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Gao J, Chen H, Yu Y, Song J, Song H, Su X, Li W, Tong X, Qian W, Wang H, Dai J, Guo Y. Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma growth using immunoliposomes for co-delivery of adriamycin and ribonucleotide reductase M2 siRNA. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10084-98. [PMID: 24060417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapy combined with gene therapy has received great attention. We developed targeted LPD (liposome-polycation-DNA complex) conjugated with anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) Fab' co-delivering adriamycin (ADR) and ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) siRNA (ADR-RRM2-TLPD), to achieve combined therapeutic effects in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) overexpressing EGFR. The antitumor activity and mechanisms of ADR-RRM2-TLPD were investigated. The results showed that RRM2 expression was higher in HCC than in non-HCC tissue, and RRM2 siRNA inhibited HCC cell proliferation, suggesting that RRM2 is a candidate target for HCC therapy. ADR-RRM2-TLPD delivered ADR and RRM2 siRNA to EGFR overexpressing HCC cells specifically and efficiently both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in enhanced therapeutic effects (cytotoxicity, apoptosis and senescence-inducing activity) compared with single-drug loaded or non-targeted controls, including ADR-NC-TLPD (targeted LPD co-delivering ADR and negative control siRNA), RRM2-TLPD (targeted LPD delivering RRM2 siRNA) and ADR-RRM2-NTLPD (non-targeted LPD co-delivering ADR and RRM2 siRNA). Mechanism studies showed that p21 is involved in the combined therapeutic effect of ADR-RRM2-TLPD. The average weight of the orthotopic HCC in mice treated with ADR-RRM2-TLPD was significantly lighter than that of mice treated with other controls. Thus, ADR-RRM2-TLPD represents a potential strategy for combined therapy of HCC overexpressing EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering and Antibody, 399 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Bedayat B, Abdolmohamadi A, Ye L, Maurisse R, Parsi H, Schwarz J, Emamekhoo H, Nicklas JA, O'Neill JP, Gruenert DC. Sequence-specific correction of genomic hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mutations in lymphoblasts by small fragment homologous replacement. Oligonucleotides 2010; 20:7-16. [PMID: 19995283 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2009.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene targeting strategies provide new options for achieving sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA and have implications for the development of new therapies and transgenic animal models. One such gene modification strategy, small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR), was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in human lymphoblasts that contain a single base substitution in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT1) gene. Because HPRT1 mutant cells are readily discernable from those expressing the wild type (wt) gene through growth in selective media, it was possible to identify and isolate cells that have been corrected by SFHR. Transfection of HPRT1 mutant cells with polynucleotide small DNA fragments (SDFs) comprising wild type HPRT1 (wtHPRT1) sequences resulted in clones of cells that grew in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium. Initial studies quantifying the efficiency of correction in 3 separate experiments indicate frequencies ranging from 0.1% to 2%. Sequence analysis of DNA and RNA showed correction of the HPRT1 mutation. Random integration was not indicated after transfection of the mutant cells with an SDF comprised of green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequences that are not found in human genomic DNA. Random integration was also not detected following Southern blot hybridization analysis of an individual corrected cell clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bedayat
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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3
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Abstract
Gene therapy is a new and promising approach which opens a new door to the treatment of human diseases. By direct transfer of genetic materials to the target cells, it could exert functions on the level of genes and molecules. It is hoped to be widely used in the treatment of liver disease, especially hepatic tumors by using different vectors encoding the aim gene for anti-tumor activity by activating primary and adaptive immunity, inhibiting oncogene and angiogenesis. Despite the huge curative potential shown in animal models and some pilot clinical trials, gene therapy has been under fierce discussion since its birth in academia and the public domain because of its unexpected side effects and ethical problems. There are other challenges arising from the technique itself like vector design, administration route test and standard protocol exploration. How well we respond will decide the fate of gene therapy clinical medical practice.
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Hegele H, Wuepping M, Ref C, Kenner O, Kaufmann D. Simultaneous targeted exchange of two nucleotides by single-stranded oligonucleotides clusters within a region of about fourteen nucleotides. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:14. [PMID: 18226192 PMCID: PMC2266939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transfection of cells with gene-specific, single-stranded oligonucleotides can induce the targeted exchange of one or two nucleotides in the targeted gene. To characterize the features of the DNA-repair mechanisms involved, we examined the maximal distance for the simultaneous exchange of two nucleotides by a single-stranded oligonucleotide. The chosen experimental system was the correction of a hprt-point mutation in a hamster cell line, the generation of an additional nucleotide exchange at a variable distance from the first exchange position and the investigation of the rate of simultaneous nucleotide exchanges. Results The smaller the distance between the two exchange positions, the higher was the probability of a simultaneous exchange. The detected simultaneous nucleotide exchanges were found to cluster in a region of about fourteen nucleotides upstream and downstream from the first exchange position. Conclusion We suggest that the mechanism involved in the repair of the targeted DNA strand utilizes only a short sequence of the single-stranded oligonucleotide, which may be physically incorporated into the DNA or be used as a matrix for a repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Hegele
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, D 89070 Ulm, Germany.
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5
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Principles of creation of protein carriers of DNA new derivatives of human epidermal growth factor for gene therapy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 144:457-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Goncz KK, Prokopishyn NL, Abdolmohammadi A, Bedayat B, Maurisse R, Davis BR, Gruenert DC. Small fragment homologous replacement-mediated modification of genomic beta-globin sequences in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Oligonucleotides 2006; 16:213-24. [PMID: 16978085 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2006.16.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An ultimate goal of gene therapy is the development of a means to correct mutant genomic sequences in the cells that give rise to pathology. A number of oligonucleotide-based gene-targeting strategies have been developed to achieve this goal. One approach, small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR), has previously demonstrated disease-specific genotypic and phenotypic modification after introduction of small DNA fragments (SDFs) into somatic cells. To validate whether the gene responsible for sickle cell anemia (beta-globin) can be modified by SFHR, a series of studies were undertaken to introduce sickle globin sequences at the appropriate locus of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). The characteristic A two head right arrow T transversion in codon 6 of the beta-globin gene was indicated by restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products generated by amplification of DNA and RNA. At the time of harvest, it was determined that the cells generally contained </=1 fragment per cell. Control studies mixing genomic DNA from nontransfected cells with varying amounts of the targeting SDFs did not indicate any PCR amplification artifacts due to the presence of residual SDF during amplification. RNA was analyzed after DNase treatment, thus eliminating the potential for SDF contamination. Stable SFHRmediated conversion of normal (beta (A)) to sickle (beta (S)) globin was detected at frequencies up to 13% in cells harvested 30-45 days posttransfection. The minimum conversion efficiency ranged from 0.2 to 3%, assuming modification of at least one cell per experiment showing conversion. Conversion of sickle (beta (S)) to normal (beta (A)) globin was detected up to 10 days posttransfection in lymphoblastoid cells from a sickle cell patient. These studies suggest that SFHR may be effective for ex vivo gene therapy of sickle cells in a patient's HSPCs before autologous transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarin K Goncz
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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7
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Besschetnova IA, Pozmogova GE, Chuvilin AN, Shchyolkina AK, Borisova OF. Complexes of telomeric oligonucleotide d(TTAGGG)4 with the new recombinant protein vector PGEk carrying nucleic acids into proliferating cells. Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893306030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tagalakis AD, Dickson JG, Owen JS, Simons JP. Correction of the neuropathogenic human apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene to APOE3 in vitro using synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts). J Mol Neurosci 2005; 25:95-103. [PMID: 15781970 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:25:1:095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional circulating 34-kDa protein, whose gene encodes single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we evaluate whether synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) can convert a dysfunctional gene, APOE4 (C, A and E, T, Cys112Arg), a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders, into wild-type APOE3. In preliminary experiments, we treated recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably secreting apoE4 and lymphocytes from a patient homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele with a 68-mer apoE4-to-apoE3 chimeraplast, complexed to the cationic delivery reagent, polyethyleneimine. Genotypes were analyzed after 48 h by routine polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and by genomic sequencing. Clear conversions of APOE4 to APOE3 were detected using either technique, although high concentrations of chimeraplast were needed (> or =800 nM). Spiking experiments of PCR reactions or CHO-K1 cells with the chimeraplast confirmed that the repair was not artifactual. However, when treated recombinant CHO cells were passaged for 10 d and then subcloned, no conversion could be detected when >90 clones were analyzed by locus-specific PCR-RFLP. We conclude that the apparent efficient repair of the APOE4 gene in CHO cells or lymphocytes 48 h post-treatment is unstable, possibly because the high levels of chimeraplast and polyethyleneimine that were needed to induce nucleotide substitution are cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides D Tagalakis
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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Nakamura M, Ando Y, Nagahara S, Sano A, Ochiya T, Maeda S, Kawaji T, Ogawa M, Hirata A, Terazaki H, Haraoka K, Tanihara H, Ueda M, Uchino M, Yamamura K. Targeted conversion of the transthyretin gene in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 2004; 11:838-46. [PMID: 14961068 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is the common form of hereditary generalized amyloidosis and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibrils in the peripheral nerves and other organs. Liver transplantation has been utilized as a therapy for FAP, because the variant transthyretin (TTR) is predominantly synthesized by the liver, but this therapy is associated with several problems. Thus, we need to develop a new treatment that prevents the production of the variant TTR in the liver. In this study, we used HepG2 cells to show in vitro conversion of the TTR gene by single-stranded oligonucleotides (SSOs), embedded in atelocollagen, designed to promote endogenous repair of genomic DNA. For the in vivo portion of the study, we used liver from transgenic mice whose intrinsic wild-type TTR gene was replaced by the murine TTR Val30Met gene. The level of gene conversion was determined by real-time RCR combined with mutant-allele-specific amplification. Our results indicated that the level of gene conversion was approximately 11 and 9% of the total TTR gene in HepG2 cells and liver from transgenic mice, respectively. Gene therapy via this method may therefore be a promising alternative to liver transplantation for treatment of FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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10
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Liu X, Yan Z, Luo M, Zak R, Li Z, Driskell RR, Huang Y, Tran N, Engelhardt JF. Targeted correction of single-base-pair mutations with adeno-associated virus vectors under nonselective conditions. J Virol 2004; 78:4165-75. [PMID: 15047832 PMCID: PMC374254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.4165-4175.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors possess the unique ability to introduce genetic alterations at sites of homology in genomic DNA through a mechanism thought to predominantly involve homologous recombination. We have investigated the efficiency of this approach using a mutant enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fluorescence recovery assay that facilitates detection of gene correction events in living cells under nonselective conditions. Our data demonstrate that rAAV infection can correct a mutant eGFP transgene at an efficiency of 0.1% in 293 cells, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis. Gene repair was also confirmed using clonal expansion of GFP-positive cells and sequencing of the eGFP transgene. These results support previous findings demonstrating the efficacy of rAAV for gene targeting. In an effort to improve gene-targeting efficiencies, we evaluated several agents known to increase rAAV transduction (i.e., expression of an expressed gene), including genotoxic stress and proteasome inhibitors, but observed no correlation between the level of gene repair and rAAV transduction. Interestingly, however, our results demonstrated that enrichment of G(1)/S-phase cells in the target population through the addition of thymidine moderately (approximately 2-fold) increased gene correction compared to cells in other cell cycle phases, including G(0)/G1, G(1), and G(2)/M. These results suggest that the S phase of the cell cycle may more efficiently facilitate gene repair by rAAV. Transgenic mice expressing the mutant GFP were used to evaluate rAAV targeting efficiencies in primary fetal fibroblast and tibialis muscles. However, targeting efficiencies in primary mouse fetal fibroblasts were significantly lower (approximately 0.006%) than in 293 cells, and no correction was seen in tibialis muscles following rAAV infection. To evaluate the molecular structures of rAAV genomes that might be responsible for gene repair, single-cell injection studies were performed with purified viral DNA in a mutant eGFP target cell line. However, the failure of direct cytoplasm- or nucleus-injected rAAV DNA to facilitate gene repair suggests that some aspect of intracellular viral processing may be required to prime recombinant viral genomes for gene repair events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Wang L, Prakash RK, Stein CA, Koehn RK, Ruffner DE. Progress in the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides: organ/cellular distribution and targeted delivery of oligonucleotides in vivo. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2004; 13:169-89. [PMID: 12954117 DOI: 10.1089/108729003768247637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide (ODN) therapy is a powerful tool for modulation of gene expression in vivo. With advances in ODN chemistry and progress in formulation development, ODNs are becoming widely acceptable drugs. This review summarizes the current status and future trend of the in vivo application of ODN therapeutics, especially antisense ODNs. Here, we review the current understanding of the tissue/organ distribution and cellular uptake of ODN drugs administered parenterally or nonparenterally to intact animals. The problems and advantages inherent in the use of different delivery methods for the treatment of particular diseases are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on the most widely studied ODN analogs, the phosphorothioates (PS). Lessons learned from antisense PS studies have broad implications for ODN therapeutics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laixin Wang
- Salus Therapeutics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital N Parikh
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Manzano A, Mohri Z, Sperber G, Ogris M, Graham I, Dickson G, Owen JS. Failure to generate atheroprotective apolipoprotein AI phenotypes using synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts). J Gene Med 2003; 5:795-802. [PMID: 12950070 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and its major constituent apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), are cardioprotective. Paradoxically, two natural variants of apoAI, termed apoAI(Milano) and apoAI(Paris), are associated with low HDL, but nevertheless provide remarkable protection against heart disease for heterozygous carriers and may even lead to longevity. Both variants arise from point mutations and have Arg(173) and Arg(151) to Cys substitutions, respectively, which allow disulphide-linked dimers to form. Potentially, synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) can permanently correct single point mutations in genomic DNA. Here, we use a variation of such targeted gene repair technology, 'gain-of-function chimeraplasty', and attempt to enhance the biological activity of apoAI by altering a single genomic base to generate the atheroprotective phenotypes, apoAI(Milano) and apoAI(Paris). METHODS We targeted two cultured cell lines that secrete human apoAI, hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and recombinant CHO-AI cells, using standard 68-mer chimeraplasts with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as carrier and then systematically varied several experimental conditions. As a positive control we targeted the dysfunctional APOE2 gene, which we have previously converted to wild-type APOE3. RESULTS Conversion of wild-type apoAI to apoAI(Milano) proved refractory, with limited correction in CHO-AI cells only. However, a successful conversion to apoAI(Paris) was achieved, as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and direct genomic sequencing. Unexpectedly, attempts with a new batch of 68-mer chimeraplast to enhance conversion, by using different delivery vehicles, including chemically modified PEI, failed to show a base change; nor could conversion be detected with an 80-mer or a 52-76-mer series. In contrast, when a co-culture of CHO-E2 and CHO-AI cells was co-targeted, a clear conversion of apoE2 to apoE3 was seen, whereas no apoAI(Paris) could be detected. When the individual chimeraplasts were analysed by denaturing electrophoresis only the active apoE2-to-E3 chimeraplast gave a sharp band. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that different batches of chimeraplasts have variable characteristics and that their quality may be a key factor for efficient targeting and/or base conversion. We conclude that, although an evolving technology with enormous potential, chimeraplast-directed gene repair remains problematical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Manzano
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK
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de Semir D, Nadal M, González JR, Larriba S, Avinyó A, Nunes V, Casals T, Estivill X, Aran JM. Suitability of oligonucleotide-mediated cystic fibrosis gene repair in airway epithelial cells. J Gene Med 2003; 5:625-39. [PMID: 12825202 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-viral vector-mediated targeted gene repair could become a useful alternative to classical gene addition strategies. The methodology guarantees a physiologically regulated and persistent expression of the repaired gene, with reported gene conversion and phenotypic correction efficiencies approaching 40-50% in some in vitro and in vivo models of disease. This is particularly important for cystic fibrosis (CF) because of its complex pathophysiology and the cellular heterogeneity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene expression and function in the lung. METHODS A cell-free biochemical assay was applied to assess the ability of CF airway epithelial cells to support chimeraplast-mediated repair. In addition, a methodology allowing the relative quantification of the percentage of W1282X mutation repair in a heterozygous background using the PCR/oligonucleotide ligation assay (PCR/OLA) was developed. The performance of different chimeraplast and short single-stranded oligonucleotide structures delivered by non-viral vectors and electroporation was evaluated. RESULTS Chimeraplast-mediated repair competency was corroborated in CF airway epithelial cells. However, their repair activity was about 5-fold lower than that found in liver cells. Moreover, regardless of the corrector oligonucleotide structure applied to our CF bronchial epithelial cells, of compound heterozygous genotype (F508del/W1282X), the percentage of their resulting wild-type allele in the W1282X (exon 20) locus of the CFTR gene was not significantly different from that of the control untreated cells by our PCR/OLA assay (confidence interval at 95% +/- 4 allele wild-type). CONCLUSIONS Oligonucleotide-mediated CFTR gene repair is an inefficient process in CF airway epithelial cells. Further improvements in oligonucleotide structure, nuclear delivery and/or the capability for mismatch repair stimulation will be necessary to achieve therapeutic levels of mutation correction in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David de Semir
- Centre de Genètica Mèdica i Molecular, Institut de Recerca Oncològica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto E Soriano
- The Children's Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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