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Davenport AM, Morris M, Sabti F, Sabti S, Shakya D, Hynds DL, Cheriyath V. G1P3/IFI6, an interferon stimulated protein, promotes the association of RAB5 + endosomes with mitochondria in breast cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1868-1879. [PMID: 37598317 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
G1P3/IFI6 is an interferon stimulated gene with antiapoptotic, prometastatic, and antiviral functions. Despite its pleiotropic functions, subcellular localization of G1P3 remains unclear. Using biochemical- and confocal microscopic approaches, this study identified the localization of G1P3 in organelles of the endomembrane system and in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells. In cell fractionation studies, both interferon-induced endogenous- and stably expressed G1P3 cofractionated with affinity-isolated mitochondria. Results of the protease protection assay have suggested that ~24% of mitochondrial G1P3 resides within the mitochondria. Conforming to this, confocal microscopy studies of cells stably expressing epitope-tagged G1P3 (MCF-7/G1P3-FLAG), identified its localization in mitochondria (~38%) as well as in ER, trans-Golgi network (TGN), lysosomes, and in RAB5 positive (RAB5+ ) endosomes. These results suggested the trafficking of G1P3 from TGN into endolysosomes. Both G1P3 and RAB5 were known to confer apoptosis resistance through mitochondrial stabilization. Therefore, the effects of G1P3 on the localization of RAB5 in mitochondria were tested. Compared to vector control, the co-occurrence of RAB5 with the mitochondria was increased by 1.5-fold in MCF-7/G1P3-FLAG expressing cells (p ≤ .005). Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for G1P3 to promote the association of RAB5+ endosomes with mitochondria and provide insight into yet another mechanism of G1P3-induced cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Davenport
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Madeleine Morris
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - Fatima Sabti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Sabti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - Diksha Shakya
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - DiAnna L Hynds
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Venugopalan Cheriyath
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
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2
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Xue B, Li H, Liu S, Feng Q, Xu Y, Deng R, Chen S, Wang J, Li X, Wan M, Tang S, Zhu H. The redox cycling of STAT2 maintains innate immune homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111215. [PMID: 35977519 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are essential in antiviral defense, antitumor effects, and immunoregulatory activities. Although methionine oxidation is associated with various physiological and pathophysiological processes in plants, animals, and humans, its role in immunity remains unclear. We find that the redox cycling of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is an intrinsic cellular biological process, and that impairment of the redox status contributes to STAT2 methionine oxidation, inhibiting its activation. IFN protects STAT2 from methionine oxidation through the recruitment of methionine sulfoxide reductase MSRB2, whose enzymatic activity is enhanced by N-acetyltransferase 9 (NAT9), a chaperone of STAT2 defined in this study, upon IFN treatment. Consequently, loss of Nat9 renders mice more susceptible to viral infection. Our study highlights the key function of methionine oxidation in immunity, which provides evidence for the decline of immune function by aging and may provide insights into the clinical applications of IFN in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xue
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rilin Deng
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengwen Chen
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyu Wan
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songqing Tang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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3
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Liu Z, Ma M, Yan L, Chen S, Li S, Yang D, Wang X, Xiao H, Deng H, Zhu H, Zuo C, Xia M. miR-370 regulates ISG15 expression and influences IFN-α sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:453-466. [PMID: 29758929 PMCID: PMC6027951 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-171075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Interferon-α (IFN-α) is an adjuvant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but some HCC patients do not respond to treatment with IFN-α. METHODS: We performed loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments to examine the role of ISG15 in the IFN-α sensitivity of LH86, HLCZ01, SMMC7721, and Huh7 cell lines and tumor samples. RESULTS: The overexpression of ISG15 reduced apoptosis in Huh7 and LH86 cells in the presence of IFN-α, whereas the shRNA-mediated knock down of ISG15 expression increased apoptosis in both Huh7 and LH86 cells. We identified a putative miR-370 target site in the 3’-UTR in the ISG15 mRNA, and the level of miR-370 expression in HCC cell lines reflected the level of IFN-α-induced apoptosis exhibited by each. Both HCC cell lines and tumor samples had significantly lower levels of miR-370 than the control cells and tissues (P< 0.05). The overexpression of miR-370 in IFN-α-treated LH86 and Huh7 cells increased apoptosis and reduced the volume of LH86- and Huh7-derived xenograft tumors in mice treated with IFN-α compared with the control tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that miR-370 functions as an HCC tumor suppressor and regulator of IFN-α sensitivity and that miR-370 might be a useful prognostic marker for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Liu
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Darong Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Chaohui Zuo
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Man Xia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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4
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Qiu L, Wang T, Tang Q, Li G, Wu P, Chen K. Long Non-coding RNAs: Regulators of Viral Infection and the Interferon Antiviral Response. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1621. [PMID: 30072977 PMCID: PMC6060254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines providing a robust first line of host innate defense against pathogenic infection, and have now been part of the standard treatment for viral infection. However, IFN based therapy can best be described as modestly effective. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of non-protein-coding RNAs that are capable of regulating gene expression at different levels, including chromatin, transcription, post-transcription, and translation. Recently, lncRNAs are found to be deregulated upon viral infection or IFN treatment, and some of them can modulate viral infection in an IFN-dependent or -independent manner. Due to the crucial roles of lncRNAs in viral infection and the IFN antiviral response, the modulation of specific lncRNAs may be involved to increase the IFN antiviral response and improve the clinical result of IFN-based therapy. In this review, we summarize lncRNAs that are deregulated by viral infection, with special focus on the functions and underlying mechanisms of some essential lncRNAs, and discuss their roles in viral infection and the antiviral response of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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TRIM21 Promotes Innate Immune Response to RNA Viral Infection through Lys27-Linked Polyubiquitination of MAVS. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00321-18. [PMID: 29743353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate immunity responds to viral infection by activating the production of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. The mitochondrial adaptor molecule MAVS plays a critical role in innate immune response to viral infection. In this study, we show that TRIM21 (tripartite motif-containing protein 21) interacts with MAVS to positively regulate innate immunity. Under viral infection, TRIM21 is upregulated through the IFN/JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Knockdown of TRIM21 dramatically impairs innate immune response to viral infection. Moreover, TRIM21 interacts with MAVS and catalyzes its K27-linked polyubiquitination, thereby promoting the recruitment of TBK1 to MAVS. Specifically, the PRY-SPRY domain of TRIM21 is the key domain for its interaction with MAVS, while the RING domain of TRIM21 facilitates the polyubiquitination chains of MAVS. In addition, the MAVS-mediated innate immune response is enhanced by both the PRY-SPRY and RING domains of TRIM21. Mutation analyses of all the lysine residues of MAVS further revealed that Lys325 of MAVS is catalyzed by TRIM21 for the K27-linked polyubiquitination. Overall, this study reveals a novel mechanism by which TRIM21 promotes the K27-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS to positively regulate innate immune response, thereby inhibiting viral infection.IMPORTANCE Activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. MAVS plays a critical role in innate immune response to RNA viral infection. In this study, we demonstrated that TRIM21 targets MAVS to positively regulate innate immunity. Notably, TRIM21 targets and catalyzes K27-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS and then promotes the recruitment of TBK1 to MAVS, leading to upregulation of innate immunity. Our study outlines a novel mechanism by which the IFN signaling pathway blocks RNA virus to escape immune elimination.
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6
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Systematic identification of anti-interferon function on hepatitis C virus genome reveals p7 as an immune evasion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2018-2023. [PMID: 28159892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614623114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes mechanisms to evade the multilayered antiviral actions of the host immune system. Great progress has been made in elucidating the strategies HCV employs to down-regulate interferon (IFN) production, impede IFN signaling transduction, and impair IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. However, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms governing how viral proteins counteract the antiviral functions of downstream IFN effectors due to the lack of an efficient approach to identify such interactions systematically. To study the mechanisms by which HCV antagonizes the IFN responses, we have developed a high-throughput profiling platform that enables mapping of HCV sequences critical for anti-IFN function at high resolution. Genome-wide profiling performed with a 15-nt insertion mutant library of HCV showed that mutations in the p7 region conferred high levels of IFN sensitivity, which could be alleviated by the expression of WT p7 protein. This finding suggests that p7 protein of HCV has an immune evasion function. By screening a liver-specific ISG library, we identified that IFI6-16 significantly inhibits the replication of p7 mutant viruses without affecting WT virus replication. In contrast, knockout of IFI6-16 reversed the IFN hypersensitivity of p7 mutant virus. In addition, p7 was found to be coimmunoprecipitated with IFI6-16 and to counteract the function of IFI6-16 by depolarizing the mitochondria potential. Our data suggest that p7 is a critical immune evasion protein that suppresses the antiviral IFN function by counteracting the function of IFI6-16.
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7
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ISG12a Restricts Hepatitis C Virus Infection through the Ubiquitination-Dependent Degradation Pathway. J Virol 2016; 90:6832-45. [PMID: 27194766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00352-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferons (IFNs) restrict various kinds of viral infection via induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), while the functions of the majority of ISGs are broadly unclear. Here, we show that a high-IFN-inducible gene, ISG12a (also known as IFI27), exhibits a nonapoptotic antiviral effect on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Viral NS5A protein is targeted specifically by ISG12a, which mediates NS5A degradation via a ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal pathway. K374R mutation in NS5A domain III abrogates ISG12a-induced ubiquitination and degradation of NS5A. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is identified as an ubiquitin E3 ligase for NS5A. ISG12a functions as a crucial adaptor that promotes SKP2 to interact with and degrade viral protein. Moreover, the antiviral effect of ISG12a is dependent on the E3 ligase activity of SKP2. These findings uncover an intriguing mechanism by which ISG12a restricts viral infection and provide clues for understanding the actions of innate immunity. IMPORTANCE Upon virus invasion, IFNs induce numerous ISGs to control viral spread, while the functions of the majority of ISGs are broadly unclear. The present study shows a novel antiviral mechanism of ISGs and elucidated that ISG12a recruits an E3 ligase, SKP2, for ubiquitination and degradation of viral protein and restricts viral infection. These findings provide important insights into exploring the working principles of innate immunity.
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8
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Interferon alpha antagonizes STAT3 and SOCS3 signaling triggered by hepatitis C virus. Cytokine 2016; 80:48-55. [PMID: 26945996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) by interferon alpha (IFN-α) and to analyze the relationship between STAT3 and SOCS3 during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Changes in STAT3 and SOCS3 were analyzed at both mRNA and protein levels in human hepatoma cells infected with HCV (J6/JFH1). At 72h of HCV infection, STAT3 expression was decreased with sustained phosphorylation, and IFN-α increased such decrease and phosphorylation. HCV increased SOCS3 expression, while IFN-α impaired such increase, indicating different regulation of STAT3 and SOCS3 by IFN-α. IFN-α-induced expression and phosphorylation of upstream kinases of the JAK/STAT pathway, Tyk2 and Jak1, were suppressed by HCV. Moreover, knockdown of STAT3 by RNA interference led to decreases in HCV RNA replication and viral protein expression, without affecting either the expression of Tyk2 and Jak1 or the SOCS3 induction in response to IFN-α. These results show that IFN-α antagonizes STAT3 and SOCS3 signaling triggered by HCV and that STAT3 regulation correlates inversely with SOCS3 induction by IFN-α, which may be important in better understanding the complex interplay between IFN-α and signal molecules during HCV infection.
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9
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Meyer K, Kwon YC, Liu S, Hagedorn CH, Ray RB, Ray R. Interferon-α inducible protein 6 impairs EGFR activation by CD81 and inhibits hepatitis C virus infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9012. [PMID: 25757571 PMCID: PMC4355636 DOI: 10.1038/srep09012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral entry requires co-operative interactions of several host cell factors. Interferon (IFN) and the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) play a central role in antiviral responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We examined the effect of interferon-α inducible protein 6 (IFI6) against HCV infection in human hepatoma cells. HCV RNA level or infectious foci were inhibited significantly by ectopic expression of IFI6. IFI6 impaired CD81 co-localization with claudin-1 (CLDN1) upon HCV infection or CD81 cross-linking by specific antibody. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a co-factor involved in CD81/CLDN1 interactions, was reduced in IFI6 expressing cells in response to HCV infection or CD81 cross linking by antibody, but not by treatment with EGF. Taken together, the results from our study support a model where IFI6 inhibits HCV entry by impairing EGFR mediated CD81/CLDN1 interactions. This may be relevant to other virus entry processes employing EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University
| | | | - Shuanghu Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah
| | - Curt H Hagedorn
- 1] Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences [2] The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
| | - Ratna B Ray
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University [2] Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University
| | - Ranjit Ray
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University [2] Department of Molecular Microbiology &Immunology, Saint Louis University
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10
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Applications of cell-based bioassays measuring the induced expression of endogenous genes. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1563-74. [PMID: 25046054 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based bioassays are used to determine the biological activity of complex biotherapeutic products, to assign potency and to assure the quality and consistency of the manufacturing process. Clinically, these assays are used to assess bioactivity in patient samples, particularly for the detection of antidrug neutralizing antibodies. Owing to their versatility, cellular assays that measure endogenous gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription PCR offer a rapid and automatable alternative to assays measuring functional, late-stage responses. Notably, detection of immediate early gene expression represents a direct response of the cell to receptor ligation by the biotherapeutic. We review current developments in the use of this approach and demonstrate its application to the detection of receptor-binding autoantibodies using, as a case study, the detection of autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
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11
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Sadeghi F, Bokharaei-Salim F, Salehi-Vaziri M, Monavari SH, Alavian SM, Salimi S, Vahabpour R, Keyvani H. Associations between human TRIM22 gene expression and the response to combination therapy with Peg-IFNα-2a and ribavirin in Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1499-506. [PMID: 24889558 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are able to exert an antiviral effect against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection via induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). This study tested whether differential expression of an important ISG with antiviral properties, tripartite motif 22 (TRIM22), correlates with a response to Peg-IFNα-2a/RBV combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. A total of 32 patients with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled in this study and received standard Peg-IFNα-2a/RBV combination therapy. HCV viral load was measured during treatment, at the end of treatment, and 6 months later to determine the treatment outcome. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the expression levels of TRIM22 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the patients before antiviral therapy. Of the 32 patients, 26 (81.3%) were males. In this study, there were 16 (50%) individuals with a sustained virologic response (SVR), and a virologic relapse was observed in the remaining half of the subjects. Testing for the presence of genomic HCV RNA in blood during therapy revealed a rapid virologic response (RVR) in 10 (31.2%) and a partial and complete early virologic response (EVR) in 8 (25%) and 24 (75%) of the cases, respectively. TRIM22 mRNA levels were significantly higher in patients with a sustained virologic response than in relapsers (P = 0.002) and in patients with a rapid virologic response than in the others (P = 0.040). No statistically significant difference was seen in the expression of TRIM22 between patients with a partial early virologic response and a complete early virologic response. This study showed that pretreatment upregulation of TRIM22 may be associated with responsiveness to Peg-IFNα-2a/RBV combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Targeting the Interferon Response for Antiviral Therapy. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Yang D, Meng X, Xue B, Liu N, Wang X, Zhu H. MiR-942 mediates hepatitis C virus-induced apoptosis via regulation of ISG12a. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94501. [PMID: 24727952 PMCID: PMC3984147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human hepatic innate antiviral responses is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine how human hepatocytes respond to HCV infection. An infectious HCV isolate, JFH1, was used to infect a newly established human hepatoma cell line HLCZ01. Viral RNA or NS5A protein was examined by real-time PCR or immunofluorescence respectively. The mechanisms of HCV-induced IFN-β and apoptosis were explored. Our data showed that HLCZ01 cells supported the entire HCV lifecycle and IFN-β and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were induced in HCV-infected cells. Viral infection caused apoptosis of HLCZ01 cells. Silencing of RIG-I, IRF3 or TRAIL inhibited ISG12a expression and blocked apoptosis of viral-infected HLCZ01 cells. Knockdown ISG12a blocked apoptosis of viral-infected cells. MiR-942 is a candidate negative regulator of ISG12a predicted by bioinformatics search. Moreover, HCV infection decreased miR-942 expression in HLCZ01 cells and miR-942 was inversely correlated with ISG12a expression in both HCV-infected cells and liver biopsies. MiR-942 forced expression in HLCZ01 cells decreased ISG12a expression and subsequently suppressed apoptosis triggered by HCV infection. Conversely, silencing of miR-942 expression by anti-miR-942 increased ISG12a expression and enhanced apoptosis in HCV-infected cells. Induction of Noxa by HCV infection contributed to ISG12a-mediated apoptosis. All the data indicated that innate host response is intact in HCV-infected hepatocytes. MiR-942 regulates HCV-induced apoptosis of human hepatocytes by targeting ISG12a. Our study provides a novel mechanism by which human hepatocytes respond to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darong Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghe Meng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Xue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China
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14
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Yu X, Gao Y, Xue B, Wang X, Yang D, Qin Y, Yu R, Liu N, Xu L, Fang X, Zhu H. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by NS5A-specific aptamer. Antiviral Res 2014; 106:116-24. [PMID: 24713119 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To increase efficacy of hepatitis C treatment, future regiments will incorporate multiple direct-acting antiviral drugs. HCV NS5A protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers against NS5A were screened and obtained by the selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment approach and the antiviral actions of the aptamers were tested. The mechanisms through which the aptamers exert their antiviral activity were explored. The aptamers NS5A-4 and NS5A-5 inhibit HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production without causing cytotoxicity in human hepatocytes. The aptamers do not affect hepatitis B virus replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. Interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are not induced by the aptamers in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Further study shows that domain I and domain III of NS5A protein are involved in the suppression of HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production by NS5A-4. Y2105H within NS5A is the major resistance mutation identified. NS5A aptamer disrupts the interaction of NS5A with core protein. The data suggest that the aptamers against NS5A protein may exert antiviral effects through inhibiting viral RNA replication, preventing the interaction of NS5A with core protein. Aptamers for NS5A may be used to understand the mechanisms of virus replication and assembly and served as potential therapeutic agents for hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yimin Gao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Xue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Darong Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China
| | - Yuwen Qin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China.
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15
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Complete replication of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in a newly developed hepatoma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1264-73. [PMID: 24616513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of a robust cell culture system for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has limited the analysis of the virus lifecycle and drug discovery. We have established a hepatoma cell line, HLCZ01, the first cell line, to the authors' knowledge, supporting the entire lifecycle of both HBV and HCV. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive particles can be observed in the supernatant and the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells via electron microscopy. Interestingly, HBV and HCV clinical isolates propagate in HLCZ01 cells. Both viruses replicate in the cells without evidence of overt interference. HBV and HCV entry are blocked by antibodies against HBsAg and human CD81, respectively, and the replication of HBV and HCV is inhibited by antivirals. HLCZ01 cells mount an innate immune response to virus infection. The cell line provides a powerful tool for exploring the mechanisms of virus entry and replication and the interaction between host and virus, facilitating the development of novel antiviral agents and vaccines.
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16
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Gao Y, Yu X, Xue B, Zhou F, Wang X, Yang D, Liu N, Xu L, Fang X, Zhu H. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by DNA aptamer against NS2 protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90333. [PMID: 24587329 PMCID: PMC3938669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NS2 protein is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. NS2 protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers against NS2 protein were raised and antiviral effects of the aptamers were examined. The molecular mechanism through which the aptamers exert their anti-HCV activity was investigated. The data showed that aptamer NS2-3 inhibited HCV RNA replication in replicon cell line and infectious HCV cell culture system. NS2-3 and another aptamer NS2-2 were demonstrated to inhibit infectious virus production without cytotoxicity in vitro. They did not affect hepatitis B virus replication. Interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were not induced by the aptamers in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Furthermore, our study showed that N-terminal region of NS2 protein is involved in the inhibition of HCV infection by NS2-2. I861T within NS2 is the major resistance mutation identified. Aptamer NS2-2 disrupts the interaction of NS2 with NS5A protein. The data suggest that NS2-2 aptamer against NS2 protein exerts its antiviral effects through binding to the N-terminal of NS2 and disrupting the interaction of NS2 with NS5A protein. NS2-specific aptamer is the first NS2 inhibitor and can be used to understand the mechanisms of virus replication and assembly. It may be served as attractive candidates for inclusion in the future HCV direct-acting antiviral combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Gao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Xue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Darong Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Spengler U, Nischalke HD, Nattermann J, Strassburg CP. Between Scylla and Charybdis: The role of the human immune system in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7852-7866. [PMID: 24307779 PMCID: PMC3848133 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i44.7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) frequently elicits only mild immune responses so that it can often establish chronic infection. In this case HCV antigens persist and continue to stimulate the immune system. Antigen persistence then leads to profound changes in the infected host’s immune responsiveness, and eventually contributes to the pathology of chronic hepatitis. This topic highlight summarizes changes associated with chronic hepatitis C concerning innate immunity (interferons, natural killer cells), adaptive immune responses (immunoglobulins, T cells, and mechanisms of immune regulation (regulatory T cells). Our overview clarifies that a strong anti-HCV immune response is frequently associated with acute severe tissue damage. In chronic hepatitis C, however, the effector arms of the immune system either become refractory to activation or take over regulatory functions. Taken together these changes in immunity may lead to persistent liver damage and cirrhosis. Consequently, effector arms of the immune system will not only be considered with respect to antiviral defence but also as pivotal mechanisms of inflammation, necrosis and progression to cirrhosis. Thus, avoiding Scylla - a strong, sustained antiviral immune response with inital tissue damage - takes the infected host to virus-triggered immunopathology, which ultimately leads to cirrhosis and liver cancer - the realm of Charybdis.
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18
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Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by DNA aptamer against envelope protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4937-44. [PMID: 23877701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00897-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein (E1E2) is essential for virus binding to host cells. Aptamers have been demonstrated to have strong promising applications in drug development. In the current study, a cDNA fragment encoding the entire E1E2 gene of HCV was cloned. E1E2 protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers for E1E2 were selected by the method of selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and the antiviral actions of the aptamers were examined. The mechanism of their antiviral activity was investigated. The data show that selected aptamers for E1E2 specifically recognize the recombinant E1E2 protein and E1E2 protein from HCV-infected cells. CD81 protein blocks the binding of aptamer E1E2-6 to E1E2 protein. Aptamers against E1E2 inhibit HCV infection in an infectious cell culture system although they have no effect on HCV replication in a replicon cell line. Beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are not induced in virus-infected hepatocytes with aptamer treatment, suggesting that E1E2-specific aptamers do not induce innate immunity. E2 protein is essential for the inhibition of HCV infection by aptamer E1E2-6, and the aptamer binding sites are located in E2. Q412R within E1E2 is the major resistance substitution identified. The data indicate that an aptamer against E1E2 exerts its antiviral effects through inhibition of virus binding to host cells. Aptamers against E1E2 can be used with envelope protein to understand the mechanisms of HCV entry and fusion. The aptamers may hold promise for development as therapeutic drugs for hepatitis C patients.
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19
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Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by DNA aptamer against envelope protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013. [PMID: 23877701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein (E1E2) is essential for virus binding to host cells. Aptamers have been demonstrated to have strong promising applications in drug development. In the current study, a cDNA fragment encoding the entire E1E2 gene of HCV was cloned. E1E2 protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers for E1E2 were selected by the method of selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and the antiviral actions of the aptamers were examined. The mechanism of their antiviral activity was investigated. The data show that selected aptamers for E1E2 specifically recognize the recombinant E1E2 protein and E1E2 protein from HCV-infected cells. CD81 protein blocks the binding of aptamer E1E2-6 to E1E2 protein. Aptamers against E1E2 inhibit HCV infection in an infectious cell culture system although they have no effect on HCV replication in a replicon cell line. Beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are not induced in virus-infected hepatocytes with aptamer treatment, suggesting that E1E2-specific aptamers do not induce innate immunity. E2 protein is essential for the inhibition of HCV infection by aptamer E1E2-6, and the aptamer binding sites are located in E2. Q412R within E1E2 is the major resistance substitution identified. The data indicate that an aptamer against E1E2 exerts its antiviral effects through inhibition of virus binding to host cells. Aptamers against E1E2 can be used with envelope protein to understand the mechanisms of HCV entry and fusion. The aptamers may hold promise for development as therapeutic drugs for hepatitis C patients.
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20
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Khaliq S, Latief N, Jahan S. Role of different regions of the hepatitis C virus genome in the therapeutic response to interferon-based treatment. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1-15. [PMID: 23851652 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered a significant risk factor in HCV-induced liver diseases and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nucleotide substitutions in the viral genome result in its diversification into quasispecies, subtypes and distinct genotypes. Different genotypes vary in their infectivity and immune response due to these nucleotide/amino acid variations. The current combination treatment for HCV infection is pegylated interferon α (PEG-IFN-α) with ribavirin, with a highly variable response rate mainly depending upon the HCV genotype. Genotypes 2 and 3 are found to respond better than genotypes 1 and 4, which are more resistant to IFN-based therapies. Different studies have been conducted worldwide to explore the basis of this difference in therapy response, which identified some putative regions in the HCV genome, especially in Core and NS5a, and to some extent in the E2 region, containing specific sequences in different genotypes that act differently with respect to the IFN response. In the review, we try to summarize the role of HCV proteins and their nucleotide sequences in association with treatment outcome in IFN-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khaliq
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan,
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21
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Yang D, Xue B, Wang X, Yu X, Liu N, Gao Y, Liu C, Zhu H. 2-octynoic acid inhibits hepatitis C virus infection through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64932. [PMID: 23741428 PMCID: PMC3669134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with current therapy do not clear the virus. It is necessary to find novel treatments. The effect of 2-octynoic acid (2-OA) on HCV infection in human hepatocytes was examined. The mechanism of 2-OA antiviral activity was explored. Our data showed that 2-OA abrogated lipid accumulation in HCV replicon cells and virus-infected hepatocytes. It suppressed HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production with no cytotoxicity to the host cells. 2-OA did not affect hepatitis B virus replication in HepG2.2.15 cells derived from HepG2 cells transfected with full genome of HBV. Further study demonstrated that 2-OA activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase in viral-infected cells. Compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, inhibited AMPK activity and reversed the reduction of intracellular lipid accumulation and the antiviral effect of 2-OA. Knockdown of AMPK expression by RNA interference abolished the activation of AMPK by 2-OA and blocked 2-OA antiviral activity. Interestingly, 2-OA induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and inhibited microRNA-122 (miR-122) expression in virus-infected hepatocytes. MiR-122 overexpression reversed the antiviral effect of 2-OA. Furthermore, knockdown of AMPK expression reversed both the induction of ISGs and suppression of miR-122 by 2-OA, implying that activated AMPK induces the intracellular innate response through the induction of ISGs and inhibiting miR-122 expression. 2-OA inhibits HCV infection through regulation of innate immune response by activated AMPK. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which active AMPK inhibits HCV infection. 2-OA and its derivatives hold promise for novel drug development for chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darong Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Hunan University and Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Binbin Xue
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Hunan University and Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yimin Gao
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Hunan University and Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital (Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University), Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Stevenson NJ, Bourke NM, Ryan EJ, Binder M, Fanning L, Johnston JA, Hegarty JE, Long A, O'Farrelly C. Hepatitis C virus targets the interferon-α JAK/STAT pathway by promoting proteasomal degradation in immune cells and hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1571-8. [PMID: 23587486 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signalling is essential for anti-viral immunity, making IFN-α an obvious anti-viral therapeutic. However, many HCV+ patients fail treatment, indicating that the virus blocks successful IFN-α signalling. We found that STAT1 and STAT3 proteins, key components of the IFN-α signalling pathway were reduced in immune cells and hepatocytes from HCV infected patients, and upon HCV expression in Huh7 hepatocytes. However, STAT1 and STAT3 mRNA levels were normal. Mechanistic analysis revealed that in the presence of HCV, STAT3 protein was preferentially ubiquitinated, and degradation was blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. These findings show that HCV inhibits IFN-α responses in a broad spectrum of cells via proteasomal degradation of JAK/STAT pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Keppeke GD, Nunes E, Ferraz MLG, Silva EAB, Granato C, Chan EKL, Andrade LEC. Longitudinal study of a human drug-induced model of autoantibody to cytoplasmic rods/rings following HCV therapy with ribavirin and interferon-α. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45392. [PMID: 23028980 PMCID: PMC3454395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel pattern in the indirect immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody assay on HEp-2 cells (IIF-HEp-2) characterized by cytoplasmic rods and rings (RR) was reported in HCV patients, but stringent disease specificity studies and longitudinal analysis are lacking. We investigated the clinical significance of anti-RR in an HCV cohort with up to a 12-month treatment follow up. Methodology/Results 597 patients (342 HCV, 55 HCV/HIV, 200 non-HCV) were screened and titered for anti-RR. Serial samples were available from 78 of 176 treated and 27 of 166 untreated patients. Anti-RR was detected in 14.1% of 342 HCV patients, 9.1% of 55 HCV/HIV, 3.4% of 29 Hepatitis B, and none of 171 non-HCV (p<0.0001; HCV versus non-HCV). Anti-RR was present in 38% of 108 patients receiving interferon-α/ribavirin, but none in 26 receiving either interferon-α or ribavirin, or 166 untreated patients (p<0.0001). Other IIF-HEp-2 patterns were more frequently associated with interferon-α treatment alone (52.2%) as compared to interferon-α/ribavirin (25%), ribavirin alone (33.3%), and no therapy (26.5%). Anti-RR frequency was not associated with sex, age, ethnicity, HCV genotype or viral load. Anti-RR occurred only after initiation of treatment, beginning as early as 1 month (6%), but by the sixth month >47% tested positive for anti-RR. The anti-RR titer generally increased with sustained treatment and remained high in 53% of patients. After treatment, anti-RR titer was negative in 41%. Non-responders to HCV therapy were 77% in anti-RR-positive versus 64% in anti-RR-negative patients. Response to treatment was not associated with anti-RR titer or the dynamics of anti-RR reactivity during and after treatment. Conclusions The exquisite association of anti-RR reactivity with combined interferon-α/ribavirin therapy in HCV patients represents a unique model for drug-induced autoantibody generation in humans as demonstrated by the fact that a significant fraction of patients who have anti-RR during therapy becomes anti-RR-negative after completion of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunice Nunes
- Gastroenterology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Granato
- Infectious Diseases Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward K. L. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Luís Eduardo C. Andrade
- Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Nanoparticle-based artificial RNA silencing machinery for antiviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12387-92. [PMID: 22802676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207766109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is a fundamental gene regulatory mechanism that is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Here we report that an artificial nanoparticle complex can effectively mimic the function of the cellular RISC machinery for inducing target RNA cleavage. Our results show that a specifically designed nanozyme for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can actively cleave HCV RNA in a sequence specific manner. This nanozyme is less susceptible to degradation by proteinase activity, can be effectively taken up by cultured human hepatoma cells, is nontoxic to the cultured cells and a xenotransplantation mouse model under the conditions studied, and does not trigger detectable cellular interferon response, but shows potent antiviral activity against HCV in cultured cells and in the mouse model. We have observed a more than 99% decrease in HCV RNA levels in mice treated with the nanozyme. These results show that this nanozyme approach has the potential to become a useful tool for functional genomics, as well as for combating protein-expression-related diseases such as viral infections and cancers.
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26
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Yang D, Liu N, Zuo C, Lei S, Wu X, Zhou F, Liu C, Zhu H. Innate host response in primary human hepatocytes with hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27552. [PMID: 22087337 PMCID: PMC3210809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The interaction between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and innate antiviral defense systems in primary human hepatocytes is not well understood. The objective of this study is to examine how primary human hepatocytes response to HCV infection. METHODS An infectious HCV isolate JFH1 was used to infect isolated primary human hepatocytes. HCV RNA or NS5A protein in the cells was detected by real-time PCR or immunofluorescence staining respectively. Apoptosis was examined with flow cytometry. Mechanisms of HCV-induced IFN-β expression and apoptosis were determined. RESULTS Primary human hepatocytes were susceptible to JFH1 virus and released infectious virus. IFN-α inhibited viral RNA replication in the cells. IFN-β and interferon-stimulated genes were induced in the cells during acute infection. HCV infection induced apoptosis of primary human hepatocytes through the TRAIL-mediated pathway. Silencing RIG-I expression in primary human hepatocytes inhibited IFN-β and TRAIL expression and blocked apoptosis of the cells, which facilitated viral RNA replication in the cells. Moreover, HCV NS34A protein inhibited viral induced IFN-β expression in primary human hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Innate host response is intact in HCV-infected primary human hepatocytes. RIG-I plays a key role in the induction of IFN and TRAIL by viruses and apoptosis of primary human hepatocytes via activation of the TRAIL-mediated pathway. HCV NS34A protein appears to be capable of disrupting the innate antiviral host responses in primary human hepatocytes. Our study provides a novel mechanism by which primary human hepatocytes respond to natural HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darong Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensesing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensesing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaohui Zuo
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Hunan University and Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shoahua Lei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensesing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinjiao Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensesing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensesing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensesing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Hunan University and Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Changsha, China
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Helbig KJ, Eyre NS, Yip E, Narayana S, Li K, Fiches G, McCartney EM, Jangra RK, Lemon SM, Beard MR. The antiviral protein viperin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via interaction with nonstructural protein 5A. Hepatology 2011; 54:1506-17. [PMID: 22045669 PMCID: PMC3207276 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interferon-stimulated gene, viperin, has been shown to have antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the context of the HCV replicon, although the molecular mechanisms responsible are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that viperin plays an integral part in the ability of interferon to limit the replication of cell-culture-derived HCV (JFH-1) that accurately reflects the complete viral life cycle. Using confocal microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, we demonstrate that viperin localizes and interacts with HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) at the lipid-droplet (LD) interface. In addition, viperin also associates with NS5A and the proviral cellular factor, human vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein subtype A (VAP-A), at the HCV replication complex. The ability of viperin to limit HCV replication was dependent on residues within the C-terminus, as well as an N-terminal amphipathic helix. Removal of the amphipathic helix-redirected viperin from the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum and the LD to a homogenous cytoplasmic distribution, coinciding with a loss of antiviral effect. C-terminal viperin mutants still localized to the LD interface and replication complexes, but did not interact with NS5A proteins, as determined by FRET analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we propose that viperin interacts with NS5A and the host factor, VAP-A, to limit HCV replication at the replication complex. This highlights the complexity of the host control of viral replication by interferon-stimulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J. Helbig
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicholas S. Eyre
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Evelyn Yip
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sumudu Narayana
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Erin M. McCartney
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Center for Hepatitis Research, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Center for Hepatitis Research, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA,Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295 USA
| | - Michael R. Beard
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Centre, Adelaide, South Australia and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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Yao L, Dong H, Zhu H, Nelson D, Liu C, Lambiase L, Li X. Identification of the IFITM3 gene as an inhibitor of hepatitis C viral translation in a stable STAT1 cell line. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e523-9. [PMID: 21914072 PMCID: PMC3736357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the functions of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1)-induced anti-hepatitis C viral (HCV) effects, a stable Huh7.5 cell line (Huh7.5-STAT1ER) was established that constitutively expresses a fusion protein (STAT1ER) of STAT1 and the mouse oestrogen receptor (ER), which forms STAT1ER homodimers after 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) treatment. This inducible and cytokine/receptor-independent STAT1 activation system allowed us to investigate the anti-HCV effects of STAT1ER activation after inducing IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. The anti-HCV effects of dimerized STAT1ER fusion protein were determined by real-time PCR in a time-dependent fashion post-HCV (JFH-1) infection. HCV (JFH-1) RNA decreased 48% at 72 h after 4-HT treatment. To distinguish the inhibitory effects of STAT1ER activation on HCV RNA replication or HCV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation, a dicistronic pRL-HL construct was used in the studies. Both cellular (Cap-dependent) and HCV IRES-mediated (Cap-independent) translation were decreased by 63% and 57% at 72 h post-STAT1ER activation in the STAT1ER cell line. In our previous studies, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 [(IFITM3) (1-8U)] was found to inhibit HCV RNA replication. Subsequently, elevated expression of the 1-8U gene was confirmed by Western blotting in the Huh7.5-STAT1ER cell line. To further investigate the 1-8U function with both in vivo and in vitro studies, the 1-8U gene was found to suppress cellular and HCV IRES-mediated translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - H. Dong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H. Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Biology Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - D. Nelson
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - C. Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L. Lambiase
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - X. Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL
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Testoni B, Völlenkle C, Guerrieri F, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Blandino G, Levrero M. Chromatin dynamics of gene activation and repression in response to interferon alpha (IFN(alpha)) reveal new roles for phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the transcription factor STAT2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20217-27. [PMID: 21498520 PMCID: PMC3121502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.231068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2), the critical component of type I interferons signaling, is a prototype latent cytoplasmic signal-dependent transcription factor. Activated tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT2 associates with STAT1 and IRF9 to bind the ISRE elements in the promoters of a subset of IFN-inducible genes (ISGs). In addition to activate hundreds of ISGs, IFNα also represses numerous target genes but the mechanistic basis for this dual effect and transcriptional repression is largely unknown. We investigated by ChIP-chip the binding dynamics of STAT2 and "active" phospho(P)-STAT2 on 113 putative IFNα direct target promoters before and after IFNα induction in Huh7 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). STAT2 is already bound to 62% of our target promoters, including most "classical" ISGs, before IFNα treatment. 31% of STAT2 basally bound promoters also show P-STAT2 positivity. By correlating in vivo promoter occupancy with gene expression and changes in histone methylation marks we found that: 1) STAT2 plays a role in regulating ISGs expression, independently from its phosphorylation; 2) P-STAT2 is involved in ISGs repression; 3) "activated" ISGs are marked by H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 before IFNα; 4) "repressed" genes are marked by H3K27me3 and histone methylation plays a dominant role in driving IFNα-mediated ISGs repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Testoni
- From the Laboratory of Gene Expression, Fondazione A. Cesalpino, 00161 Rome, Italy
- the Rome Oncogenomic Center, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Völlenkle
- From the Laboratory of Gene Expression, Fondazione A. Cesalpino, 00161 Rome, Italy
- the Rome Oncogenomic Center, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- From the Laboratory of Gene Expression, Fondazione A. Cesalpino, 00161 Rome, Italy
- the LEA INSERM U785 and Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Blandino
- the Rome Oncogenomic Center, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- the Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Translational Oncogenomic Unit, 00144 Rome, Italy, and
| | - Massimo Levrero
- From the Laboratory of Gene Expression, Fondazione A. Cesalpino, 00161 Rome, Italy
- the Rome Oncogenomic Center, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- the LEA INSERM U785 and Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
- the DMISM, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
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30
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Bartolomei G, Cevik RE, Marcello A. Modulation of hepatitis C virus replication by iron and hepcidin in Huh7 hepatocytes. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2072-2081. [PMID: 21593278 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, we wanted to investigate the molecular control that Fe levels exert on HCV replication at the hepatocyte level. In keeping with previous observations we confirmed that supra-physiological intracellular Fe induced by haemin treatment down-modulated HCV replication from subgenomic replicons. We also found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of the key Fe modulator hepcidin increased intracellular ferritin and inhibited HCV replication. Conversely, HCV replication did not modulate ferritin content in hepatocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that hepcidin is modulated at the mRNA level by alpha interferon through STAT3. We propose that in Huh7 cells hepcidin modulation leads to an unfavourable intracellular environment for HCV replication. These data may therefore contribute to a better understanding of the complex interplay between HCV and cellular physiology during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giody Bartolomei
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Recep Emrah Cevik
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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31
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Cheriyath V, Leaman DW, Borden EC. Emerging roles of FAM14 family members (G1P3/ISG 6-16 and ISG12/IFI27) in innate immunity and cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:173-81. [PMID: 20939681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) manifest their cellular functions by regulating expression of target genes known collectively as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The repertoires of ISGs vary slightly between cell types, but routinely include a core of common ISGs robustly upregulated in most IFN-treated cells. Here, we review the regulation and cellular functions of 2 related ISGs, ISG12 (IFI27) and G1P3 (ISG 6-16), that are commonly induced by IFNs in most, if not all, IFN-responsive cells. On the basis of sequence similarity, they are grouped together within the newly defined FAM14 family. Emerging data on ISG12 and G1P3 suggest that both are mitochondrial proteins with opposing activities on apoptosis that may influence the innate immune responses of IFNs. The G1P3 gene encodes a low molecular weight mitochondrial protein that may stabilize mitochondrial function and oppose apoptosis. In contrast, ISG12 expression may sensitize cells to apoptotic stimuli via mitochondrial membrane destabilization. On the basis of these results and differences in induction kinetics between ISG12 and G1P3, we have proposed a model for the role of these genes in mediating cellular activity of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan Cheriyath
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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32
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Xu Z, Du W, Zhang P, Wang X, Ma X, Shi L, Song L. Development of a protein biochip to identify 6 monoclonal antibodies against subtypes of recombinant human interferons. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:212-8. [PMID: 20230300 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human interferons (rhIFNs) are broadly used as effective therapeutic agents with antiviral, antitumor, and immune-modulating properties. Advances in protein biochip technology have benefited the medical community greatly, making true parallelism, miniaturization, and high throughput possible. In this study, 5 rhIFN proteins (IFN-alpha1b, IFN-alpha2a, IFN-alpha2b, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma) were immobilized onto an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-modified gold-based biochip. The protein biochip was incubated with 6 specific mouse IgG antibodies (AK1, AK2, AK3, AK4, BK1, and CK1) against the human IFNs and then with Cy3-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibody. The results showed that monoclonal antibody AK1 presented a unique binding characteristic to IFN-alpha1b. AK2 reacted in immunoassays equally with IFN-alpha2a and IFN-alpha2b. AK3 detected IFN-alpha1b, IFN-alpha2a, and IFN-alpha2b. AK4 had positive immunological responses directed to both IFN-alpha1b and IFN-alpha2b. Monoclonal antibodies BK1 and CK1 recognized epitope of IFN-beta and IFN-gamma, specifically. The assay specificity of the biochip was further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. Finally, 88 serum samples from patients treated with rhIFN-alpha2b were simultaneously tested on a single biochip. The result demonstrated that 6.8% (6 of 88 cases) presented positive reactions to anti-IFN-alpha2b antibodies, indicating that the patients under rhIFN-alpha2b therapy produced neutralized antibody against the IFN. The biochip format would offer a competitive alternative tool not only for facilitating characterization of IFN subtypes but also potentially for enabling clinical serum detection of corresponding antibodies directed against IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Xu
- Anhui Academic Institute of Biology, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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33
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Chua PK, McCown MF, Rajyaguru S, Kular S, Varma R, Symons J, Chiu SS, Cammack N, Nájera I. Modulation of alpha interferon anti-hepatitis C virus activity by ISG15. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2929-2939. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.013128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 has recently been reported to possess antiviral properties against viruses, both in vivo and in vitro. Knock-down of ISG15 gene expression by small interfering RNA followed by alpha interferon (IFN-α) treatment in Huh-7 cells resulted in an increased phenotypic sensitivity to IFN-α, as determined by measuring hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication inhibition in stably transfected HCV replicon cells and in cells infected with genotype 1a HCVcc (infectious HCV). This IFN-α-specific effect, which was not observed with IFN-γ, correlated with an increase in expression of the IFN-α-inducible genes IFI6, IFITM3, OAS1 and MX1, whereas the expression of the non-IFN-α-inducible genes PTBP-1 and JAK1 remained unchanged. It has previously been reported that, unlike ISG15 knock-down, increased sensitivity to IFN-α after knock-down of USP18 occurs through the prolonged phosphorylation of STAT-1. Combination knock-down of ISG15 and USP18 resulted in a moderate increase in IFN-α-inducible gene expression compared with single ISG15 or USP18 knock-down. Furthermore, the phenotype of increased gene expression after ISG15 knock-down and IFN-α treatment was also observed in non-hepatic cell lines A549 and HeLa. Taken together, these results reveal a novel function for ISG15 in the regulation of the IFN-α pathway and its antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pong Kian Chua
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Sonal Rajyaguru
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Simran Kular
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ram Varma
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Julian Symons
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sophie S. Chiu
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nick Cammack
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Isabel Nájera
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Abstract
Studies of HCV pathogenesis and antiviral research have been hampered by the lack of adequate cell-culture and small-animal models. The culturing of human primary hepatocytes would greatly facilitate the model development in HCV research. The availability of robust infectious virus, JFH1 (i.e., genotype 2) strain, will further increase the interest in using primary hepatocyte cultures. This cell model system will significantly enhance research in the areas of antiviral research and host-virus interaction, but obtaining pure and viable human primary hepatocytes is not trivial. We have optimized a method of liver perfusion and primary hepatocyte isolation that allows us to establish robust and reliable human primary hepatocyte cultures. Moreover, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures are susceptible to authentic HCV infection in vitro.
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35
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Pagliaccetti NE, Eduardo R, Kleinstein SH, Mu XJ, Bandi P, Robek MD. Interleukin-29 functions cooperatively with interferon to induce antiviral gene expression and inhibit hepatitis C virus replication. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:30079-89. [PMID: 18757365 PMCID: PMC2662072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804296200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-related cytokine interleukin (IL)-29 (also known as IFN-lambda1) inhibits virus replication by inducing a cellular antiviral response similar to that activated by IFN-alpha/beta. However, because it binds to a unique receptor, this cytokine may function cooperatively with IFN-alpha/beta or IFN-gamma during natural infections to inhibit virus replication, and might also be useful therapeutically in combination with other cytokines to treat chronic viral infections such as hepatitis C (HCV). We therefore investigated the ability of IL-29 and IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma to cooperatively inhibit virus replication and induce antiviral gene expression. Compared with the individual cytokines alone, the combination of IL-29 with IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma was more effective at blocking vesicular stomatitis virus and HCV replication, and this cooperative antiviral activity correlated with the magnitude of induced antiviral gene expression. Although the combined effects of IL-29 and IFN-alpha were primarily additive, the IL-29/IFN-gamma combination synergistically induced multiple genes and had the greatest antiviral activity. Two different mechanisms contributed to the enhanced gene expression induced by the cytokine combinations: increased activation of ISRE promoter elements and simultaneous activation of both ISRE and GAS elements within the same promoter. These findings provide new insight into the coregulation of a critical innate immune response by functionally distinct cytokine families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Pagliaccetti
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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36
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Zimmerer JM, Lesinski GB, Ruppert AS, Radmacher MD, Noble C, Kendra K, Walker MJ, Carson WE. Gene expression profiling reveals similarities between the in vitro and in vivo responses of immune effector cells to IFN-alpha. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5900-6. [PMID: 18794103 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The precise molecular targets of IFN-alpha therapy in the context of malignant melanoma are unknown but seem to involve signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 signal transduction within host immune effector cells. We hypothesized that the in vitro transcriptional response of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to IFN-alpha would be similar to the in vivo response to treatment with high-dose IFN-alpha. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The gene expression profiles of PBMCs and immune cell subsets treated in vitro with IFN-alpha were evaluated, as were PBMCs obtained from melanoma patients receiving adjuvant IFN-alpha. RESULTS Twenty-seven genes were up-regulated in PBMCs from normal donors after treatment with IFN-alpha in vitro for 18 hours (>2-fold, P < 0.001). A subset of these genes (in addition to others) was significantly expressed in IFN-alpha-treated T cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes. Analysis of gene expression within PBMCs from melanoma patients (n = 13) receiving high-dose IFN-alpha-2b (20 MU/m(2) i.v.) revealed significant up-regulation (>2-fold) of 21 genes (P < 0.001). Also, the gene expression profile of in vitro IFN-alpha-stimulated patient PBMCs was similar to that of PBMCs obtained from the same patient after IFN-alpha therapy. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to describe the transcriptional response of T cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes to IFN-alpha and characterize the transcriptional profiles of PBMCs from melanoma patients undergoing IFN-alpha immunotherapy. In addition, it was determined that microarray analysis of patient PBMCs after in vitro stimulation with IFN-alpha may be a useful predictor of the in vivo response of immune cells to IFN-alpha immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Zimmerer
- Integrated Biological Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Zhao D, Peng D, Li L, Zhang Q, Zhang C. Inhibition of G1P3 expression found in the differential display study on respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virol J 2008; 5:114. [PMID: 18838000 PMCID: PMC2572611 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. The respiratory epithelium is the primary initiator of pulmonary inflammation in RSV infections, which cause significant perturbations of global gene expression controlling multiple cellular processes. In this study, differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed to examine mRNA expression in a human alveolar cell line (SPC-A1) infected with RSV. Results Of the 2,500 interpretable bands on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, 40 (1.6%) cDNA bands were differentially regulated by RSV, in which 28 (70%) appeared to be upregulated and another 12 (30%) appeared to be downregulated. Forty of the expressed sequence tags (EST) were isolated, and 20 matched homologs in GenBank. RSV infection upregulated the mRNA expression of chemokines CC and CXC and interfered with type α/β interferon-inducible gene expression by upregulation of MG11 and downregulation of G1P3. Conclusion RSV replication could induce widespread changes in gene expression including both positive and negative regulation and play a different role in the down-regulation of IFN-α and up-regulation of IFN-γ inducible gene expression, which suggests that RSV interferes with the innate antiviral response of epithelial cells by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchi Zhao
- Pediatrics Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Medical School, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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Cheng PN, Wei YL, Chang TT, Chen JS, Young KC. Therapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection upregulates membrane HLA-ABC, CD86, and CD28 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Med Virol 2008; 80:989-96. [PMID: 18428145 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) involving T-cell activation are upregulated during initial interferon-alpha-based therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the long-term impact on therapeutic outcome in patients remains unknown. In this study, the effects of anti-HCV therapy on the surface expression of HLA-ABC, CD86, and CD28 were longitudinally assessed. These proteins are integral membrane receptors of antigen presentation and triggering of costimulatory signals for activating CD8+ T cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at baseline and post-treatment for 1 day, and 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. This treatment led to a time-related elevation of membrane levels of HLA-ABC and CD86 on B-cells and monocytes in patients with a sustained response (n = 23), but not in those without (n = 8). Meanwhile, upregulation of CD28 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was comparable in both groups of sustained responders and non-responders. Steady increases in the B cells' surface and intracellular HLA-ABC were observed, thus, the surface-to-intracellular ratios did not alter over the period of treatment. Furthermore, multivariate analysis shows that increased HLA-ABC on monocytes by week 12 correlates significantly with sustained response (P = 0.033). In conclusion, differential modulation of T-cell activation ISGs, such as HLA-ABC and CD86 might correlate with the outcome of interferon-alpha-based therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ivić I, Bradarić N, Puizina-Ivić N, Ledina D, Luksić B, Martinić R. Hla-Cw7 allele as predictor of favorable therapeutic response to interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Croat Med J 2008; 48:807-13. [PMID: 18074415 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2007.6.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I and therapeutic response to interferon-alpha in Croatian patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS HLA-A, -B, and -C genotyping was performed in 55 patients with sustained virological response and in 57 patients without sustained virological response to interferon-alpha therapy. Patients were treated in the period from 1998-2001 with interferon-alpha at a dose of 3 million units three times a week. Patients who became negative for hepatitis C virus RNA after 12 weeks of therapy completed 48 weeks of therapy. RESULTS There was no association between therapeutic outcome and frequency of HLA-A, as well as of HLA-B alleles. HLA-Cw7 was significantly more frequent in patients with than those without sustained virological response (27.0% vs 6.7%; P=0.011). CONCLUSION In Croatian patients with chronic hepatitis C, HLA-Cw7 is the predictor of sustained virological response to interferon-alpha therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Ivić
- Department for Infectious Diseases, Split University Hospital, Split, Croatia.
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40
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped RNA virus that is often capable of establishing a persistent infection, which may lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and eventually death. For more than 20 years, hepatitis C patients have been treated with interferon-alpha (IFN-α). Current treatment usually consists of polyethylene glycol-conjugated IFN-α that is combined with ribavirin, but even the most advanced IFN-based therapies are still ineffective in eliminating the virus from a large proportion of individuals. Therefore, a better understanding of the IFN-induced innate immune response is urgently needed. By using selectable self-replicating RNAs (replicons) and, more recently, recombinant full-length genomes, many groups have tried to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which IFNs inhibit HCV replication. This chapter attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge in this interesting field of HCV research.
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Butler SL, Dong H, Cardona D, Jia M, Zheng R, Zhu H, Crawford JM, Liu C. The antigen for Hep Par 1 antibody is the urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1. J Transl Med 2008; 88:78-88. [PMID: 18026163 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par 1), a murine monoclonal antibody, is widely used in surgical pathology practice to determine the hepatocellular origin of neoplasms. However, identity of the antigen for Hep Par 1 is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the Hep Par 1 antigen. To identify the antigen, immunoprecipitation was used to isolate the protein from human liver tissue, and a distinct protein band was detected at approximately 165 kDa. The protein band was also present in small intestinal tissue, but was not present in several other non-liver tissues nor in three human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, Huh-7, HepG2, and LH86. The protein was purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was identified as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1). CPS1 is a rate-limiting enzyme in urea cycle and is located in mitochondria. We demonstrated that hepatoid tumors (gastric and yolk sac) were immunoreactive with both Hep Par 1 antibody and anti-CPS1 antibody, further confirming the results of mass spectrometric analysis. We found that the three human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines do not express either CPS1 RNA or protein. We confirmed that the gene was present in these cell lines, suggesting that suppression of CPS1 expression occurs at the transcriptional level. This finding may have relevance to liver carcinogenesis, since poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas exhibit poor to absent immunoreactivity to Hep Par 1. In conclusion, we have identified the antigen for Hep Par 1 antibody as a urea cycle enzyme CPS1. Our results should encourage further investigation of potential role that CPS1 expression plays in liver pathobiology and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Butler
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Liu C, Zhu H, Subramanian GM, Moore PA, Xu Y, Nelson DR. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of albinterferon alfa-2b in cell culture. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:941-7. [PMID: 17573950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-based combination therapy is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The weekly administration of long-acting pegylated interferons (PEG-IFNalpha-2a or PEG-IFNalpha-2b) provides superior antiviral efficacy over standard interferon alfa (IFNalpha) for the treatment of HCV infection. Albinterferon alfa-2b (alb-IFN) is a novel recombinant protein consisting of IFNalpha-2b that is genetically fused to human albumin. METHODS To test alb-IFN antiviral efficacy, we compared the antiviral activity of unmodified IFNalpha with the three modified interferons (PEG-IFNalpha-2a, PEG-IFNalpha-2b, and alb-IFN) at clinically relevant serum concentrations using liver cell-based and non-liver cell-based HCV replicon cell lines. The EC(50) in GSB cells for IFNalpha-2b, PEG-IFNalpha-2a, PEG-IFNalpha-2b and alb-IFN was 7 U/mL, 1.1 ng/mL, 18 ng/mL, and 15 ng/mL, respectively. RESULTS At clinically relevant patient serum concentrations, alb-IFN exhibits more antiviral activity than the pegylated interferons. Alb-IFN showed similar inhibition of HCV replication in human liver cells and non-liver cells, indicating it has anti-HCV activity in non-liver cells. The magnitude of induction of interferon-stimulated genes (MxA, 2'5'OAS1, IFI44, and IFI27) at 6 h and 48 h was comparable for all the modified IFNs in human liver cells at the drug concentrations evaluated. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that alb-IFN has a potent, direct anti-HCV activity in both liver and non-liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Nattermann J, Vogel M, Berg T, Danta M, Axel B, Mayr C, Bruno R, Tural C, Klausen G, Clotet B, Lutz T, Grünhage F, Rausch M, Nischalke HD, Schewe K, Bienek B, Haerter G, Sauerbruch T, Rockstroh JK, Spengler U. Effect of the interleukin-6 C174G gene polymorphism on treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus coinfected patients. Hepatology 2007; 46:1016-25. [PMID: 17668881 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection poses a difficult therapeutic problem. Response to HCV-specific therapy is variable but might be influenced by host genetic factors, including polymorphisms of cytokine genes. Here, we studied whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) C174G gene polymorphism affects the response to antiviral treatment in HCV-infected HIV-positive subjects. We determined IL-6 genotypes in HIV-positive patients with acute (n = 52) and chronic (n = 60) hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon-alpha. Two hundred ten HCV monoinfected, 197 HIV monoinfected, and 100 healthy individuals were studied as controls. Patients were classified into high and low producers according to IL-6 genotypes. Rates of sustained virological responses (SVRs) were compared between the IL-6 genotypes. Signal transducer and activator of transcription three phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot in HCV core-transfected human hepatoma cell line (HUH7) cells. Distribution of IL-6 genotypes did not differ significantly between the study groups. SVR was achieved in 63% of HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Carriers of the IL-6 high producer (HP) genotype had significantly higher SVR rates than patients with an IL-6 low producer genotype (70.1% versus 52%; P < 0.002). This effect was seen in both HIV-positive patients with acute (74% versus 33%; P < 0.05) and chronic (66% versus 33%; P < 0.05) hepatitis C. Multivariate analysis confirmed IL-6 HP carriage as an independent positive predictor for SVR (Odd's ratio 6.1; P = 0.004). This effect corresponds to the in vitro observation that in HCV core-transfected HUH7 cells, IL-6 overcomes the HCV core-mediated inhibition of STAT3 activation. CONCLUSION Response rates to HCV-specific treatment are higher in HCV/HIV-positive patients carrying the IL-6 HP genotype, which might be because of IL-6 mediated STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Keller BC, Johnson CL, Erickson AK, Gale M. Innate immune evasion by hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:535-44. [PMID: 17702639 PMCID: PMC2757293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral immunity in mammals involves several levels of surveillance and effector actions by host factors to detect viral pathogens, trigger alpha/beta interferon production, and to mediate innate defenses within infected cells. Our studies have focused on understanding how these processes are regulated during infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Both viruses are members of the Flaviviridae and are human pathogens, but they each mediate a very different disease and course of infection. Our results demonstrate common and unique innate immune interactions of each virus that govern antiviral immunity and demonstrate the central role of alpha/beta interferon immune defenses in controlling the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Keller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Cynthia L. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Andrea Kaup Erickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Tanaka S, Honda Y, Honda M. Identification of differentially expressed genes in blood cells of narcolepsy patients. Sleep 2007; 30:974-9. [PMID: 17702266 PMCID: PMC1978392 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.8.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE A close association between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*1501/DQB1*0602 and abnormalities in some inflammatory cytokines have been demonstrated in narcolepsy. Specific alterations in the immune system have been suggested to occur in this disorder. We attempted to identify alterations in gene expression underlying the abnormalities in the blood cells of narcoleptic patients. DESIGNS Total RNA from 12 narcolepsy-cataplexy patients and from 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were pooled. The pooled samples were initially screened for candidate genes for narcolepsy by differential display analysis using annealing control primers (ACP). The second screening of the samples was carried out by semiquantitative PCR using gene-specific primers. Finally, the expression levels of the candidate genes were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR using a new set of samples (20 narcolepsy-cataplexy patients and 20 healthy controls). RESULTS The second screening revealed differential expression of 4 candidate genes. Among them, MX2 was confirmed as a significantly down-regulated gene in the white blood cells of narcoleptic patients by quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSION We found the MX2 gene to be significantly less expressed in comparison with normal subjects in the white blood cells of narcoleptic patients. This gene is relevant to the immune system. Although differential display analysis using ACP technology has a limitation in that it does not help in determining the functional mechanism underlying sleep/wakefulness dysregulation, it is useful for identifying novel genetic factors related to narcolepsy, such as HLA molecules. Further studies are required to explore the functional relationship between the MX2 gene and narcolepsy pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- The Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Sleep Disorders Research, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tokumoto Y, Hiasa Y, Horiike N, Michitaka K, Matsuura B, Chung RT, Onji M. Hepatitis C virus expression and interferon antiviral action is dependent on PKR expression. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1120-7. [PMID: 17596833 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-inducible double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is thought to play a key antiviral role against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, demonstrating the importance of PKR expression on HCV protein synthesis in the presence or absence of IFN has proven difficult in vivo. In the present experiment, full-length HCV constructs were transiently transfected into two cell lines stably expressing T7 RNA polymerase. HCV expression was monitored under conditions of upregulated or downregulated PKR expression. In addition, IFN was monitored during downregulation of PKR. HCV expression effectively increased PKR expression, as well as that of its regulated proteins. PKR was obviously knocked down by PKR-specific siRNA, which resulted in significantly increased HCV core protein levels. Conversely, over-expression of PKR significantly suppressed HCV core levels in both cell lines. Furthermore, IFN induced high levels of PKR, whereas downregulation of PKR reversed IFN's antiviral effects and increased HCV core levels. Based on these results, it appears that HCV protein expression is directly dependent on PKR expression. PKR is antiviral toward HCV and responsible for IFN's effect against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tokumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Jia Y, Wei L, Jiang D, Wang J, Cong X, Fei R. Antiviral action of interferon-alpha against hepatitis C virus replicon and its modulation by interferon-gamma and interleukin-8. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1278-85. [PMID: 17565587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) based therapy is the main treatment used to control hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms of IFN-alpha inhibition of HCV replication and the resistance of HCV to IFN-alpha therapy, and improve the efficiency of HCV treatment. METHODS The inhibitory effects of IFN-alpha on a HCV replicon system were examined and the potential regulatory effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) on the antiviral actions of IFN-alpha were also investigated in this report. RESULTS The results showed that IFN-alpha can effectively inhibit the replication of HCV replicon. Pretreatment of HCV replicon cells with IFN-gamma could significantly potentiate the inhibitory effects of IFN-alpha on the HCV replicon. Direct addition of IL-8 to the culture medium of HCV replicon cells could partially rescue the HCV replicon from the inhibition of IFN-alpha, which may be the result of IL-8 down-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that IFN-gamma has synergistic antiviral effects with IFN-alpha; whereas IL-8 can attenuate the anti-HCV actions of IFN-alpha and is associated with HCV resistance to interferon-alpha therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintang Jia
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Sariol CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Abel K, Rosado LC, Pantoja P, Giavedoni L, Rodriguez IV, White LJ, Martínez M, Arana T, Kraiselburd EN. Transcriptional activation of interferon-stimulated genes but not of cytokine genes after primary infection of rhesus macaques with dengue virus type 1. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:756-66. [PMID: 17428947 PMCID: PMC1951081 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00052-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are the only animal model used to test dengue virus (DENV) vaccine candidates. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of DENV in macaques is not well understood. In this work, by using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays, we studied the broad transcriptional modifications and cytokine expression profile after infecting rhesus macaques with DENV serotype 1. Five days after infection, these animals produced a potent, innate antiviral immune response by inducing the transcription of signature genes from the interferon (IFN) pathway with demonstrated antiviral activity, such as myxoprotein, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, phospholipid scramblase 1, and viperin. Also, IFN regulatory element 7, IFN-stimulated gene 15, and protein ligases linked to the ISGylation process were up-regulated. Unexpectedly, no up-regulation of IFN-alpha, -beta, or -gamma genes was detected. Transcription of the genes of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha was neither up-regulated nor down-regulated. Results were confirmed by real-time PCR and by multiplex cytokine detection in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067.
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Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a remarkably successful pathogen, establishing persistent infection in more than two-thirds of those who contract it. Its success is related to its abilities to blunt innate antiviral pathways and to evade adaptive immune responses. These two themes may be related. We propose that HCV takes advantage of the impaired innate response to delay the organization of an effective adaptive immune attack. The tolerogenic liver environment may provide cover, prolonging this delay. HCV's error-prone replication strategy permits rapid evolution under immune pressure. Persistent high levels of viral antigens may contribute to immune exhaustion. Finally, the virus may benefit from the efficient enlistment of memory T and B cells in the pursuit of a moving target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Dustin
- The Rockefeller University, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Shackel NA, Seth D, Haber PS, Gorrell MD, McCaughan GW. The hepatic transcriptome in human liver disease. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2006; 5:6. [PMID: 17090326 PMCID: PMC1665460 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome is the mRNA transcript pool in a cell, organ or tissue with the liver transcriptome being amongst the most complex of any organ. Functional genomics methodologies are now being widely utilized to study transcriptomes including the hepatic transcriptome. This review outlines commonly used methods of transcriptome analysis, especially gene array analysis, focusing on publications utilizing these methods to understand human liver disease. Additionally, we have outlined the relationship between transcript and protein expressions as well as summarizing what is known about the variability of the transcriptome in non-diseased liver tissue. The approaches covered include gene array analysis, serial analysis of gene expression, subtractive hybridization and differential display. The discussion focuses on primate whole organ studies and in-vitro cell culture systems utilized. It is now clear that there are a vast number research opportunities for transcriptome analysis of human liver disease as we attempt to better understand both non-diseased and disease hepatic mRNA expression. We conclude that hepatic transcriptome analysis has already made significant contributions to the understanding of human liver pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Shackel
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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