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Shin A, Connolly S, Kabytaev K. Protein glycation in diabetes mellitus. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 113:101-156. [PMID: 36858645 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the ninth leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is a complex disease that manifests as chronic hyperglycemia. Glucose exposure causes biochemical changes at the proteome level as reflected in accumulation of glycated proteins. A prominent example is hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a glycated protein widely accepted as a diabetic indicator. Another emerging biomarker is glycated albumin which has demonstrated utility in situations where HbA1c cannot be used. Other proteins undergo glycation as well thus impacting cellular function, transport and immune response. Accordingly, these glycated counterparts may serve as predictors for diabetic complications and thus warrant further inquiry. Fortunately, modern proteomics has provided unique analytic capability to enable improved and more comprehensive exploration of glycating agents and glycated proteins. This review broadly covers topics from epidemiology of diabetes to modern analytical tools such as mass spectrometry to facilitate a better understanding of diabetes pathophysiology. This serves as an attempt to connect clinically relevant questions with findings of recent proteomic studies to suggest future avenues of diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks Shin
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shawn Connolly
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kuanysh Kabytaev
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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2
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de Vries JJ, Snoek CJM, Rijken DC, de Maat MPM. Effects of Post-Translational Modifications of Fibrinogen on Clot Formation, Clot Structure, and Fibrinolysis: A Systematic Review. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:554-569. [PMID: 31914791 PMCID: PMC7043730 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Post-translational modifications of fibrinogen influence the occurrence and progression of thrombotic diseases. In this systematic review, we assessed the current literature on post-translational modifications of fibrinogen and their effects on fibrin formation and clot characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J de Vries
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J M Snoek
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C Rijken
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek P M de Maat
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Beránek M, Nováková D, Rozsíval P, Dršata J, Palička V. Glycation and Advanced Glycation End-Products in Laboratory Experiments in Vivo and in Vitro. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the amount of glycated proteins and advanced glycation end products (AGE) in cataractous lens homogenates of patients who underwent phacoemulsification, and to define a simple in vitro protein model of glycoxidation. Analysis of 30 cataractous lenses (15 diabetic and 15 non-diabetic) revealed a significant increase in both glycated lens proteins of diabetics compared with the controls (0.15 vs 0.08 nmol/mg protein, P < 0.01) and AGE-linked fluorescence at 440 nm (4.8 vs 2.8 AU/mg protein, P < 0.01). The presence of AGE fluorescence in lenses indicates the role of oxidative stress in cataractogenesis. Fifty-six days incubation of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, used as model proteins, with 500 mM D-fructose at 25 and 37 °C led to a complete inhibition of ALT and AST activities. The fluorescence of both aminotransferases rose according to the chosen incubation temperature: 37 °C > 25 °C > 4 °C. ALT and AST incubated in a medium containing D-fructose are subject to nonenzymatic glycation followed by a consequent formation of AGE products. Our data: i) support the concept of glycation-glycoxidation pathway appearing in diabetic patients; ii) form a base for determination of the efficiency of various antioxidative compounds in vitro.
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Wang B, Yee Aw T, Stokes KY. N-acetylcysteine attenuates systemic platelet activation and cerebral vessel thrombosis in diabetes. Redox Biol 2017; 14:218-228. [PMID: 28961512 PMCID: PMC5619994 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We previously demonstrated that diabetes exacerbates
stroke-induced brain injury, and that this correlates with brain methylglyoxal
(MG)-to-glutathione (GSH) status. Cerebral injury was reversed by N-acetylcysteine
(NAC). Here we tested if the pro-thrombotic phenotype seen in the systemic
circulation and brain during diabetes was associated with increased MG-glycation of
proteins, and if NAC could reverse this. Methods The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of type 1
diabetes was used. Thrombus formation in venules and arterioles (pial circulation)
was determined by intravital videomicroscopy using the light-dye method. Circulating
blood platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) were analyzed by flow cytometry 1 wk
before other measurements. GSH and MG levels in platelets were measured by HPLC.
MG-modified proteins, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), and superoxide dismutase-1
(SOD1) levels were detected in platelets by western blot at 20 weeks. Proteins
involved in coagulation were quantified by ELISA. NAC (2 mM) was
given in drinking water for 3 weeks before the terminal experiment. Results Thrombus development was accelerated by diabetes in a
time-dependent manner. % PLAs were significantly elevated by diabetes. Plasma
activated plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels were progressively increased
with diabetes duration, with tail bleeding time reduced by 20 wks diabetes. Diabetes
lowered platelet GSH levels, GPx-1 and SOD-1 expression. This was associated with
higher MG levels, and increased MG-adduct formation in platelets. NAC treatment
partly or completely reversed the effects of diabetes. Conclusion Collectively, these results show that the diabetic blood and
brain become progressively more susceptible to platelet activation and thrombosis.
NAC, given after the establishment of diabetes, may offer protection against the risk
for stroke by altering both systemic and vascular prothrombotic responses via
enhancing platelet GSH, and GSH-dependent MG elimination, as well as correcting
levels of antioxidants such as SOD1 and GPx-1. Diabetes elevates dicarbonyl stress leading to enhanced
thrombosis in the brain. Glutathione levels decrease leading to impaired elimination
of methylglyoxal in platelets during diabetes. Platelet proteins are glycated and platelets form
aggregates with leukocytes in diabetes. Diabetes increases circulating levels of plasminogen
activator inhibitor-1. NAC, via GSH synthesis, reverses the platelet activation,
protein glycation and pro-coagulation responses & protects against
thrombosis in the diabetic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Union hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tak Yee Aw
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Mirmiranpour H, Bathaie SZ, Khaghani S, Nakhjavani M, Kebriaeezadeh A. Investigation of the mechanism(s) involved in decreasing increased fibrinogen activity in hyperglycemic conditions using L-lysine supplementation. Thromb Res 2012; 130:e13-9. [PMID: 22575419 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrinogen is a plasma glycoprotein that participates in the hemostasis system. Its malfunction has been reported as a consequence of diabetic complications. In this study, the inhibitory effect of L-Lysine (Lys) on the nonenzymatic glycation of fibrinogen was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fibrinogen was incubated with glucose in the presence or absence of Lys. Then, its structure was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and electrophoresis. The Clauss method was used to determine fibrinogen activity. In addition, one of the two groups of type 2 diabetic patients receiving ordinary treatment was additionally treated with Lys for 3 months. Fibrinogen activity and some other parameters were evaluated in their plasma. RESULTS The results indicated increases in the activity of glycated fibrinogen in both of the in vivo and in vitro experiments. Advanced glycation end products were increased by time, as shown using fluorometry in both the plasma of the diabetic patients and the incubation medium of protein with glucose. The circular dichroism spectra showed some changes in the fibrinogen secondary and tertiary structures after glycation. The electrophoretic mobility of the glycated fibrinogen changed and the cross-link formation between the fibrinogen subunits due to glycation was observed. Lys inhibited all of the mentioned fibrinogen changes both in the in vitro experiments and after its administration to the diabetic patients. CONCLUSION Lys, as an inhibitor of protein glycation, improved fibrinogen's structure and function, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mirmiranpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pieters M, Covic N, van der Westhuizen FH, Nagaswami C, Baras Y, Toit Loots D, Jerling JC, Elgar D, Edmondson KS, van Zyl DG, Rheeder P, Weisel JW. Glycaemic control improves fibrin network characteristics in type 2 diabetes - a purified fibrinogen model. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99:691-700. [PMID: 18392327 DOI: 10.1160/th07-11-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic subjects have been shown to have altered fibrin network structures. One proposed mechanism for this is non-enzymatic glycation of fibrinogen due to high blood glucose. We investigated whether glycaemic control would result in altered fibrin network structures due to decreased fibrinogen glycation. Twenty uncontrolled type 2 diabetic subjects were treated with insulin in order to achieve glycaemic control. Twenty age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched non-diabetic subjects were included as a reference group. Purified fibrinogen, isolated from plasma samples was used for analysis. There was a significant decrease in fibrinogen glycation (6.81 to 5.02 mol glucose/mol fibrinogen) with a corresponding decrease in rate of lateral aggregation (5.86 to 4.62) and increased permeability (2.45 to 2.85 x 10(-8) cm(2)) and lysis rate (3.08 to 3.27 microm/min) in the diabetic subjects after glycaemic control. These variables correlated with markers of glycaemic control. Fibrin clots of non-diabetic subjects had a significantly higher ratio of inelastic to elastic deformation than the diabetic subjects (0.10 vs. 0.09). Although there was no difference in median fiber diameter between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, there was a small increase in the proportion of thicker fibers in the diabetic samples after glycaemic control. Results from SDS-PAGE indicated no detectable difference in factor XIIIa-crosslinking of fibrin clots between uncontrolled and controlled diabetic samples. Diabetic subjects may have altered fibrin network formation kinetics which contributes to decreased pore size and lysis rate of fibrin clots. Achievement of glycaemic control and decreased fibrinogen glycation level improves permeability and lysis rates in a purified fibrinogen model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlien Pieters
- School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, Department Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Howard SC, Algra A, Rothwell PM. Effect of age and glycaemic control on the association between fibrinogen and risk of acute coronary events after transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 25:136-43. [PMID: 18073467 DOI: 10.1159/000112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for acute vascular events, but there is uncertainty as to whether it is causal. One potential causal mechanism is the formation of low permeability fibrin clot in association with raised fibrinogen. We hypothesised that if this effect of fibrinogen were causally related to risk of vascular events, the risk relationship would be affected by the two other factors that affect fibrin clot permeability - age and glycaemic control. METHODS We studied the relationship between fibrinogen and risk of incident coronary events by age and baseline glucose levels in pooled data from three cohorts of patients with known cerebrovascular disease (UK-TIA Aspirin trial; Dutch TIA trial; Oxford TIA Study) during 23,272 patient-years of follow-up. RESULTS Risk of coronary events increased linearly with fibrinogen, but there was a significant interaction with age (p = 0.01 across tertiles of age), with the association being strongest for individuals aged <60 years (upper fibrinogen quintile hazard ratio = 3.95, 95% CI = 2.67-5.85, p < 0.0001). The risk relation was diminished in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. The effects of age and glycaemic control were independent, such that there was an almost fivefold increase in risk across quintiles of fibrinogen in patients aged <60 years with below median normal glucose levels (upper quintile hazard ratio = 4.90, 95% CI = 2.79-8.58, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The effect of age and glycaemic control on the relationship between fibrinogen and risk of acute coronary events supports the hypothesis of a causal effect of fibrinogen mediated via the permeability of fibrin clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Howard
- Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ko LW, Ko EC, Nacharaju P, Liu WK, Chang E, Kenessey A, Yen SH. An immunochemical study on tau glycation in paired helical filaments. Brain Res 1999; 830:301-13. [PMID: 10366687 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycation is a non-enzymatic posttranslational modification that involves a covalent linkage between a sugar and an amino group of protein molecule forming ketoamine. Subsequent oxidation, fragmentation and/or crosslinking of ketoamine leads to the production of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Formation of AGEs causes detrimental effects on the structure and function of affected proteins. Accumulation of AGEs has been implicated in normal aging and in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated complications and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Of all AGEs, Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) is a major glycoxidation product known to be stable and accumulate progressively in vivo. In order to determine if tau is glycated in AD, we raised a rabbit antibody to CML that demonstrated its usefulness in detecting glycation of different proteins in vitro, including BSA, ribonuclease, lysozyme and recombinant tau. Immunochemical analyses indicated that ribose and glucose-6-phosphate are more effective than glucose in generating CML formation in these proteins. We used this antibody to probe for glycation in the following human tau preparations: tau of normal brains and preparations of soluble PHF-tau as well as insoluble PHF from AD brains. All three principal tau components resolved from PHF-tau on Western blots showed CML immunoreactivity indicating that tau is glycated in PHF-tau; and insoluble PHF exhibited prominent CML immunoreactivity on top of the stacking gel. Moreover, immunoelectron microscopic analyses indicate that the anti-CML antibody labels predominantly PHF in aggregates. Taken together, these results suggest that tau becomes glycated in PHF-tau and glycation may play a role in stabilizing PHF aggregation leading to tangle formation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Ko
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Bobbink IW, Tekelenburg WL, Sixma JJ, de Boer HC, Banga JD, de Groot PG. Glycated proteins modulate tissue-plasminogen activator-catalyzed plasminogen activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 240:595-601. [PMID: 9398610 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activation by tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) is accelerated by the presence of a macromolecular surface, which acts as a template that brings enzyme and substrate in close proximity. Modification of lysine residues, which are important for this template function, occurs in diabetic patients as a consequence of glycation of proteins. In this study, we investigated the effects of glycation of fibrin and other proteins in t-PA-catalyzed plasmin formation. Plasminogen activation on glycated fibrin(ogen) was increased compared to non-glycated fibrin(ogen), which could fully be attributed to an increased affinity of t-PA for glycated fibrin(ogen). Binding of plasminogen to glycated fibrin was increased, but did not contribute to increased plasminogen activation. Both plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) binding and activity were increased on glycated fibrin. Induction of template function in plasminogen activation was also observed on immobilized glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human gamma-globulins (IgG). Increased plasmin generation at sites of deposition of glycated proteins may lead to increased extracellular matrix breakdown and thereby affect the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Moreover, soluble glycated BSA and glycated IgG can inhibit t-PA binding to immobilized glycated fibrin and interfere with fibrinolysis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Bobbink
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sz�lgy�nyi GP, Winsauer KJB, Deutsch E. Determination of furosine as a measure for irreversibly bound glucose in human fibrinogen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00809298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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