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Carreira LM, Cota J, Alves J, Inácio F, Alexandre-Pires G, Azevedo P. A Pilot Study of the Clinical Effectiveness of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of Stanozolol in Canines with Knee Degenerative Joint Disease and Its Correlation with Serum Interleukin-1β Levels. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1351. [PMID: 38731355 PMCID: PMC11082967 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stanozolol shows promise as an anabolic and anti-catabolic agent for treating degenerative joint disease (DJD). This study assessed the clinical efficacy of a single intra-articular stanozolol injection in canine knees with DJD and its correlation with serum IL-1β levels. Thirty dogs (n = 30) were divided into a control group (CG, n = 10) and a study group (SG, n = 20) with DJD. Pain levels were assessed using the Brown query, and radiographs were taken at T0 and T3. IL-1β levels were quantified via ELISA. Apart from 2 patients, all showed reduced pain intensity, with 15 patients showing improvement at T1 and 3 patients at T2. A positive correlation (r = 0.84; p < 0.01) was found between pain level and IL-1β in 15 patients. No systemic effects were observed. Most patients (18/20) experienced reduced pain. This pilot study suggests stanozolol's potential in managing DJD in dogs. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and understand stanozolol's mechanism in DJD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Miguel Carreira
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre-CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9-9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal (P.A.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.I.); (G.A.-P.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of American Laser Study Club—ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714, USA
| | - João Cota
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre-CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9-9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal (P.A.)
| | - Joao Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Filipa Inácio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.I.); (G.A.-P.)
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.I.); (G.A.-P.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Azevedo
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre-CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9-9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal (P.A.)
- Faculty of American Laser Study Club—ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714, USA
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Etiopathogenesis of Canine Cruciate Ligament Disease: A Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020187. [PMID: 36670727 PMCID: PMC9855089 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs remains a pathoetiologic puzzle. Despite much progress in research over the past years, the systemic and local mechanisms leading to ligament degeneration and structural failure remain largely obscure. This scoping review focuses on pathogenesis and aims at summarizing and interpreting today's knowledge on causes of canine cruciate ligament rupture, i.e., the multifactorial mechanisms leading to degenerative stifle joint disease with collagen matrix degeneration and structural failures. Thus, the initial view of traumatic ligament rupture, fostered by "wear and tear", has clearly been replaced by a new concept of systemic processes linked to progressive degenerative joint disease and ligament failure; thus, the term "cranial cruciate ligament disease" has been coined and is generally accepted. In addition, cruciate ligament rupture in people shares some similarities with the lesion in dogs; therefore, the review also includes comparative studies. The methods used were based on the PRISMA-ScR model (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews).
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Anderson KL, Zulch H, O'Neill DG, Meeson RL, Collins LM. Risk Factors for Canine Osteoarthritis and Its Predisposing Arthropathies: A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:220. [PMID: 32411739 PMCID: PMC7198754 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common clinical and pathological end-point from a range of joint disorders, that ultimately lead to structural and functional decline of the joint with associated lameness and pain. Increasing understanding of the risk factors associated with osteoarthritis will assist in addressing the significant threat it poses to the welfare of the dog population and implementing preventive measures. Presented here, is the first comprehensive systematic review and evaluation of the literature reporting risk factors for canine osteoarthritis. This paper aimed to systematically collate, review and critically evaluate the published literature on risk factors for canine osteoarthritis and its predisposing conditions such as developmental joint dysplasias, cruciate ligament degeneration, and patellar luxation. Peer-reviewed publications were systematically searched for both osteoarthritis and predisposing arthropathies on Web of Science and PubMed following PRISMA (2009) guidelines, using pre-specified combinations of keywords. Sixty-two papers met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated and graded on reporting quality. Identified risk factors included both modifiable factors (neuter status and body weight) for which intervention can potentially affect the risk of occurrence of osteoarthritis, and unmodifiable factors (sex, breed, and age) which can be used to identify individuals most “at risk.” Osteoarthritis in dogs frequently develops from predisposing arthropathies, and therefore risk factors for these are also important to consider. Papers evaluated in this study were rated as medium to high-quality; gap analysis of the literature suggests there would be significant benefit from additional research into the interactions between and relative weighting of risk factors. There are a number of examples where research outcomes are conflicting such as age and sex; and further investigation into these factors would be beneficial to attain greater understanding of the nature of these risks. Comprehensively collating the published risk factors for osteoarthritis and its predisposing conditions offers opportunities to identify possible means for control and reduction within the population through preventative methods and control strategies. These factors are highlighted here, as well as current literature gaps where further research is warranted, to aid future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L Anderson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.,Dogs Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Lisa M Collins
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Ahner CE, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Leary EV, Kuroki K, Cruz CN, Cook JL. Protein biomarkers in serum and urine for determining presence or absence of hip dysplasia in a canine model. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:916-920. [PMID: 30720210 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study compares serum and urine concentrations of relevant protein biomarkers among adult dogs with or without radiographic canine hip dysplasia (CHD). Adult (≥2 years of age), client-owned dogs (n = 74) radiographically categorized as having at least "good" hips (n = 49) or having "mild," "moderate," or "severe" hip dysplasia (n = 25) by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). Urine and serum samples were obtained from each dog at a single time-point and processed and analyzed for relevant protein biomarkers. Urinary concentrations of CTX-II (p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p = 0.002) were significantly lower in dogs with CHD compared to dogs with no CHD. ROC curve analyses were successful in establishing a panel of four biomarkers (urinary CTX-I and II, serum MMP-9, and serum PIICP) with high discriminatory capability for the presence or absence of hip dysplasia in adult dogs (AUC = 0.89). Urine and serum biomarkers can distinguish adult dogs with radiographic CHD from those with no CHD with a sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity of 0.77 using ROC analysis with AUC 0.89. Clinical Significance: This finding suggests that this simple, minimally invasive diagnostic technique has potential for discriminating dysplastic dogs from dogs with normal hips, with possible translational application to humans based on similar etiopathogenesis. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-5, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin E Ahner
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron M Stoker
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Chantelle C Bozynski
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Cristi R Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Emily V Leary
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Missouri, 65212
| | - Keiichi Kuroki
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Carissa N Cruz
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Villa Park Animal Clinic, Los Angeles, California
| | - James L Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Missouri, 65212
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Shahid M, Manchi G, Brunnberg L, Raila J. Use of proteomic analysis to determine the protein constituents of synovial fluid samples from the stifle joints of dogs with and without osteoarthritis secondary to cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:397-403. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Bakker E, Stroobants V, VanDael F, Ryssen BV, Meyer E. Canine synovial fluid biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 2018; 180:328-329. [PMID: 28364073 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E de Bakker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - V Stroobants
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F VanDael
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Van Ryssen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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8
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MMP-2 as an early synovial biomarker for cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:210-5. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-13-06-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To measure the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 in synovial fluid from the stifle joints of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture and to compare that to values from contralateral stifle joints and dogs with clinically normal stifle joints. Additionally, the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were also measured.Methods: Fourteen large breed dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture and 11 large breed normal dogs were included in this prospective clinical study. Synovial fluid was collected from CrCL-ruptured stifle joints, contralateral clinically normal stifle joints of the same dogs, and stifle joints of normal dogs. Serum was also collected. Synovial fluid activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and serum CRP level were measured.Results: The MMP-2 activity in synovial fluid was significantly higher in CrCL-ruptured joints compared to contralateral joints and to stifles from normal dogs. There was no significant difference in activity of MMP-2 in contralateral joints of CrCL-ruptured dogs compared to normal dogs. Both serum CRP level and MMP-9 activity did not differ significantly between the studied conditions.Clinical significance: It was confirmed that MMP-2 activity is significantly related to CrCL rupture, but there was a failure to demonstrate any significant increase in the contralateral joints compared to the stifle joints of normal dogs. The MMP-2 involvement in progressing CrCL disease still has to be defined.
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Adler N, Schoeniger A, Fuhrmann H. Effects of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-1β on inflammatory markers of osteoarthritis in cultured canine chondrocytes. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1264-1272. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.11.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Legrand CB, Lambert CJ, Comblain FV, Sanchez C, Henrotin YE. Review of Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoarthritis: Lessons From Animal Models. Cartilage 2017; 8:211-233. [PMID: 28618869 PMCID: PMC5625856 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516656739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability within the adult population. Currently, its diagnosis is mainly based on clinical examination and standard radiography. To date, there is no way to detect the disease at a molecular level, before the appearance of structural changes and symptoms. So an attractive alternative for monitoring OA is the measurement of biochemical markers in blood, urine, or synovial fluid, which could reflect metabolic changes in joint tissue and therefore disease onset and progression. Animal models are relevant to investigate the early stage of OA and metabolic changes occurring in joint tissues. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the scientific data available in the literature on soluble biomarkers in animal models of OA. Design A literature search was conducted using the PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases between February 1995 and December 2015. All original articles, systematic and narrative reviews published in French or in English were considered. Results We summarized the data of 69 studies and proposed a classification scheme for OA biomarkers in animal studies, largely inspired by the BIPEDS classification. Conclusions Studies about biomarkers and animal models indicate that some markers could be valuable to monitor OA progression and assess therapeutic response in some animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Legrand
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile J. Lambert
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny V. Comblain
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christelle Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves E. Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
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12
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Prospective Clinical Trial for Septic Arthritis: Cartilage Degradation and Inflammation Are Associated with Upregulation of Cartilage Metabolites. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5491971. [PMID: 27688601 PMCID: PMC5027315 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5491971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Intra-articular infections can rapidly lead to osteoarthritic degradation. The aim of this clinical biomarker analysis was to investigate the influence of inflammation on cartilage destruction and metabolism. Methods. Patients with acute joint infections were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial and the cytokine composition of effusions (n = 76) was analyzed. Characteristics of epidemiology and disease severity were correlated with levels of cytokines with known roles in cartilage turnover and degradation. Results. Higher synovial IL-1β concentrations were associated with clinical parameters indicating a higher disease severity (p < 0.03) excluding the incidence of sepsis. Additionally, intra-articular IL-1β levels correlated with inflammatory serum parameters as leucocyte counts (LC) and C-reactive protein concentrations (p < 0.05) but not with age or comorbidity. Both higher LC and synovial IL-1β levels were associated with increased intra-articular collagen type II cleavage products (C2C) indicating cartilage degradation. Joints with preinfectious lesions had higher C2C levels. Intra-articular inflammation led to increased concentrations of typical cartilage metabolites as bFGF, BMP-2, and BMP-7. Infections with Staphylococcus species induced higher IL-1β expression but less cartilage destruction than other bacteria. Conclusion. Articular infections have bacteria-specific implications on cartilage metabolism. Collagen type II cleavage products reliably mark destruction, which is associated with upregulation of typical cartilage turnover cytokines. This trial is registered with DRKS00003536, MISSinG.
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Vilar JM, Rubio M, Spinella G, Cuervo B, Sopena J, Cugat R, Garcia-Balletbó M, Dominguez JM, Granados M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, Carrillo JM. Serum Collagen Type II Cleavage Epitope and Serum Hyaluronic Acid as Biomarkers for Treatment Monitoring of Dogs with Hip Osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149472. [PMID: 26886592 PMCID: PMC4757546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of serum type II collagen cleavage epitope and serum hyaluronic acid as biomarkers for treatment monitoring in osteoarthritic dogs. For this purpose, a treatment model based on mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue combined with plasma rich in growth factors was used. This clinical study included 10 dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Both analytes were measured in serum at baseline, just before applying the treatment, and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. These results were compared with those obtained from force plate analysis using the same animals during the same study period. Levels of type II collagen cleavage epitope decreased and those of hyaluronic acid increased with clinical improvement objectively verified via force plate analysis, suggesting these two biomarkers could be effective as indicators of clinical development of joint disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Vilar
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Spinella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Belén Cuervo
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Sopena
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Cugat
- Artroscopia GC, Hospital Quirón, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan M. Dominguez
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Granados
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - José J. Ceron
- Departamento de Medicina y cirugía animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Carrillo
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
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Remst DFG, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM. Unravelling osteoarthritis-related synovial fibrosis: a step closer to solving joint stiffness. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1954-63. [PMID: 26175472 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial fibrosis is often found in OA, contributing heavily to joint pain and joint stiffness, the main symptoms of OA. At this moment the underlying mechanism of OA-related synovial fibrosis is not known and there is no cure available. In this review we discuss factors that have been reported to be involved in synovial fibrosis. The aim of the study was to gain insight into how these factors contribute to the fibrotic process and to determine the best targets for therapy in synovial fibrosis. In this regard, the following factors are discussed: TGF-β, connective tissue growth factor, procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12, urotensin-II, prostaglandin F2α and hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F G Remst
- Radboud University Medical Center, Experimental Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Radboud University Medical Center, Experimental Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yan Y, Hu J, Lu H, Wang W. Genetic susceptibility to total hip arthroplasty failure: a case-control study on the influence of MMP 1 gene polymorphism. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:177. [PMID: 25257555 PMCID: PMC4180955 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors plays an important role in early failure of total hip arthroplasty (THA) etiology and MMP-1 gene polymorphism rs5854 may be involved. The present study was conducted to reveal the possible association between MMP-1 rs5854 C/T polymorphism and the risk of early failure of THA (aseptic loosening). Methods The rs5854 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MMP-1 gene was genotyped in 63 subjects who were diagnosed as aseptic loosening after total hip arthroplasty within 10 years and in 81 age and gender matched controls. Results The genotype frequencies of the MMP-1 rs5854 C/T polymorphism were 57.1% (CC), 28.6% (CT), and 14.3% (TT) in patients with failure of THA, and 79.0% (CC), 17.3% (CT), and 3.7% (TT) in the controls (P = 0.0099). Rs5854 polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with increased risk of aseptic loosening. Conclusion The results showed the rs5854 SNP was associated with increased risk of the early aseptic loosening susceptibility. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_177
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Remst DFG, Blom AB, Vitters EL, Bank RA, van den Berg WB, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM. Gene expression analysis of murine and human osteoarthritis synovium reveals elevation of transforming growth factor β-responsive genes in osteoarthritis-related fibrosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:647-56. [PMID: 24574225 DOI: 10.1002/art.38266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial fibrosis is a major contributor to joint stiffness in osteoarthritis (OA). Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which is elevated in OA, plays a key role in the onset and persistence of synovial fibrosis. However, blocking of TGFβ in OA as a therapeutic intervention for fibrosis is not an option since TGFβ is crucial for cartilage maintenance and repair. Therefore, we undertook the present study to seek targets downstream of TGFβ for preventing OA-related fibrosis without interfering with joint homeostasis. METHODS Experiments were performed to determine whether genes involved in extracellular matrix turnover were responsive to TGFβ and were elevated in OA-related fibrosis. We analyzed gene expression in TGFβ-stimulated human OA synovial fibroblasts and in the synovium of mice with TGFβ-induced fibrosis, mice with experimental OA, and humans with end-stage OA. Gene expression was determined by microarray, low-density array, or quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS We observed an increase in expression of procollagen genes and genes encoding collagen crosslinking enzymes under all of the OA-related fibrotic conditions investigated. Comparison of gene expression in TGFβ-stimulated human OA synovial fibroblasts, synovium from mice with experimental OA, and synovium from humans with end-stage OA revealed that the genes PLOD2, LOX, COL1A1, COL5A1, and TIMP1 were up-regulated in all of these conditions. Additionally, we confirmed that these genes were up-regulated by TGFβ in vivo in mice with TGFβ-induced synovial fibrosis. CONCLUSION Most of the up-regulated genes identified in this study would be poor targets for therapy development, due to their crucial functions in the joint. However, the highly up-regulated gene PLOD2, responsible for the formation of collagen crosslinks that make collagen less susceptible to enzymatic degradation, is an attractive and promising target for interference in OA-related synovial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F G Remst
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pifer MA, Maerz T, Baker KC, Anderson K. Matrix metalloproteinase content and activity in low-platelet, low-leukocyte and high-platelet, high-leukocyte platelet rich plasma (PRP) and the biologic response to PRP by human ligament fibroblasts. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42:1211-8. [PMID: 24627579 DOI: 10.1177/0363546514524710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has shown the presence of catabolic cytokines in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), but little is known about endogenous catabolic proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Hypothesis/ PURPOSE To quantify MMP content in 2 commercially available PRP preparation systems: Arthrex Double Syringe System autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) and Biomet GPS (GPS). The hypothesis was that MMPs are actively secreted from PRP immediately after preparation. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS PRP was prepared using either ACP (low platelet, low leukocyte) or GPS (high platelet, high leukocyte). MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 concentrations were measured using multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for up to 6 days in 2 donors, and MMP activity was measured in 3 donors using kinetic activity kits able to detect the enzymatic cleavage of a fluorogenic peptide. Human ligament fibroblasts were cultured and exposed to both ACP and GPS from 1 donor each. MMP-2, -3, and -9 concentrations were assayed in culture media at 24 and 48 hours after exposure. RESULTS GPS exhibited higher total MMP-2, -3, and -9 concentrations for up to 144 hours of release, while ACP had higher platelet-normalized MMP-2 and MMP-3 concentrations. GPS had significantly higher total and endogenous MMP-2 activity (P = .004 and .014, respectively), MMP-3 activity (P = .020 and .015, respectively), and MMP-9 activity (P = .004 and .002, respectively) compared with ACP. Once normalized to platelet count, differences in MMP activity were not significant between ACP and GPS. Compared with controls, cells stimulated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and treated with ACP showed significantly higher fold changes of MMP-2 (P = .001) and MMP-3 (P = .003) concentrations at 24 hours than did cells treated with GPS. Total MMP-9 content was higher in the media of GPS-treated, IL-1β-stimulated cells compared with ACP-treated cells (P = .001). At 48 hours, IL-1β-stimulated cells treated with GPS exhibited higher fold changes of MMP-2 concentration (P = .002) compared with controls, but no difference in MMP-3 concentration was found. At 48 hours, there was a significantly higher concentration of MMP-9 in the cell culture media of ACP-treated cells compared with GPS-treated cells (P = .003). CONCLUSION PRP prepared as both ACP and GPS contains MMP-2, -3, and -9, which is released over a period of at least 6 days. Furthermore, a large proportion of these MMPs are in their active form, and MMP activity is dependent on platelet count within the PRP preparation. Once exposed to ligament fibroblasts, both ACP and GPS cause the fibroblasts to release MMPs, most notably 24 hours after PRP exposure, and this release is dependent on prior IL-1β stimulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study demonstrate that PRP therapy delivers ng/mL-range concentrations of catabolic proteases, which could perpetuate inflammation and inhibit tissue healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Pifer
- Kevin C. Baker, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Beaumont Health System, 3811 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
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Effects of intraarticular treatment with stanozolol on synovial membrane and cartilage in an ovine model of osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ryu JH, Lee A, Huh MS, Chu J, Kim K, Kim BS, Choi K, Kwon IC, Park JW, Youn I. Measurement of MMP Activity in Synovial Fluid in Cases of Osteoarthritis and Acute Inflammatory Conditions of the Knee Joints Using a Fluorogenic Peptide Probe-Immobilized Diagnostic Kit. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:198-206. [PMID: 22375158 PMCID: PMC3287423 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A fluorogenic peptide probe-immobilized diagnostic kit was used to analyze MMP activity in the synovial fluids (SFs) from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and acute inflammatory conditions of the knee joint. METHODS The MMP diagnostic kit containing a polymer-conjugated MMP probe immobilized on a 96-well plate was utilized for high-throughput screening of MMP activity in SFs from OA patients (n = 33) and patients with acute inflammatory conditions of the knee joint (n = 5). RESULTS Compared to SF from OA patients, SF from patients with acute inflammatory conditions of the knee joint presented stronger NIR fluorescent signals. In gelatin zymography, most samples from patients with acute inflammatory conditions of the knee joint also displayed 92 kDa (pro-form) MMP-9 and faint 84 kDa (active form) MMP-9, while SF from OA patients did not display detectable MMP-9 activity . CONCLUSION The presence of a strong fluorescence signal from the MMP diagnostic kit corresponded well with patients with acute inflammatory conditions of the knee joint. The results suggest that our MMP diagnostic kit can be useful in differentiation between early stages of OA and acute inflammatory conditions of the knee joint.
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Alam MR, Ji JR, Kim MS, Kim NS. Biomarkers for identifying the early phases of osteoarthritis secondary to medial patellar luxation in dogs. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:273-80. [PMID: 21897101 PMCID: PMC3165157 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in synovial fluid (SF) and serum in cases of canine osteoarthritis (OA) were measured. OA was induced by a surgically-created medial patellar luxation in the left stifle of 24 dogs. SF and blood samples were collected at 1.5- and 3-month intervals, respectively. Every 3 months, one dog was euthanatized to collect tissue samples from both stifles. TRAP levels in SF and serum were measured using a spectrophotometer, and TRAP-positive cells in joint tissues were identified by enzyme histochemistry. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in SF and serum were detected by Western blotting and ELISA, respectively. TRAP in SF from the stifles and serum was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 3 months. TIMP-2 in SF and serum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas MMP-2 in SF was significantly increased (p < 0.05) during the progression of OA. Histochemistry revealed an increased number of TRAP-positive cells in tissues from OA-affected joints. Assays measuring TRAP, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 in SF and serum, and methods that detect increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells in the joint tissues can play an important role in identifying the early phases of degenerative changes in canine joint components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rafiqul Alam
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
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Frantz NZ, Friesen KG, Andrews GA, Tokach MD, Yamka RM, Loughin TL, Nelssen JL, Dritz SS. Use of serum biomarkers to predict the development and severity of osteochondrosis lesions in the distal portion of the femur in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:946-52. [PMID: 20673095 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.8.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of serum biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism to predict the occurrence and severity of osteochondrosis (OC) lesions in the distal portion of the femur in growing swine. ANIMALS 71 gilts. PROCEDURES At an abattoir, serum samples for analysis of 10 biomarkers indicative of cartilage and bone metabolism were obtained prior to processing of the pigs. The distal portion of each pig's left femur was directly examined and cut into longitudinal sections to evaluate the number and severity of abnormalities on the external surface, articular cartilage, and growth plate. Each specimen was categorized as with (n = 56) or without (15) OC, and an overall OC severity score was assigned to affected pigs. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to predict odds of OC on the basis of biomarker concentrations and predict the severity of OC values in affected pigs, respectively. RESULTS Compared with values in unaffected pigs, serum concentrations of C-propeptide of type II collagen (CPII) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were significantly increased and concentrations of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen 3/4-length fragment (C2C) and pyridinoline cross-links were significantly decreased in affected pigs. A 2-fold increase in CPII concentration increased the odds of pigs having OC by a factor of 97 (95% confidence interval, 6 to infinity). Changes in serum C2C concentration accounted for 49% of the variation in overall OC severity score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Assessment of serum biomarker concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis of OC and aid in reduction of lameness in swine herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Z Frantz
- Hill's Pet Nutrition Incorporated, 400 SW 8th St, Topeka, KS 66603, USA
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) results in the destruction and breakdown of articular cartilage matrix. Breakdown of the cartilage proteoglycan component results in the generation of constituent fragments that can be detected in the blood, synovial fluid or urine. Non-collagenous, non-proteoglycan components of cartilage can also be detected following their release as a result of turnover and disease. OA also alters the circulating profile of metabolites in the body. Metabolomic strategies have been used to distinguish populations with OA from normal populations by the creation of a metabolomic 'fingerprint' attributable to the disease. This paper is the second part of a two-part review and describes some of the techniques used to measure the concentrations of some of these 'non-collagenous' biomarkers, and how the application of these measurements assists the study of joint disease. Collagen-based biomarkers were discussed in part one.
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Liu YP, Yu GR. Comment on “The matrix metalloproteinases as pharmacological target in osteoarthritis: Statins may be of therapeutic benefit”. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:394-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Godoy-Santos AL, D'Elia CO, Teixeira WJ, Cabrita HB, Camanho GL. Aseptic loosening of total hip arthroplasty: preliminary genetic investigation. J Arthroplasty 2009; 24:297-302. [PMID: 18952406 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Femoral and acetabular loosening can be attributed different factors, but the causes and mechanism of early failure are still obscure. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between gene polymorphisms and early implant failure. Fifty-eight patients older than 50 years was recruited for analysis of MMP-1 promoter polymorphisms in early osseointegrated implant failure. The results showed in control group a frequency of 20.97% of 2G allele and 67.74% the genotype 1G/1G whereas, in the test group, a frequency of 83.33% of 2G allele and 66.66% the genotype 2G/2G. These results indicate that the polymorphism in the promoter of the MMP-1 gene could be a risk factor for early implant failure of total hip arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leme Godoy-Santos
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School-São Paulo, Brazil
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Nganvongpanit K, Itthiarbha A, Ong-Chai S, Kongtawelert P. Evaluation of serum chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan: biomarkers for osteoarthritis in canine hip dysplasia. J Vet Sci 2008; 9:317-25. [PMID: 18716453 PMCID: PMC2811845 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip dysplasia (HD) is one of the most important bone and joint diseases in dogs. Making the radiographic diagnosis is sometime possible when the disease has markedly progressed. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan (HA) are the most important cartilage biomolecules that are elevated in the serum taken from dogs with osteoarthritis. The serum CS and HA can be detected by an ELISA technique, with using monoclonal antibodies against CS epitope 3B3 and WF6 and the HA chain as the primary antibodies. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of serum CS (both epitopes) and HA in non-HD and HD dogs. All 123 dogs were categorized into 2 groups. The non-HD group was composed of 98 healthy dogs, while the HD group was comprised of 25 HD dogs. Blood samples were collected for analyzing the serum CS and HA levels with using the ELISA technique. The results showed that the average serum level of the CS epitope WF6 in the HD group (2,594 ± 3,036.10 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that in the non-HD group (465 ± 208.97 ng/ml) (p < 0.01) while the epitope 3B3 in the HD group (105 ± 100.05 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that in the non-HD group (136 ± 142.03 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The amount of serum HA in the HD group (134.74 ± 59.71 ng/ml) was lower than that in the non HD group (245.45 ± 97.84 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the serum CS and HA levels might be used as biomarkers for osteoarthritis in HD dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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Qi C, Changlin H, Zefeng H. Matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitor in knee synovial fluid as cartilage biomarkers in rabbits: the effect of high-intensity jumping exercise. J Surg Res 2007; 140:149-57. [PMID: 17397871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.12.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the cartilage injury of knee joint in a rabbit model under high-intensity jumping training and to investigate if levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in synovial fluid (SF) can be used to predict early sports injury of articular cartilage effectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups randomly: untreated control group (CTRL, n = 8) and jumping training group (TG, n = 32). Concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-3, and TIMP-1 in SF were measured by ELISA assays at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Rabbits were euthanized at 4 and 8 weeks, and knee joints were taken out to be examined histologically. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, thickness of cartilage and subchondral bone, dead cell ratio, and Mankin grades were measured. RESULTS At 4 weeks, sulfated GAG content, thickness of subchondral bone, and Mankin grades in TG were significantly higher than control. After 8 weeks, the TG cohort had a further increase in the articular cartilage injury. SF levels of MMP-3, TIMP-1, and MMP-3/TIMP-1 in TG were significantly higher than control, and the level of these biomarkers was significantly associated with the severity of the articular cartilage pathology. CONCLUSIONS Repetitive and high-intensity jumping movement may induce sports injury in the knee joint cartilage. MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMP-1, and MMP-3/TIMP-1 in the SF may accurately predict the severity and pathological characteristic of the joint cartilage injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qi
- Military Training Medicine Institute in the 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
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Simard N, Boire G, de Brum-Fernandes AJ, St-Pierre Y. A novel approach to measure the contribution of matrix metalloproteinase in the overall net proteolytic activity present in synovial fluids of patients with arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R125. [PMID: 16859524 PMCID: PMC1779417 DOI: 10.1186/ar2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, only a very limited number of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors have been successful in clinical trials of arthritis. One of the central problems associated with this failure may be our inability to monitor the local activity of proteases in the joints since the integrity of the extracellular matrix results from an equilibrium between noncovalent, 1:1 stoichiometric binding of protease inhibitors to the catalytic site of the activated forms of the enzymes. In the present work, we have measured by flow cytometry the net proteolytic activity in synovial fluids (SF) collected from 95 patients with osteoarthritis and various forms of inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, and chronic juvenile arthritis. We found that SF of patients with inflammatory arthritis had significantly higher levels of proteolytic activity than those of osteoarthritis patients. Moreover, the overall activity in inflammatory arthritis patients correlated positively with the number of infiltrated leukocytes and the serum level of C-reactive protein. No such correlations were found in osteoarthritis patients. Members of the MMP family contributed significantly to the proteolytic activity found in SF. Small-molecular-weight MMP inhibitors were indeed effective for inhibiting proteolytic activity in SF, but their effectiveness varied greatly among patients. Interestingly, the contribution of MMPs decreased in patients with very high proteolytic activity, and this was due both to a molar excess of tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 and to an increased contribution of other proteolytic enzymes. These results emphasize the diversity of the MMPs involved in arthritis and, from a clinical perspective, suggest an interesting alternative for testing the potential of new protease inhibitors for the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Simard
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilles Boire
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Artur J de Brum-Fernandes
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
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Girling SL, Bell SC, Whitelock RG, Rayward RM, Thomson DG, Carter SC, Vaughan-Thomas A, Innes JF. Use of biochemical markers of osteoarthritis to investigate the potential disease-modifying effect of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 47:708-14. [PMID: 17201821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the hypothesis that the concentration of the 1/20/5D4 epitope of keratan sulphate, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and total sulphated glycosaminoglycans in synovial fluids from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease would be affected by tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. In addition, to evaluate the hypothesis that medial meniscal release or meniscal injury would alter the expression of these candidate biomarkers. METHODS Forty-one dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament disease were recruited prospectively. Synovial fluids were collected from the index joint before surgery and six weeks and six months postsurgery. Following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy, synovial fluids were assayed for 1/20/5D4 epitope of keratan sulphate and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration using an inhibition ELISA and for sulphated glycosaminoglycans using a direct dye-binding assay. RESULTS The sulphated glycosaminoglycans ratio did not change significantly during the study. Medial meniscal injury at entry was associated with lower concentrations of synovial fluid cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (P<0.05, unpaired t test). There was no association between medial meniscal release and the changes in marker concentrations, either from 0 to six weeks or 0 to six months. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy did not significantly alter the expression of the named candidate biomarkers. These findings reflect the limited nature of the arthrotomy or indicate that tibial plateau levelling osteotomy does not influence the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). From these studies, there is no evidence that tibial plateau levelling osteotomy affects cartilage metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Girling
- Small Animal Division, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 0BX, UK
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Abstract
Articular cartilage injury and degeneration is a frequent occurrence in synovial joints. Treatment of these articular cartilage lesions are a challenge because this tissue is incapable of quality repair and/or regeneration to its native state. Nonoperative treatments endeavor to control symptoms, and include anti-inflammatory medication, viscosupplementation, bracing, orthotics, and activity modification. Techniques to stimulate the intrinsic repair (fibrocartilage) process include drilling, abrasion, and microfracture of the subchondral bone. Currently, the clinical biologic approaches to treat cartilage defects include autologous chondrocyte implantation, periosteal transfer, and osteochondral autograft or allograft transplantation. Newer strategies employing tissue engineering being studied involve the use of combinations of progenitor cells, bioactive factors, and matrices, and the use of focal synthetic devices. Many new and innovative treatments are being explored in this exciting field. However, there is a paucity of prospective, randomized controlled clinical trials that have compared the various techniques, treatment options, indications and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Simon
- Orthopaedic Research Institute and the Southern California Center for Sports Medicine, Long Beach, CA 90806, USA.
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Fujiki M, Kamiya H, Arai K, Misumi K, Sakamoto H. The effects of growth and disease in serum keratan sulfate concentration in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:947-51. [PMID: 17019064 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate keratan sulfate (KS) concentration in the serum of puppies and the effects of age, body weight, breed and diseases. Serum samples from six neonatal dogs (4 Beagles, 2 Labrador Retrievers), and from 127 adult dogs with various diseases were collected at a Teaching Animal Hospital. Canine serum KS concentration was measured by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples from puppies were evaluated for growth-related changes, and samples from patients were evaluated for age, body weight, breed and disease-related changes. Serum KS concentration was high in puppies from birth to 4 months of age. KS values started to decrease from 4 months to 9 months of age, and then gradually reached to the plateau. Though in the small sample, mean KS concentration in a Labrador Retriever was higher than in Beagles during the first 10 months. The values of serum KS showed body weight-related increase within retrievers among teaching hospital population and there was significant increase in body weight-related change. Cartilage metabolism is high in canine immature joint and that activity continues for 5 months, and that higher in Labrador Retrievers rather than in Beagles. There was no effect from other factors, including age, body weight, breed and disease in all patients. Serum KS concentration of Retrievers is higher than Beagles, and that value increased with gain of body weight. We suggest that Retriever have higher cartilage metabolism with growth or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fujiki
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
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Fujita Y, Hara Y, Nezu Y, Schulz KS, Tagawa M. Proinflammatory Cytokine Activities, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Activity, and Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Content in Synovial Fluid of Dogs with Naturally Acquired Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture. Vet Surg 2006; 35:369-76. [PMID: 16756618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2006.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure and compare activities of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3); as well as sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S-GAG) content in synovial fluid from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and dogs with clinically normal stifles. To determine whether correlations exist between demographic and disease-related variables and these synovial markers. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs with CCLR (n=23) and Beagles with normal stifle joints (n=21). METHODS Synovial fluid activities of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) were determined by bioassay. MMP-3 activity was measured using fluorogenic substrate. S-GAG contents were determined by dimethylmethylene blue dye-binding assay. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare results from CCLR joints with normal controls. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to evaluate associations between demographic and disease-related markers and synovial markers. RESULTS Mean values for synovial markers were significantly higher in CCLR joints compared with controls. IL-1beta and MMP-3 were positively correlated with lameness duration. CONCLUSIONS Activities of proinflammatory cytokines, MMP-3 activity and S-GAG contents were significantly elevated in synovial fluid from canine stifle joints with naturally acquired CCLR. These results indicate that there is joint inflammation and increased release of GAGs into synovial fluid, suggesting that these inflammatory changes are associated with depletion of proteoglycan from articular cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Medical and surgical treatments designed to decrease joint inflammation and breakdown of proteoglycans may be of value in the management of CCLR in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Budsberg SC, Lenz ME, Thonar EJMA. Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of keratan sulfate and hyaluronan in dogs with induced stifle joint osteoarthritis following cranial cruciate ligament transection. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:429-32. [PMID: 16506904 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal changes in serum and synovial fluid concentrations of keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronan (HA) after cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection in dogs. ANIMALS 12 clinically normal adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE Following CCL transection in the right stifle joint, KS and HA concentrations were determined in serum and neat (undiluted) synovial fluid prior to and 1, 2, 3, and 12 months after surgery. Postsurgical dilution of synovial fluid was corrected by use of urea as a passive marker. RESULTS Synovial fluid KS and HA concentrations decreased at 1, 2, and 3 months after surgery in operated stifle joints, compared with baseline values. Synovial fluid KS concentration decreased in unoperated stifle joints at 1 month. A decrease in synovial fluid KS concentration was found in operated stifle joints, compared with unoperated stifle joints, at 2 and 3 months, and a decrease in synovial fluid HA concentrations was also found in operated stifle joints, compared with unoperated stifle joints, at 1, 2, and 3 months. Serum KS concentrations increased from baseline values at 3 months after surgery. Hyaluronan concentrations in operated stifle joints were lower than baseline values at 1, 2, and 3 months. Urea-adjusted synovial fluid concentrations revealed that dilution did not account for the decline in biomarker concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The initial decrease and subsequent increase in synovial fluid concentrations of HA and KS may be caused by an acute inflammatory response to surgical intervention that negatively affects cartilage metabolism or an increase in production of immature proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Budsberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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Fujita Y, Hara Y, Nezu Y, Yamaguchi S, Schulz KS, Tagawa M. Direct and indirect markers of cartilage metabolism in synovial fluid obtained from dogs with hip dysplasia and correlation with clinical and radiographic variables. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:2028-33. [PMID: 16379642 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare activities of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and contents of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S-GAG) in joint fluid obtained from dogs with hip dysplasia (HD) and clinically normal dogs, evaluate correlations among these markers in joint fluid obtained from dogs with HD, and evaluate correlations between each marker and clinical and radiographic variables. Animals-26 dogs with HD (clinical group) and 43 clinically normal Beagles (control group). PROCEDURE Joint fluid was aseptically collected from the hip joints of all dogs. For each dog in the clinical group, age, duration of lameness, radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) score, and Norberg angle in each affected joint were recorded. Activities of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MMP-3 and S-GAG contents were measured. Values were compared between groups by use of Mann-Whitney U tests, and the Spearman rank correlation test was used to evaluate correlations among markers and between each marker and clinical or radiographic variables. RESULTS Values of all markers were significantly higher for the clinical group, compared with values for the control group. There was a moderate positive correlation between lameness duration and IL-6 activity and a strong negative correlation between the Norberg angle and IL-1beta activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of our results indicated that there was a significant increase in markers of OA in dogs with HD. Activities of IL-1beta and IL-6 in joint fluid of dogs with HD may be influenced by the severity of laxity in the hip joint and lameness duration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Hurter K, Spreng D, Rytz U, Schawalder P, Ott-Knüsel F, Schmökel H. Measurements of C-reactive protein in serum and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Vet J 2005; 169:281-5. [PMID: 15727922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) is based upon the clinical orthopaedic examination and the radiographic assessment, both of which can be non-specific and insensitive in early joint disease. The aim of our study was to investigate if there is an increase in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in degenerative joint disease (DJD) and if CRP could be used to help diagnose OA. We also wished to investigate whether it was possible to distinguish a joint with clinically and radiographically confirmed OA from a healthy joint by comparing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels within the synovial fluid and the serum. We have shown a difference in synovial LDH levels between diseased and healthy joints (P<0.0001). There was also a significant difference between LDH in arthritic synovial fluid and serum, with no correlation between the values. Despite the fact that the values of our clinical patients tended to be higher than the values of our control group (P=0.05) all measured values were within the normal limits of previous publications. From these data, we conclude that single measurements of serum CRP do not permit detection of OA in clinical patients and that serum LDH is not a reliable marker for osteoarthritis. LDH levels in the synovial fluid could be of diagnostic value for identifying osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hurter
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, University of Berne, Laenggassstrasse 128, Postfach, 3001 Berne, Switzerland.
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Kuroki K, Cook JL, Stoker AM, Turnquist SE, Kreeger JM, Tomlinson JL. Characterizing osteochondrosis in the dog: potential roles for matrix metalloproteinases and mechanical load in pathogenesis and disease progression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:225-34. [PMID: 15727889 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address possible roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mechanical stress in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC). METHODS Naturally-occurring canine OC lesions (n=50) were immunohistochemically analyzed for MMP-1, -3, and -13, and normal canine articular cartilage explants (n=6) cultured under 0-, 2-, or 4-MPa compressive loads (0.1 Hz, 20 min every 8 h up to 12 days) were compared to OC samples (n=4) biochemically and molecularly. RESULTS MMP-1 and -3 immunoreactivities were readily detected in both OC samples and control tissues obtained from age-matched dogs (n=11) whereas MMP-13 was only detectable in OC samples. MMP-13 gene expression as determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was elevated in OC samples and cartilage explants cultured without mechanical stimuli (0 MPa groups) compared to normal cartilage (day 0 controls). Glycosaminoglycan content (per weight) in cartilage explants cultured under no load was significantly (P<0.05) lower on day 12 than in the day 0 controls. Gene expression levels of aggrecan and type II collagen in OC samples were lower than those in the day 0 controls. High levels of aggrecan and collagen II expression were seen in the 2 MPa groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings imply that impaired biochemical characteristics in OC-affected cartilage may be attributable to decreased extracellular matrix production that may stem from disruption of normal weight bearing forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuroki
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, USA
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Bramono DS, Richmond JC, Weitzel PP, Kaplan DL, Altman GH. Matrix metalloproteinases and their clinical applications in orthopaedics. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004:272-85. [PMID: 15534553 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000144166.66737.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance in the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors contribute considerably to abnormal connective tissue degradation prevalent in various orthopaedic joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinase expression has been detected in ligament, tendon, and cartilage tissues in the joint. They are known to contribute to the development, remodeling, and maintenance of healthy tissue through their ability to cleave a wide range of extracellular matrix substrates. Their role has been extended to cell growth, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. In orthopaedics, their clinical applications constantly are being explored. The multiple steps in matrix metalloproteinase regulation offer potential targets for inhibition, useful in drug therapy. The correlation between matrix metalloproteinases and progression in joint erosion presents potential prognostic and diagnostic tools in rheumatoid arthritis. Matrix metalloproteinases also can be incorporated into scaffold design to control the degradation rate of engineered tissue constructs. This current review aims to summarize and emphasize the importance of matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors in the maturation of musculoskeletal tissue through matrix remodeling and, therefore, in the generation of a new clinical potential in orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diah S Bramono
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Chromek M, Tullus K, Lundahl J, Brauner A. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 activates normal human granulocytes, protects them from apoptosis, and blocks their transmigration during inflammation. Infect Immun 2004; 72:82-8. [PMID: 14688084 PMCID: PMC343974 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.82-88.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) higher than those of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) during acute pyelonephritis have previously been associated with a higher degree of acute inflammation and of postinfective renal scarring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible mechanisms by which TIMP-1 could affect the scarring process already during the acute phase of inflammation. The growth of Escherichia coli, bactericidal activity of fresh human blood, and respiratory burst, spontaneous apoptosis, and trans-basement membrane migration of normal human granulocytes were studied in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of recombinant human TIMP-1. To imitate the "normal" environment during inflammation in the kidney, granulocytes were also incubated with a conditioned medium from E. coli-stimulated renal epithelial cells. In order to compare our data with the in vivo situation, blood and urinary leukocyte levels were analyzed for 40 children with acute pyelonephritis, together with urinary MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels. TIMP-1 at a concentration of 500 ng/ml increased the bactericidal activity of blood, increased the respiratory burst of granulocytes, decreased phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase 3 activity, which are features of spontaneous apoptosis, and inhibited granulocyte transmigration. Moreover, in the patients with pyelonephritis, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in urine correlated with the degree of leukocyte transmigration. Thus, our data suggest that TIMP-1 specifically blocks the transmigration of granulocytes into urine. Entrapped and activated granulocytes, protected from apoptosis, might excessively destroy renal parenchyma and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of renal scarring following acute pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Chromek
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hegemann N, Wondimu A, Ullrich K, Schmidt MFG. Synovial MMP-3 and TIMP-1 levels and their correlation with cytokine expression in canine rheumatoid arthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 91:199-204. [PMID: 12586482 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether synovial fluid levels of matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) are specifically elevated in canine rheumatoid arthritis (CRA) compared to osteoarthritic joint disorders and if these markers are correlated with a specific pattern of cytokine mRNA expression. Synovial fluid samples of 17 dogs with CRA were analysed for MMP-3 and TIMP-1 by two canine sandwich ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) systems. The synovial mRNA content of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was determined by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Dogs with osteoarthritis (n = 50) caused by anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR) were used as controls. A significant rise of MMP-3 was found in the synovial fluid of joints with CRA that could not be balanced by sufficient amounts of TIMP-1. The 30-fold surplus of MMP-3 over TIMP-1 was strongly correlated with the synovial mRNA content of IL-1, IL-12 and TGF-beta. Our results point to the potential use of the synovial levels of MMP-3 as a marker for RA in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hegemann
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Free University of Berlin, Philippstr 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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