii
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kimura
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Mizoguchi
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sugimoto
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hisanori Takanashi
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zen Itoh
- Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Marcos R, Monteiro RAF, Rocha E. Design-based stereological estimation of hepatocyte number, by combining the smooth optical fractionator and immunocytochemistry with anti-carcinoembryonic antigen polyclonal antibodies. Liver Int 2006; 26:116-24. [PMID: 16420517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatocytes (HEP) have been the major target for structural quantification in the liver, but an estimation of their total number (N), their percentage in relation to the global number of liver cells and the evaluation of the percentage of binucleated hepatocytes (BnHEPs) have never been performed with modern design-based stereological techniques. The establishment of sound technical guidelines and baseline quantitative data in non-pathological conditions are relevant to properly evaluate HEP hyperplasia and BnHEP responses. METHODS In this study, we combined immunocytochemistry with sound design-based stereology for estimating the N of HEP and the N of non-hepatocytic cells (NHCs). For obtaining systematic uniform random sections (30 microm thick), a smooth fractionator sampling scheme was applied to the liver of five male Wistar rats (3 month old). Those sections were immunostained with polyclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen. Because biliary canaliculi were then marked, an unequivocal counting of mononucleated hepatocytes (MnHEP) and BnHEP was allowed. RESULTS The N of HEP was estimated to be 1.93 x 10(9), with a coefficient of error (CE) of 0.02, corresponding to 129 x 10(6) HEP/g of liver. BnHEP represented 26% of total HEP number. The N of NHC was estimated as 1.31 x 10(9) (CE=0.02). CONCLUSION The strategy here presented provides a reliable method for accessing the N of HEP (distinguishing MnHEP from BnHEP) in situations in which these parameters are relevant, namely for evaluating the magnitude of an hyperplastic liver response from its very early onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Marcos
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto - UP, Portugal.
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Pichard V, Ferry N. Long term phenobarbital administration does not promote the multiplication of hepatocytes replicating after single cyproterone acetate administration. Life Sci 2005; 76:3057-68. [PMID: 15850598 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyproterone acetate (CPA) is a synthetic antiandrogenic compound which is widely used in clinic but suspected to be hepatocarcinogenic. CPA is also mitogenic in rat liver. Using genetic labeling of dividing cells, we examined whether hepatocytes dividing in response to acute CPA administration could give rise to preneoplastic foci after administration of a tumor promoter: phenobarbital. CPA was administered orally to rats and dividing hepatocytes were genetically labeled using retroviral vectors carrying the beta-galactosidase gene. After labeling rats were given phenobarbital for 10 months and sacrificed. The presence of beta-galactosidase labeled hepatocytes as well as preneoplastic hepatocytes was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Genetic labeling of hepatocytes was obtained in all animals. At the end of phenobarbital administration, no hepatic tumors were observed. Preneoplastic foci were not increased in treated animals as compared to control rats. Moreover beta-galactosidase positive hepatocytes were never detected in preneoplastic foci. Finally, the size of the beta-galactosidase positive clusters was smaller in treated animals as compared to control rats. We conclude that acute CPA administration is not carcinogenic in rat liver and does not initiate preneoplastic hepatocytes capable to give rise to foci after phenobarbital promotion. Therefore the mitogenic property of CPA is distinct from its putative carcinogenic activity. Finally, analysis of the size of beta-galactosidase positive cells clusters demonstrate that phenobarbital does not induce hepatocyte proliferation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Pichard
- Biotherapies Hépatiques CIC-INSERM 04, CHU Hotel-Dieu 44035, Nantes, France
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Avril A, Pichard V, Bralet MP, Ferry N. Mature hepatocytes are the source of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells in the retrorsine model of liver injury. J Hepatol 2004; 41:737-43. [PMID: 15519645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Mature hepatocytes divide to restore liver mass after injury. However, when hepatocyte division is impaired by retrorsine poisoning, regeneration proceeds from another cell type: the small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs). Our aim was to test whether SHPCs could originate from mature hepatocytes. METHODS Mature hepatocytes were genetically labeled using retroviral vectors harboring the beta-galactosidase gene. After labeling, retrorsine was administered to rats followed by a partial hepatectomy to trigger regeneration. A liver biopsy was performed one month after surgery and rats were sacrificed one month later. RESULTS We observed the proliferation of small hepatocytes arranged in clusters in liver biopsies. These cells expressed Ki67 antigen and displayed a high mitotic index. At sacrifice, regeneration was completed and clusters had merged. A significant proportion of clusters also expressed beta-galactosidase demonstrating their origin from labeled mature hepatocytes. Finally, the overall proportion of beta-galactosidase positive cells was identical at the time of hepatectomy as well as in liver biopsy and at sacrifice. CONCLUSIONS The constant proportion of beta-galactosidase positive cells during the regeneration process demonstrates that mature hepatocytes are randomly recruited to proliferate and compensate parenchyma loss in this model. Furthermore, mature hepatocytes are the source of SHPC after retrorsine injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Avril
- Biothérapies Hépatiques, CIC-INSERM 00-04, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
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Fujii E, Karasawa Y, Kumano E, Sakurai T, Misawa Y, Mori T, Ito T, Suzuki M, Sugimoto T. Nuclearity and BrdU Labeling of Rat Hepatocytes in Cytocentrifuge Preparations of Freshly Isolated Hepatocytes with Cumulative Labeling of Bromodeoxyuridine. J Toxicol Pathol 2004. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.17.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Fujii
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yayoi Karasawa
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Eiichi Kumano
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yasuyuki Misawa
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Toshio Mori
- Pharmacology and Pathology Research Center, Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc
| | - Tsuneo Ito
- Pharmacology and Pathology Research Center, Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Tetsuro Sugimoto
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Bralet MP, Pichard V, Ferry N. Demonstration of direct lineage between hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma in diethylnitrosamine-treated rats. Hepatology 2002; 36:623-30. [PMID: 12198654 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.35540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The question whether hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from dedifferentiation of mature hepatocytes or from proliferation of liver stem cells is still debated. In the present study, we used retroviral-mediated genetic labeling to investigate the fate of mature hepatocytes in rats after administration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Mature hepatocytes were genetically labeled by intravenous injection of retroviral vectors containing the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene coupled to a nuclear localization signal (nls-LacZ) 1 day after partial hepatectomy. Liver biopsies performed after completion of hepatic regeneration showed that 18.3% of hepatocytes expressed the nls-LacZ transgene. Rats were then treated with DEN in drinking water for 12 weeks and sacrificed between 98 and 151 days after the onset of DEN administration. Clones of beta-galactosidase positive cells were observed, half of which (53%) also expressed the placental form of glutathione-S-transferase (GSTp), a marker of preneoplastic cells. HCCs of various sizes expressing GSTp were present in all animals. Careful examination of 90 HCCs revealed that 16 (17.7%) also expressed nls-LacZ. This figure precisely matched the proportion of labeled hepatocytes before DEN treatment (18.3%). In conclusion, a random clonal origin of HCC from mature hepatocytes is seen in the DEN model of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Bralet
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil; and Laboratoire de Thérapie Génique, INSERM ERM 01-05, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
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