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Leng D, Yi J, Xiang M, Zhao H, Zhang Y. Identification of common signatures in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer using gene expression modeling. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:986. [PMID: 33046043 PMCID: PMC7552373 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, but the underlying mechanisms driving malignant transformation remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) distinguishing IPF and lung cancer from healthy individuals and common genes driving the transformation from healthy to IPF and lung cancer. Methods The gene expression data for IPF and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The DEG signatures were identified via unsupervised two-way clustering (TWC) analysis, supervised support vector machine analysis, dimensional reduction, and mutual exclusivity analysis. Gene enrichment and pathway analyses were performed to identify common signaling pathways. The most significant signature genes in common among IPF and lung cancer were further verified by immunohistochemistry. Results The gene expression data from GSE24206 and GSE18842 were merged into a super array dataset comprising 86 patients with lung disorders (17 IPF and 46 NSCLC) and 51 healthy controls and measuring 23,494 unique genes. Seventy-nine signature DEGs were found among IPF and NSCLC. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway was the most enriched pathway associated with lung disorders, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in this pathway was mutually exclusive with several genes in IPF and NSCLC. Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis verified enhanced MMP1 expression in NSCLC associated with IPF. Conclusions For the first time, we defined common signature genes for IPF and NSCLC. The mutually exclusive sets of genes were potential drivers for IPF and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Leng
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jiawen Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Maodong Xiang
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Beijing, 100020, China.
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2
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Mitchell D, Chintala S, Fetcko K, Henriquez M, Tewari BN, Ahmed A, Bentley RT, Dey M. Common Molecular Alterations in Canine Oligodendroglioma and Human Malignant Gliomas and Potential Novel Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2019; 9:780. [PMID: 31475119 PMCID: PMC6702544 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine (Canis lupus) oligodendroglioma (ODG) holds tremendous potential as an immunocompetent large animal model of human malignant gliomas (MG). However, the feasibility of utilizing this model in pre-clinical studies depends on a thorough understanding of the similarities and differences of the molecular pathways associated with gliomas between the two species. We have previously shown that canine ODG has an immune landscape and expression pattern of commonly described oncogenes similar to that of human MG. In the current study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of canine ODG RNAseq data from 4 dogs with ODG and 2 normal controls to identify highly dysregulated genes in canine tumors. We then evaluated the expression of these genes in human MG using Xena Browser, a publicly available database. STRING-database inquiry was used in order to determine the suggested protein associations of these differentially expressed genes as well as the dysregulated pathways commonly enriched by the protein products of these genes in both canine ODG and human MG. Our results revealed that 3,712 (23%) of the 15,895 differentially expressed genes demonstrated significant up- or downregulation (log2-fold change > 2.0). Of the 3,712 altered genes, ~50% were upregulated (n = 1858) and ~50% were downregulated (n = 1854). Most of these genes were also found to have altered expression in human MG. Protein association and pathway analysis revealed common pathways enriched by members of the up- and downregulated gene categories in both species. In summary, we demonstrate that a similar pattern of gene dysregulation characterizes both human MG and canine ODG and provide additional support for the use of the canine model in order to therapeutically target these common genes. The results of such therapeutic targeting in the canine model can serve to more accurately predict the efficacy of anti-glioma therapies in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sreenivasulu Chintala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kaleigh Fetcko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mario Henriquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brij N Tewari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Atique Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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3
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Khattri A, Zuo Z, Brägelmann J, Keck MK, El Dinali M, Brown CD, Stricker T, Munagala A, Cohen EEW, Lingen MW, White KP, Vokes EE, Seiwert TY. Rare occurrence of EGFRvIII deletion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 51:53-8. [PMID: 25255959 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and is overexpressed in up to 90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases. The EGFR truncation mutation, EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), harbors an in-frame deletion of exons 2-7 (801 bp) that leads to the constitutive activation of downstream signaling. EGFRvIII has been reported in ∼40% of glioblastomas (GBM), but its presence in HNSCC remains controversial. METHODS EGFRvIII deletion in 638 HNSCC samples was analyzed using: (i) quantitative Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on 108 HNSCC samples with direct detection of the EGFRvIII breakpoint, (ii) RNA-Seq analysis on 7 HNSCC tumor tissues and 425 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC samples, and (iii) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for EGFRvIII using an established antibody (L8A4) on a tissue microarray of 105 HNSCC samples. RESULTS qRT-PCR did not show the presence of EGFRvIII in any of the samples analyzed. Furthermore, we could not detect any EGFRvIII transcripts in the RNA-Seq data of the seven HNSCC samples. However, 2 samples out of 425 TCGA HNSCC samples had EGFRvIII specific reads. EGFRvIII IHC results were assessed as negative for all samples. CONCLUSION Our results firmly establish that EGFRvIII is very rare in HNSCC as only 2 out of 638 (0.31%) samples we analyzed overall, or 2 out of 540 (0.37%) using mRNA based approaches, were positive for EGFRvIII. EGFRvIII is extremely rare in HNSCC and the clinical significance remains unclear. We propose not to include EGFRvIII testing in regular diagnostic tests for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Khattri
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaela K Keck
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohamed El Dinali
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Anish Munagala
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin P White
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Everett E Vokes
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tanguy Y Seiwert
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Rivera AL, Pelloski CE. Diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers in common adult gliomas. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:637-49. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gan HK, Cvrljevic AN, Johns TG. The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII): where wild things are altered. FEBS J 2013; 280:5350-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui K. Gan
- Tumour Targeting Program; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Anna N. Cvrljevic
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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Muppala S, Mudduluru G, Leupold JH, Buergy D, Sleeman JP, Allgayer H. CD24 induces expression of the oncomir miR-21 via Src, and CD24 and Src are both post-transcriptionally downregulated by the tumor suppressor miR-34a. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59563. [PMID: 23533633 PMCID: PMC3606220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease process that evolves as a consequence of multiple malfunctions in key regulatory molecular networks. Understanding these networks will be essential to combat cancer. In this study, we focussed on central players in such networks. In a series of colon and breast cancer cell lines, we found that CD24 activates Src, and induces the activation of c-Jun and expression of c-Jun and c-Fos. Thereby CD24 increases the promoter activity and expression of miR-21, which in turn suppresses expression of Pdcd4 and PTEN. Co-transfection of a CD24 expression construct and an siRNA that silences Src showed that CD24-dependent upregulation of miR-21 is mediated by Src. Additionally, we found that miR-34a post-transcriptionally downregulates CD24 and Src expression, leading to the deactivation of c-Jun, reduced expression of c-Jun and c-Fos, inhibition of miR-21, and upregulation of Pdcd4 and PTEN. Furthermore, miR-34a-mediated inhibition of Src expression reduced migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Resected tumor tissues from 26 colorectal patients showed significantly lower expression of Pdcd4 and miR-34a, and higher expression of CD24, Src and miR-21 compared to the corresponding normal tissues. Moreover, CD24 positively correlated with the amount of Src protein in tumor tissues, and a trend towards an inverse correlation between miR-34a and Src protein levels was also observed. Our results reveal essential players in the complex networks that regulate the progression of solid tumors such as colorectal cancer. These findings therefore identify novel therapeutic approaches for combating tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Muppala
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giridhar Mudduluru
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg H. Leupold
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Buergy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- KIT Karlsruhe Campus Nord, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Baumann P, Thiele W, Cremers N, Muppala S, Krachulec J, Diefenbacher M, Kassel O, Mudduluru G, Allgayer H, Frame M, Sleeman JP. CD24 interacts with and promotes the activity of c-src within lipid rafts in breast cancer cells, thereby increasing integrin-dependent adhesion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:435-48. [PMID: 21710320 PMCID: PMC11114536 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein CD24 correlates with a poor prognosis for many human cancers, and in experimental tumors can promote metastasis. However, the mechanism by which CD24 contributes to tumor progression remains unclear. Here we report that in MTLy breast cancer cells CD24 interacts with and augments the kinase activity of c-src, a protein strongly implicated in promoting invasion and metastasis. This occurs within and is dependent upon intact lipid rafts. CD24-augmented c-src kinase activity increased formation of focal adhesion complexes, accelerated phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin and consequently enhanced integrin-mediated adhesion. Loss and gain of function approaches showed that c-src activity is necessary and sufficient to mediate the effects of CD24 on integrin-dependent adhesion and cell spreading, as well as on invasion. Together these results indicate that c-src is a CD24-activated mediator that promotes integrin-mediated adhesion and invasion, and suggest a mechanism by which CD24 might contribute to tumor progression through stimulating the activity of c-src or another member of the Src family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baumann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilko Thiele
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Cremers
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Santoshi Muppala
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Justyna Krachulec
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olivier Kassel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Giridhar Mudduluru
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Margaret Frame
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, TRIDOMUS-Gebäude Haus C, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13–17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Piccione EC, Lieu TJ, Gentile CF, Williams TR, Connolly AJ, Godwin AK, Koong AC, Wong AJ. A novel epidermal growth factor receptor variant lacking multiple domains directly activates transcription and is overexpressed in tumors. Oncogene 2011; 31:2953-67. [PMID: 21986942 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is essential to multiple physiological and neoplastic processes via signaling by its tyrosine kinase domain and subsequent activation of transcription factors. EGFR overexpression and alteration, including point mutations and structural variants, contribute to oncogenesis in many tumor types. In this study, we identified an in-frame splice variant of the EGFR called mini-LEEK (mLEEK) that is more broadly expressed than the EGFR and is overexpressed in several cancers. Unlike previously characterized EGFR variants, mLEEK lacks the extracytoplasmic, transmembrane and tyrosine kinase domains. mLEEK localizes in the nucleus and functions as a transcription factor to regulate target genes involved in the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, molecular chaperone GRP78/Bip. We demonstrated that mLEEK regulates GRP78 transcription through direct interaction with a cis-regulatory element within the gene promoter. Several UPR pathways were interrogated and mLEEK expression was found to attenuate the induction of all pathways upon ER stress. Conversely, knockdown of mLEEK resulted in caspase-mediated cell death and sensitization to ER stress. These findings indicate that mLEEK levels determine cellular responses to unfavorable conditions that cause ER stress. This information, along with the overexpression of mLEEK in tumors, suggests unique strategies for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the identification of mLEEK expands the known mechanisms by which the EGFR gene contributes to oncogenesis and represents the first link between two previously disparate areas in cancer cell biology: EGFR signaling and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Piccione
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Lee SM, Na YK, Hong HS, Jang EJ, Yoon GS, Park JY, Kim DS. Hypomethylation of the thymosin β(10) gene is not associated with its overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cells 2011; 32:343-8. [PMID: 22038593 PMCID: PMC3887648 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and is usually associated with a late diagnosis and a poor prognosis. Thymosin β(10) (TMSB10) is a monomeric actin sequestering protein that regulates actin cytoskeleton organization. The aberrant TMSB10 expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. However, its role in carcinogenesis is still controversial. To better understand the role of TMSB10 in lung tumorigenesis and its regulatory mechanism, we examined the methylation status and expression of the TMSB10 gene in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. MSP analysis showed that the TMSB10 promoter was already unmethylated in most tumor tissues and became demethylated in 20 (14.4%) of the 139 NSCLCs. TMSB10 hypomethylation was not significantly correlated with the clinicopathological features. IHC showed that the TMSB10 protein was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of malignant cells and its overexpression was detected in 50.0% of the tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. TMSB10 overexpression was frequently observed in sqaumous cell carcinomas compared to adenocarcinomas with border line significance (P = 0.072). However, TMSB10 methylation status was not linked to its overexpression. Collectively, these results suggest that TMSB10 hypomethylation may be a frequent event in NSCLCs, but it may not be a common mechanism underlying TMSB10 overexpression. However, further studies with large numbers of patients are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Man Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Na
- College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
| | - Hae Sook Hong
- College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
| | - Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
| | - Dong Sun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Korea
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10
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Riau AK, Wong TT, Finger SN, Chaurasia SS, Hou AH, Chen S, Yu SJ, Tong L. Aberrant DNA methylation of matrix remodeling and cell adhesion related genes in pterygium. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14687. [PMID: 21359202 PMCID: PMC3040179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease characterized by abnormal epithelial and fibrovascular proliferation, invasion, and matrix remodeling. This lesion, which migrates from the periphery to the center of the cornea, impairs vision and causes considerable irritation. The mechanism of pterygium formation remains ambiguous, and current treatment is solely surgical excision, with a significant risk of recurrence after surgery. Here, we investigate the role of methylation in DNA sequences that regulate matrix remodeling and cell adhesion in pterygium formation. Methodology/Principal Findings Pterygium and uninvolved conjunctiva samples were obtained from the same eye of patients undergoing surgery. The EpiTYPER Sequenom technology, based on differential base cleavage and bisulfite sequencing was used to evaluate the extent of methylation of 29 matrix and adhesion related genes. In pterygium, three CpG sites at −268, −32 and −29 bp upstream of transglutaminase 2 (TGM-2) transcription initiation were significantly hypermethylated (p<0.05), whereas hypomethylation was detected at CpGs +484 and +602 bp downstream of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) transcription start site, and −809, −762, −631 and −629 bp upstream of the CD24 transcription start site. RT-qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescent staining showed that transcript and protein expression were reduced for TGM-2 and increased for MMP-2 and CD24. Inhibition of methylation in cultured conjunctival epithelial cells increased these transcripts. Conclusions/Significance We found regions of aberrant DNA methylation which were consistent with alteration of TGM-2, MMP-2, and CD24 transcript and protein expression, and that inhibition of methylation in cultured cells can increase the expression of these genes. Since these genes were related to cell adhesion and matrix remodeling, dysregulation may lead to fibroblastic and neovascular changes and pterygium formation. These results have implications for the prognostication of pterygium in clinical practice, for example, detection of epigenetic changes may have a role in predicting post surgical recurrence of aggressive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri K. Riau
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tina T. Wong
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon N. Finger
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ai Hua Hou
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Silin Chen
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Juan Yu
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Sribenja S, Li M, Wongkham S, Wongkham C, Yao Q, Chen C. Advances in Thymosin β10 Research: Differential Expression, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications in Cancer and Other Conditions. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:1016-22. [DOI: 10.3109/07357900902849640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Rivera AL, Pelloski CE, Sulman E, Aldape K. Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Glioma and Other Neuroepithelial Tumors. Curr Probl Cancer 2008; 32:97-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Small GW, Shi YY, Higgins LS, Orlowski RZ. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 Is a Mediator of Breast Cancer Chemoresistance. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4459-66. [PMID: 17483361 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase (MKP)-1 is overexpressed in a large proportion of breast cancers, and in some systems interferes with chemotherapy-mediated proapoptotic signaling through c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). We therefore sought to examine whether MKP-1 is a mediator of breast cancer chemoresistance using A1N4-myc human mammary epithelial cells, and BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Transient or stable overexpression of MKP-1 reduced caspase activation and DNA fragmentation while enhancing viability in the face of treatment with alkylating agents (mechlorethamine), anthracylines (doxorubicin), and microtubule inhibitors (paclitaxel). This overexpression was associated with suppression of JNK activation, and JNK blockade alone induced similar effects. In contrast, reduction of MKP-1 levels using a small interfering RNA, or its targeted inactivation, enhanced sensitivity to these drugs, and this was associated with increased JNK activity. Pharmacologic reduction of MKP-1 by pretreatment with a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, SD-282, suppressed MKP-1 activation by mechlorethamine, enhanced active JNK levels, and increased alkylating agent–mediated apoptosis. Combination treatment with doxorubicin and mechlorethamine had similar effects, and the enhanced efficacy of this regimen was abolished by forced overexpression of MKP-1. These results suggest that the clinical efficacy of combinations of alkylating agents and anthracyclines are due to the ability of the latter to target MKP-1. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that MKP-1 is a significant mediator of breast cancer chemoresistance, and provide a rationale for development and translation of other agents targeting MKP-1 into the clinical arena to overcome resistance and induce chemosensitization. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4459–66]
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Small
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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[ST1]: Proto‐oncogene c‐Myb regulates neural progenitor proliferation in adult brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Baumann P, Cremers N, Kroese F, Orend G, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Uede T, Yagita H, Sleeman JP. CD24 expression causes the acquisition of multiple cellular properties associated with tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10783-93. [PMID: 16322224 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein CD24 functions as an adhesion molecule for P-selectin and L1 and plays a role in B-cell development and neurogenesis. Over the last few years, a large body of literature has also implicated CD24 expression in tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we show that ectopic CD24 expression can be sufficient to promote tumor metastasis in experimental animals. By developing a doxycycline-inducible system for the expression of CD24 in breast cancer cells, we have also analyzed the cellular properties that CD24 expression influences. We found that CD24 expression increased tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, in addition to promoting binding to P-selectin, CD24 expression also indirectly stimulated cell adhesion to fibronectin, collagens I and IV, and laminin through the activation of alpha3beta1 and alpha4beta1 integrin activity. Moreover, CD24 expression supported rapid cell spreading and strongly induced cell motility and invasion. CD24-induced proliferation and motility were integrin independent. Together, these observations implicate CD24 in the regulation of multiple cell properties of direct relevance to tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baumann
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Damstrup L, Villingshøj M, Sønder SU, Rieneck K, Bovin LF, Spang-Thomsen M, Poulsen HS. Analysis of the epidermal growth factor receptor specific transcriptome: effect of receptor expression level and an activating mutation. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:412-27. [PMID: 16075456 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression or expression of activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is common in cancer and correlates with neoplastic progression. The present study employed Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to profile genes induced by ligand-activated EGFR with the receptor either moderately expressed or overexpressed at an in-itself transforming level. These changes were compared to those induced by the naturally occurring constitutively active variant EGFRvIII. This study provides novel insight on the activities and mechanisms of EGFRvIII and EGFR mediated transformation, as genes encoding proteins with functions in promoting cell proliferation, invasion, antiapoptosis, and angiogenesis featured prominently in the EGFRvIII- and EGFR-expressing cells. Surprisingly, it was found that ligand-activated EGFR induced the expression of a large group of genes known to be inducible by interferons. Expression of this module was absent in the EGFRvIII-expressing cell line and the parental cell line. Treatment with the specific EGFR inhibitor AG1478 indicated that the regulations were primary, receptor-mediated events. Furthermore, activation of this module correlated with activation of STAT1 and STAT3. The results thus demonstrate that ligand-activated EGFR at different expression levels results in different kinetics of signaling and induction of gene expression. In addition, the constitutively active variant EGFRvIII seems to activate only a subset of signal pathways and induce a subset of genes as compared to the ligand-activated EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel W Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhan Y, O'Rourke DM. SHP-2-Dependent Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Regulates EGFRvIII but not Wild-Type Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation and Glioblastoma Cell Survival. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8292-8. [PMID: 15548697 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In human glioblastomas, the most common mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an in-frame deletion of an 801-bp sequence in the extracellular domain of EGFR termed EGFRvIII. The EGFRvIII does not bind ligand EGF but has constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation (pTyr) content and kinase activity that result in enhanced transformation, reduced apoptosis, and resistance to therapy. Here we report that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 modulates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)-mediated signaling pathway that regulates EGFRvIII pTyr and cell survival in U87MG.EGFRvIII cells. Overexpression of the phosphatase-inactive form of SHP-2 inhibited EGFRvIII pTyr by decreasing MAPK phosphorylation. Consistent with this, we observed that the MEK inhibitor PD98059, but not the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase inhibitor LY294002, inhibited EGFRvIII pTyr. Furthermore, constitutive EGFRvIII pTyr content observed in U87MG, LN229, and U373MG glioblastoma cells, but not in NR6.EGFRvIII fibroblasts, correlated with elevated MAPK levels in these cells. Interestingly, LY294002, but not PD98059, inhibited wild-type EGFR pTyr in response to EGF treatment in U87MG parental cells and in wild-type EGFR-overexpressing U87MG cells. Inhibition of EGFRvIII pTyr by PD98059 was not observed to be phosphorylation site specific. However, LY294002 more specifically inhibited wild-type EGFR pTyr at residues Tyr(992) and Tyr(1068) in the COOH terminus. Treatment of U87MG.EGFRvIII cells with PD98059, but not LY294002, also resulted in increased cell death in response to cisplatin. Collectively, a distinct MEK-mediated pathway in human glioblastoma cells appears to differentially modulate EGFRvIII and wild-type EGFR pTyr, and inhibition of the MAPK pathway sensitizes EGFRvIII-containing human glioblastoma cells to cisplatin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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