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van der Kraan PM, van Caam AP, Blaney Davidson EN, van den Bosch MH, van de Loo FA. Growth factors that drive aggrecan synthesis in healthy articular cartilage. Role for transforming growth factor-β? OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2024; 6:100459. [PMID: 38486843 PMCID: PMC10938168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Articular cartilage makes smooth movement possible and destruction of this tissue leads to loss of joint function. An important biomolecule that determines this function is the large aggregating proteoglycan of cartilage, aggrecan. Aggrecan has a relatively short half-life in cartilage and therefore continuous production of this molecule is essential. Methods In this narrative review we discuss what is the role of growth factors in driving the synthesis of aggrecan in articular cartilage. A literature search has been done using the search items; cartilage, aggrecan, explant, Transforming Growth factor-β (TGF-β), Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF), Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and the generic term "growth factors". Focus has been on studies using healthy cartilage and models of cartilage regeneration have been excluded. Results In healthy adult articular cartilage IGF is the main factor that drives aggrecan synthesis and maintains adequate levels of production. BMP's and TGF-β have a very limited role but appear to be more important during chondrogenesis and cartilage development. The major role of TGF-β is not stimulation of aggrecan synthesis but maintenance of the differentiated articular cartilage chondrocyte phenotype. Conclusion TGF-β is a factor that is generally considered as an important factor in stimulating aggrecan synthesis in cartilage but its role in this might be very restrained in healthy, adult articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjan P.M. van Caam
- Radboudumc, Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda N. Blaney Davidson
- Radboudumc, Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn H.J. van den Bosch
- Radboudumc, Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A.J. van de Loo
- Radboudumc, Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Fukuda K, Miura Y, Maeda T, Hayashi S, Matsumoto T, Kuroda R. Expression profiling of genes in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes regulated by Fas ligand via cDNA microarray analysis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1000. [PMID: 34345282 PMCID: PMC8311246 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation in synovial tissues. Hyperplasia of synovial tissues leads to the formation of pannus that invades the joint cartilage and bone, resulting in joint destruction. Fas ligand (FasL), which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including RA. The current study attempted to identify genes whose expressions in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) were regulated by FasL, using cDNA microarray. A total of four individual lines of primary cultured RA-FLS were incubated either with recombinant human FasL protein or PBS as an unstimulated control for 12 h. Gene expression was detected using a microarray assay. The results revealed the expression profiles of genes in RA-FLS regulated by Fas and investigated the functions of the genes that were regulated. Among the genes in this profile, the mRNA expression changes of the following genes were indicated to be of note using RT-qPCR: Dual specificity phosphatase 6, epiregulin, interleukin 11, angiopoietin-like 7, protein inhibitor of activated STAT 2 and growth differentiation factor 5. These genes may affect the pathogenesis of RA by affecting apoptosis, proliferation, cytokine production, cytokine-induced inflammation, intracellular signaling, angiogenesis, bone destruction and chondrogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first study to reveal the expression profile of genes in RA-FLS regulated by FasL. The data demonstrated that FasL may regulate the expression of a number of key molecules in RA-FLS, thus affecting RA pathogenesis. Further studies of the genes detected may improve the understanding of RA pathogenesis and provide novel treatment targets for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Orthopedic Science, Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Hodgkinson T, Shen B, Diwan A, Hoyland JA, Richardson SM. Therapeutic potential of growth differentiation factors in the treatment of degenerative disc diseases. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1045. [PMID: 31463459 PMCID: PMC6686806 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major contributing factor to chronic low back pain and disability, leading to imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes, altered extracellular matrix composition, loss of tissue hydration, inflammation, and impaired mechanical functionality. Current treatments aim to manage symptoms rather than treat underlying pathology. Therefore, IVD degeneration is a target for regenerative medicine strategies. Research has focused on understanding the molecular process of degeneration and the identification of various factors that may have the ability to halt and even reverse the degenerative process. One such family of growth factors, the growth differentiation factor (GDF) family, have shown particular promise for disc regeneration in in vitro and in vivo models of IVD degeneration. This review outlines our current understanding of IVD degeneration, and in this context, aims to discuss recent advancements in the use of GDF family members as anabolic factors for disc regeneration. An increasing body of evidence indicates that GDF family members are central to IVD homeostatic processes and are able to upregulate healthy nucleus pulposus cell marker genes in degenerative cells, induce mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into nucleus pulposus cells and even act as chemotactic signals mobilizing resident cell populations during disc injury repair. The understanding of GDF signaling and its interplay with inflammatory and catabolic processes may be critical for the future development of effective IVD regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterUK
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Bojiang Shen
- St. George Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashish Diwan
- St. George Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Judith A. Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterUK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Foundation TrustManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterUK
| | - Stephen M. Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterUK
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Jiao S, Li J, Liu B, Yang M, Xiu J, Qu D. Nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis is attenuated by CDMP-2 through regulating oxidative damage under the hyperosmotic environment. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181176. [PMID: 30177520 PMCID: PMC6177556 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cell experiences periodic osmolarity alterations during daily activities, which has been proved to affect cell biology in vitro The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 (CDMP-2) on NP cell apoptosis under the hyperosmolarity culture and the potential mechanism. Isolated rat NP cells were cultured in the in situ-osmolarity medium or hyperosmolarity medium for 3 days. CDMP-2 was added into the hyperosmolarity medium to investigate its effects on NP cell apoptosis. Cell apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3, and protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed to evaluate NP cell apoptosis. Additionally, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were analyzed to investigate the potential role of oxidative damage in this process. In the hyperosmolarity culture, NP cells showed a significantly increased cell apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity, an up-regulated expression of Bax and caspase-3/cleaved-caspase-3 and a down-regulated expression of Bcl-2. However, CDMP-2 partly inhibited these effects of hyperosmolarity culture on NP cells. Additionally, the hyperosmolarity culture significantly increased ROS content and decreased the total SOD activity compared with the in situ-osmolarity culture, whereas exogenous CDMP-2 partly decreased the ROS content and increased the total SOD activity in the hyperosmolarity culture. In conclusion, CDMP-2 is effective in attenuating hyperosmolarity environment-induced NP cell apoptosis, and this process may be mediated through inhibiting oxidative stress damage. The present study indicates that CDMP-2 may be helpful to retard hyperosmolarity niche-mediated disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxiang Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Zaozhuang 277000, Shandong, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangli Xiu
- Department of Operating Room, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Daokui Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
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Wu J, Zou M, Ping A, Deng Z, Cai L. MicroRNA-449a upregulation promotes chondrocyte extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:940-946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Parrish WR, Byers BA, Su D, Geesin J, Herzberg U, Wadsworth S, Bendele A, Story B. Intra-articular therapy with recombinant human GDF5 arrests disease progression and stimulates cartilage repair in the rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:554-560. [PMID: 27851984 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of osteoarthritis (OA) risk alleles suggests that reduced levels of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) may be a precipitating factor in OA. We hypothesized that intra-articular recombinant human GDF5 (rhGDF5) supplementation to the OA joint may alter disease progression. METHODS A rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) joint instability OA model was used. Animals received either one intra-articular injection, or two or three bi-weekly intra-articular injections of either 30 μg or 100 μg of rhGDF5 beginning on day 21 post surgery after structural pathology had been established. Nine weeks after MMT surgery, joints were processed for histological analysis following staining with toluidine blue. Control groups received intra-articular vehicle injections, comprising a glycine-buffered trehalose solution. OA changes in the joint were evaluated using histopathological end points that were collected by a pathologist who was blinded to treatment. RESULTS Intra-articular rhGDF5 supplementation reduced cartilage lesions on the medial tibial plateau in a dose-dependent manner when administered therapeutically to intercept OA disease progression. A single 100 μg rhGDF5 injection on day 21 slowed disease progression at day 63. A similar effect was achieved with two bi-weekly injections of 30 μg. Two bi-weekly injections of 100 μg or three bi-weekly injections of 30 μg stopped progression of cartilage lesions. Importantly, three biweekly injections of 100 μg rhGDF5 stimulated significant cartilage repair. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular rhGDF5 supplementation can prevent and even reverse OA disease progression in the rat MMT OA model. Collectively, these results support rhGDF5 supplementation as an intra-articular disease modifying OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Parrish
- DePuy Synthes Mitek Sports Medicine, Raynham, MA, USA.
| | - B A Byers
- DePuy Synthes Mitek Sports Medicine, Raynham, MA, USA.
| | - D Su
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | - J Geesin
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | - U Herzberg
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | - S Wadsworth
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | | | - B Story
- DePuy Synthes Mitek Sports Medicine, Raynham, MA, USA.
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8
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Zeng J, Wang F, Mao M. Co‑culture of fibroblast‑like synoviocytes with umbilical cord‑mesenchymal stem cells inhibits expression of pro‑inflammatory proteins, induces apoptosis and promotes chondrogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3887-93. [PMID: 27599675 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of co‑culture of fibroblast‑like synoviocytes (FLS) with human umbilical cord‑mesenchymal stem cells (UC‑MSCs) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to understand the mechanisms that mediate the induced changes. FLS and UC‑MSCs were isolated and cultured individually, FLS were then cultured with or without UC‑MSCs. The phenotype of UC‑MSCs was analyzed prior to co‑culture. The UC‑MSCs were successfully isolated and expanded, and exhibited a fibroblast‑like morphology. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) were performed to determine the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, and chemokine (C‑C motif) ligand (CCL)‑2. The cell apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the RNAs of aggrecan and collagen type II were isolated and assessed in a chondrogenesis assay following co‑culture for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Protein expression levels of apoptosis‑related proteins, including B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, p53 and phospho (p)‑AKT, and growth differentiation factor‑5 were analyzed by western blotting. ELISA and qRT‑PCR demonstrated that compared with FLS cultured alone, co‑culture with UC‑MSCs significantly downregulates the expression levels of IL‑1β, IL‑6 and CCL‑2. Additionally, the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in the co‑cultured cells (P<0.05), and the relative RNAs levels of aggrecan and collagen type II were increased compared with FLS alone. Furthermore, the expression levels of Bcl‑2 (P<0.05) and p‑AKT (P<0.05) were significantly decreased, whereas, p53 (P=0.001), Bax (P<0.01) and GDF‑5 (P<0.01) were increased by co‑culture of FLS with UC‑MSCs compared with FLS alone. In conclusion, co‑culture of FLS with UC‑MSCs may be important and clinically useful for the treatment of RA by inhibiting the expression of pro‑inflammatory mediators, inducing apoptosis and promoting chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Minzhi Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Wei A, Shen B, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Gulati T, Fang Z, Pathmanandavel S, Diwan AD. Expression of growth differentiation factor 6 in the human developing fetal spine retreats from vertebral ossifying regions and is restricted to cartilaginous tissues. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:279-89. [PMID: 26184900 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis vertebral segmentation is initiated by sclerotomal cell migration and condensation around the notochord, forming anlagen of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. The factors that govern the segmentation are not clear. Previous research demonstrated that mutations in growth differentiation factor 6 resulted in congenital vertebral fusion, suggesting this factor plays a role in development of vertebral column. In this study, we detected expression and localization of growth differentiation factor 6 in human fetal spinal column, especially in the period of early ossification of vertebrae and the developing intervertebral discs. The extracellular matrix proteins were also examined. Results showed that high levels of growth differentiation factor 6 were expressed in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs and the hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the ossification centre in vertebral bodies, where strong expression of proteoglycan and collagens was also detected. As fetal age increased, the expression of growth differentiation factor 6 was decreased correspondingly with the progress of ossification in vertebral bodies and restricted to cartilaginous regions. This expression pattern and the genetic link to vertebral fusion suggest that growth differentiation factor 6 may play an important role in suppression of ossification to ensure proper vertebral segmentation during spinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa A Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhimin Fang
- Human Molecular Genetics, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarennya Pathmanandavel
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Gulati T, Chung SA, Wei AQ, Diwan AD. Localization of bone morphogenetic protein 13 in human intervertebral disc and its molecular and functional effects in vitro in 3D culture. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1769-75. [PMID: 26134557 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein 13 prevented the effects of annular injury in an ovine model, maintaining intervertebral disc height, cell numbers and increasing extracellular matrix production compared to degenerated controls. The present study sought to examine the molecular effects of bone morphogenetic protein 13 on human degenerated disc cells and localize its expression in both human degenerate and scoliotic disc tissue. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein 13 on human derived nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus and endplate cells cultured in alginate beads was evaluated by changes in proteoglycan and collagen content. Migratory potential of disc cells towards bone morphogenetic protein 13 was also examined. Bone morphogenetic protein 13 induced significant proteoglycan accumulation in nucleus (18%), annulus (21%) and endplate (23%) cells cultured in alginate beads (p<0.05) compared to controls. Further bone morphogenetic protein 13 increased collagen I and II protein expression in nucleus and endplate cells. Nucleus cells displayed a significant chemotactic response towards bone morphogenetic protein 13. The endogenous expression of bone morphogenetic protein 13 in degenerate disc tissue was not different to scoliotic disc. Bone morphogenetic protein 13 has the potential to enhance extracellular matrix accumulation and induce cell migration in certain disc cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twishi Gulati
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sylvia A Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ai-Qun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Xia B, Di Chen, Zhang J, Hu S, Jin H, Tong P. Osteoarthritis pathogenesis: a review of molecular mechanisms. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:495-505. [PMID: 25311420 PMCID: PMC4747051 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading musculoskeletal cause of impaired mobility in the elderly. Because the precise molecular mechanisms which are involved in the degradation of cartilage matrix and development of OA are poorly understood and there are currently no effective interventions to decelerate the progression of OA or retard the irreversible degradation of cartilage except for total joint replacement surgery. In this paper, the important molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis will be summarized and new insights into potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of OA will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjiang Xia
- Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
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Evans DS, Cailotto F, Parimi N, Valdes AM, Castaño-Betancourt MC, Liu Y, Kaplan RC, Bidlingmaier M, Vasan RS, Teumer A, Tranah GJ, Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Orwoll ES, Barrett-Connor E, Renner JB, Jordan JM, Doherty M, Doherty SA, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JBJ, Spector TD, Lories RJ, Lane NE. Genome-wide association and functional studies identify a role for IGFBP3 in hip osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1861-7. [PMID: 24928840 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify genetic associations with hip osteoarthritis (HOA), we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of HOA. METHODS The GWAS meta-analysis included approximately 2.5 million imputed HapMap single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). HOA cases and controls defined radiographically and by total hip replacement were selected from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) (654 cases and 4697 controls, combined). Replication of genome-wide significant SNP associations (p ≤5×10(-8)) was examined in five studies (3243 cases and 6891 controls, combined). Functional studies were performed using in vitro models of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. RESULTS The A allele of rs788748, located 65 kb upstream of the IGFBP3 gene, was associated with lower HOA odds at the genome-wide significance level in the discovery stage (OR 0.71, p=2×10(-8)). The association replicated in five studies (OR 0.92, p=0.020), but the joint analysis of discovery and replication results was not genome-wide significant (p=1×10(-6)). In separate study populations, the rs788748 A allele was also associated with lower circulating IGFBP3 protein levels (p=4×10(-13)), suggesting that this SNP or a variant in linkage disequilibrium could be an IGFBP3 regulatory variant. Results from functional studies were consistent with association results. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, a deleterious event in OA pathogenesis, was largely prevented upon IGFBP3 knockdown in chondrocytes. Furthermore, IGFBP3 overexpression induced cartilage catabolism and osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Results from GWAS and functional studies provided suggestive links between IGFBP3 and HOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frederic Cailotto
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neeta Parimi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martha C Castaño-Betancourt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Rotterdam/Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Youfang Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopedics, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Rotterdam/Leiden, The Netherlands Departments of Medicine and Orthopedics, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA Division of Epidemiology, Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, King's College London, London, UK Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael C Nevitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- Division of Epidemiology, Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jordan B Renner
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanne M Jordan
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopedics, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Doherty
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally A Doherty
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Rotterdam/Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rik J Lories
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nancy E Lane
- University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Liu Q, Cui Q, Li XJ, Jin L. The applications of buckminsterfullerene C60 and derivatives in orthopaedic research. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:71-9. [PMID: 24409811 PMCID: PMC4124742 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.877894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Buckminsterfullerene C60 and derivatives have been extensively explored in biomedical research due to their unique structure and unparalleled physicochemical properties. C60 is characterized as a "free radical sponge" with an anti-oxidant efficacy several hundred-fold higher than conventional anti-oxidants. Also, the C60 core has a strong electron-attracting ability and numerous functional compounds with widely different properties can be added to this fullerene cage. This review focused on the applications of C60 and derivatives in orthopaedic research, such as the treatment of cartilage degeneration, bone destruction, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), vertebral bone marrow disorder, radiculopathy, etc., as well as their toxicity in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that C60 and derivatives, especially the C60 cores coupled with functional groups presenting new biological and pharmacological activities, are advantageous in orthopaedic research and will be promising in clinical performance for musculoskeletal disorders treatment; however, the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of these agents as local/systemic administration need to be carefully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Jin
- Correspondence: Li Jin, Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 800374, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Tel: 434-982-4135. Fax: 434-982-1691.
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Enochson L, Stenberg J, Brittberg M, Lindahl A. GDF5 reduces MMP13 expression in human chondrocytes via DKK1 mediated canonical Wnt signaling inhibition. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:566-77. [PMID: 24561281 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is important for joint formation and associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Its role for the homeostasis of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is, however, unknown. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is also implemented in OA and activation of the pathway has detrimental effects on the cartilage ECM. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of GDF5 stimulation on the Wnt signaling pathway and on the expression of known modulators of cartilage ECM. DESIGN Human chondrocytes were cultured in the pellet mass system and stimulated with increasing concentrations of GDF5. Expression of matrix modulating enzymes and canonical Wnt inhibitors dickkopf 1 (DKK1) and frizzled related protein (FRZB) were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Protein levels of matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP13), DKK1 and β-catenin were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Canonical Wnt signaling was stimulated with Wnt3a and small molecule CHIR-99021 and DKK1 was blocked with small molecule WAY-262611. RESULTS In this study, we show that GDF5 stimulation of human chondrocytes inhibits expression of the cartilage ECM degrading enzymes MMP13 and ADAMTS4 and stimulates the expression of cartilage anabolic genes ACAN and SOX9. We further show that the stimulation inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through expression of the canonical Wnt inhibitors DKK1 and FRZB. Finally we show that inhibition of MMP13 expression through GDF5 stimulation is mediated by DKK1. CONCLUSION Herein, we provide evidence of a previously unknown link between GDF5 signaling and canonical Wnt signaling that may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Enochson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - J Stenberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - M Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, Gothenburg University, Department of Orthopaedics, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden.
| | - A Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Ratnayake M, Plöger F, Santibanez-Koref M, Loughlin J. Human chondrocytes respond discordantly to the protein encoded by the osteoarthritis susceptibility gene GDF5. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86590. [PMID: 24466161 PMCID: PMC3897745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic deficit mediated by SNP rs143383 that leads to reduced expression of GDF5 is strongly associated with large-joint osteoarthritis. We speculated that this deficit could be attenuated by the application of exogenous GDF5 protein and as a first step we have assessed what effect such application has on primary osteoarthritis chondrocyte gene expression. Chondrocytes harvested from cartilage of osteoarthritic patients who had undergone joint replacement were cultured with wildtype recombinant mouse and human GDF5 protein. We also studied variants of GDF5, one that has a higher affinity for the receptor BMPR-IA and one that is insensitive to the GDF5 antagonist noggin. As a positive control, chondrocytes were treated with TGF-β1. Chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer and micromass and the expression of genes coding for catabolic and anabolic proteins of cartilage were measured by quantitative PCR. The expression of the GDF5 receptor genes and the presence of their protein products was confirmed and the ability of GDF5 signal to translocate to the nucleus was demonstrated by the activation of a luciferase reporter construct. The capacity of GDF5 to elicit an intracellular signal in chondrocytes was demonstrated by the phosphorylation of intracellular Smads. Chondrocytes cultured with TGF-β1 demonstrated a consistent down regulation of MMP1, MMP13 and a consistent upregulation of TIMP1 and COL2A1 with both culture techniques. In contrast, chondrocytes cultured with wildtype GDF5, or its variants, did not show any consistent response, irrespective of the culture technique used. Our results show that osteoarthritis chondrocytes do not respond in a predictable manner to culture with exogenous GDF5. This may be a cause or a consequence of the osteoarthritis disease process and will need to be surmounted if treatment with exogenous GDF5 is to be advanced as a potential means to overcome the genetic deficit conferring osteoarthritis susceptibility at this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushika Ratnayake
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mauro Santibanez-Koref
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Loughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Yang X, Shang H, Katz A, Li X. A modified aggregate culture for chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells genetically modified with growth and differentiation factor 5. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:258-65. [PMID: 23914332 PMCID: PMC3731687 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are an attractive cell source for tissue engineering, and recently a modified aggregate culture of human ADSCs (hADSCs) was established based on preparation of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates in growth factor–enriched low serum medium using the hanging droplet method. Growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) plays a critical role in chondrogenesis and cartilage development. In the present study, we examine (1) whether the modified aggregate culture is feasible for chondrogenic induction of hADSCs, (2) whether overexpressed GDF5 can promote chondrogenesis, and (3) the gene expression profile during chondrogenesis in this aggregate culture. hADSCs were infected with an adenovirus carrying the GDF5 gene (Ad-GDF5). Cells were cultured with chondrogenic media either in a modified aggregate culture or in an attached micromass culture that served as a control. The chondrogenic phenotype was assessed by morphology (n=8), biochemistry (n=3), and histology (n=2). Expression of 12 genes was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n=3). We found that ADSCs cultured in the modified aggregates exhibited denser pellets and higher content of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) compared with those cultured in the micromass. Infection of cells with Ad-GDF5 increased the aggregate size and sGAG content. It also up-regulated expression of GDF5, aggrecan, and leptin and down-regulated expression of COL I, while expression of COL II and COL 10 remained unchanged. We concluded that the modified aggregate culture is feasible for chondrogenic induction of human ADSCs. Infection with Ad-GDF5 appears to promote the chondrogenesis. These findings suggest that genetic modification of ADSCs with GDF5 in the modified aggregate culture could be useful for treating diseases with cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Yang
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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17
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Sági B, Maraghechi P, Urbán VS, Hegyi B, Szigeti A, Fajka-Boja R, Kudlik G, Német K, Monostori É, Gócza E, Uher F. Positional Identity of Murine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Resident in Different Organs Is Determined in the Postsegmentation Mesoderm. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:814-28. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Sági
- National Blood Service, Stem Cell Biology Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Veronika S. Urbán
- National Blood Service, Stem Cell Biology Unit, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Hegyi
- National Blood Service, Stem Cell Biology Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szigeti
- National Blood Service, Laboratory of Experimental Gene Therapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberta Fajka-Boja
- Lymphocyte Signal Transduction Laboratory, Biological Research Center of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kudlik
- National Blood Service, Stem Cell Biology Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Német
- National Blood Service, Laboratory of Experimental Gene Therapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Monostori
- Lymphocyte Signal Transduction Laboratory, Biological Research Center of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elen Gócza
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Uher
- National Blood Service, Stem Cell Biology Unit, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Cheng X, Yang T, Meng W, Liu H, Zhang T, Shi R. Overexpression of GDF5 through an adenovirus vector stimulates osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:56-67. [PMID: 22287558 DOI: 10.1159/000330791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells combined with gene therapy could be an important way to facilitate bone regeneration. In this study, the aim was to investigate the potential of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) to genetically manipulate human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for bone regeneration. Recombinant adenovirus Ad-GDF5 and Ad-GFP were constructed and identified, and the titer of both were determined. Third-passage hMSCs were infected with adenovirus, and the expression of GDF5 was confirmed by detection of GFP-positive cells, GDF5 mRNA levels, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). hMSCs at passage 3 were divided into four groups: (1) an experimental group infected with Ad-GDF5, (2) a positive control group cultured with osteogenic differentiation medium, (3) a control group infected with Ad-GFP cultured with standard medium, and (4) a blank control group cultured with standard medium. Evaluation of cell morphology and proliferation, analysis of the expression of genes related to osteogenic differentiation, von Kossa staining, and immunofluorescent staining of collagen I were used to investigate the osteogenesis of cells among the groups. After culturing the cells for 2 days under each corresponding condition, the cells were detached and subcutaneously injected into the backs of nude mice to evaluate bone formation. Samples were collected for histological staining, protein Western blotting, and micro-computer tomography. When infected with Ad-GDF5, hMSCs could overexpress GDF5 for a prolonged period in vitro and reach a concentration of 160 ng/ml. Cells infected with Ad-GDF5 or cultured in osteogenic medium displayed osteogenic differentiation based on their histological and cellular properties and on their gene and protein expression patterns. Furthermore, Ad-GDF5 showed a better ability to upregulate the expression of collagen I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin mRNA than the osteogenic medium. Furthermore, Ad-GDF5 expression was associated with enhanced bone formation in vivo. Our findings suggest that hMSCs infected with Ad-GDF5 can differentiate in an osteogenic direction and may be a promising cell source for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Abstract
Rotator cuff repair is a common orthopedic procedure. Despite advances in surgical technique, the rotator cuff tendons often fail to heal after surgery. In recent years, a number of biologic strategies have been developed and tested to augment healing after rotator cuff repair. These strategies include allograft, extracellular matrices (ECMs), platelet rich plasma (PRP), growth factors, stem cells, and gene therapy. This chapter reviews the most current research on biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Montgomery
- Orthopaedic Surgery Education Office, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Room 76-143 CHS 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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20
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Zhang B, Yang S, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Xia T, Xu W, Ye S. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced by growth differentiation factor 5: an improved self-assembly tissue engineering method for cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:1189-99. [PMID: 21875359 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that novel scaffold-free self-assembled constructs can be an ideal alternative for cartilage tissue engineered based on scaffolds, which has many limitations. However, many questions remain, including the choice of seeding cells and the role of growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) in constructing self-assembled engineered cartilages. Moreover, whether the optimum construct is effective in human chondral defect repair is still unknown. In this study, we generated self-assembled constructs of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using four different approaches: direct self-assembly of hMSCs with or without GDF-5, and predifferentiated hMSCs self-assembly with or without GDF-5. Histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemistry analyses indicated that the constructs generated from predifferentiated hMSCs induced by GDF-5 (Group D2) exhibited up-regulated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen expression and contained higher amounts of GAG and total collagen than any other group. After 3-weeks of in vitro culturing of the constructs in a chondral defects explant culture system, the contructs from Group D2 were stably adhered to the surface of the cartilage matrix. Immunohistochemically, the repair tissue was positive for type II collagen, toluidine blue, and safranin O. These data demonstrated that the generation of self-assembled tissue-engineered cartilage from chondrogenically differentiated hMSCs induced by GDF-5 is a promising therapeutic strategy for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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21
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Gulotta LV, Kovacevic D, Packer JD, Ehteshami JR, Rodeo SA. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human bone morphogenetic protein-13 does not improve rotator cuff healing in a rat model. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:180-7. [PMID: 20956264 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510379339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing occurs by formation of a scar tissue interface after repair, which makes it prone to failure. Bone morphogenetic protein-13 (BMP-13) has been implicated in tendon and cartilage repair, and thus may augment rotator cuff repairs. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transduced with BMP-13 could improve regeneration of the tendon-bone insertion site in a rat rotator cuff repair model. HYPOTHESIS Mesenchymal stem cells genetically modified to overexpress BMP-13 will improve rotator cuff healing based on histologic and biomechanical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixty Lewis rats underwent unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon and 10 rats were used for MSC harvest. Animals were randomized into 2 groups (30 animals/group). The experimental group received 10⁶ MSCs transduced with adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human BMP-13 (Ad-BMP-13). The second group received untransduced MSCs. Fifteen animals in each group were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks. At each time point, 12 animals were allocated for biomechanical testing, and 3 for histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS There were no differences in the amount of new cartilage formation or collagen fiber organization between groups at either time point. There were also no differences in the biomechanical strength of the repairs, the cross-sectional area, peak stress at failure, or stiffness. CONCLUSION Application of MSCs genetically modified to overexpress BMP-13 did not improve healing in a rat model of rotator cuff repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Further studies are needed to evaluate various growth factors and combinations of growth factors to determine the optimal factor for the biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repairs.
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Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T, Bertrand J. Cartilage biology, pathology, and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4197-211. [PMID: 20734104 PMCID: PMC11115553 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common forms of musculoskeletal disease and the most prominent type of arthritis encountered in all countries. Although great efforts have been made to investigate cartilage biology and osteoarthritis pathology, the treatment has lagged behind that of other arthritides, as there is a lack of effective disease-modifying therapies. Numerous approaches for dealing with cartilage degradation have been tried, but enjoyed very little success to develop approved OA treatments with not only symptomatic improvement but also structure-modifying effect. In this review we discuss the most recent findings regarding the regulation of cartilage biology and pathology and highlight their potential therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Umlauf
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Svetlana Frank
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Jiang Y, Chen LK, Zhu DC, Zhang GR, Guo C, Qi YY, Ouyang HW. The Inductive Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 on Chondral-Lineage Differentiation and In Situ Cartilage Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1621-32. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- YangZi Jiang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Kun Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Cheng Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo Rong Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ying Qi
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wei Ouyang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Moore YR, Dickinson DP, Wikesjö UME. Growth/differentiation factor-5: a candidate therapeutic agent for periodontal regeneration? A review of pre-clinical data. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:288-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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GDF-5 is suppressed by IL-1β and enhances TGF-β3-mediated chondrogenic differentiation in human rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cao Z, Lee HS, Song JH, Yoon JW, Park YK, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5) Core Promoter Polymorphism Is Not Associated with Susceptibility to Osteoarthritis of the Knee in the Korean Population. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical Collage, Binzhou, China
| | - Hwa Sung Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hwi Song
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Whan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Kyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Le Maitre CL, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. Expression of cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein in human intervertebral discs and its effect on matrix synthesis in degenerate human nucleus pulposus cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R137. [PMID: 19754961 PMCID: PMC2787300 DOI: 10.1186/ar2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Loss of intervertebral disc (IVD) matrix and ultimately disc height as a result of 'degeneration' has been implicated as a major cause of low back pain (LBP). The use of anabolic growth factors as therapies to regenerate IVD matrix, hence restoring disc height and thus reversing degenerative disc disease, has been suggested. Cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein (CDMP) is a growth factor which stimulates proteoglycan production in chondrocyte-like cells and thus could be a useful growth factor for LBP therapies. However, little is known about the expression of CDMP or its receptor in human IVD, nor its effects on human disc cells. Methods Using immunohistochemistry we investigated the localisation of CDMP in non-degenerate and degenerate human IVDs. Additionally, we investigated the effect of CDMP on aggrecan and type II collagen gene expression and proteoglycan synthesis in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells derived from degenerate IVDs. Results We demonstrated that CDMP 1 and 2 were expressed in the non-degenerate and degenerate IVD, particularly in cells of the NP. A small decrease in the number of CDMP 1 and 2 immunopositive cells was seen with degeneration. Treatment of human NP cells, (derived from degenerate IVD), with CDMP showed an increase in aggrecan and type II collagen gene expression and increased production of proteoglycan (GAGs). Conclusions The data suggests that CDMP may be a useful growth factor to stimulate proteoglycan production in the human degenerate IVD and hence the repair of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Le Maitre
- Biomedical Research Centre, Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Owen Building, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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Bramlage CP, Kaps C, Ungethüm U, Bramlage P, Koziolek M, Wessels J, Krenn V, Pruß A, Müller GA, Strutz F, Burmester G, Häupl T. Modulatory effects of inflammation and therapy on GDF‐5 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 37:401-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740802120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wei A, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Shen B, Kishen T, Duffy N, Diwan AD. BMP13 prevents the effects of annular injury in an ovine model. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:388-96. [PMID: 19521550 PMCID: PMC2695250 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic back pain is a global health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and carries significant economic and social morbidities. Intervertebral disc damage and degeneration is a major cause of back pain, characterised by histological and biochemical changes that have been well documented in animal models. Recently there has been intense interest in early intervention in disc degeneration using growth factors or stem cell transplantation, to replenish the diseased tissues. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have been approved for clinical use in augmenting spinal fusions, and may represent candidate molecules for intervertebral disc regeneration. BMP13 has an important role in embryonic development and recent genetic evidence shows a role in the development of the human spine. This study explores the effect of BMP13 on a damaged intervertebral disc in an ovine model of discal degeneration. We found that, when injected at the time of injury, BMP13 reversed or arrested histological changes that occurred in the control discs such as loss of extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, BMP13 injected discs retained greater hydration after 4months, and possessed more cells in the NP. Taken together, BMP13 may be a potent clinical therapeutic agent when used early in the degeneration cascade to promote healthy disc tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Hurtig M, Chubinskaya S, Dickey J, Rueger D. BMP-7 protects against progression of cartilage degeneration after impact injury. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:602-11. [PMID: 18985691 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vivo studies were used to characterize a model of cartilage injury leading to osteoarthritis progression in the medial femorotibial joint of sheep. In three subsequent studies, bilateral impact injuries were created and one joint received intraarticular injections of 340 microg of rhBMP-7 protein in a collagen particle carrier while the contralateral knee received the vehicle alone. Sheep were allocated to three groups that received intraarticular injections on day 0 (group A), 21 (group B), or 90 (group C) after experimental knee injury. In each group the, joints were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis progression 90 days after the last treatment using India ink stained area, OARSI histological scoring, cartilage sGAG content, immunostaining for apoptosis (TUNEL), caspase-3, collagen degradation (Col 2 3/4C short collagen epitope), and the endogenous (pro-) form of BMP-7 protein. Knee joints that received rhBMP-7 immediately after injury had small focal lesions at the injury site that did not progress into the surrounding cartilage. Joints that received BMP-7 3 weeks after injury were improved and had limited progression compared to controls, but joints that received the protein 12 weeks after injury had no statistically significant improvement. These studies suggest that BMP-7 may be chondroprotective after traumatic injury in patients if it is administered within 3 to 4 weeks of the index injury. The mechanism of protection after sublethal injury appeared to be an increased survival of chondrocytes that are able to participate in the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, 50 McGilvray Lane, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Tardif G, Pelletier JP, Boileau C, Martel-Pelletier J. The BMP antagonists follistatin and gremlin in normal and early osteoarthritic cartilage: an immunohistochemical study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:263-70. [PMID: 18691909 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) activities are controlled in part by antagonists. In human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, the BMP antagonists follistatin and gremlin are increased but differentially regulated. Using the OA dog model, we determined if these BMP antagonists were produced at different stages during the disease process by comparing their in situ temporal and spatial distribution. METHODS Dogs were sacrificed at 4, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after surgery; normal dogs served as control. Cartilage was removed, differentiating fibrillated and non-fibrillated areas. Immunohistochemistry and morphometric analyses were performed for follistatin, gremlin, BMP-2/4 and IL-1beta. Growth factor-induced gremlin expression was assessed in dog chondrocytes. RESULTS Follistatin and gremlin production were very low in normal cartilage. Gremlin was significantly up-regulated in both non-fibrillated and fibrillated areas at 4 weeks, and only slightly increased with disease progression. Follistatin showed a time-dependent increased level in the non-fibrillated areas with significance reached at 8-12 weeks; in the fibrillated areas significant high levels were seen as early as 4 weeks. In the whole cartilage, follistatin and IL-1beta temporal production showed similar patterns; this was also true for gremlin and BMP-2/4, though BMP-2/4 production was already high in the normal dogs. Interestingly, data revealed that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) could be another factor increasing gremlin expression early in the disease process. Comparison between superficial and deep zones revealed similar patterns for follistatin and IL-1beta in the superficial zone only; gremlin and BMP-2/4 had similar patterns in both zones. CONCLUSION Data show, for the first time, different spatial and temporal production of gremlin and follistatin in cartilage during OA progression. These findings may reflect different roles for each antagonist in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tardif
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sunk IG, Demetriou D, Szendroedi J, Amoyo L, Raffetseder A, Hörl WH, Sunder-Plassmann G, Smolen JS, Bobacz K. Cartilage biomarkers in hemodialysis patients and the effect of beta2-microglobulin on articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1336-42. [PMID: 18457963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) is a severe complication of maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Given the predominant deposition of beta(2)-microglobulin (beta2m) fibrils on articular cartilage in early DRA, we investigated the significance of beta2m and its relationship to distinct cartilage biomarkers in early DRA diagnosis in HD patients. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of beta2m on articular chondrocytes in vitro. METHODS Serum samples from 133 patients were collected before and after HD. Type II collagen cleavage product (C2C), procollagen II c-propeptide (CPII), aggrecan chondroitin sulfate 846 epitope (CS-486) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured as monolayers and incubated with beta2m at 1.5mg/l and 20mg/l. Cartilage glucosaminoglycan synthesis was measured by [(35)S]sulfate incorporation. mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-3 and -9 was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Incubation with beta2m at 20mg/l significantly decreased matrix biosynthesis. PCR analysis revealed an increase of IL-1beta, as well as MMPs-3 and -9 on the mRNA level. C2C/CPII, CS-486 and COMP levels were increased only in a subset of patients without a significant correlation with beta2m concentrations. A subgroup analysis elucidated an increase in type II collagen degradation during the first years of HD, as shown by the elevation of C2C/CPII ratio. CONCLUSION beta2m exerted anti-anabolic effects on articular chondrocytes in vitro and might be involved in cartilage degradation in HD patients. beta2m serum levels, however, did not reflect cartilage degradation in DRA. The assessment of C2C/CPII, CS-486 or COMP concentrations apparently has minor relevance in DRA diagnosis in HD patients. However, the increased type II collagen breakdown within 5 years after HD onset possibly mirrors the early stages of DRA. Thus, the C2C/CPII ratio could be employed in longitudinal studies, since it may reflect a risk for DRA related arthropathy development in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-G Sunk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Williams LA, Bhargav D, Diwan AD. Unveiling the bmp13 enigma: redundant morphogen or crucial regulator? Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4:318-29. [PMID: 18797508 PMCID: PMC2536705 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins are a diverse group of morphogens with influences not only on bone tissue, as the nomenclature suggests, but on multiple tissues in the body and often at crucial and influential periods in development. The purpose of this review is to identify and discuss current knowledge of one vertebrate BMP, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 13 (BMP13), from a variety of research fields, in order to clarify BMP13's functional contribution to developing and maintaining healthy tissues, and to identify potential future research directions for this intriguing morphogen. BMP13 is highly evolutionarily conserved (active domain >95%) across diverse species from Zebrafish to humans, suggesting a crucial function. In addition, mutations in BMP13 have recently been associated with Klippel-Feil Syndrome, causative of numerous skeletal and developmental defects including spinal disc fusion. The specific nature of BMP13's crucial function is, however, not yet known. The literature for BMP13 is focused largely on its activity in the healing of tendon-like tissues, or in comparisons with other BMP family molecules for whom a clear function in embryo development or osteogenic differentiation has been identified. There is a paucity of detailed information regarding BMP13 protein activity, structure or protein processing. Whilst some activity in the stimulation of osteogenic or cartilaginous gene expression has been reported, and BMP13 expression is found in post natal cartilage and tendon tissues, there appears to be a redundancy of function in the BMP family, with several members capable of stimulating similar tissue responses. This review aims to summarise the known or potential role(s) for BMP13 in a variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Williams
- Spine Service, St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Martel-Pelletier J, Boileau C, Pelletier JP, Roughley PJ. Cartilage in normal and osteoarthritis conditions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008; 22:351-84. [PMID: 18455690 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The preservation of articular cartilage depends on keeping the cartilage architecture intact. Cartilage strength and function depend on both the properties of the tissue and on their structural parameters. The main structural macromolecules are collagen and proteoglycans (aggrecan). During life, cartilage matrix turnover is mediated by a multitude of complex autocrine and paracrine anabolic and catabolic factors. These act on the chondrocytes and can lead to repair, remodeling or catabolic processes like those that occur in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterized by degradation and loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and, at the clinical stage of the disease, inflammation of the synovial membrane. The alterations in osteoarthritic cartilage are numerous and involve morphologic and metabolic changes in chondrocytes, as well as biochemical and structural alterations in the extracellular matrix macromolecules.
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Feng G, Wan Y, Balian G, Laurencin CT, Li X. Adenovirus-mediated expression of growth and differentiation factor-5 promotes chondrogenesis of adipose stem cells. Growth Factors 2008; 26:132-42. [PMID: 18569021 PMCID: PMC3034080 DOI: 10.1080/08977190802105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage injuries is impeded by the avascular and non-innervated nature of cartilage. Transplantation of autologous chondrocytes has a limited ability to augment the repair process due to the highly differentiated state of chondrocytes and the risks of donor-site morbidity. Mesenchymal stem cells can undergo chondrogenesis in the presence of growth factors for cartilage defect repair. Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) plays an important role in chondrogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of GDF5 on chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and evaluate the chondrogenic potentials of GDF5 genetically engineered ADSCs using an in vitro pellet culture model. Rat ADSCs were grown as pellet cultures and treated with chondrogenic media (CM). Induction of GDF5 by an adenovirus (Ad-GDF5) was compared with exogenous supplementation of GDF5 (100 ng/ml) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1; 10 ng/ml). The ADSCs underwent chondrogenic differentiation in response to GDF5 exposure as demonstrated by production of proteoglycan, and up-regulation of collagen II and aggrecan at the protein and mRNA level. The chondrogenic potential of a one-time infection with Ad-GDF5 was weaker than exogenous GDF5, but equal to that of TGF-beta1. Stimulation with growth factors or CM alone induced transient expression of the mRNA for collagen X, indicating a need for optimization of the CM. Our findings indicate that GDF5 is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis in ADSCs, and that ADSCs genetically engineered to express prochondrogenic growth factors, such as GDF5, may be a promising therapeutic cell source for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Clinical Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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Gunja NJ, Athanasiou KA. Passage and reversal effects on gene expression of bovine meniscal fibrochondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R93. [PMID: 17854486 PMCID: PMC2212577 DOI: 10.1186/ar2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The knee meniscus contains a mixed population of cells that exhibit fibroblastic as well as chondrocytic characteristics. Tissue engineering studies and future therapies for the meniscus require a large population of cells that are seeded on scaffolds. To achieve this, monolayer expansion is often used as a technique to increase cell number. However, the phenotype of these cells may be significantly different from that of the primary population. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in meniscal fibrochondrocytes at the gene expression level over four passages using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cells from the inner two-thirds of bovine medial menisci were used. Four extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, commonly found in the meniscus, were investigated, namely collagen I, collagen II, aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). In addition, primary and passaged meniscus fibrochondrocytes were placed on surfaces coated with collagen I or aggrecan protein to investigate whether any gene expression changes resulting from passage could be reversed. Collagen I expression was found to increase with the number of passages, whereas collagen II and COMP expression decreased. Collagen I and aggrecan surface coatings were shown to downregulate and upregulate collagen I and COMP expression levels, respectively, in passaged cells. However, decreases in collagen II expression could not be reversed by either protein coating. These results indicate that although monolayer expansion results in significant changes in gene expression in meniscal fibrochondrocytes, protein coatings may be used to regain the primary cell expression of several ECM molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmuddin J Gunja
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA
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Bobacz K, Sunk IG, Hayer S, Amoyo L, Tohidast-Akrad M, Kollias G, Smolen JS, Schett G. Differentially regulated expression of growth differentiation factor 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 in articular cartilage and synovium in murine chronic arthritis: potential importance for cartilage breakdown and synovial hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:109-18. [PMID: 18163510 DOI: 10.1002/art.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the endogenous expression of growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) is altered in the cartilage and synovium of human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-transgenic (hTNFtg) mice with chronic arthritis, and to investigate the response of hTNFtg chondrocytes as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) to these morphogens in vitro. METHODS Analyses were performed in hTNFtg mice with chronic destructive arthritis and in wild-type (WT) mice as controls. Expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 in the articular cartilage and synovium was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Human TNFtg cartilage explants, chondrocytes, and FLS monolayer cultures were assessed for basal matrix biosynthesis as well as growth factor responsiveness, using (35)S-sulfate incorporation assays. In addition, the DNA content/cell proliferation rate was measured. RESULTS The expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 was decreased in articular cartilage from hTNFtg mice, whereas expression of both morphogens was increased in arthritic synovium from hTNFtg mice, as compared with the levels in WT controls. Isotope incorporation revealed a marked reduction of matrix synthesis in hTNFtg cartilage as well as a decrease in responsiveness to GDF-5 and BMP-7. The DNA content did not change in arthritic cartilage as compared with WT cartilage. In hTNFtg FLS, growth factor stimulation increased the rate of cell proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION In this murine model of TNFalpha-mediated arthritis, the expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 is regulated differentially in articular cartilage and synovium. In articular cartilage, the down-regulation of GDF-5 and BMP-7, which function to maintain matrix integrity, could potentially compromise tissue repair, whereas in synovium, the increased expression of GDF-5 and BMP-7 might contribute to synovial hypertrophy.
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Vogt S, Ueblacker P, Geis C, Wagner B, Wexel G, Tischer T, Krüger A, Plank C, Anton M, Martinek V, Imhoff AB, Gansbacher B. Efficient and stable gene transfer of growth factors into chondrogenic cells and primary articular chondrocytes using a VSV.G pseudotyped retroviral vector. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1242-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cui M, Wan Y, Anderson DG, Shen FH, Leo BM, Laurencin CT, Balian G, Li X. Mouse growth and differentiation factor-5 protein and DNA therapy potentiates intervertebral disc cell aggregation and chondrogenic gene expression. Spine J 2008; 8:287-95. [PMID: 17974491 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5)-deficient mice showed abnormalities in intervertebral disc (IVD) structure and extracellular matrix. Adenovirus-mediated GDF-5 delivery can promote the growth of rabbit disc cells. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of recombinant GDF-5 protein and GDF-5 complementary DNA (cDNA) on the metabolism of IVD cells. STUDY DESIGN The effects of recombinant GDF-5 protein and GDF-5 cDNA on mouse IVD cells will be evaluated in vitro. METHODS Mouse disc cells in vitro were treated with recombinant GDF-5 protein. Mouse GDF-5 cDNA was cloned into an expression vector and was used to transfect mouse disc cells in vitro. Therapy with GDF-5 protein and cDNA was assessed by measuring cell proliferation, proteoglycan production, and extracellular matrix gene expression. RESULTS Biochemical assays revealed an elevated sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA ratio in mouse IVD cells that were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of mouse GDF-5(mGDF-5) protein. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that treating the cells with GDF-5 protein increased the expression of the collagen Type II and aggrecan genes in a dose-dependent manner but decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 gene expression. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase in the aggregation of mouse IVD cells that were treated with mGDF-5 in culture compared with the control group. The mouse GDF-5 gene was successfully cloned into an expression plasmid vector, and GDF-5 protein production was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Type II collagen and aggrecan gene expression by the cells increased significantly in the cells that were transfected by nucleofection with the GDF-5 plasmid compared with cells that were transfected with a control plasmid. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the cloning of the mouse GDF-5 gene and use of the nucleofection method to transfer DNA into IVD cells. The data suggest that both recombinant protein and the cDNA forms of GDF-5 can increase the expression of genes for extracellular matrix proteins in mouse IVD cells. Future attempts at gene therapy to treat degenerative disc disease with a novel ex vivo gene transfer technique are needed to develop a therapy that would alleviate the condition of patients with clinically relevant axial spine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Hospital Drive, Cobb Hall, P.O. Box 800374, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Miyamoto Y, Mabuchi A, Shi D, Kubo T, Takatori Y, Saito S, Fujioka M, Sudo A, Uchida A, Yamamoto S, Ozaki K, Takigawa M, Tanaka T, Nakamura Y, Jiang Q, Ikegawa S. A functional polymorphism in the 5′ UTR of GDF5 is associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Nat Genet 2007; 39:529-33. [PMID: 17384641 DOI: 10.1038/2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (MIM 165720), characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage, is the most common form of human arthritis and a major concern for aging societies worldwide. Epidemiological and genetic studies have shown that osteoarthritis is a polygenic disease. Here, we report that the gene encoding growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is associated with osteoarthritis in Asian populations. A SNP in the 5' UTR of GDF5 (+104T/C; rs143383) showed significant association (P = 1.8 x 10(-13)) with hip osteoarthritis in two independent Japanese populations. This association was replicated for knee osteoarthritis in Japanese (P = 0.0021) and Han Chinese (P = 0.00028) populations. This SNP, located in the GDF5 core promoter, exerts allelic differences on transcriptional activity in chondrogenic cells, with the susceptibility allele showing reduced activity. Our findings implicate GDF5 as a susceptibility gene for osteoarthritis and suggest that decreased GDF5 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Steenvoorden MMC, Tolboom TCA, van der Pluijm G, Löwik C, Visser CPJ, DeGroot J, Gittenberger-DeGroot AC, DeRuiter MC, Wisse BJ, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM. Transition of healthy to diseased synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with gain of mesenchymal/fibrotic characteristics. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R165. [PMID: 17076892 PMCID: PMC1794508 DOI: 10.1186/ar2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy synovial lining layer consists of a single cell layer that regulates the transport between the joint cavity and the surrounding tissue. It has been suggested that abnormalities such as somatic mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene contribute to synovial hyperplasia and invasion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, expression of epithelial markers on healthy and diseased synovial lining tissue was examined. In addition, we investigated whether a regulated process, resembling epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)/fibrosis, could be responsible for the altered phenotype of the synovial lining layer in RA. Synovial tissue from healthy subjects and RA patients was obtained during arthroscopy. To detect signs of EMT, expression of E-cadherin (epithelial marker), collagen type IV (indicator of the presence of a basement membrane) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-sma; a myofibroblast marker) was investigated on frozen tissue sections using immunohistochemistry. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from healthy subjects were isolated and subjected to stimulation with synovial fluid (SF) from two RA patients and to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. To detect whether EMT/fibrotic markers were increased, expression of collagen type I, α-sma and telopeptide lysylhydroxylase (TLH) was measured by real time PCR. Expression of E-cadherin and collagen type IV was found in healthy and arthritic synovial tissue. Expression of α-sma was only found in the synovial lining layer of RA patients. Stimulation of healthy FLSs with SF resulted in an upregulation of α-sma and TLH mRNA. Collagen type I and TLH mRNA were upregulated after stimulation with TGF-β. Addition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 to healthy FLS stimulated with SF inhibited the expression of α-sma mRNA. The finding that E-cadherin and collagen type IV are expressed in the lining layer of healthy and arthritic synovium indicates that these lining cells display an epithelial-like phenotype. In addition, the presence of α-sma in the synovial lining layer of RA patients and induction of fibrotic markers in healthy FLSs by SF from RA patients indicate that a regulated process comparable to EMT might cause the alteration in phenotype of RA FLSs. Therefore, BMP-7 may represent a promising agent to counteract the transition imposed on synoviocytes in the RA joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan MC Steenvoorden
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit Biomedical Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja CA Tolboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis PJ Visser
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rijnland Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DeGroot
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit Biomedical Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom WJ Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René EM Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fahlgren A, Chubinskaya S, Messner K, Aspenberg P. A capsular incision leads to a fast osteoarthritic response, but also elevated levels of activated osteogenic protein-1 in rabbit knee joint cartilage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 16:456-62. [PMID: 17121649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether a small capsular incision alone, or combined with meniscectomy could induce early osteoarthritic changes in the rabbit knee. Thirty-one rabbits were operated on with a capsular incision in the left knee and meniscectomy in the right knee. Another 12 rabbits were used as controls. The rabbits were killed 3, 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Osteoarthritic changes in the articular cartilage were evaluated by the modified Mankin score. The subchondral bone was evaluated by scintimetry ((99m)Tc-HDP) and semiquantitative grading of histological changes. Osteogenic protein (OP-1) in its mature and pro-form was examined by immunohistochemistry. Both a capsular incision and meniscectomy induced articular cartilage fibrillation and increased bone metabolic activity during the initial weeks after surgery. Capsular incision led to lesser changes than meniscectomy. Mature OP-1 was elevated, and its pro-form reduced, in meniscectomized knees. A similar pattern was observed in knees with capsular incision. Already 3 weeks after surgery, the articular cartilage and subchondral bone showed typical signs of early osteoarthritis (OA), and a reparative response was suggested by increased intensity of OP-1 staining. As these signs were also found in knees with capsular incision only, it appears that trauma-related factors such as increased bleeding and inflammation are critical for the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fahlgren
- Division of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Bobacz K, Sunk IG, Hofstaetter JG, Amoyo L, Toma CD, Akira S, Weichhart T, Saemann M, Smolen JS. Toll-like receptors and chondrocytes: The lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease in cartilage matrix synthesis is dependent on the presence of toll-like receptor 4 and antagonized by bone morphogenetic protein 7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1880-93. [PMID: 17530716 DOI: 10.1002/art.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the presence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1-9 in human articular cartilage, and to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of TLR-4 on biosynthetic activity and matrix production by human articular chondrocytes. METHODS TLRs 1-9 were assessed in human articular cartilage by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); TLR-4 was also analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Articular chondrocytes were isolated from human donors and from wild-type or TLR-4(-/-) mice. Chondrocyte monolayer cultures were incubated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and LPS in the absence or presence of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Neosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) was measured by (35)S-sulfate incorporation. Endogenous gene expression of cartilage markers as well as IL-1beta was examined using RT-PCR. The involvement of p38 kinase or p44/42 kinase (ERK-1/2) in LPS-mediated TLR-4 signaling was investigated by immunoblotting, RT-PCR, and sGAG synthesis. RESULTS TLRs 1-9 were found on the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in human articular chondrocytes. The presence of TLR-4 was also observed on the protein level. In murine and human articular chondrocytes, but not in chondrocytes derived from TLR-4(-/-) mice, stimulation with LPS resulted in a decrease in total proteoglycan synthesis. IL-1beta mRNA expression was increased by TLR-4 activation, whereas expression of aggrecan and type II collagen was significantly decreased. The presence of BMP-7 and IL-1Ra antagonized the anti-anabolic effects of LPS. Blocking of p38, but not ERK-1/2, resulted in inhibition of both LPS-mediated IL-1beta gene expression and the negative effects of LPS on matrix biosynthesis. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the presence of TLRs in human articular cartilage. The suppressive effects of LPS on cartilage biosynthetic activity are dependent on the presence of TLR-4, are governed, at least in part, by an up-regulation of IL-1beta, and are mediated by p38 kinase. These in vitro data indicate an anti-anabolic effect of TLR-4 in articular chondrocytes that may hamper cartilage repair in various joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bobacz
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Stöve J, Schneider-Wald B, Scharf HP, Schwarz ML. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (bmp-7) stimulates Proteoglycan synthesis in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:639-43. [PMID: 17056223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP-7 is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily which is supposed to be one of the most potent anabolic factors of chondrocytes. In this study we analysed the effect of BMP-7 on three dimensional cultured chondrocytes with and without serum. Cartilage samples from fourteen patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were harvested and chondrocytes were cultivated in alginate-beads with and without serum supplementation (10% FCS). BMP-7 was added in three different concentrations (200, 600 and 1000 ng/ml). After 4 and 21 days PG concentration was determined by a Blyscan-Assay. For gene expression analysis of aggrecan (AGG) quantitative Lightcycler-PCR was used to estimate the mRNA levels. Under serumfree culture conditions there was no stimulation after 4 days but there was a twofold increase of PG concentration after 21 days. Using BMP-7 together with serum supplemented medium we found comparable results, however not as pronounced. AGG expression was increased only after 4 days but not after 21 days. Beside a stimulatory effect under serumfree conditions we also found a stimulatory effect of BMP-7 in the presence of serum. This study pronounces that BMP-7 might be a suitable anabolic activator of osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stöve
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Mannheim, Faculty of Clinical Medicine of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, D - 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Bobacz K, Ullrich R, Amoyo L, Erlacher L, Smolen JS, Graninger WB. Stimulatory effects of distinct members of the bone morphogenetic protein family on ligament fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:169-77. [PMID: 15975973 PMCID: PMC1798028 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of cartilage derived morphogenetic protein-1 and -2 (CDMP-1, CDMP-2), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 and BMP-6 on metabolism of ligament fibroblasts and their osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation potential. METHODS Ligament fibroblasts were obtained from 3 month old calves, plated as monolayers or micromass cultures, and incubated with or without CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6. Expression of the indicated growth factors was assessed by RT-PCR and western immunoblotting. The presence of their respective type I and II receptors, and lineage related markers, was investigated in stimulated and unstimulated cells by RT-PCR and northern blotting. Biosynthesis of matrix proteoglycans was assessed by [(35)S]sulphate incorporation in monolayers. Alcian blue and toluidine blue staining was done in micromass cultures. RESULTS CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6 were detected on mRNA and on the protein level. Type I and II receptors were endogenously expressed in unstimulated ligament fibroblasts. The growth factors significantly stimulated total proteoglycan synthesis as assessed by [(35)S]sulphate incorporation. Toluidine blue staining showed cartilage-specific metachromasia in the growth factor treated micromass cultures. Transcription analysis of stimulated ligament fibroblasts demonstrated coexpression of chondrocyte markers but no up regulation of osteogenic markers. CONCLUSION CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6 and their receptors were expressed in ligament tissue. These growth factors induced matrix synthesis in fibroblasts derived from bovine ligament. The preferential expression of cartilage markers in vitro suggests that CDMP-1, CDMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-6 have the potential to induce differentiation towards a chondrogenic phenotype in ligament fibroblasts. Thus, fibroblasts from ligaments may serve as a source for chondrogenesis and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bobacz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Loeser RF, Chubinskaya S, Pacione C, Im HJ. Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits the anabolic activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 and osteogenic protein 1 in adult human articular chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:3910-7. [PMID: 16320338 PMCID: PMC1482464 DOI: 10.1002/art.21472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the chondrocyte anabolic activity promoted by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1). METHODS Human articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads or as cartilage explants in serum-free medium with or without IGF-1 (100 ng/ml), OP-1 (100 ng/ml), or bFGF (0-100 ng/ml). Cell survival, proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis, and total proteoglycan accumulation were measured after 21 days of culture in alginate beads, and proteoglycan synthesis was measured in explants. RESULTS Cell survival was not altered by bFGF at any dose, and chondrocyte proliferation was stimulated only at doses above 1 ng/ml. When combined with IGF-1, 1 ng/ml of bFGF stimulated proliferation to 170% of control, but when combined with IGF-1 and OP-1, proliferation increased to 373% of control. Doses of bFGF of 100 ng/ml decreased total proteoglycan levels accumulated per cell by 60% compared with control and also inhibited the ability of IGF-1 or OP-1 to increase proteoglycan production. Likewise, sulfate incorporation in response to IGF-1 and OP-1 alone or together was completely inhibited by 50 ng/ml bFGF in both alginate and explant cultures. CONCLUSION The anabolic activity of IGF-1 and OP-1, alone and in combination, is significantly inhibited by bFGF. The results suggest that excessive release of bFGF from the cartilage matrix during injury, with loading, or in arthritis could contribute to increased proliferation and reduced anabolic activity in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F. Loeser
- Richard F. Loeser, MD: Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Richard F. Loeser, MD, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, e-mail: ; or to Hee-Jeong Im, PhD, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 Cohn Building, Chicago, IL 60612, e-mail:
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- Susan Chubinskaya, PhD, Carol Pacione, BS, Hee-Jeong Im, PhD: Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carol Pacione
- Susan Chubinskaya, PhD, Carol Pacione, BS, Hee-Jeong Im, PhD: Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Susan Chubinskaya, PhD, Carol Pacione, BS, Hee-Jeong Im, PhD: Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Richard F. Loeser, MD, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, e-mail: ; or to Hee-Jeong Im, PhD, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 Cohn Building, Chicago, IL 60612, e-mail:
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Lories RJU, Daans M, Derese I, Matthys P, Kasran A, Tylzanowski P, Ceuppens JL, Luyten FP. Noggin haploinsufficiency differentially affects tissue responses in destructive and remodeling arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:1736-46. [PMID: 16729286 DOI: 10.1002/art.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The balance between destruction and homeostatic or reparative responses determines the outcome of arthritis. Increasing evidence suggests a role for signaling pathways, essential for development and growth, in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and attempts at repair. Inappropriate activation of such pathways may also have a role in disease progression. We undertook this study to determine the effect of shifting the balance in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in different mouse models of arthritis. METHODS Endogenous levels of noggin, a BMP antagonist, were reduced using heterozygous noggin(+/LacZ) mice in a model of inflammation-driven destruction (methylated bovine serum albumin [mBSA]-induced monarthritis), a model of systemic autoimmune arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis [CIA]), and a model of joint ankylosis (spontaneous arthritis in DBA/1 mice). In addition, we studied BMP inactivation by adenoviral noggin overexpression in destructive arthritis. Cartilage damage and activation of BMP signaling were studied by digital image analysis using Safranin O sulfated glycosaminoglycan staining and immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated Smads (Smads 1, 5, and 8), respectively. RESULTS Noggin haploinsufficiency provided protection for articular cartilage against destruction in mBSA-induced arthritis. Antagonist overexpression rendered cartilage more vulnerable in this model. Noggin gene transfer in knees affected by CIA also enhanced cartilage damage. Haploinsufficiency did not affect CIA, but noggin(+/LacZ) mice had an increased number of CD4-positive cells with normal immune responses. In noggin(+/LacZ) DBA/1 mice with spontaneous arthritis, we observed delayed progression from cartilage to bone formation. CONCLUSION Tight spatiotemporal control of BMP signaling appears to be critical in the response of joint tissues in models of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik J U Lories
- University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lories RJU, Luyten FP. Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling in joint homeostasis and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:287-98. [PMID: 15993360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in therapies that target inflammation and tissue destruction in chronic arthritis, stimulation of tissue repair and restoration of joint function, the ultimate goal of treatment, is far from achieved. We introduce a new paradigm that may help to improve our understanding and management of chronic arthritis. The presence or absence of tissue responses distinguishes destructive arthritis, steady-state arthritis and remodeling arthritis. Increasing evidence suggests that reactivation of embryonic molecular pathways is an important mechanism to stimulate postnatal tissue repair. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have critical roles in skeletal development and joint morphogenesis, but also in postnatal joint homeostasis and joint tissue remodeling. Therefore, modulation of BMP signaling may be an attractive therapeutic target in chronic arthritis to restore homeostasis and function of synovial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik J U Lories
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Bai X, Xiao Z, Pan Y, Hu J, Pohl J, Wen J, Li L. Cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:453-60. [PMID: 15530414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into many types of cells including chondrocytes. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is very important in the regulation of chondrogenesis. Since cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 (CDMP-1) belongs to the TGF-beta superfamily, we tested whether CDMP-1 plays any role in the regulation of the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes using a high density pellet culture system. Based on the histological staining of glycosaminoglycan using toluidine blue dye-binding method we found that CDMP-1 could initiate chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs as did TGF-beta1. However, CDMP-1 was less stimulatory than TGF-beta1. The combination of CDMP-1 and TGF-beta1 synergically induced chondrogenesis of MSCs. This synergic chondrogenic effect of CDMP-1 together with TGF-beta1 was further confirmed by quantification of GAG using dimethylmethylene blue dye-binding assay and immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of cartilage-specific protein collagen II. This study may provide an improved induction approach using MSCs for repairing damaged cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Bobacz K, Erlacher L, Smolen J, Soleiman A, Graninger WB. Chondrocyte number and proteoglycan synthesis in the aging and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:1618-22. [PMID: 15547085 PMCID: PMC1754840 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2002.002162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To correlate the number of chondrocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage with age, and to evaluate the influence of donor age on total proteoglycan synthesis. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from human articular cartilage derived from hip joints with and without osteoarthritic lesions. The cell number was normalised to cartilage sample wet weight. In addition, the influence of age on chondrocyte numbers was assessed histomorphometrically. Chondrocytes were grown as monolayer cultures for seven days in a chemically defined serum-free basal medium. Total proteoglycan synthesis was measured by [(35)S]sulphate incorporation into newly synthesised macromolecules. RESULTS Chondrocyte numbers in healthy cartilage decreased significantly with advancing age (r = -0.69, p<0.0001). In contrast to healthy specimens, chondrocyte numbers were decreased in osteoarthritic cartilage irrespective of and unrelated to age, and differed markedly, by an average of 38%, from the cell numbers found in healthy individuals (p<0.0001). Regarding synthesis of matrix macromolecules, no dependence on patients' age, either in healthy or in osteoarthritic specimens, could be observed. CONCLUSIONS Under the experimental conditions employed, chondrocytes from healthy and osteoarthritic joints synthesised comparable amounts of cartilage macromolecules, independent of age or underlying osteoarthritic disease. Thus the decrease in chondrocyte number in aging and osteoarthritic joints could be a crucial factor in limiting tissue replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bobacz
- Department of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna, Austria.
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