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Intracycle Velocity Variation in Swimming: A Systematic Scoping Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030308. [PMID: 36978699 PMCID: PMC10044880 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracycle velocity variation is a swimming relevant research topic, focusing on understanding the interaction between hydrodynamic propulsive and drag forces. We have performed a systematic scoping review to map the main concepts, sources and types of evidence accomplished. Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, as well as the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming Symposia Proceedings Book, with manual searches, snowballing citation tracking, and external experts consultation. The eligibility criteria included competitive swimmers’ intracycle velocity variation assessment of any sex, distance, pace, swimming technique and protocol. Studies’ characteristics were summarized and expressed in an evidence gap map, and the risk of bias was judged using RoBANS. A total of 76 studies, corresponding to 68 trials involving 1440 swimmers (55.2 and 34.1% males and females), were included, with only 20 (29.4%) presenting an overall low risk of bias. The front crawl was the most studied swimming technique and intracycle velocity variation was assessed and quantified in several ways, leading to extremely divergent results. Researchers related intracycle velocity variation to coordination, energy cost, fatigue, technical proficiency, velocity, swimming techniques variants and force. Future studies should focus on studying backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly at high intensities, in young, youth and world-class swimmers, as well as in IVV quantification.
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Correia RDA, Feitosa WG, Castro FADS. Kinematic, arm-stroke efficiency, coordination, and energetic parameters of the 400-m front-crawl test: A meta-analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:977739. [PMID: 36778096 PMCID: PMC9909090 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.977739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated biomechanical and energetic parameters in competitive swimming. Among these studies, it is possible to identify the 400-m front crawl as a useful test to assess these parameters. The present study provided a meta-analysis assessing representative variables for the kinematic, arm-stroke efficiency, coordination, and energetic parameters of the 400-m front crawl test. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were the databases used to select the studies published between January 1970 and December 2022. Forty studies (n = 651 swimmers) were selected according to the eligibility and inclusion criteria. The variables chosen to represent each parameter were: clean swim speed (kinematics); index of coordination (coordination); arm-stroke efficiency (efficiency); and oxygen consumption (energetic). Swimming speed was moderate (1.34 m s-1) compared to the world's records performers. Thus, this speed contributed for the swimmers in remaining at high efficiency (35%), imposing a capture coordination model (index of coordination: -11%) with high oxygen consumption (58.8 ml·kg-1 min-1). High heterogeneity (>75%) was found among the outcome parameters in the studies. The different average speeds that represented the kinematic parameters seem to be the most responsible and influential in the arm-stroke efficiency, coordination, and energetic parameters for high 400-m freestyle (front crawl) performance. This meta-analysis can help researchers, coaches, and swimmers improving competitive performance, and developing further research in the sports sciences area, specifically in the swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Assis Correia
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil,Correspondence: Ricardo de Assis Correia
| | - Wellington Gomes Feitosa
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil,Faculty of Physical Education, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Franken M, Figueiredo P, De Assis Correia R, Feitosa WG, Lazzari CD, Diefenthaeler F, Castro FS. Manipulation of Stroke Rate in Swimming: Effects on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:56-63. [PMID: 36002028 DOI: 10.1055/a-1930-5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effect of different front crawl stroke rates (SRs) in the oxygen uptake (̇VO2) kinetics and ̇VO2 peak, the total time to exhaustion (TTE), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) at 95% of the 400-m front crawl test (T400) mean speed (S400). Twelve endurance swimmers performed a T400 and four trials at 95% of the S400: (i) free SR, (ii) fixed SR (100% of the average free SR trial), (iii) reduced SR (90% of the average free SR trial), and (iv) increased SR (110% of the average free SR trial). ̇VO2 was accessed continuously with breath-by-breath analysis. The results highlighted: (i) the time constant at increased SR (13.3±4.2 s) was lower than in the reduced SR condition (19.5±2.6 s); (ii) the amplitude of the primary phase of ̇VO2 kinetics in the fixed SR (44.0±5.8 ml·kg-1·min-1) was higher than in the increased SR condition (39.5±6.4 ml·kg-1·min-1); and (iii) TTE was lower in the fixed SR (396.1±189.7 s) than the increased SR condition (743.0±340.0 s). The results indicate that controlled SR could be considered a swimming training strategy, focusing on physiological parameters overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Franken
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Santiago, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Wellington Gomes Feitosa
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Caetano Decian Lazzari
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Flávio Souza Castro
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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VO2 kinetics and bioenergetic responses to sets performed at 90%, 92.5%, and 95% of 400-m front crawl speed in male swimmers. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Özkadı T, Demirkan E, Can S, Alagöz I, Demir E. Contribution of motoric and anthropometric components to the fifty-meter four swimming styles: Model approaches. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Luches-Pereira G, Kalva-Filho CA, Barbieri RA, DE Andrade VL, Bertucci DR, Gobbi RB, Papoti M. Backward extrapolation technique: analysis of different criteria after supramaximal exercise in cycling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:519-526. [PMID: 33092326 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Backward extrapolation technique (BE) was used to estimate V̇O<inf>2</inf> from postexercise measuring, eliminating oronasal mask (OM) during the efforts. Despite its advantage, literature presents discrepancy in applied methods. Thus, the first aim of this study was to compare different mathematical criteria to estimate values of V̇O<inf>2</inf> during a supramaximal effort (V̇O<inf>2PEAK</inf>), while the second aim was to verify the effects of OM on cycling performance. METHODS Twenty-four male cyclists (35±6 years, 81.3±8.9 kg, 180±6 cm) performed three days of tests, with at least 24 h of interval between each test. Firstly, a graded exercise test was applied to determine V̇O<inf>2max</inf> and your correspondent intensity (MAP). The second and the third day were destined to supramaximal efforts at 120% of MAP, performed with (Supra<inf>mask</inf>) and without (Supra<inf>be</inf>) oronasal mask (OM) in a randomized order. After Supra<inf>be</inf>, OM was coupled, and BE was applied. Sixty-six values of V̇O<inf>2</inf> were obtained based on a linear regression fitting. RESULTS V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> can be estimated using different curve lengths. However, only curves between 20 and 60 s with extrapolation to 3 s or lesser shows at least one consistent criterion. The 60 s curve extrapoled to -3 s was the most accurate criteria (P=0.723; ES=-0.055; r=0.824; Bias=-0.36 and LoA=7.72 mL.kg.min-1). Performance was not impaired with OM and was similar in both condition (P=0.84, ES=0.04). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that it was possible to accurately estimate V̇O<inf>2</inf> values of a supramaximal effort without any respiratory apparatus with a time-efficient analysis. Therefore, we recommended the use of a 60 seconds V̇O<inf>2</inf> curve analysis with a negative extrapolation for 3 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luches-Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil -
| | | | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Centro Universitário Estácio de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo R Bertucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences and Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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