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Zhou J, Zhao Y, An P, Zhao H, Li X, Xiong Y. Hsa_circ_0002348 regulates trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis through miR-126-3p/BAK1 axis in preeclampsia. J Transl Med 2023; 21:509. [PMID: 37507742 PMCID: PMC10375637 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a common pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs. Abnormal placenta and vascular function can lead to preeclampsia. Accumulating evidence has suggested a potential link between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and preeclampsia. As a placenta and endothelial-expressed circRNA, hsa_circ_0002348, may be promising to be the novel molecular target for preeclampsia. However, the function and mechanism of hsa_circ_0002348 in preeclampsia has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS An overlap analysis of two circRNA profiles from placenta and endothelial cells was used to identify a functionally unknown circRNA, hsa_circ_0002348. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used to detect its expression in the trophoblast cells and placental tissues. The mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preeclampsia was established to determine the in vivo role of hsa_circ_0002348. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, western blot, gain- and loss-of-function and rescue experiments were conducted to uncover the role of hsa_circ_0002348 and its interaction with miR-126-3p and BAK1 in regulating trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to examine the expression of miR-126-3p and BAK1 in mice and human placentas, respectively. RESULTS Hsa_circ_0002348 was significantly increased in the preeclampsia placentas, and positively correlated with the severity of preeclampsia patients' clinical manifestations. Its overexpression exacerbated preeclampsia-like features in the mouse model of LPS-induced preeclampsia. Functionally, hsa_circ_0002348 was found to inhibit trophoblast proliferation and promote trophoblast apoptosis. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0002348, as an endogenous miR-126-3p sponge, upregulated the expression of BAK1. Additionally, both hsa_circ_0002348 knockdown and miR-126-3p overexpression enhanced the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Hsa_circ_0002348 might be a novel regulator of trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis through miR-126-3p/BAK1 axis in preeclampsia, which may serve as a potential target for detecting and treating preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizi Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping An
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanqiang Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Xiong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Carroll A, Desforges M, Jones CJ, Heazell AE. Morphological and functional changes in placentas from prolonged pregnancies. Placenta 2022; 125:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kovács P, Joó JG, Tamás V, Molnár Z, Burik-Hajas D, Bódis J, Kornya L. The role of apoptosis in the complex pathogenesis of the most common obstetrics and gynaecology diseases. Physiol Int 2021; 107:106-119. [PMID: 32491289 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to assess the etiological role of apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bax in the background of major obstetric and gynaecological diseases. Methods Placental tissue samples were collected from 101 pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction and 104 pregnancies with premature birth with 140 controll samples from term, eutrophic newborns. In addition, gene expression assessment of the genes Bax and Bcl-2 was performed in 101 uterine leiomyoma tissue samples at our disposal with 110 control cases. Gene expression levels were assessed by PCR method. Results The expression of the Bcl-2 gene was decreased in placental samples with intrauterine growth restriction. Significant overexpression of the proapoptotic Bax gene was detected in samples from premature infants. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression was found to be significantly increased in fibroid tissues. Conclusion Apoptosis plays a crucial role in the development of the most common OB/GYN conditions. Decrease in the placental expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 may upset the balance of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kovács
- 1Clinical Research Units Hungary, Miskolc, Hungary.,2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Gábor Joó
- 2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,3First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V Tamás
- 2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Z Molnár
- 2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - D Burik-Hajas
- 2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - J Bódis
- 2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,4Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Pécs (MTA-PTE), Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L Kornya
- 2Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,5Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary
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Differential expression of several factors involved in placental development in normal and abnormal condition. Placenta 2020; 95:1-8. [PMID: 32339142 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The placenta, a temporary organ that forms during pregnancy, is the largest fetal organ and the first to develop. It is recognized as an organ that plays a vital role as a metabolic and physical barrier in the fetoplacental unit; throughout fetal development it acts as the lungs, gut, kidneys, and liver of the fetus. When its two components, the fetal and the maternal one, successfully interact, pregnancy proceeds healthily. However, in some cases there may be pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which can lead to a different outcome for the mother and the newborn. In recent years, several studies have been conducted to try to understand how the expression of factors involved in the development of the placenta varies under pathological conditions compared with normal conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent discoveries in this field.
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5
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Jiang W, Deng Y, Song Z, Xie Y, Gong L, Chen Y, Kuang H. Gestational Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure Inhibits Placental Development by Dysregulation of Labyrinth Vessels and uNK Cells and Apoptosis in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32116763 PMCID: PMC7025578 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widely used perfluorinated compound and known to cause developmental toxicity which includes the increase of resorbed embryo, decrease of fetal survival, and fetal growth retardation. Nevertheless, whether it is associated with alteration of placental development remains unknown. Pregnant mice were gavaged with 0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg PFOA /kg/day from pregnancy day (PD) 1 to PD 13. Results showed that PFOA exposure markedly decreased the placental weight and caused interstitial edema of placenta. Laminin staining indicated that blood sinusoids area was shrunken in placenta of PFOA-exposed mice. Furthermore, PFOA treatment significantly reduced numbers of uNK cells. Western blot analysis revealed that levels of Bax and cleaved-caspase 3 proteins were markedly up-regulated in PFOA-treated groups. In addition, TEM examination showed that PFOA treatment caused rupture of nuclear membrane and nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation. Thus, our results suggested that gestational PFOA exposure significantly inhibited development of early placenta through shrinkage of labyrinth vessels and downregulation of uNK cells and apoptosis induction, which may result in adverse gestational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Clinic Medicine, School of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Clinic Medicine, School of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zifan Song
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yajuan Xie
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lixin Gong
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yilu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haibin Kuang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Wang R, Liu W, Liu X, Liu X, Tao H, Wu D, Zhao Y, Zou L. MicroRNA-210 regulates human trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo function by attenuating Notch1 expression: Implications for the role of microRNA-210 in pre-eclampsia. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:896-907. [PMID: 31115130 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Successful pregnancy depends on the precise regulation of extravillous trophoblast cell invasion ability. MicroRNA-210-3p (miR-210), which is increased in the placenta of pre-eclampsia. Furthermore, miR-210 could inhibit trophoblasts invasion and might act as a serum biomarker for pre-eclampsia. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-210 regulates HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)-mediated angiogenesis by regulating the NOTCH1 signaling pathway. Studies by our group have previously identified that NOTCH1 plays a positive role in regulating trophoblast functions. However, the miR-210/NOTCH1 signaling pathway in the regulation of trophoblasts and pre-eclampsia has not been characterized. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of miR-210 and its relationship with NOTCH1 in trophoblasts. We first examined the expression levels of miR-210 and NOTCH1 in pre-eclamptic and normals placentas. Next, the expression and location of miR-210 and NOTCH1 in the first-trimester villi, maternal decidua, and placenta of late pregnancy were shown via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo was used to investigate the effects of miR-210 on the expression of NOTCH1 and cell bioactivity by upregulation and downregulation strategies. The results showed that miR-210 expression was increased, whereas NOTCH1 expression was decreased in pre-eclamptic placenta compared with controls. Upregulation of miR-210 decreased NOTCH1 expression, impaired HTR-8/SVneo proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube-like formation capabilities, and promoted apoptosis. In contrast, downregulation of miR-210 resulted in the opposite effects. These findings suggested that miR-210 might act as a contributor to trophoblast dysfunction by attenuating NOTCH1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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West RC, Bouma GJ, Winger QA. Shifting perspectives from "oncogenic" to oncofetal proteins; how these factors drive placental development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:101. [PMID: 30340501 PMCID: PMC6195737 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early human placental development strongly resembles carcinogenesis in otherwise healthy tissues. The progenitor cells of the placenta, the cytotrophoblast, rapidly proliferate to produce a sufficient number of cells to form an organ that will contribute to fetal development as early as the first trimester. The cytotrophoblast cells begin to differentiate, some towards the fused cells of the syncytiotrophoblast and some towards the highly invasive and migratory extravillous trophoblast. Invasion and migration of extravillous trophoblast cells mimics tumor metastasis. One key difference between cancer progression and placental development is the tight regulation of these oncogenes and oncogenic processes. Often, tumor suppressors and oncogenes work synergistically to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and invasion in a restrained manner compared to the uncontrollable growth in cancer. This review will compare and contrast the mechanisms that drive both cancer progression and placental development. Specifically, this review will focus on the molecular mechanisms that promote cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, cell invasion, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. West
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 10290 Ridgegate Circle, Lone Tree, Fort Collins, CO 80124 USA
| | - Gerrit J. Bouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 10290 Ridgegate Circle, Lone Tree, Fort Collins, CO 80124 USA
| | - Quinton A. Winger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 10290 Ridgegate Circle, Lone Tree, Fort Collins, CO 80124 USA
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8
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Fan J, Yu S, Cui Y, Xu G, Wang L, Pan Y, He H. Bcl-2/Bax protein and mRNA expression in yak (Bos grunniens) placentomes. Theriogenology 2017; 104:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Monson T, Wright T, Galan HL, Reynolds PR, Arroyo JA. Caspase dependent and independent mechanisms of apoptosis across gestation in a sheep model of placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. Apoptosis 2017; 22:710-718. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Rozner AE, Durning M, Kropp J, Wiepz GJ, Golos TG. Macrophages modulate the growth and differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic trophoblasts. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:364-375. [PMID: 27637575 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Immune cells within the endometrium at implantation are thought to play an important role in implantation, although their exact role is not well understood. METHOD OF STUDY A co-culture system of rhesus monkey embryos and maternal immune cells was established. Blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization were co-cultured with peripheral blood cells or decidual macrophages. Culture media were collected to assess secretions. Embryo growth was monitored, and trophoblasts were evaluated for proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. RESULTS Embryonic trophoblast outgrowths were visible within 6 days of culture, and the area of embryo outgrowth was reduced when blastocysts were cultured with peripheral-derived or decidual macrophages. Trophoblast proliferation was not significantly affected with macrophage co-culture while chorionic gonadotropin secretion was increased. Trophoblast expression of CDH 11 and GJA1 was increased, suggesting that macrophages accelerate differentiation of peri-implantation trophoblasts. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate an important role of macrophages in placentation and pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Rozner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maureen Durning
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jenna Kropp
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory J Wiepz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Endocannabinoids participate in placental apoptosis induced by hypoxia inducible factor-1. Apoptosis 2016; 21:1094-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Lu J, Zhang Q, Tan D, Luo W, Zhao H, Ma J, Liang H, Tan Y. GABA A receptor π subunit promotes apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblastic cells: Implications in preeclampsia. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:105-12. [PMID: 27221053 PMCID: PMC4899026 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions primarily as an inhibitory neurotransmitter through its receptors in the mature central nervous system. The GABA type A receptor π subunit (GABRP) has been identified in the tissues of the reproductive system, particularly in the uterus. In addition, we have previously detected GABRP expression in both human and mouse placentas. To examine the role of GABRP in trophoblastic cell invasion, we constructed a pIRES2-GABRP-EGFP plasmid which was used for the transfection of a human placental cell line derived from first trimester extravillous trophoblasts (HTR-8/SVneo). The number of invaded cells was decreased by GABRP overexpression. Notably, the decrease in the invasive cell number may be due to the increased apoptosis of the HTR-8/SVneo cells following GABRP transfection, which was further confirmed by flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. Based on the increased apoptosis of trophoblastic cells in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE) and the fact that GABRP promotes the apoptosis of trophoblastic cells, we hypothesized that GABRP expression is increased in the placental tissues from patients with PE compared with that in the normal groups and this hypothesis was confirmed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Taken together, these findings imply that GABRP plays an important role in placentation and this pathway may be a promising molecular target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Luo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Luo Q, Liu X, Liu X, Hu Y, Zou L. Edaravone protects against cobalt chloride-induced dysfunctions in apoptosis and invasion in trophoblast cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:576-87. [PMID: 27128210 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YanFang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - QingQing Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - XiaoXia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - XiaoPing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei Province China
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Cawyer C, Afroze SH, Drever N, Allen S, Jones R, Zawieja DC, Kuehl T, Uddin MN. Attenuation of hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic signaling and anti-angiogenic milieu in cultured cytotrophoblast cells. Hypertens Pregnancy 2016; 35:159-69. [PMID: 26930265 DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2015.1122035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia (preE) is a hypertensive disorder that occurs 20% in diabetic pregnancy. We have shown that hyperglycemia impairs cytotrophoblast cell (CTB) function. In this study, we assess apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling in excess glucose-induced CTBs. STUDY DESIGN Human extravillous CTBs (Sw. 71) were treated with 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 mg/dL glucose for 48 h. Some cells were pretreated with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand (rosiglitazone) or with D-mannitol. Cell lysates were utilized to measure p38 MAPK phosphorylation, PPARγ, Bcl-2-associated-X protein (Bax), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, caspase-9, and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression by western blot. Levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in culture media using ELISA kits. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance with Duncan's post hoc test. RESULTS p38 phosphorylation and PPARγ were upregulated (p < 0.05) in CTBs treated with ≥150 mg/dL glucose compared to basal (100 mg/dL). Expressions of Bax/Bcl-2, Cox-2, and caspase-9 were upregulated (p < 0.05) in CTBs treated with ≥150 mg/dL glucose. Secretion of sFlt-1, sEng, and IL-6 was increased while VEGF and PIGF were decreased in CTB-treated ≥150 mg/dl of glucose (*p < 0.01 for each). SB203580 or rosiglitazone pretreatment significantly attenuated hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling. D-Mannitol had no effect. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia induced apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling in CTBs. The observed diminution of hyperglycemia-induced signaling by SB203580 or rosiglitazone pretreatment suggests the involvement of apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling in CTB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Cawyer
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - Syeda H Afroze
- b Medical Physiology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - Nathan Drever
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - Steven Allen
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - Richard Jones
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - David C Zawieja
- b Medical Physiology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - Thomas Kuehl
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA.,c Pediatrics , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - M Nasir Uddin
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA.,c Pediatrics , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA.,d Internal Medicine , Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple , Texas , USA
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Ehrig JC, Afroze SH, Reyes M, Allen SR, Drever NS, Pilkinton KA, Kuehl TJ, Uddin MN. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor attenuates cardiotonic steroids-induced apoptotic and stress signaling in a Sw-71 cytotrophoblast cell line. Placenta 2015; 36:1276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Szabo S, Mody M, Romero R, Xu Y, Karaszi K, Mihalik N, Xu Z, Bhatti G, Fule T, Hupuczi P, Krenacs T, Rigo J, Tarca AL, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T, Kovalszky I, Papp Z, Than NG. Activation of villous trophoblastic p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in preterm preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:659-68. [PMID: 25583406 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Preterm preeclampsia is associated with the failure of trophoblast invasion, placental hypoxic/ischemic injury and the release of toxic substances, which promote the terminal pathway of preeclampsia. In term preeclampsia, factors yet unknown trigger the placenta to induce the terminal pathway. The contribution of the villous trophoblast to these pathologic events has not been fully elucidated. Here we aimed to study how stress and signaling pathways influence trophoblastic functions in various subforms of preeclampsia. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed from placentas obtained from pregnant women in the following groups: 1-2) preterm preeclampsia with (n = 8) or without (n = 7) HELLP syndrome; 3) late-onset preeclampsia (n = 8); 4-5) preterm (n = 5) and term (n = 9) controls. TMA slides were stained for phosphorylated Akt-1, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 kinases, and trophoblastic immunostainings were semi-quantitatively evaluated. BeWo cells were kept in various stress conditions, and the expression of FLT1, GCM1, LEP, and PGF was profiled by qRT-PCR, while Akt-1, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 kinase activities were measured with phospho-kinase immunoassays. We found that: 1) Placental LEP and FLT1 expression was up-regulated in preterm preeclampsia with or without HELLP syndrome compared to controls; 2) Mean pp38 immunoscore was higher in preterm preeclampsia, especially in cases with HELLP syndrome, than in controls. 3) Mean pERK1/2 immunoscore was higher in preterm preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome than in controls. 4) In BeWo cells, ischemia up-regulated LEP expression, and it increased JNK and decreased ERK1/2 activity. 5) Hypoxia up-regulated FLT1 and down-regulated PGF expression, and it increased ERK1/2, JNK and p38 activity. 6) IL-1β treatment down-regulated PGF expression, and it increased JNK and p38 activity. 7) The p38 signaling pathway had the most impact on LEP, FLT1 and PGF expression. In conclusion, hypoxic and ischemic stress, along with unknown factors, activates trophoblastic p38 signaling, which has a key role in villous trophoblastic functional changes in preterm preeclampsia. The activation of ERK1/2 signaling may induce additional trophoblastic functional changes in HELLP syndrome, while distinct mechanisms may promote late-onset preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Szabo
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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A putative role for telocytes in placental barrier impairment during preeclampsia. Med Hypotheses 2014; 84:72-7. [PMID: 25499002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a major health problem occurring in pregnant women and the principal cause of maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality. It is characterized by alteration of the extravilli trophoblast cell migration toward the endometrial spiral arteries with a concomitant reduction in maternal blood flow in the placenta. This result in a state of ischemia-hypoxia which triggers an oxidative stress stage with production of reactive oxygen species. A cascade of cellular and molecular events leads then to endothelial dysfunction, transduction pathway signal disruption and induction of apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms and therefore a significant reduction in the amount of nutrients required for normal fetal development. Placental anchoring chorionic and stem villi present a skeleton of myofibroblasts arranged in parallel disposition to its longitudinal axis. The intraplacental blood volume is controlled by the contraction/relaxation of these myofibroblasts, promoting the delivery of nutrients and metabolites to the fetus. Recently, a new mesodermal originated cell type has been described in the villous stroma, the so named "telocytes". These cells are strategically located between the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel wall and the myofibroblasts, and it is reasonable to hypothesize that they may play a pacemaker role, as in the intestine. This study provide new information supporting the notion that the occurrence of oxidative stress in PE is not only related to endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis of the trophoblast cells, but also involves telocytes and its putative role in the regulation of fetal blood flow and the intra-placental blood volume. Some ideas aimed at dilucidating the relationship between placental failure and the behavior of telocytes in pathological organs in adulthood, are also discussed.
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Arroyo J, Price M, Straszewski-Chavez S, Torry RJ, Mor G, Torry DS. XIAP protein is induced by placenta growth factor (PLGF) and decreased during preeclampsia in trophoblast cells. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014; 60:263-73. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.927540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Sharp AN, Heazell AEP, Baczyk D, Dunk CE, Lacey HA, Jones CJP, Perkins JE, Kingdom JCP, Baker PN, Crocker IP. Preeclampsia is associated with alterations in the p53-pathway in villous trophoblast. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87621. [PMID: 24498154 PMCID: PMC3907567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by exaggerated apoptosis of the villous trophoblast of placental villi. Since p53 is a critical regulator of apoptosis we hypothesized that excessive apoptosis in PE is mediated by abnormal expression of proteins participating in the p53 pathway and that modulation of the p53 pathway alters trophoblast apoptosis in vitro. METHODS Fresh placental villous tissue was collected from normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by PE; Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed on tissue lysate for protein and mRNA expression of p53 and downstream effector proteins, p21, Bax and caspases 3 and 8. To further assess the ability of p53 to modulate apoptosis within trophoblast, BeWo cells and placental villous tissue were exposed to the p53-activator, Nutlin-3, alone or in combination with the p53-inhibitor, Pifithrin-α (PFT-α). Equally, Mdm2 was knocked-down with siRNA. RESULTS Protein expression of p53, p21 and Bax was significantly increased in pregnancies complicated by PE. Conversely, Mdm2 protein levels were significantly depleted in PE; immunohistochemistry showed these changes to be confined to trophoblast. Reduction in the negative feedback of p53 by Mdm2, using siRNA and Nutlin-3, caused an imbalance between p53 and Mdm2 that triggered apoptosis in term villous explants. In the case of Nutlin, this was attenuated by Pifithrin-α. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate the potential for an imbalance in p53 and Mdm2 expression to promote excessive apoptosis in villous trophoblast. The upstream regulation of p53 and Mdm2, with regard to exaggerated apoptosis and autophagy in PE, merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Sharp
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander E. P. Heazell
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dora Baczyk
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline E. Dunk
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen A. Lacey
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John C. P. Kingdom
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip N. Baker
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian P. Crocker
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Placental trophoblast cell differentiation: Physiological regulation and pathological relevance to preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:981-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Börzsönyi B, Demendi C, Rigó J, Szentpéteri I, Rab A, Joó JG. The regulation of apoptosis in intrauterine growth restriction: a study ofBcl-2andBaxgene expression in human placenta. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:347-50. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.733770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Wei BR, Xu C, Rote NS. Increased resistance to apoptosis during differentiation and syncytialization of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:805-813. [PMID: 29623239 DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.326100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transition from mononuclear villous cytotrophoblast into multinuclear syncytiotrophoblast in the human placenta is accompanied by changes in apoptosis-related proteins and an apparent increased resistance to induced apoptosis. We investigated the specific nature and timing of changes in Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and caspases 3 and 8 in forskolin-treated BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, a model for villous cytotrophoblast differentiation. BeWo cells were treated with forskolin or vehicle alone for up to 72 h and evaluated at 24 h intervals for syncytialization and quantitative expression specific apoptosis-related proteins and mRNAs. Syncytialization was quantified using fluorescent staining of intercellular membranes and enumeration of the percentage of nuclei in multinucleate cells, and differential localization of apoptosis-related proteins to multinuclear or mononuclear cells was determined by quantitative immunofluorescence. Forskolin treatment for up to 72 h resulted in 80% syncytialization, increased expression of Bcl-2 protein (P < 0.01) and mRNA (P < 0.05), and significantly decreased expression of protein and mRNA for Bax, p53, and caspases 3 and 8. Syncytialized cells expressed higher levels of Bcl-2 protein concurrent with increased resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Thus, syncytialization of BeWo cells was accompanied by altered transcription of apoptotic-related proteins characteristic of increased apoptosis resistance secondary to increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and diminish expression of pro-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bih-Rong Wei
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, USA.,SAIC-Frederick, Bethesda, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Neal S Rote
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
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23
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Demendi C, Börzsönyi B, Végh V, Nagy ZB, Rigó J, Pajor A, Joó JG. Gene expression patterns of the Bcl-2 and Bax genes in preterm birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91:1212-7. [PMID: 22524261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl-2 are both involved in the pathogenesis of preterm delivery in conjunction with additional factors. We characterized gene expression patterns of these apoptotic regulatory genes as well as relevant environmental factors. DESIGN A gene expression study with evaluation of clinical data. SETTING Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. SAMPLE Human placental samples from 104 preterm and 140 full-term pregnancies. METHODS Gene tests were performed using real-time PCR to assess gene expression patterns of Bax and Bcl-2 in human placental samples. Clinical data were collected from our computerized database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Apoptotic gene expression pattern and clinical information against the background of preterm delivery. RESULTS In placental samples from preterm delivery pregnancies, expression of the Bcl-2 gene was unchanged, whereas the Bax gene was overexpressed. Placental gene expression of Bax in preterm delivery was dependent on gestational age with gestational weeks 28-32 and 32-36 associated with overexpression, and no overexpression in gestational weeks 24-28. Preterm delivery began with premature rupture of membranes in 70.2% and spontaneous uterine activity in 29.8%. CONCLUSIONS The Bax gene was overexpressed in preterm delivery, whereas expression of the Bcl-2 gene remained unchanged. After the 28(th) gestational week, apoptosis appears to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Demendi
- Second Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Soni S, Rath G, Prasad CP, Salhan S, Saxena S, Jain AK. Apoptosis and Bcl-2 protein expression in human placenta over the course of normal pregnancy. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 39:426-31. [PMID: 20608924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a central role in organ development, homeostasis and immune defence in multicellular organisms and is strictly controlled in part by members of Bcl-2 family. The Bcl-2 is a pro-survival molecule identified through its involvement in B-cell lymphomas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of apoptosis in the human placenta at different stages of pregnancy and to correlate it further with Bcl-2 expression. A total of 96 placental samples from first trimester, mid-trimester and uncomplicated term pregnancies were collected (n = 32 + 32 + 32). M30 cyto death monoclonal antibody was used to identify apoptotic cells. The apoptosis index of first trimester placentae was 2.33 ± 1.70, mid- trimester was 1.77 ± 1.36 and term placenta was 1.15 ± 0.21. Bcl-2 protein was found immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblast. Apoptosis index was significantly reduced in term cases as compared with first trimester (P < 0.002) and mid-trimester placentae (P = 0.01). On the contrary, Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher at term cases than in first trimester (P < 0.0001) and mid-trimester cases (P < 0.001). The present study divulges the importance of apoptosis in permitting normal physiological turnover of villous trophoblast and also exhibits the contribution of bcl-2 in maintaining syncytial integrity throughout normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soni
- Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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25
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Sudheer S, Bhushan R, Fauler B, Lehrach H, Adjaye J. FGF inhibition directs BMP4-mediated differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to syncytiotrophoblast. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2987-3000. [PMID: 22724507 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is known to support differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into mesoderm and extraembryonic lineages, whereas other signaling pathways can largely influence this lineage specification. Here, we set out to reinvestigate the influence of ACTIVIN/NODAL and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways on the lineage choices made by hESCs during BMP4-driven differentiation. We show that BMP activation, coupled with inhibition of both ACTIVIN/NODAL and FGF signaling, induces differentiation of hESCs, specifically to βhCG hormone-secreting multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast and does not support induction of embryonic and extraembryonic lineages, extravillous trophoblast, and primitive endoderm. It has been previously reported that FGF2 can switch BMP4-induced hESC differentiation outcome to mesendoderm. Here, we show that FGF inhibition alone, or in combination with either ACTIVIN/NODAL inhibition or BMP activation, supports hESC differentiation to hCG-secreting syncytiotrophoblast. We show that the inhibition of the FGF pathway acts as a key in directing BMP4-mediated hESC differentiation to syncytiotrophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sudheer
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Abumaree MH, Stone PR, Chamley LW. Changes in the Expression of Apoptosis-Related Proteins in the Life Cycle of Human Villous Trophoblast. Reprod Sci 2011; 19:597-606. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111428523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Abumaree
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - P. R. Stone
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L. W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Heazell AEP, Sharp AN, Baker PN, Crocker IP. Intra-uterine growth restriction is associated with increased apoptosis and altered expression of proteins in the p53 pathway in villous trophoblast. Apoptosis 2011; 16:135-44. [PMID: 21052841 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 3-8% of pregnancies and is associated with altered cell turnover in the villous trophoblast, an essential functional cell type of the human placenta. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, particularly p53, is important in regulating placental cell turnover in response to damage. We hypothesised that expression of proteins in the p53 pathway in placental tissue would be altered in IUGR. Expression of constituents of the p53 pathway was assessed using real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. p53 mRNA and protein expression was increased in IUGR, which localised to the syncytiotrophoblast. Similar changes were noted in p21 and Bax expression. There was no change in the expression of Mdm2, Bak and Bcl-2. The association between altered trophoblast cell turnover in IUGR and increased p53 expression is reminiscent of that following exposure to hypoxia. These observations provide further insight into the potential pathogenesis of IUGR. Further research is required to elicit the role and interactions of p53 and its place in the pathogenesis of IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, St Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK.
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Lai Z, Kalkunte S, Sharma S. A critical role of interleukin-10 in modulating hypoxia-induced preeclampsia-like disease in mice. Hypertension 2011; 57:505-14. [PMID: 21263114 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.163329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. However, in vivo evidence and mechanistic understanding remain elusive. Preeclampsia is associated with impaired placental angiogenesis. We have recently shown that interleukin (IL)-10 can support trophoblast-driven endovascular crosstalk. Accordingly, we hypothesize that pathological levels of oxygen coupled with IL-10 deficiency induce severe preeclampsia-like features coupled with elevated production of antiangiogenic factors, apoptotic pathways, and placental injury. Exposure of pregnant wild-type and IL-10(-/-) mice to 9.5% oxygen resulted in graded placental injury and systemic symptoms of renal pathology, proteinuria (wild-type 645.15 ± 115.73 versus 198.09 ± 93.45; IL-10(-/-) 819.31 ± 127.85 versus 221.45 ± 82.73 μg/mg/24 hours) and hypertension (wild-type 118.37 ± 14.45 versus 78.67 ± 14.07; IL-10(-/-) 136.03 ± 22.59 versus 83.97 ± 18.25 mm Hg). Recombinant IL-10 reversed hypoxia-induced features in pregnant IL-10(-/-) mice confirming the protective role of IL-10 in preeclampsia. Hypoxic exposure caused marked elevation of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (110.8 ± 20.1 versus 44.7 ± 11.9 ng/mL) in IL-10(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type counterparts (81.6 ± 13.1 versus 41.2 ± 8.9 ng/mL), whereas soluble endoglin was induced to similar levels in both strains (approximately 380 ± 50 versus 180 ± 31 ng/mL). Hypoxia-induced elevation of p53 was associated with marked induction of proapoptotic protein Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and trophoblast-specific apoptosis in utero-placental tissue. Collectively, we conclude that severe preeclampsia pathology could be triggered under certain threshold oxygen levels coupled with intrinsic IL-10 deficiency, which lead to excessive activation of antiangiogenic and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital–Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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29
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Arroyo JA, Li C, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, McDonald T, Nathanielsz P, Galan HL. Increased placental XIAP and caspase 3 is associated with increased placental apoptosis in a baboon model of maternal nutrient reduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:364.e13-8. [PMID: 20599184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine signaling molecules and apoptosis rate in the term placenta of a baboon model of maternal nutrient reduction (MNR). STUDY DESIGN Female baboons were fed ad libitum for controls (n = 7) or 70% of control baboon diet (MNR; n = 6) from 30-165 days of gestation with necropsy at 165 days of gestation. Placental tissues were collected and fixed for immunohistochemistry or snap frozen to measure extracellular signal-regulated kinases, protein kinase B, JUN NH(2)-terminal kinase, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and caspase 3. Placental villous apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling and cytokeratin 18 cleavage. RESULTS Compared with the control placentas, MNR placentas demonstrated reduced placental weight (P < .02), decreased phospho (p)-ERK (P < .04), increased placental villous apoptosis (P < .001), increased villous cytokeratin 18 cleavage, increased X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (P < .007), and increased active caspase 3 (P < .02). CONCLUSION We conclude that placental apoptosis is increased in this baboon model of MNR at term and that the increase in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein may be a protective mechanism against this apoptosis.
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Abstract
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is an essential feature of normal placental development but is exaggerated in association with placental disease. Placental development relies upon effective implantation and invasion of the maternal decidua by the placental trophoblast. In normal pregnancy, trophoblast apoptosis increases with placental growth and advancing gestation. However, apoptosis is notably exaggerated in the pregnancy complications, hydatidiform mole, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Placental apoptosis may be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. In common with other cell-types, trophoblast apoptosis follows the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways culminating in the activation of caspases. In contrast, the formation of apoptotic bodies is less clearly identified, but postulated by some to involve the clustering of apoptotic nuclei and liberation of this material into the maternal circulation. In addition to promoting a favorable maternal immune response, the release of this placental-derived material is thought to provoke the endothelial dysfunction of pre-eclampsia. Widespread apoptosis of the syncytiotrophoblast may also impair trophoblast function leading to the reduction in nutrient transport seen in IUGR. A clearer understanding of placental apoptosis and its regulation may provide new insights into placental pathologies, potentially suggesting therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Sharp
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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31
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Protein profiling of human endometrial tissues in the midsecretory and proliferative phases of the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:1091-1103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ray J, Jurisicova A, Caniggia I. IFPA Trophoblast Research Award Lecture: The Dynamic Role of Bcl-2 Family Members in Trophoblast Cell Fate. Placenta 2009; 30 Suppl A:S96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhu Z, Wang Y, Ding X, Zeng F, Xu K. Expression and prognostic significance of Livin in the progression of bladder cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 28:90-2. [PMID: 18278467 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-008-0123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that progression of bladder transitional cell cancer (BTCC) may be regulated at the molecular level by a typical pattern of expression of genes involved in apoptosis. Recently Livin, belonging to the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family, has been found to be expressed in most solid tumors, where its expression is suggested to have clinical significance. In order to explore the significance of Livin expression in the development of BTCC, immunohistochemistry and RT-QPCR were used to detect the expression of Livin mRNA in tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of 30 cases of BTCC. The results showed that the positive rate of Livin expression in adjacent normal tissues and tumor tissues was 0 and 60% (18/30) respectively. The-Delta Delta CT value of Livin in BTCC tissues was 8.0454 (7.4264-8.6644) times of that in adjacent normal tissues. The expression of Livin mRNA had no correlation with tumor pathological grades and clinical stages. It was suggested that there was weak expression of Livin mRNA in adjacent normal tissues, but strong in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Savage P, Stebbing J, Bower M, Crook T. Why does cytotoxic chemotherapy cure only some cancers? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:43-52. [PMID: 18982000 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent responses to chemotherapy, curative treatment remains elusive for the majority of patients with metastatic solid tumors. By contrast, in testicular cancer, gestational choriocarcinoma, Hodgkin disease and high-grade lymphomas, chemotherapy is routinely curative, even for patients who present with widely disseminated disease. In the common advanced cancers, however, over 40 years of cytotoxic drug development has brought no significant change in cure rates. One interpretation is that the intrinsic properties of the malignancies themselves, rather than the qualities of individual drugs or combination therapies, are primarily responsible for their curability with chemotherapy. We suggest that the curability of these malignancies results from an intrinsic 'locked-in' state of sensitivity to proapoptotic stresses in these cells. A common property of such curable malignancies is that they arise from cells that undergo major genetic rearrangements or recombination as part of their normal physiology. The absence of further genetic and epigenetic changes in genes that regulate apoptosis, DNA repair and senescence allows these cells to maintain their intrinsic sensitivity to chemotherapy. This process allows the cells, when challenged with chemotherapy, to undergo the natural apoptotic pathways that contribute to their intrinsic qualities of chemosensitivity and high curability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Savage
- Department of Medical Oncology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK.
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Daher S, Guimarães AJ, Mattar R, Ishigai MMS, Barreiro EG, Bevilacqua E. Bcl-2 and Bax expressions in pre-term, term and post-term placentas. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:172-8. [PMID: 18705844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Placental apoptosis-associated protein imbalance might contribute to the pathogenesis of pre- and post-term birth. Therefore, we evaluated the expression and distribution of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) molecules in term, pre-term and post-term placentas. METHOD OF STUDY Placental samples were collected from women with term (n = 25), pre-term (n = 7) and post-term (n = 10) deliveries. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was assessed by immunochemistry on paraffin-embedded placental specimens. RESULTS The pattern of immunostaining for Bcl-2 and Bax was the same in all samples, but not the intensity. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was higher in both pre-term and post-term placental samples compared with term placentas as a result of intense reactivity for the pro-apoptotic factor, Bax in pre-term and post-term placentas and, for Bcl-2 decrease in pre-term placentas. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that different unbalance mechanisms in placental apoptotic-associated protein expressions may be involved in the physiopathology of pre-term and post-term births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Daher
- Department of Obstetrics, Paulista Medical School, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Heazell AEP, Crocker IP. Live and let die - regulation of villous trophoblast apoptosis in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Placenta 2008; 29:772-83. [PMID: 18706691 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995 the number of publications investigating apoptosis in villous trophoblast has increased exponentially. This scientific interest is in part due to observations that this specialised form of cell death is increased in pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia and intra-uterine growth restriction. In addition, apoptosis is described in normal villous trophoblast and elements of the apoptotic machinery are involved in the fusion between cytotrophoblast and the overlying multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast. The increase in descriptions of apoptotic cell death in villous trophoblast has been accompanied by investigations of regulators of apoptosis. It is anticipated that understanding the regulation of apoptosis in villous trophoblast may provide new insights into placental pathologies. This review describes current knowledge regarding the expression and function of these regulators in villous trophoblast, both in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 0JH, UK.
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Tannetta DS, Sargent IL, Linton EA, Redman CWG. Vitamins C and E inhibit apoptosis of cultured human term placenta trophoblast. Placenta 2008; 29:680-90. [PMID: 18653232 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia can be lethal to both mother and baby. The prominent symptoms of this syndrome are hypertension, proteinuria and oedema, resulting from an exaggerated aseptic systemic inflammatory response, triggered by placental factors shed into the maternal circulation. Syncytiotrophoblast microparticles (STBM) are one possible factor, shed when the placenta is exposed to stressors such as hypoxia/reperfusion. These can disrupt mitochondria, triggering apoptosis and necrosis, placental pathologies which are increased in preeclampsia. We tested the effects of antioxidant vitamins C (50 microM) and E (50 microM) on trophoblast in culture, using term villous cytotrophoblast preparations. Following Percoll gradient centrifugation and MHC class I expressing cell depletion of placenta digests, syncytial fragments were removed using anti-placental alkaline phosphatase antibody. This yielded cytotrophoblasts of consistently high purity. EGF (10 ng/ml) stimulated syncytialisation and hCG and progesterone production. However, mitochondrial induced apoptosis (MIA) was evident 96h post-isolation, as mitochondrial membrane potential loss and caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation. ROCK-1 cleavage and syncytiotrophoblast particle shedding increased concurrently with apoptosis induction. Vitamins blocked MIA and syncytiotrophoblast particle shedding and significantly increased hCG (p<0.005) and progesterone (p<0.02) concentrations in culture supernatants, reflecting the increased survival rates. Although more cells survived in culture, syncytialisation rate (%) was significantly reduced (p<0.005). We conclude that vitamins C and E can significantly reduce mitochondrial damage generated following syncytialisation in vitro. However, further work is required to determine whether antioxidant vitamins interfere with normal fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tannetta
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Arroyo JA, Anthony RV, Galan HL. Decreased placental X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:80.e1-8. [PMID: 18295176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess placental apoptosis at both midgestation and near term in an ovine model of placental insufficiency (PI) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). STUDY DESIGN At 40 days' gestational age (dGA), 2 groups of 4 ewes were exposed to hyperthermic conditions for either 55 days or 80 days to induce IUGR with necropsies at 95 (midgestation) and 130 dGA (term = 140 dGA), respectively. Blood gases were assessed and placental tissues obtained for apoptosis analyses. RESULTS PI-IUGR pregnancies showed: (1) a decrease in fetal O(2) saturation and pO(2) (P < .04), (2) an increase in placental villi apoptosis (P < .05) at midgestation and near term, and (3) a decrease of cotyledon X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) at both gestational periods (P < .04) with no differences in caruncle XIAP protein. CONCLUSION Placental villous apoptosis is increased at midgestation and near term in our ovine model of IUGR, and this increase is associated with a significant decrease in XIAP protein in the cotyledon of IUGR animals.
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Park JK, Kang MY, Kim YH, Jo HC, Shin JK, Choi WJ, Lee SA, Lee JH, Choi WS, Paik WY. PKC delta in preeclamptic placentas promotes Bax dissociation from 14-3-3 zeta through 14-3-3 zeta phosphorylation. Placenta 2008; 29:584-92. [PMID: 18472156 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated placental apoptosis and the expression of and interactions between 14-3-3 and Bcl-2 family proteins during preeclampsia. In addition, we explored the mechanism of Bax dissociation from 14-3-3, hypothesizing that PKC-mediated phosphorylation of 14-3-3 results in dissociation of Bax from 14-3-3 proteins, and leads to apoptosis. METHODS Placental samples from 10 women with preeclampsia and 10 normotensive control patients were analyzed using M30-specific immunohistochemistry to assess placental apoptosis. Biochemical markers of cellular apoptosis, such as cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, 14-3-3, and PKC were followed by Western blotting. Interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with Bax and with PKC was assessed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS M30-positive cells were widespread in the preeclamptic placentas. The levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, 14-3-3 zeta, phospho-(Ser)-14-3-3, and PKC delta were significantly higher in the preeclamptic placentas than in normal placentas. Preeclampsia was also associated with weaker interactions between 14-3-3 zeta and Bax and stronger interactions between 14-3-3 zeta and PKC delta. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PKC delta in preeclamptic placentas promotes Bax dissociation from 14-3-3 zeta through the phosphorylation of 14-3-3 zeta. This finding may at least in part explain the apoptosis-inducing activity of PKC delta, revealing the important role of PKC delta in the development of apoptosis-related diseases such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 90 Chilam-dong, JinJu 660-702, Republic of Korea
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Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 mediates trophoblast apoptosis in spontaneous delivery. Apoptosis 2007; 13:283-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wan H, Versnel MA, Cheung WY, Leenen PJM, Khan NA, Benner R, Kiekens RCM. Chorionic gonadotropin can enhance innate immunity by stimulating macrophage function. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:926-33. [PMID: 17626151 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0207092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental glycoprotein, mainly secreted by trophoblasts during pregnancy. Its function in endocrine regulation has been well documented, but its immunological role is still largely unclear. For a successful pregnancy, an effective innate immunity is needed to protect the mother and fetus against infection, while maintaining tolerance against the paternal antigens of the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hCG on the function of macrophages (Mvarphi), which are major players in the innate response. hCG treatment of IFN-gamma-primed Mvarphi resulted in increased production of NO, reactive oxygen species, IL-6 and IL-12p40, and enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. hCG treatment did not affect the induction of allogeneic T cell proliferation by IFN-gamma-primed Mvarphi. The observed effects were receptor-mediated and involved the protein kinase A signaling pathway, as indicated by blocking studies using specific inhibitors. In vivo thioglycollate-elicited Mvarphi also exhibited increased phagocytic ability upon IFN-gamma activation and hCG treatment. In conclusion, hCG enhances Mvarphi functions involved in innate immunity, while the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wan
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Heazell AEP, Moll SJ, Jones CJP, Baker PN, Crocker IP. Formation of Syncytial Knots is Increased by Hyperoxia, Hypoxia and Reactive Oxygen Species. Placenta 2007; 28 Suppl A:S33-40. [PMID: 17140657 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The syncytiotrophoblast contains aggregates of nuclei termed syncytial knots. Increased numbers of syncytial knots have been reported in placentae of pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR). As oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders, we hypothesised that the formation of syncytial knots may be induced by exposure to hypoxia, hyperoxia or reactive oxygen species (ROS). We assessed both the number and morphology of syncytial knots induced by culture in hypoxia, hyperoxia and with ROS. We also investigated whether the presence of syncytial knots in normal tissue was associated with a down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Mdm2, XIAP and survivin. Using our measurement system we describe an increased number of syncytial knots when tissue is cultured in hypoxia, hyperoxia or in the presence of ROS. The morphology of these syncytial knots was similar to those seen in vitro, although the nuclei from cultured placental explants were morphologically more homogenous, had fewer nuclear pores, and a higher heterochromatin:euchromatin ratio. Despite the apoptotic appearances of nuclei we did not detect a loss of anti-apoptotic proteins in the region of syncytial knots. We conclude that the increased number of syncytial knots in placentae from pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and FGR can be replicated in vitro by ROS or hypoxia, supporting their involvement in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK.
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Crocker I. Gabor Than Award Lecture 2006: pre-eclampsia and villous trophoblast turnover: perspectives and possibilities. Placenta 2007; 28 Suppl A:S4-13. [PMID: 17379302 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Placental apoptosis is exaggerated in pre-eclampsia and cytotrophoblast proliferation is enhanced. This imbalance may be a primary pathogenic event, whereby excessive syncytiotrophoblast apoptosis counters cytotrophoblast fusion, promoting the liberation of syncytial material which perturbs the maternal vascular endothelium. We have previously shown that primary trophoblasts and explant cultured villous fragments from pre-eclamptic pregnancies elicit greater levels of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. This review considers current opinions in trophoblast cell turnover in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. In the context of other findings, this review highlights: (i) the disparity in expression of pro-apoptotic transcription factor p53 in the syncytiotrophoblast in pre-eclampsia, (ii) the importance of reactive oxygen species and hypoxia in initiating villous trophoblast apoptosis and (iii) the concept that aberrant intervillous haemodynamics, as opposed to oxygen per se, initiates excessive syncytiotrophoblast shedding. Finally, therapeutic ways of restoring the syncytiotrophoblast in pre-eclampsia and preventing excessive placental apoptosis are considered, including a role for mitotic manipulators and growth factor replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Crocker
- Division of Human Development, The Medical School, University of Manchester, UK.
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Schmidt A, Groth P, Haendler B, Hess-Stumpp H, Krätzschmar J, Seidel H, Thaele M, Weiss B. Gene expression during the implantation window: microarray analysis of human endometrial samples. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:139-57. [PMID: 15704471 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27147-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Schering AG, Female Health Care, Berlin, German.
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Hu C, Smith SD, Pang L, Sadovsky Y, Nelson DM. Enhanced Basal Apoptosis in Cultured Term Human Cytotrophoblasts is Associated with a Higher Expression and Physical Interaction of p53 and Bak. Placenta 2006; 27:978-83. [PMID: 16376985 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the expression levels of p53 and the pro-apoptotic mediators from the Bcl-2 family are higher in cytotrophoblasts, when compared to cultures with abundant syncytiotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts isolated from normal term human placentas were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (DMEM) for 24 h, when the cytotrophoblast phenotype predominates, in DMEM for 72 h, when the syncytiotrophoblast phenotype predominates, or in Ham's-Waymouth medium or DMEM with 1.5% dimethylsulfoxide, each of which maintains the cytotrophoblast phenotype through 72 h of culture. Apoptosis was assessed by detection of cleavage products of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, by expression of cleaved cytokeratin 18 intermediate filaments, and by assessment of caspase-3 activity. Independent of time in culture, cytotrophoblasts showed higher levels of apoptosis compared to syncytiotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts also expressed a 2-fold higher level of p53, a 2-fold lower level of 60 kDa Mdm-2 protein, a 2-fold higher level of Bak, but no differences in the expression of 90 kDa Mdm-2, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1, Bax, Bad, and Bad phosphorylated at the serine(112), serine(136), or serine(155) sites, compared to the syncytiotrophoblasts. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated a greater degree of Bak-p53 interaction in cytotrophoblasts than in syncytiotrophoblasts. We also detected Bak-Mcl-1 interaction that was no different between the two phenotypes. Among the proteins studied, enhanced p53 activity, differential Bak expression, and Bak-p53 interactions may contribute to the higher level of constitutive apoptosis in cultures of cytotrophoblasts compared to syncytiotrophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sgarbosa F, Barbisan LF, Brasil MAM, Costa E, Calderon IMP, Gonçalves CR, Bevilacqua E, Rudge MVC. Changes in apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in human hyperglycemic, term placental trophoblast. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 73:143-9. [PMID: 16563550 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and its associated regulatory mechanisms are physiological events crucial to the maintenance of placental homeostasis; imbalance of these processes, however, such as occurs under various pathological conditions, may compromise placenta function and, consequently, pregnancy success. Increased apoptosis occurs in the placentas of pregnant women with several developmental disabilities, while increased Bcl-2 expression is generally associated with pregnancy-associated tumors. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that apoptosis-associated disturbs might be involved in the placental physiopathology subjected to different maternal hyperglycemic conditions. Thus, in the present study we investigated and compared the incidence of apoptosis using TUNEL reaction and Bcl-2 expression, in term-placentas of normoglycemic, diabetic and daily hyperglycemic patients. Tissue samples were collected from 37 placentas, being 15 from healthy mothers with normally delivered healthy babies, and 22 from mothers with glucose disturbances. From these latter 22 patients, 10 showed maternal daily hyperglycemia and 12 were clinically diabetics. Both Bcl-2 expression and apoptotic DNA fragmentation were established and quantified in the trophoblasts of healthy mothers. Compared to these reference values, a higher apoptosis index and lower Bcl-2 expression were disclosed in the placentas of the diabetic women, while in the daily hyperglycemic group, values were intermediate between the diabetic and normoglycemic patients. The TUNEL/Bcl-2 index ratio in the placentas varied from 0.02 to 0.09 for pregnant normoglycemic and diabetic women, respectively, revealing a predominance of apoptosis in the diabetic group. Our findings suggest that hyperglycemia may be a key factor evoking apoptosis in the placental trophoblast, and therefore, is relevant to diabetic placenta function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sgarbosa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Ka H, Hunt JS. FLICE-inhibitory Protein: Expression in Early and Late Gestation Human Placentas. Placenta 2006; 27:626-34. [PMID: 16174530 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis cascade that plays a central role in normal and pathological processes is strictly controlled, in part by FLIP (Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein), an inhibitor of caspase-8. Here, we report the expression of long and short isoforms of FLIP mRNAs and proteins in early and late gestation human placentas, term cytotrophoblast cells and two choriocarcinoma cell lines, JEG-3 and Jar. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified mRNAs derived from the FLIP gene in all samples. Analysis by immunoblotting revealed that both long and short forms of FLIP proteins are present in early and late gestation human placentas with increasing levels over gestation and that FLIP proteins are present in normal and transformed trophoblast cells. Immunohistochemical experiments performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue sections taken from early and late stages of pregnancy demonstrated that FLIP proteins are present in caspase-8-expressing cells and that expression patterns of FLIP differed according to cell lineage and stage of cell differentiation. The results of this study are consistent with the postulate that FLIP proteins have critical roles in placental cell survival and suggest that FLIP may protect normal and transformed trophoblast cells from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-7400, USA.
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Straszewski-Chavez SL, Abrahams VM, Mor G. The role of apoptosis in the regulation of trophoblast survival and differentiation during pregnancy. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:877-97. [PMID: 15901666 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is important for normal placental development, but it may also be involved in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-related diseases. Normal placental development is dependent upon the differentiation and invasion of the trophoblast, the main cellular component of the placenta. Trophoblast apoptosis increases in normal placentas as gestation proceeds, and a greater incidence of trophoblast apoptosis has been observed in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). In response to different stimuli, apoptosis may be initiated extrinsically by the death receptor pathway or intrinsically by the mitochondrial pathway. The central executioners of apoptosis are the caspases, which cleave numerous vital cellular proteins to affect the apoptotic cascade. By inhibiting caspase activation, several endogenous inhibitors, including flice-like inhibitory proteins (FLIPs), inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, can prevent further propagation of the death signal. Macrophages present at the maternal-fetal interface may also contribute to trophoblast survival by removing apoptotic cells and producing cytokines and growth factors, which influence the progression of the apoptotic cascade. This review focuses on the role of apoptosis in trophoblast development and differentiation, the molecular mechanisms by which normal trophoblast apoptosis can occur, and how it is regulated to prevent excessive trophoblast apoptosis and possible pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn L Straszewski-Chavez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street FMB 301, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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