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Ajuwon OR, Nsole-Biteghe FA, Ndong JD, Davids LM, Ajiboye BO, Brai B, Bamisaye FA, Falode JA, Odoh IM, Adegbite KI, Adegoke BO, Ntwasa M, Lebelo SL, Ayeleso AO. Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Response and Drug Efflux Transporters Upregulation as Possible Mechanisms of Resistance in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:605-627. [PMID: 39131905 PMCID: PMC11313505 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s457749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a groundbreaking approach involving the induction of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) within tumors through visible light activation of photosensitizers (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen. This innovative therapy has demonstrated success in treating various cancers. While PDT proves highly effective in most solid tumors, there are indications that certain cancers exhibit resistance, and some initially responsive cancers may develop intrinsic or acquired resistance to PDT. The molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that, akin to other traditional cancer treatments, the activation of survival pathways, such as the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, is emerging as an important mechanism of post-PDT resistance in many cancers. This article explores the dual role of Nrf2, highlighting evidence linking aberrant Nrf2 expression to treatment resistance across a range of cancers. Additionally, it delves into the specific role of Nrf2 in the context of photodynamic therapy for cancers, emphasizing evidence that suggests Nrf2-mediated upregulation of antioxidant responses and induction of drug efflux transporters are potential mechanisms of resistance to PDT in diverse cancer types. Therefore, understanding the specific role(s) of Nrf2 in PDT resistance may pave the way for the development of more effective cancer treatments using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bartholomew Brai
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - John Adeolu Falode
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna Maximillian Odoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Medical Center, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria
| | - Kabirat Iyabode Adegbite
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Basic Medical and Health Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Monde Ntwasa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
| | - Sogolo Lucky Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olabode Ayeleso
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
- Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Chen Y, Guo P, Chen L, He D. 5-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic reactions in diagnosis and therapy for female lower genital tract diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1370396. [PMID: 39076768 PMCID: PMC11284047 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1370396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the patients suffering from female lower genital tract diseases are getting younger and younger and the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is becoming more widespread, the novel non-invasive precise modalities of diagnosis and therapy are required to remain structures of the organ and tissue, and fertility as well, by which the less damage to normal tissue and fewer adverse effects are able to be achieved. In all nucleated mammalian cells, 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an amino acid that occurs spontaneously, which further synthesizes in the heme biosynthetic pathway into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as a porphyrin precursor and photosensitizing agent. Exogenous 5-ALA avoids the rate-limiting step in the process, causing PpIX buildup in tumor tissues. This tumor-selective PpIX distribution after 5-ALA application has been used successfully for tumor photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Several ALA-based drugs have been used for ALA-PDD and ALA-PDT in treating many (pre)cancerous diseases, including the female lower genital tract diseases, yet the ALA-induced fluorescent theranostics is needed to be explored further. In this paper, we are going to review the studies of the mechanisms and applications mainly on ALA-mediated photodynamic reactions and its effectiveness in treating female lower genital tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Pashootan P, Saadati F, Fahimi H, Rahmati M, Strippoli R, Zarrabi A, Cordani M, Moosavi MA. Metal-based nanoparticles in cancer therapy: Exploring photodynamic therapy and its interplay with regulated cell death pathways. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123622. [PMID: 37989403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a non-invasive treatment strategy currently utilized in the clinical management of selected cancers and infections. This technique is predicated on the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) and subsequent irradiation with light of specific wavelengths, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within targeted cells. The cellular effects of PDT are dependent on both the localization of the PS and the severity of ROS challenge, potentially leading to the stimulation of various cell death modalities. For many years, the concept of regulated cell death (RCD) triggered by photodynamic reactions predominantly encompassed apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, in recent decades, further explorations have unveiled additional cell death modalities, such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death (ICD), which helps to achieve tumor cell elimination. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated substantial advantages over traditional PSs and become important components of PDT, due to their improved physicochemical properties, such as enhanced solubility and superior specificity for targeted cells. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in the applications of different metal-based NPs as PSs or delivery systems for optimized PDT in cancer treatment. Furthermore, it mechanistically highlights the contribution of RCD pathways during PDT with metal NPs and how these forms of cell death can improve specific PDT regimens in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Pashootan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saadati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey; Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Marco Cordani
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran.
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Viswanath D, Shin SH, Yoo J, Torregrosa-Allen SE, Harper HA, Cervantes HE, Elzey BD, Won YY. Radiation-induced photodynamic therapy using calcium tungstate nanoparticles and 5-aminolevulinic acid prodrug. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6311-6324. [PMID: 37552121 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) prodrug is a clinically tried and proven treatment modality for surface-level lesions. However, its use for deep-seated tumors has been limited due to the poor penetration depth of visible light needed to activate the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), which is produced from ALA metabolism. Herein, we report the usage of poly(ethylene glycol-b-lactic acid) (PEG-PLA)-encapsulated calcium tungstate (CaWO4, CWO for short) nanoparticles (PEG-PLA/CWO NPs) as energy transducers for X-ray-activated PDT using ALA. Owing to the spectral overlap between radioluminescence afforded by the CWO core and the absorbance of PPIX, these NPs can serve as an in situ visible light activation source during radiotherapy (RT), thereby mitigating the limitation of penetration depth. We demonstrate that this effect is observed across different cell lines with varying radio-sensitivity. Importantly, both PPIX and PEG-PLA/CWO NPs exhibit no significant toxicities at therapeutic doses in the absence of radiation. To assess the efficacy of this approach, we conducted a study using a syngeneic mouse model subcutaneously implanted with inherently radio-resistant 4T1 tumors. The results show a significantly improved prognosis compared to conventional RT, even with as few as 2 fractions of 4 Gy X-rays. Taken together, these results suggest that PEG-PLA/CWO NPs are promising agents for application of ALA-PDT in deep-seated tumors, thereby significantly expanding the utility of the already established treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhushyanth Viswanath
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Jin Yoo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Sandra E Torregrosa-Allen
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Haley A Harper
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Heidi E Cervantes
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - You-Yeon Won
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Aniogo EC, George BP, Abrahamse H. Photobiomodulation Improves Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against Resistant MCF-7 Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1547. [PMID: 37371640 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer resistance is a primary concern in cancer treatment, and developing an effective modality or strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes is imperative. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that targets the tumor with a photoactive molecule and light for the specific destruction of cancer cells. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a light exposure of cells to energize their biomolecules to respond to therapy. In the present study, we used PBM to mediate and improve the anti-tumor efficacy of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (ZnPcS4)-PDT on resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells and explore molecular changes associated with cell death. Different laser irradiation models were used for PBM and PDT combination. The combined treatment demonstrated an additive effect on the viability and Annexin-V/PI-staining cell death assessed through MTT assay and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. Rhodamine (Rh123) showed increased affinity to mitochondrial disruption of the strategic treatment with PBM and PDT. Results from the autophagy assay indicate an interplay between the mitochondrial and autophagic proteins. These findings were indicative that PBM might improve the anti-tumor of PDT by inducing autophagy in resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells that evade apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chekwube Aniogo
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Otvagin VF, Kuzmina NS, Kudriashova ES, Nyuchev AV, Gavryushin AE, Fedorov AY. Conjugates of Porphyrinoid-Based Photosensitizers with Cytotoxic Drugs: Current Progress and Future Directions toward Selective Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1695-1734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilii F. Otvagin
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S. Kuzmina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S. Kudriashova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Nyuchev
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey Yu. Fedorov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
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Han Y, Yang Y, Huang S, Yao L, Wu L. The miR-34a/WNT7B modulates the sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to p53-mediated photodynamic therapy toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 591:54-61. [PMID: 34999254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides apparent survival benefits for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma patients. the insufficient sensitivity of cancer cell to PDT treatment limits the clinical application. In this study, according to the GEO datasets, WNT7B expression was decreased by PDT treatment in cholangiocarcinoma samples. In cholangiocarcinoma cells, PDT treatment inhibited Wnt signaling, suppressed cell viability, and enhanced cell apoptosis. Within cholangiocarcinoma cells, PDT treatment induced p53 and miR-34a-5p expression. Under PDT treatment, p53 knockdown downregulated miR-34a-5p expression, whereas the inhibition effect of p53 knockdown on miR-34a-5p could be partially attenuated by agomir-34a-5p. p53 knockdown enhanced cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis, whereas miR-34a-5p overexpression exerted opposite effects; miR-34a-5p overexpression partially attenuated p53 knockdown effects on PDT-treated cholangiocarcinoma cells. miR-34a-5p directly targeted WNT7B and inhibited WNT7B expression. Under PDT treatment, WNT7B knockdown inhibited the Wnt signaling and cell viability, and promoted cell apoptosis, while miR-34a-5p suppression showed the opposite trends; WNT7B knockdown partially attenuated miR-34a-5p inhibition effects on PDT-treated cholangiocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, PDT treatment induces p53-induced miR-34a transactivation to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation; the miR-34a-5p/WNT7B axis and Wnt signaling are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshan Han
- Medical Experimental Innovation Center, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Sanqian Huang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Academician Expert Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lile Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Response of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Overexpressed with P-Glycoprotein to Apoptotic Induction after Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237412. [PMID: 34885994 PMCID: PMC8658844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) has posed a significant threat to cancer treatment and has led to the emergence of a new therapeutic regime of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to curb the menace. The PDT modality employs a photosensitiser (PS), excited at a specific wavelength of light to kill cancer cells. In the present study, we used a zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid PS to mediate the photodynamic killing of MCF-7 cells overexpressed with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and investigate the response to cell death induction. After photodynamic treatment, MCF-7 cells undergo cell death, and indicators like Annexin V/PI staining, DNA fragmentation, and measurement of apoptotic protein expression were investigated. Results showed increased externalisation of phosphatidylserine protein, measured as a percentage in flow cytometry indicative of apoptotic induction. This expression was significant (p < 0.006) for the untreated control cells, and there was no detection of DNA fragments after a laser fluence of 20 J/cm2. In addition, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was seen in caspase 8 activity and Bax protein expression. These findings were indicative of apoptotic induction and thus seem to represent the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. This study shows the role of PDT in the treatment of a resistant phenotype breast cancer.
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Cárdenas G, Nogueira JJ. Stacking Effects on Anthraquinone/DNA Charge-Transfer Electronically Excited States. Molecules 2020; 25:E5927. [PMID: 33333751 PMCID: PMC7765225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of more efficient photosensitizers is a matter of great importance in the field of cancer treatment by means of photodynamic therapy. One of the main processes involved in the activation of apoptosis in cancer cells is the oxidative stress on DNA once a photosensitizer is excited by light. As a consequence, it is very relevant to investigate in detail the binding modes of the chromophore with DNA, and the nature of the electronically excited states that participate in the induction of DNA damage, for example, charge-transfer states. In this work, we investigate the electronic structure of the anthraquinone photosensitizer intercalated into a double-stranded poly(dG-dC) decamer model of DNA. First, the different geometric configurations are analyzed by means of classical molecular dynamics simulations. Then, the excited states for the most relevant poses of anthraquinone inside the binding pocket are computed by an electrostatic-embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approach, where anthraquinone and one of the nearby guanine residues are described quantum mechanically to take into account intermolecular charge-transfer states. The excited states are characterized as monomer, exciton, excimer, and charge-transfer states based on the analysis of the transition density matrix, and each of these contributions to the total density of states and absorption spectrum is discussed in terms of the stacking interactions. These results are relevant as they represent the footing for future studies on the reactivity of anthraquinone derivatives with DNA and give insights on possible geometrical configurations that potentially favor the oxidative stress of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cárdenas
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan J. Nogueira
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- IADCHEM, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Oxidative Stress and Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancers: Mechanisms, Challenges and Promising Developments. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050448. [PMID: 32455998 PMCID: PMC7278813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is one of the most pervasive environmental interactions with humans. Chronic ultraviolet irradiation increases the danger of skin carcinogenesis. Probably, oxidative stress is the most important mechanism by which ultraviolet radiation implements its damaging effects on normal cells. However, notwithstanding the data referring to the negative effects exerted by light radiation and oxidative stress on carcinogenesis, both factors are used in the treatment of skin cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists of the administration of a photosensitiser, which undergoes excitation after suitable irradiation emitted from a light source and generates reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress causes a condition in which cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids, are oxidised and injured. Antitumor effects result from the combination of direct tumour cell photodamage, the destruction of tumour vasculature and the activation of an immune response. In this review, we report the data present in literature dealing with the main signalling molecular pathways modified by oxidative stress after photodynamic therapy to target skin cancer cells. Moreover, we describe the progress made in the design of anti-skin cancer photosensitisers, and the new possibilities of increasing the efficacy of PDT via the use of molecules capable of developing a synergistic antineoplastic action.
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Akter S, Inai M, Saito S, Honda N, Hazama H, Nishikawa T, Kaneda Y, Awazu K. Photodynamic therapy by lysosomal-targeted drug delivery using talaporfin sodium incorporated into inactivated virus particles. Laser Ther 2019; 28:245-256. [PMID: 32255916 PMCID: PMC7087334 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.19-or-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a minimally invasive cancer treatment involving the activation of photosensitizer by a specific wavelength of light, is considered to be a promising treatment option for drug-resistant prostate cancer. Hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) has the potential to serve as a highly effective cancer therapy through selective drug delivery and enhancement of the anti-tumor immune response. OBJECTIVES To improve therapeutic efficacy and selective accumulation of photosensitizer into tumor cells, we developed a novel photosensitizer, Laserphyrin®-HVJ-E (L-HVJ-E), by incorporating talaporfin sodium (Laserphyrin®, Meiji Seika Pharma) into HVJ-E. MATERIALS AND METHODS The therapeutic effect of PDT with Laserphyrin® or L-HVJ-E was evaluated in the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 in vitro. The subcellular localizations of Laserphyrin® and L-HVJ-E were observed by confocal microscopy. Apoptosis or necrosis following PDT was detected by annexin V-fluorescein/propidium iodide double staining. RESULTS The cytotoxic effect of Laserphyrin®- and L-HVJ-E-mediated PDT were determined by evaluating cell survival rate and production of reactive oxygen species. The cytotoxicity of L-HVJ-E-mediated PDT was dependent on drug concentration and light dose. Laserphyrin® and L-HVJ-E gradually entered cells as incubation time increased, and both agents tended to be distributed in lysosomes rather than mitochondria. Time and dose dependent increase in ROS production was observed, and induction of both apoptotic and necrotic cell death was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Laserphyrin® and L-HVJ-E were distributed mainly in lysosomes and induced cell death by both apoptosis and necrosis. Furthermore, L-HVJ-E-mediated PDT effectively killed cultured PC-3 cells and exerted higher photocytotoxicity than Laserphyrin®-mediated PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Akter
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Inai
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Honda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Institute of Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisanao Hazama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Awazu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Global Centre for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Pucelik B, Arnaut LG, Dąbrowski JM. Lipophilicity of Bacteriochlorin-Based Photosensitizers as a Determinant for PDT Optimization through the Modulation of the Inflammatory Mediators. J Clin Med 2019; 9:E8. [PMID: 31861531 PMCID: PMC7019385 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) augments the host antitumor immune response, but the role of the PDT effect on the tumor microenvironment in dependence on the type of photosensitizer and/or therapeutic protocols has not been clearly elucidated. We employed three bacteriochlorins (F2BOH, F2BMet and Cl2BHep) of different polarity that absorb near-infrared light (NIR) and generated a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to compare the PDT efficacy after various drug-to-light intervals: 15 min. (V-PDT), 3h (E-PDT) and 72h (C-PDT). We also performed the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of PDT crucial for the generation of the long-lasting antitumor immune response. PDT-induced damage affected the integrity of the host tissue and developed acute (protocol-dependent) local inflammation, which in turn led to the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. In order to further confirm this hypothesis, a number of proteins in the plasma of PDT-treated mice were identified. Among a wide range of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, TNF-α, GM-CSF), chemokines (KC, MCP-1, MIP1α, MIP1β, MIP2) and growth factors (VEGF) released after PDT, an important role was assigned to IL-6. PDT protocols optimized for studied bacteriochlorins led to a significant increase in the survival rate of BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors, but each photosensitizer (PS) was more or less potent, depending on the applied DLI (15 min, 3 h or 72 h). Hydrophilic (F2BOH) and amphiphilic (F2BMet) PSs were equally effective in V-PDT (>80 cure rate). F2BMet was the most efficient in E-PDT (DLI = 3h), leading to a cure of 65 % of the animals. Finally, the most powerful PS in the C-PDT (DLI = 72 h) regimen turned out to be the most hydrophobic compound (Cl2BHep), allowing 100 % of treated animals to be cured at a light dose of only 45 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
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Zhang W, Huang Y, Chen Y, Zhao E, Hong Y, Chen S, Lam JWY, Chen Y, Hou J, Tang BZ. Amphiphilic Tetraphenylethene-Based Pyridinium Salt for Selective Cell-Membrane Imaging and Room-Light-Induced Special Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10567-10577. [PMID: 30801178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane is the protecting frontier of cells, which is crucial for maintaining cell integrity, and has a close relationship with cell growth and death. There is a growing need for cell membrane imaging and monitoring in both living and dying cells. Herein, we report a new amphiphilic tetraphenylethene-based pyridinium salt (TPE-MEM) with aggregation-induced emission features for discriminatory cell membrane imaging. The fluorogenic probe with high yield was synthesized following asymmetric McMurry reaction, Williamson ether synthesis reaction, Suzuki coupling, and aldol condensation between a double-charged pyridinium salt and hexyloxytetraphenylethene benzaldehyde. TPE-MEM shows good water solubility, biocompatibility, and cell membrane specificity. Interestingly, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced by the molecule (TPE-MEM) under room-light irradiation, which could destroy the integrity of the plasma membrane and cause cell necrosis. This enables a visible observation of cell necrosis and the phototherapeutic effect under a mild condition. Preliminary animal investigations also demonstrated the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effectiveness of TPE-MEM in tumor growth inhibition. We conclude that TPE-MEM is potentially a cell membrane-selective photosensitizer for PDT and it is worthy of further exploration of the phototherapeutic effect on animals systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , 188 Shizi RD , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , 188 Shizi RD , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yilong Chen
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology , Dongguan University of Technology , 1st University Road, Songshan Lake District , Dongguan 523808 , China
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia 2086
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Jianquan Hou
- Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , 188 Shizi RD , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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15
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Sandland J, Malatesti N, Boyle R. Porphyrins and related macrocycles: Combining photosensitization with radio- or optical-imaging for next generation theranostic agents. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:281-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Rohrabaugh TN, Rohrabaugh AM, Kodanko JJ, White JK, Turro C. Photoactivation of imatinib-antibody conjugate using low-energy visible light from Ru(ii)-polypyridyl cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5193-5196. [PMID: 29707728 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ru(ii)-polypyridyl cages with sterically bulky bidentate ligands provide efficient photochemical release of the anticancer drug imatinib using low energy visible light, imparting spatiotemporal control over drug bioavailability. The light-activated drug release is maintained when the Ru(ii) cage is covalently coupled to an antibody, which is expected to localize selectively on the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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17
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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18
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Thong PSP, Lee K, Toh HJ, Dong J, Tee CS, Low KP, Chang PH, Bhuvaneswari R, Tan NC, Soo KC. Early assessment of tumor response to photodynamic therapy using combined diffuse optical and diffuse correlation spectroscopy to predict treatment outcome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19902-19913. [PMID: 28423634 PMCID: PMC5386732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer involves the use of a photosensitizer that can be light-activated to eradicate tumors via direct cytotoxicity, damage to tumor vasculature and stimulating the body's immune system. Treatment outcome may vary between individuals even under the same regime; therefore a non-invasive tumor response monitoring system will be useful for personalization of the treatment protocol. We present the combined use of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to provide early assessment of tumor response. The relative tissue oxygen saturation (rStO2) and relative blood flow (rBF) in tumors were measured using DOS and DCS respectively before and after PDT with reference to baseline values in a mouse model. In complete responders, PDT-induced decreases in both rStO2 and rBF levels were observed at 3 h post-PDT and the rBF remained low until 48 h post-PDT. Recovery of these parameters to baseline values was observed around 2 weeks after PDT. In partial responders, the rStO2 and rBF levels also decreased at 3 h post PDT, however the rBF values returned toward baseline values earlier at 24 h post-PDT. In contrast, the rStO2 and rBF readings in control tumors showed fluctuations above the baseline values within the first 48 h. Therefore tumor response can be predicted at 3 to 48 h post-PDT. Recovery or sustained decreases in the rBF at 48 h post-PDT corresponded to long-term tumor control. Diffuse optical measurements can thus facilitate early assessment of tumor response. This approach can enable physicians to personalize PDT treatment regimens for best outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kijoon Lee
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Current address: Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
| | - Hui-Jin Toh
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Jing Dong
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Current address: Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Chuan-Sia Tee
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Kar-Perng Low
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Pui-Haan Chang
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Ngian-Chye Tan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Khee-Chee Soo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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19
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Moret F, Reddi E. Strategies for optimizing the delivery to tumors of macrocyclic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly summaries the principles and mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as concerns its application in the oncological field, highlighting its drawbacks and some of the strategies that have been or are being explored to overcome them. The major aim is to increase the efficiency and selectivity of the photosensitizer (PS) uptake in the cancer cells for optimizing the PDT effects on tumors while sparing normal cells. Some attempts to achieve this are based on the conjugation of the PS to biomolecules (small ligands, peptides) functioning as carriers with the ability to efficiently penetrate cells and/or specifically recognize and bind proteins/receptors overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. Alternatively, the PS can be entrapped in nanocarriers derived from various types of materials that can target the tumor by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. The use of nanocarriers is particularly attractive because it allows the simultaneous delivery of more than one drug with the possibility of combining PDT with other therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
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20
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Horne TK, Cronjé MJ. Novel carbohydrate-substituted metallo-porphyrazine comparison for cancer tissue-type specificity during PDT. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:412-422. [PMID: 28662468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding obstacle to cancer eradication centers on the heterogeneous nature of the tissue that manifests it. Variations between cancer cell resistance profiles often result in a survival percentage following classic therapeutics. As an alternative, photodynamic therapys' (PDT) unique non-specific cell damage mechanism and high degree of application control enables it to potentially deliver an efficient treatment regime to a broad range of heterogeneous tissue types thereby overcoming individual resistance profiles. This study follows on from previous design, characterization and solubility analyses of three novel carbohydrate-ligated zinc-porphyrazine (Zn(II)Pz) derivatives. Here we report on their PDT application potential in the treatment of five common cancer tissue types in vitro. Following analyses of metabolic homeostasis, toxicity and cell death induction, overall Zn(II)Pz-PDT proved comparably efficient between all cancer tissue populations. Differential localization patterns of Zn(II)Pz derivatives between cell types did not appear to influence the overall PDT effect. All cell types exhibited significant disruptions to mitochondrial activity and associated ATP production levels. Toxicity and chromatin structure profiles revealed indiscernible patterns of damage between Zn(II)Pz derivatives and cell type. The subtle differences observed between individual Zn(II)Pz derivatives is most likely due to a combination of carbohydrate moiety characteristics on energy transfer processes and associated dosage optimization requirements per tissue type. Collectively, this indicates that resistance profiles are negated to a significant extent by Zn(II)Pz-PDT making these derivatives attractive candidates for PDT applications across multiple tissue types and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamarisk K Horne
- Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marianne J Cronjé
- Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
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21
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Malatesti N, Munitic I, Jurak I. Porphyrin-based cationic amphiphilic photosensitisers as potential anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:149-168. [PMID: 28510089 PMCID: PMC5425819 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitiser, light and molecular oxygen to induce oxidative stress that can be used to kill pathogens, cancer cells and other highly proliferative cells. There is a growing number of clinically approved photosensitisers and applications of PDT, whose main advantages include the possibility of selective targeting, localised action and stimulation of the immune responses. Further improvements and broader use of PDT could be accomplished by designing new photosensitisers with increased selectivity and bioavailability. Porphyrin-based photosensitisers with amphiphilic properties, bearing one or more positive charges, are an effective tool in PDT against cancers, microbial infections and, most recently, autoimmune skin disorders. The aim of the review is to present some of the recent examples of the applications and research that employ this specific group of photosensitisers. Furthermore, we will highlight the link between their structural characteristics and PDT efficiency, which will be helpful as guidelines for rational design and evaluation of new PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Igor Jurak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
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22
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Conjugation of chlorins with spermine enhances phototoxicity to cancer cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 168:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Bůžek D, Zelenka J, Ulbrich P, Ruml T, Křížová I, Lang J, Kubát P, Demel J, Kirakci K, Lang K. Nanoscaled porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks: photosensitizer delivery systems for photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1815-1821. [PMID: 32263922 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photocytotoxic activity of porphyrin-containing materials including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted ever increasing interest. We have developed a simple synthesis of hexagonal PCN-222/MOF-545 nanoparticles, which are powerful in inducing reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis of cancer cells upon visible light irradiation. The extent of the cytotoxic effect well correlates with the nanoparticle size and structural instability. High phototoxicity of the presented nanoparticles and their deactivation within several hours open up the door to possible applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bůžek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic.
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24
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Horne TK, Cronjé MJ. Mechanistics and photo-energetics of macrocycles and photodynamic therapy: An overview of aspects to consider for research. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:221-242. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamarisk K. Horne
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park South Africa
| | - Marianne J. Cronjé
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park South Africa
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25
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THE STUDY OF MECHANISMS OF PHOTOINDUCED APOPTOSIS IN THE SKIN MALIGNANT MELANOMA CELL MODEL. BIOMEDICAL PHOTONICS 2016. [DOI: 10.24931/2413-9432-2016-5-3-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the experimental study of immune response of human skin malignant melanoma cells Mel 226 on photodynamic exposure are represented in the article. Photoinduced apoptosis of skin malignant melanoma was studied in vitro. The study showed that irradiation with the agent fotoditazin at dose of 0.5–2.5 µg/ml (6 and 10 min exposure 30 min before irradiation; irradiation parameters: wavelength of 662 nm, total light dose from 40 to 60 J/cm2) induced early apoptosis. The increase of the time of laser irradiation significantly accelerates the conversion of photosensitized tumor cells from early to late apoptosis.
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Tahmasebi H, Khoshgard K, Sazgarnia A, Mostafaie A, Eivazi MT. Enhancing the efficiency of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy using 5-fluorouracil on human melanoma cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 13:297-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Cationic porphyrins (Prs) and phthalocyanines (Pcs) are strong photosensitizers that have drawn much attention for their potential in photodynamic therapy. These compounds have the interesting property of binding to nucleic acids, in particular G-rich quadruplex-forming sequences in DNA and RNA. In this review, we highlight their potential as anticancer drugs.
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28
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Juarez AV, Sosa LDV, De Paul AL, Costa AP, Farina M, Leal RB, Torres AI, Pons P. Riboflavin acetate induces apoptosis in squamous carcinoma cells after photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Lai X, Ning F, Xia X, Wang D, Tang L, Hu J, Wu J, Liu J, Li X. HMME combined with green light-emitting diode irradiation results in efficient apoptosis on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers Med Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Acedo P, Zawacka-Pankau J. p53 family members - important messengers in cell death signaling in photodynamic therapy of cancer? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26202022 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TP53 is one of the genes most frequently inactivated in cancers. Mutations in TP53 gene are linked to worse prognosis and shorter overall survival of cancer patients. TP53 encodes a critical tumor suppressor, which dictates cell fate decisions upon stress stimuli. As a sensor of cellular stress, p53 is a relevant messenger of cell death signaling in ROS-driven photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The significant role of p53 in response to PDT has been reported for several clinically approved photosensitizers. Multiple reports described that wild-type p53 contributes to cell killing upon photodynamic therapy with clinically approved photosensitizers but the mechanism is still not fully understood. This work outlines the diverse functions of p53 family members in cancer cells' susceptibility and resistance to PDT. In summary p53 and p53 family members are emerging as important mediators of cell death signaling in photodynamic therapy of cancer, however the mechanism of cell death provoked during PDT might differ depending on the tissue type and the photosensitizer applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Acedo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Mendoza-Garcia J, Sebastian A, Alonso-Rasgado T, Bayat A. Ex vivo evaluation of the effect of photodynamic therapy on skin scars and striae distensae. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 31:239-51. [PMID: 25847252 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin scars and striae distensae (SD) are common dermal disorders with ill-defined treatment options. There is emerging clinical evidence for use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating skin fibrosis. Therefore, the aim here was to investigate the effect of PDT on skin scars and SD in an ex vivo model of human skin scarring. METHODS Photodynamic therapy, with 5ALA or MALA in addition to illumination with 40 J/cm(2) of red light, was applied to striae alba, fine line, hypertrophic and keloid scars ex vivo (n = 18). General morphology was assessed by H&E, Herovici's and Weigert's differential staining. Apoptosis, proliferation, metalloproteinase 3 and tropoelastin expression were quantified immunohistochemically, and differential gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), collagen (COL) type I and type III, matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and tropoelastin (ELN) was assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Apoptosis increased, which correlated with decreased proliferation and PCNA gene expression. Post-PDT, matrix components were found to be re-organised in both hypertrophic and keloid scars. COLI and COLIII gene expression levels decreased, whilst MMP3 and ELN increased significantly post-PDT compared to normal skin and untreated controls (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference between 5ALA and MALA-PDT treatments was observed. CONCLUSION Using our unique ex vivo model, we show for the first time morphological and cellular effect of application of PDT, which correlates with the degree and severity of dermal fibrosis. In view of this, PDT may be ideal in targeting treatment of abnormal skin scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Mendoza-Garcia
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research Group, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anil Sebastian
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research Group, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Teresa Alonso-Rasgado
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research Group, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Centre for Dermatology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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32
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Zhang X, Guo M, Shen L, Hu S. Combination of photodynamic therapy and temozolomide on glioma in a rat C6 glioma model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:603-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nagai Y, Aizawa S, Iriuchishima T, Goto B, Nagaoka M, Tokuhashi Y, Saito A. Phototoxic effect of na-pheophorbide a toward osteosarcoma cells in vitro using a laser diode. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:481-9. [PMID: 25105597 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Na-pheophorbide A in anticancer treatment, using osteosarcoma cells in vitro. BACKGROUND DATA It has been reported that PDT with chlorophyll derivatives inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells. However, there have been no reports that have evaluated the effectiveness of PDT in suppressing osteosarcoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Uptake of Na-pheophorbide A into Hu09 cells (osteosarcoma cells) was assayed using fluorescence microscopy following incubation of the cells with 28 μmol/L of Na-pheophorbide A. The viability of Hu09 cells after PDT treatment was assessed using trypan blue dye staining and MTS assays. PDT-induced apoptosis was determined by evaluation of the activity of selected members of the caspase family and by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of cells. RESULTS Na-pheophorbide A uptake by cells was rapid, being observed after 60 min of treatment, and Na-pheophorbide A persisted in cells for >24 h. PDT treatment decreased cell viability compared with the control group, indicating high cytocidal activity of PDT. This cytocidal effect was dependent upon drug concentration, light dose, and the number of irradiation times. An increase in the number of cells positive for TUNEL staining and increases in the activity of caspases-3, -8 and -9 were observed in the first 2 h after PDT treatment. CONCLUSIONS A cytotoxic effect of PDT with Na-pheophorbide A on an osteosarcoma cell line in vitro was shown. Caspase activity assays suggested that PDT with Na-pheophorbide A induced an apoptotic change in HuO9 cells, mainly via activation of mitochondrial caspase -9 and -3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nagai
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital , Tokyo, Japan
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Silva JC, Ferreira-Strixino J, Fontana LC, Paula LM, Raniero L, Martin AA, Canevari RA. Apoptosis-associated genes related to photodynamic therapy in breast carcinomas. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1429-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Photodynamic anti-cancer effects of fullerene [C60]–PEG complex on fibrosarcomas preferentially over normal fibroblasts in terms of fullerene uptake and cytotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 390:175-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu KH, Wang CP, Chang MF, Chung YW, Lou PJ, Lin JH. Molecular characterization of photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy by gene expression profiling. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:629-37. [PMID: 24064908 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113485257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment based on the tumor-specific accumulation of a photosensitizer followed by irradiation with visible light, which induces selective tumor cell death via production of reactive oxygen species. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, microarray analysis was used to analyze the changes in gene expression patterns during PDT induced by various photosensitizers. Cancer cells were subjected to four different photosensitizer-mediated PDT and the resulting gene expression profiles were compared. We identified many differentially expressed genes reported previously as well as new genes for which the functionfunctions in PDT are still unclear. Our current results not only advance the general understanding of PDT but also suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms are involved in different photosensitizer-mediated PDT. Elucidating the signaling mechanisms in PDT will provide information to modulate the antitumor effectiveness of PDT using various photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C-P Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-F Chang
- Biomedical Engineering Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Y-W Chung
- Biomedical Engineering Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - P-J Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J-H Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zinc-pheophorbide a—Highly efficient low-cost photosensitizer against human adenocarcinoma in cellular and animal models. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:266-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu J, Ogawa M, Sakai T, Takashima M, Okazaki S, Magata Y. Differentiation of tumor sensitivity to photodynamic therapy and early evaluation of treatment effect by nuclear medicine techniques. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 27:669-75. [PMID: 23666558 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our final goal is to develop an appropriate method using nuclear medicine technique for monitoring the effect and prediction of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) on tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of PDT on tumor cells in vitro using (18)F-FDG and (99m)Tc-MIBI as tracers. METHODS Five tumor cell lines (A431, DU145, H1650, LS180, SHIN3) with varied characteristics were irradiated after incubating for 24 h with several doses of Photofrin (PF). Singlet oxygen was monitored by the near-IR emission detection system during irradiation and generated (1)O2 was calculated. PDT effects were rapidly evaluated by nuclear medicine techniques (uptake of (18)F-FDG and (99m)Tc-MIBI) and traditional methods for cell viability (MTT and trypan blue assays) at 3 h after PDT. Intracellular PF concentration was measured by absorption spectrometer and cell protein content was measured by the Lowry method. (18)F-FDG uptake, (99m)Tc-MIBI uptake, singlet oxygen, and intracellular PF concentration were standardized by protein content. Decrease % of (18)F-FDG and (99m)Tc-MIBI, MTT, and trypan blue was normalized to the control group. RESULTS Decrease % of (18)F-FDG was exponentially related to decrease % of MTT (R (2) = 0.650, P < 0.01) while decrease % of (99m)Tc-MIBI was linearly related to that of MTT (R (2) = 0.719, P < 0.01). The decrease % of MTT was more sensitive than that of trypan blue. However, neither (1)O2 nor PF uptake was correlated with sensitivity to PDT. In addition, (18)F-FDG uptake before PDT was linearly related to decrease % of MTT (R (2) = 0.800, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings in in vitro studies suggest that (99m)Tc-MIBI is better than (18)F-FDG for early evaluation of PDT effect, but (18)F-FDG uptake may be used to predict PDT sensitivity before therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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Li HT, Song XY, Yang C, Li Q, Tang D, Tian WR, Liu Y. Effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated PDT on the mitochondria of canine breast cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:414-21. [PMID: 24284094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) is a promising porphyrin-related photosensitize for photodynamic therapy (PDT). There still remains unknown changes regarding the mitochondrial in canine breast cancer cells treated with HMME-PDT. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of HMME-PDT on structure and dysfunction of mitochondrial in cancer cells. The experimental approach included an initial study on the uptake of HMME using microscopic observation of the HMME-treated cells, optimization of the PDT-induced cell death by the MTT assay. These cells were then treated with HMME and a He-Ne laser at the wavelength of 632.8 nm following our optimized condition. Examination of mitochondrial changes by observing the stained cells under light microscope, mitochjondrial membrane potential flow cytometry, measuring the Ca(2+), SOD/GSH activity, ATPase and MDA contents for the mitochondria functions. The kinetics of HMME uptake in CHMm cells was determined and its cytocolic instead of nuclear distribution was demonstrated. The dose of 16mM HMME-PDT combined with 2.8 J/cm(2) laser irradiation was had the maximal impact on cell viability. This treatment resulted in structural changes in mitochondria that were accompanied with the loss of mitochjondrial membrane potential. As a result, HMME-PDT increased mitochondrial ROS, inhibited the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial SOD and GSH-Px, abolished mitochondrial ability in the uptake and release of calcium, and decreased mitochondrial ATPase activity. The combination of these abnormalities led to accumulation of ROS in mitochondrial to high levels, which in turn contributed to HMME-PDT-induced damages of mitochondrial structure and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer using luciferase-immobilized quantum dots for self-illuminated photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Wang CY, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou T, Bai Y, Li YC, Huang B. Photosensitization of phycocyanin extracted from Microcystis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Implication of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Song K, Xu P, Meng Y, Geng F, Li J, Li Z, Xing J, Chen J, Kong B. Smart gold nanoparticles enhance killing effect on cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:597-608. [PMID: 23229536 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the cellular uptake dynamics, the subcellular location and the internalization mechanisms of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and glucose-capped GNPs (Glu-GNPs). The cancer radiotherapy-enhancing effects of GNPs were also evaluated. We synthesized the GNPs and Glu-GNPs by the seeding technique. The effects on cellular uptake and the radiosensitizing effect induced by GNPs and Glu-GNPs at lower doses were investigated using two human cancer cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7). The intracellular location of the nanoparticles was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of cellular apoptosis following GNP-based radiotherapy was performed by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. Cancer cells took up more Glu-GNPs than naked GNPs and the uptake curve showed size- and cell-dependent uptake. GNPs were mainly located in the cytoplasm and endocytosis is the mechanism behind the internalization of GNPs and Glu-GNPs. Lower doses of GNPs and Glu-GNPs still enhanced the killing effect using X-ray irradiation, although the apoptotic rate was not altered. The results presented in this study provide evidence that Glu-GNPs may have a bright future in tumor-targeted diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Gynecological Cancer Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Yoo JO, Ha KS. New insights into the mechanisms for photodynamic therapy-induced cancer cell death. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 295:139-74. [PMID: 22449489 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394306-4.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality for cancer treatment; however, a more detailed understanding is needed to improve the clinical use of this therapy. PDT induces cancer cell death by apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, and these mechanisms can be concurrently occurred. PDT destroys cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through diverse signaling pathways coupled with Bcl-2 family members, caspases, and apopotosis-inducing factor. When the apoptotic pathway is unavailable, PDT can cause cancer cell death through induction of a necrotic or autophagic mechanism. Autophagy is occurred in a Bax-independent manner and can be stimulated in parallel with apoptosis. PDT directly destroys cancer cells by inducing either apoptotic or necrotic death. PDT also can induce autophagy as a death or a survival mechanism. These mechanisms are dependent on a variety of parameters including the nature of the photosensitizer, PDT dose, and cell genotype. Understanding the complex cross talk between these pathways may improve the effectiveness of PDT. Here, we discuss the interplay between these mechanisms based on recent evidence and suggest prospects with regard to advances in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Ok Yoo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea
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Differential cytotoxic response in keloid fibroblasts exposed to photodynamic therapy is dependent on photosensitiser precursor, fluence and location of fibroblasts within the lesion. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:549-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Photofrin binds to procaspase-3 and mediates photodynamic treatment-triggered methionine oxidation and inactivation of procaspase-3. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e347. [PMID: 22785533 PMCID: PMC3406584 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diverse death phenotypes of cancer cells can be induced by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has a decisive role in eliciting a tumor-specific immunity for long-term tumor control. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this diversity remain elusive. Caspase-3 is a critical factor in determining cell death phenotypes in many physiological settings. Here, we report that Photofrin-PDT can modify and inactivate procaspase-3 in cancer cells. In cells exposed to an external apoptotic trigger, high-dose Photofrin-PDT pretreatment blocked the proteolytic activation of procaspase-3 by its upstream caspase. We generated and purified recombinant procaspase-3-D3A (a mutant without autolysis/autoactivation activity) to explore the underlying mechanism(s). Photofrin could bind directly to procaspase-3-D3A, and Photofrin-PDT-triggered inactivation and modification of procaspase-3-D3A was seen in vitro. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis for post-translational modifications using both 16O/18O- and 14N/15N-labeling strategies revealed that Photofrin-PDT triggered a significant oxidation of procaspase-3-D3A (mainly on Met-27, -39 and -44) in a Photofrin dose-dependent manner, whereas the active site Cys-163 remained largely unmodified. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments further showed that Met-44 has an important role in procaspase-3 activation. Collectively, our results reveal that Met oxidation is a novel mechanism for the Photofrin-PDT-mediated inactivation of procaspase-3, potentially explaining at least some of the complicated cell death phenotypes triggered by PDT.
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Novel nanostructural photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: in vitro studies. Int J Pharm 2012; 430:129-40. [PMID: 22525077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizing properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (p-THPP) functionalized by covalent attachment of one chain of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molecular weight of 350, 2000, or 5000 Da (p-THPP-PEG(350), p-THPP-PEG(2000), p-THPP-PEG(5000)) were studied in vitro. Dark and photo cytotoxicity of these photosensitizers delivered in solution or embedded in liposomes were evaluated on two cell lines: a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116) and a prostate cancer cell line (DU 145), and compared with these treated with free p-THPP. The attachment of PEG chains results in the pronounced reduction of the dark cytotoxicity of the parent porphyrin. Cell viability tests have demonstrated that the phototoxicity of pegylated porphyrins is dependent on the length of PEG chain and p-THPP-PEG(2000) exhibited the highest photodynamic efficacy for both cell lines. The encapsulation into liposomes did not improve the PDT effect. However, the liposomal formulation of p-THPP-PEG(2000) showed a greater tendency to induce apoptosis in both cell lines than the parent or pegylated porphyrin delivered in solution. The colocalization of p-THPP, p-THPP-PEG(2000) and p-THPP-PEG(2000) enclosed in liposomes with fluorescent markers for lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA) was determined in the HCT 116 line. The p-THPP exhibited ubiquitous intracellular distribution with a preference for membranes: mitochondria, ER, GA, lysosomes and plasma membrane. Fluorescence of p-THPP-PEG(2000) was observed within the cytoplasm, with a stronger signal detected in membranous organelle: mitochondria, ER, GA and lysosomes. In contrast, p-THPP-PEG(2000) delivered in liposomes gave a distinct lysosomal pattern of localization.
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Shao J, Xue J, Dai Y, Liu H, Chen N, Jia L, Huang J. Inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 by phthalocyanine photosensitiser PHOTOCYANINE: ROS production, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:2086-96. [PMID: 22265427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been accepted as an alternative treatment for cancer. The rationale for the development of PDT for cancer is that target specificity can be achieved by controlling the location at which light activates the drug, i.e. photosensitiser. Metal phthalocyanines represent a new class of photosensitisers developed for cancer treatment. In the present study, we focused on exploring molecular mechanisms of the lead photosensitiser PHOTOCYANINE on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells to guide our future development of PHOTOCYANINE. Growth inhibition potency of PHOTOCYANINE and its analogues was tested in vitro with and without irradiation at wavelength 670 nm. Irradiation shifted the concentration-growth inhibition curves of PHOTOCYANINE to the left and decreased the IC50s of PHOTOCYANINE required to produce equivalent inhibition by 200-fold on various cell lines. The amphipathic PHOTOCYANINE permeated through HepG2 cell membrane and predominately distributed to lysosome and mitochondria, where it significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased caspase-3 activity in a concentration-dependent manner after irradiation. Early apoptosis of HepG2 occurred followed by necrosis when concentrations of PHOTOCYANINE were increased in the presence of irradiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was significant following PHOTOCYANINE plus irradiation treatment and cell cycle was mainly arrested at G2/M stage. In conclusion, PHOTOCYANINE, once irradiated, induces HepG2 cells into apoptosis via reducing ΔΨm, producing ROS, activating caspase-3, and causing cell arrest at G2/M stage. This study provides important insights into molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer PHOTOCYANINE, which now is being applied for in the clinical trials II in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Apoptosis induced by hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether combined with He–Ne laser irradiation in vitro on canine breast cancer cells. Vet J 2011; 188:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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O'Connor AE, Mc Gee MM, Likar Y, Ponomarev V, Callanan JJ, O'shea DF, Byrne AT, Gallagher WM. Mechanism of cell death mediated by a BF2-chelated tetraaryl-azadipyrromethene photodynamic therapeutic: dissection of the apoptotic pathway in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:705-15. [PMID: 21413012 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment modality for cancer. ADPM06 is an emerging non-porphyrin PDT agent which has been specifically designed for therapeutic application. Recently, we have demonstrated that ADPM06-PDT is well tolerated in vivo and elicits impressive complete response rates in various models of cancer when a short drug-light interval is applied. Herein, the mechanism of action of ADPM06-PDT in vitro and in vivo is outlined. Using a drug and light combination that reduces the clonogenicity of MDA-MB-231 cells by >90%, we detected a well-orchestrated apoptotic response accompanied by the activation of various caspases in vitro. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon photosensitizer irradiation was found to be the key instigator in the observed apoptotic response, with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) found to be the intracellular site of initial PDT damage, as determined by induction of a rapid ER stress response post-PDT. PDT-induced apoptosis was also found to be independent of p53 tumor suppressor status. A robust therapeutic response in vivo was demonstrated, with a substantial reduction in tumor proliferation observed, as well as a rapid induction of apoptosis and initiation of ER stress, mirroring numerous aspects of the mechanism of action of ADPM06 in vitro. Finally, using a combination of (18) F-labeled 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine ((18) F-FLT) nuclear and optical imaging, a considerable decrease in tumor proliferation over 24-hr in two models of human cancer was observed. Taken together, this data clearly establishes ADPM06 as an exciting novel PDT agent with significant potential for further translational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling E O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Optimization of photodynamic therapy response by survivin gene knockdown in human metastatic breast cancer T47D cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:434-43. [PMID: 21641815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) leads to the generation of cytotoxic oxygen species that appears to stimulate several different signaling pathways, some of which lead to cell death, whereas others mediate cell survival. In this context, we observed that PDT mediated by methyl-5-aminolevulinic acid as the photosensitizer resulted in over-expression of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family that correlates inversely with patient prognosis. The role of survivin in resistance to anti-cancer therapies has become an area of intensive investigation. In this study, we demonstrate a specific role for survivin in modulating PDT-mediated apoptotic response. In our experimental system, we use a DNA vector-based siRNA, which targets exon-1 of the human survivin mRNA (pSil_1) to silence survivin expression. Metastatic T47D cells treated with both pSil_1 and PDT exhibited increased apoptotic indexes and cytotoxicity when compared to single-agent treated cells. The treatment resulted in increased PARP and caspase-3 cleavage, a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bak ratio and no participation of heat shock proteins. In contrast, the overexpression of survivin by a survivin-expressed vector increased cell viability and reduced cell death in breast cancer cells treated with PDT. Therefore, our data suggest that combining PDT with a survivin inhibitor may attribute to a more favorable clinical outcome than the use of single-modality PDT.
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