1
|
Baluk P, Shirakura K, Vestweber D, McDonald DM. Heterogeneity of endothelial VE-PTP downstream polarization, Tie2 activation, junctional claudin-5, and permeability in the aorta and vena cava. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:81-103. [PMID: 38032480 PMCID: PMC10774230 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of mammalian blood vessels have multiple levels of heterogeneity along the vascular tree and among different organs. Further heterogeneity results from blood flow turbulence and variations in shear stress. In the aorta, vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), which dephosphorylates tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 in the plasma membrane, undergoes downstream polarization and endocytosis in endothelial cells exposed to laminar flow and high shear stress. VE-PTP sequestration promotes Tie2 phosphorylation at tyrosine992 and endothelial barrier tightening. The present study characterized the heterogeneity of VE-PTP polarization, Tie2-pY992 and total Tie2, and claudin-5 in anatomically defined regions of endothelial cells in the mouse descending thoracic aorta, where laminar flow is variable and IgG extravasation is patchy. We discovered that VE-PTP and Tie2-pY992 had mosaic patterns, unlike the uniform distribution of total Tie2. Claudin-5 at tight junctions also had a mosaic pattern, whereas VE-cadherin at adherens junctions bordered all endothelial cells. Importantly, the amounts of Tie2-pY992 and claudin-5 in aortic endothelial cells correlated with downstream polarization of VE-PTP. VE-PTP and Tie2-pY992 also had mosaic patterns in the vena cava, but claudin-5 was nearly absent and extravasated IgG was ubiquitous. Correlation of Tie2-pY992 and claudin-5 with VE-PTP polarization supports their collective interaction in the regulation of endothelial barrier function in the aorta, yet differences between the aorta and vena cava indicate additional flow-related determinants of permeability. Together, the results highlight new levels of endothelial cell functional mosaicism in the aorta and vena cava, where blood flow dynamics are well known to be heterogeneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baluk
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirakura
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferguson LT, Hood ED, Shuvaeva T, Shuvaev VV, Basil MC, Wang Z, Nong J, Ma X, Wu J, Myerson JW, Marcos-Contreras OA, Katzen J, Carl JM, Morrisey EE, Cantu E, Villa CH, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov VR, Brenner JS. Dual Affinity to RBCs and Target Cells (DART) Enhances Both Organ- and Cell Type-Targeting of Intravascular Nanocarriers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4666-4683. [PMID: 35266686 PMCID: PMC9339245 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing goal of nanomedicine is to improve a drug's benefit by loading it into a nanocarrier that homes solely to a specific target cell and organ. Unfortunately, nanocarriers usually end up with only a small percentage of the injected dose (% ID) in the target organ, due largely to clearance by the liver and spleen. Further, cell-type-specific targeting is rarely achieved without reducing target organ accumulation. To solve these problems, we introduce DART (dual affinity to RBCs and target cells), in which nanocarriers are conjugated to two affinity ligands, one binding red blood cells and one binding a target cell (here, pulmonary endothelial cells). DART nanocarriers first bind red blood cells and then transfer to the target organ's endothelial cells as the bound red blood cells squeeze through capillaries. We show that within minutes after intravascular injection in mice nearly 70% ID of DART nanocarriers accumulate in the target organ (lungs), more than doubling the % ID ceiling achieved by a multitude of prior technologies, finally achieving a majority % ID in a target organ. Humanized DART nanocarriers in ex vivo perfused human lungs recapitulate this phenomenon. Furthermore, DART enhances the selectivity of delivery to target endothelial cells over local phagocytes within the target organ by 6-fold. DART's marked improvement in both organ- and cell-type targeting may thus be helpful in localizing drugs for a multitude of medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samir Mitragotri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
SMAD6 transduces endothelial cell flow responses required for blood vessel homeostasis. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:387-398. [PMID: 33779885 PMCID: PMC8206051 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluid shear stress provided by blood flow instigates a transition from active blood vessel network expansion during development, to vascular homeostasis and quiescence that is important for mature blood vessel function. Here we show that SMAD6 is required for endothelial cell flow-mediated responses leading to maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Concomitant manipulation of the mechanosensor Notch1 pathway and SMAD6 expression levels revealed that SMAD6 functions downstream of ligand-induced Notch signaling and transcription regulation. Mechanistically, full-length SMAD6 protein was needed to rescue Notch loss-induced flow misalignment. Endothelial cells depleted for SMAD6 had defective barrier function accompanied by upregulation of proliferation-associated genes and down regulation of junction-associated genes. The vascular protocadherin PCDH12 was upregulated by SMAD6 and required for proper flow-mediated endothelial cell alignment, placing it downstream of SMAD6. Thus, SMAD6 is a required transducer of flow-mediated signaling inputs downstream of Notch1 and upstream of PCDH12, as vessels transition from an angiogenic phenotype to maintenance of a homeostatic phenotype.
Collapse
|
4
|
Krishnan-Sivadoss I, Mijares-Rojas IA, Villarreal-Leal RA, Torre-Amione G, Knowlton AA, Guerrero-Beltrán CE. Heat shock protein 60 and cardiovascular diseases: An intricate love-hate story. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:29-71. [PMID: 32808366 PMCID: PMC9290735 DOI: 10.1002/med.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the result of complex pathophysiological processes in the tissues comprising the heart and blood vessels. Inflammation is the main culprit for the development of cardiovascular dysfunction, and it may be traced to cellular stress events including apoptosis, oxidative and shear stress, and cellular and humoral immune responses, all of which impair the system's structure and function. An intracellular chaperone, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is an intriguing example of a protein that may both be an ally and a foe for cardiovascular homeostasis; on one hand providing protection against cellular injury, and on the other triggering damaging responses through innate and adaptive immunity. In this review we will discuss the functions of HSP60 and its effects on cells and the immune system regulation, only to later address its implications in the development and progression of CVD. Lastly, we summarize the outcome of various studies targeting HSP60 as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Krishnan-Sivadoss
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Iván A Mijares-Rojas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ramiro A Villarreal-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne A Knowlton
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - C Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bondareva O, Tsaryk R, Bojovic V, Odenthal-Schnittler M, Siekmann AF, Schnittler HJ. Identification of atheroprone shear stress responsive regulatory elements in endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1487-1499. [PMID: 30785199 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oscillatory shear stress (OSS) is an atheroprone haemodynamic force that occurs in areas of vessel irregularities and is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Changes in signalling and transcriptional programme in response to OSS have been vigorously studied; however, the underlying changes in the chromatin landscape controlling transcription remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the changes in the regulatory element (RE) landscape of endothelial cells under atheroprone OSS conditions in an in vitro model. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses of H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq enrichment and RNA-Seq in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells 6 h after onset of OSS identified 2806 differential responsive REs and 33 differentially expressed genes compared with control cells kept under static conditions. Furthermore, gene ontology analyses of putative RE-associated genes uncovered enrichment of WNT/HIPPO pathway and cytoskeleton reorganization signatures. Transcription factor (TF) binding motif analysis within RE sequences identified over-representation of ETS, Zinc finger, and activator protein 1 TF families that regulate cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis, implicating them in the development of atherosclerosis. Importantly, we confirmed the activation of EGR1 as well as the YAP/TAZ complex early (6 h) after onset of OSS in both cultured human vein and artery endothelial cells and, by undertaking luciferase assays, functionally verified their role in RE activation in response to OSS. CONCLUSIONS Based on the identification and verification of specific responsive REs early upon OSS exposure, we propose an expanded mechanism of how OSS might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bondareva
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany
| | - Roman Tsaryk
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vesna Bojovic
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Odenthal-Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Domagkstrasse 15, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arndt F Siekmann
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hans-J Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dehnavi S, Sadeghi M, Penson PE, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Role of Protein SUMOylation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1856. [PMID: 31684100 PMCID: PMC6912227 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive, inflammatory cardiovascular disorder characterized by the development of lipid-filled plaques within arteries. Endothelial cell dysfunction in the walls of blood vessels results in an increase in vascular permeability, alteration of the components of the extracellular matrix, and retention of LDL in the sub-endothelial space, thereby accelerating plaque formation. Epigenetic modification by SUMOylation can influence the surface interactions of target proteins and affect cellular functionality, thereby regulating multiple cellular processes. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) can modulate NFκB and other proteins such as p53, KLF, and ERK5, which have critical roles in atherogenesis. Furthermore, SUMO regulates leukocyte recruitment and cytokine release and the expression of adherence molecules. In this review, we discuss the regulation by SUMO and SUMOylation modifications of proteins and pathways involved in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran.
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz 93-338, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz 93-338, Poland.
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9188617871, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Caines R, Cochrane A, Kelaini S, Vila-Gonzalez M, Yang C, Eleftheriadou M, Moez A, Stitt AW, Zeng L, Grieve DJ, Margariti A. The RNA-binding protein QKI controls alternative splicing in vascular cells, producing an effective model for therapy. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230276. [PMID: 31331967 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) leads to ischaemia, the central pathology of cardiovascular disease. Stem cell technology will revolutionise regenerative medicine, but a need remains to understand key mechanisms of vascular differentiation. RNA-binding proteins have emerged as novel post-transcriptional regulators of alternative splicing and we have previously shown that the RNA-binding protein Quaking (QKI) plays roles in EC differentiation. In this study, we decipher the role of the alternative splicing isoform Quaking 6 (QKI-6) to induce VSMC differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). PDGF-BB stimulation induced QKI-6, which bound to HDAC7 intron 1 via the QKI-binding motif, promoting HDAC7 splicing and iPS-VSMC differentiation. Overexpression of QKI-6 transcriptionally activated SM22 (also known as TAGLN), while QKI-6 knockdown diminished differentiation capability. VSMCs overexpressing QKI-6 demonstrated greater contractile ability, and upon combination with iPS-ECs-overexpressing the alternative splicing isoform Quaking 5 (QKI-5), exhibited higher angiogenic potential in vivo than control cells alone. This study demonstrates that QKI-6 is critical for modulation of HDAC7 splicing, regulating phenotypically and functionally robust iPS-VSMCs. These findings also highlight that the QKI isoforms hold key roles in alternative splicing, giving rise to cells which can be used in vascular therapy or for disease modelling.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Caines
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Amy Cochrane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Sophia Kelaini
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Marta Vila-Gonzalez
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Magdalini Eleftheriadou
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Arya Moez
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiu Y, Myers DR, Lam WA. The biophysics and mechanics of blood from a materials perspective. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:294-311. [PMID: 32435512 PMCID: PMC7238390 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells actively interact with their microenvironment, constantly sensing and modulating biochemical and biophysical signals. Blood comprises a variety of non-adherent cells that interact with each other and with endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls. Blood cells are further experiencing a range of external forces by the hemodynamic environment and they also exert forces to remodel their local environment. Therefore, the biophysics and material properties of blood cells and blood play an important role in determining blood behaviour in health and disease. In this Review, we discuss blood cells and tissues from a materials perspective, considering the mechanical properties and biophysics of individual blood cells and endothelial cells as well as blood cell collectives. We highlight how blood vessels provide a mechanosensitive barrier between blood and tissues and how changes in vessel stiffness and flow shear stress can be correlated to plaque formation and exploited for the design of vascular grafts. We discuss the effect of the properties of fibrin on blood clotting, and investigate how forces exerted by platelets are correlated to disease. Finally, we hypothesize that blood and vascular cells are constantly establishing a mechanical homeostasis, which, when imbalanced, can lead to hematologic and vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Qiu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David R. Myers
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Corresponding author,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Charbonier FW, Zamani M, Huang NF. Endothelial Cell Mechanotransduction in the Dynamic Vascular Environment. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1800252. [PMID: 31328152 PMCID: PMC6640152 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that line the inner layer of blood vessels are responsible for maintaining vascular homeostasis under physiological conditions. In the presence of disease or injury, ECs can become dysfunctional and contribute to a progressive decline in vascular health. ECs are constantly exposed to a variety of dynamic mechanical stimuli, including hemodynamic shear stress, pulsatile stretch, and passive signaling cues derived from the extracellular matrix. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which ECs perceive and interpret these mechanical signals. The translational applications of mechanosensing are then discussed in the context of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and engineering of vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Charbonier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Maedeh Zamani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Ngan F. Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5407, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chatterjee S. Endothelial Mechanotransduction, Redox Signaling and the Regulation of Vascular Inflammatory Pathways. Front Physiol 2018; 9:524. [PMID: 29930512 PMCID: PMC5999754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium that lines the interior of blood vessels is directly exposed to blood flow. The shear stress arising from blood flow is “sensed” by the endothelium and is “transduced” into biochemical signals that eventually control vascular tone and homeostasis. Sensing and transduction of physical forces occur via signaling processes whereby the forces associated with blood flow are “sensed” by a mechanotransduction machinery comprising of several endothelial cell elements. Endothelial “sensing” involves converting the physical cues into cellular signaling events such as altered membrane potential and activation of kinases, which are “transmission” signals that cause oxidant production. Oxidants produced are the “transducers” of the mechanical signals? What is the function of these oxidants/redox signals? Extensive data from various studies indicate that redox signals initiate inflammation signaling pathways which in turn can compromise vascular health. Thus, inflammation, a major response to infection or endotoxins, can also be initiated by the endothelium in response to various flow patterns ranging from aberrant flow to alteration of flow such as cessation or sudden increase in blood flow. Indeed, our work has shown that endothelial mechanotransduction signaling pathways participate in generation of redox signals that affect the oxidant and inflammation status of cells. Our goal in this review article is to summarize the endothelial mechanotransduction pathways that are activated with stop of blood flow and with aberrant flow patterns; in doing so we focus on the complex link between mechanical forces and inflammation on the endothelium. Since this “inflammation susceptible” phenotype is emerging as a trigger for pathologies ranging from atherosclerosis to rejection post-organ transplant, an understanding of the endothelial machinery that triggers these processes is very crucial and timely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan L, Hong Z, Yu L, Gao Y, Zhang R, Feng H, Su L, Wang G. Shear stress induces human aortic endothelial cell apoptosis via interleukin‑1 receptor‑associated kinase 2‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7205-7212. [PMID: 28944871 PMCID: PMC5865847 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by localized lesions distributed in the arterial tree due to the shear stress produced by blood flow. Endothelial cells are directly affected by alterations in blood flow. Dysfunction and injury to endothelial cells has been hypothesized to initiate the pathological processes of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of shear stress-induced endothelial cellular apoptosis. Shear stress was generated using an artificial device to mimic the impact of disturbed blood flow on cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Cellular apoptosis was assessed using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay; an ELISA assay was used to detect the produced interleukin (IL)-1β; specific small interfering (si)RNA was used to knockdown the expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 2 (IRAK2) in HAECs and the expression levels of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (CHOP), IRAK2 and IL-1β were evaluated using western blotting. The results of the present study demonstrated that artificial shear stress induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, IL-1β production and apoptosis in HAECs in a time-dependent manner. The inhibition of ER stress, and treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein and siRNA against IRAK2 attenuated shear stress-induced CHOP signaling-mediated cellular apoptosis. Therefore, overproduction of IL-1β exacerbated shear stress-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis via the IRAK2/CHOP signaling pathway in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:495-528. [PMID: 28151424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abe JI, Sandhu UG, Hoang NM, Thangam M, Quintana-Quezada RA, Fujiwara K, Le NT. Coordination of Cellular Localization-Dependent Effects of Sumoylation in Regulating Cardiovascular and Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:337-358. [PMID: 28197922 PMCID: PMC5716632 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sumoylation, a reversible post-transcriptional modification process, of proteins are involved in cellular differentiation, growth, and even motility by regulating various protein functions. Sumoylation is not limited to cytosolic proteins as recent evidence shows that nuclear proteins, those associated with membranes, and mitochondrial proteins are also sumoylated. Moreover, it is now known that sumoylation plays an important role in the process of major human ailments such as malignant, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. In this chapter, we will highlight and discuss how the localization of SUMO protease and SUMO E3 ligase in different compartments within a cell regulates biological processes that depend on sumoylation. First, we will discuss the key role of sumoylation in the nucleus, which leads to the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis . We will then discuss how sumoylation of plasma membrane potassium channel proteins are involved in epilepsy and arrhythmia. Mitochondrial proteins are known to be also sumoylated, and the importance of dynamic-related protein 1 (DRP1) sumoylation on mitochondrial function will be discussed. As we will emphasize throughout this review, sumoylation plays crucial roles in different cellular compartments, which is coordinately regulated by the translocation of various SUMO proteases and SUMO E3 ligase. Comprehensive approach will be necessary to understand the molecular mechanism for efficiently moving around various enzymes that regulate sumoylation within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Uday G Sandhu
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nguyet Minh Hoang
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Manoj Thangam
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Raymundo A Quintana-Quezada
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nhat Tu Le
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Unit Number: 1101, Room Number: IBT8.803E, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heo KS, Berk BC, Abe JI. Disturbed Flow-Induced Endothelial Proatherogenic Signaling Via Regulating Post-Translational Modifications and Epigenetic Events. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:435-50. [PMID: 26714841 PMCID: PMC5076483 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hemodynamic shear stress, the frictional force exerted onto the vascular endothelial cell (EC) surface, influences vascular EC functions. Atherosclerotic plaque formation in the endothelium is known to be site specific: disturbed blood flow (d-flow) formed at the lesser curvature of the aortic arch and branch points promotes plaque formation, and steady laminar flow (s-flow) at the greater curvature is atheroprotective. RECENT ADVANCES Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation and SUMOylation, and epigenetic events, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, elucidating how gene expression is altered by d-flow. Activation of PKCζ and p90RSK, SUMOylation of ERK5 and p53, and DNA hypermethylation are uniquely induced by d-flow, but not by s-flow. CRITICAL ISSUES Extensive cross talk has been observed among the phosphorylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, and methylation PTMs, as well as among epigenetic events along the cascade of d-flow-induced signaling, from the top (mechanosensory systems) to the bottom (epigenetic events). In addition, PKCζ activation plays a role in regulating SUMOylation-related enzymes of PIAS4, p90RSK activation plays a role in regulating SUMOylation-related enzymes of Sentrin/SUMO-specific protease (SENP)2, and DNA methyltransferase SUMOylation may play a role in d-flow signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although possible contributions of DNA events such as histone modification and the epigenetic and cytosolic events of PTMs in d-flow signaling have become clearer, determining the interplay of each PTM and epigenetic event will provide a new paradigm to elucidate the difference between d-flow and s-flow and lead to novel therapeutic interventions to inhibit plaque formation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 435-450.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Heo
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradford C. Berk
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abe JI, Le NT, Heo KS. Role for SUMOylation in disturbed flow-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation. Biomed Eng Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-015-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:33-50. [PMID: 25677529 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit phenotypic and functional plasticity in order to respond to vascular injury. In case of the vessel damage, VSMCs are able to switch from the quiescent 'contractile' phenotype to the 'proinflammatory' phenotype. This change is accompanied by decrease in expression of smooth muscle (SM)-specific markers responsible for SM contraction and production of proinflammatory mediators that modulate induction of proliferation and chemotaxis. Indeed, activated VSMCs could efficiently proliferate and migrate contributing to the vascular wall repair. However, in chronic inflammation that occurs in atherosclerosis, arterial VSMCs become aberrantly regulated and this leads to increased VSMC dedifferentiation and extracellular matrix formation in plaque areas. Proatherosclerotic switch in VSMC phenotype is a complex and multistep mechanism that may be induced by a variety of proinflammatory stimuli and hemodynamic alterations. Disturbances in hemodynamic forces could initiate the proinflammatory switch in VSMC phenotype even in pre-clinical stages of atherosclerosis. Proinflammatory signals play a crucial role in further dedifferentiation of VSMCs in affected vessels and propagation of pathological vascular remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Chistiakov
- Research Center for Children's Health; Moscow Russia
- The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program; Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center; Mount Sinai Medical Center; Miami Beach FL USA
| | - A. N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis; Skolkovo Innovative Center; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Department of Biophysics; Biological Faculty; Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Y. V. Bobryshev
- Institute for Atherosclerosis; Skolkovo Innovative Center; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Kensington Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Western Sydney; Campbelltown NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martin D, Li Y, Yang J, Wang G, Margariti A, Jiang Z, Yu H, Zampetaki A, Hu Y, Xu Q, Zeng L. Unspliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress through interaction with histone deacetylase 3. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30625-30634. [PMID: 25190803 PMCID: PMC4215241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that atherosclerosis occurs geographically at branch points where disturbed flow predisposes to the development of plaque via triggering of oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. In this study, we found that disturbed flow activated anti-oxidative reactions via up-regulating heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in an X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3)-dependent manner. Disturbed flow concomitantly up-regulated the unspliced XBP1 (XBP1u) and HDAC3 in a VEGF receptor and PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. The presence of XBP1 was essential for the up-regulation of HDAC3 protein. Overexpression of XBP1u and/or HDAC3 activated Akt1 phosphorylation, Nrf2 protein stabilization and nuclear translocation, and HO-1 expression. Knockdown of XBP1u decreased the basal level and disturbed flow-induced Akt1 phosphorylation, Nrf2 stabilization, and HO-1 expression. Knockdown of HDAC3 ablated XBP1u-mediated effects. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) inhibitor, AZD2014, ablated XBP1u or HDAC3 or disturbed flow-mediated Akt1 phosphorylation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and HO-1 expression. Neither actinomycin D nor cycloheximide affected disturbed flow-induced up-regulation of Nrf2 protein. Knockdown of Nrf2 abolished XBP1u or HDAC3 or disturbed flow-induced HO-1 up-regulation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that XBP1u physically bound to HDAC3 and Akt1. The region of amino acids 201 to 323 of the HDAC3 protein was responsible for the binding to XBP1u. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that the interactions between Akt1 and mTORC2, Akt1 and HDAC3, Akt1 and XBP1u, HDAC3, and XBP1u occurred in the cytosol. Thus, we demonstrate that XBP1u and HDAC3 exert a protective effect on disturbed flow-induced oxidative stress via up-regulation of mTORC2-dependent Akt1 phosphorylation and Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Junyao Yang
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast BT12 6BL, United Kingdom
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- Centre Laboratory, 305th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100017, China, and
| | - Hui Yu
- Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Genetics, Ministry of Education, FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom,.
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom,.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ostrowski MA, Huang NF, Walker TW, Verwijlen T, Poplawski C, Khoo AS, Cooke JP, Fuller GG, Dunn AR. Microvascular endothelial cells migrate upstream and align against the shear stress field created by impinging flow. Biophys J 2014; 106:366-74. [PMID: 24461011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, little is known about how endothelial cells respond to spatial variations in fluid shear stress such as those that occur locally during embryonic development, at heart valve leaflets, and at sites of aneurysm formation. We built an impinging flow device that exposes endothelial cells to gradients of shear stress. Using this device, we investigated the response of microvascular endothelial cells to shear-stress gradients that ranged from 0 to a peak shear stress of 9-210 dyn/cm(2). We observe that at high confluency, these cells migrate against the direction of fluid flow and concentrate in the region of maximum wall shear stress, whereas low-density microvascular endothelial cells that lack cell-cell contacts migrate in the flow direction. In addition, the cells align parallel to the flow at low wall shear stresses but orient perpendicularly to the flow direction above a critical threshold in local wall shear stress. Our observations suggest that endothelial cells are exquisitely sensitive to both magnitude and spatial gradients in wall shear stress. The impinging flow device provides a, to our knowledge, novel means to study endothelial cell migration and polarization in response to gradients in physical forces such as wall shear stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Califiornia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Travis W Walker
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tom Verwijlen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Amanda S Khoo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - John P Cooke
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Califiornia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald G Fuller
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Califiornia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Mammals are endowed with a complex set of mechanisms that sense mechanical forces imparted by blood flow to endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, and circulating blood cells to elicit biochemical responses through a process referred to as mechanotransduction. These biochemical responses are critical for a host of other responses, including regulation of blood pressure, control of vascular permeability for maintaining adequate perfusion of tissues, and control of leukocyte recruitment during immunosurveillance and inflammation. This review focuses on the role of the endothelial surface proteoglycan/glycoprotein layer-the glycocalyx (GCX)-that lines all blood vessel walls and is an agent in mechanotransduction and the modulation of blood cell interactions with the EC surface. We first discuss the biochemical composition and ultrastructure of the GCX, highlighting recent developments that reveal gaps in our understanding of the relationship between composition and spatial organization. We then consider the roles of the GCX in mechanotransduction and in vascular permeability control and review the prominent interaction of plasma-borne sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), which has been shown to regulate both the composition of the GCX and the endothelial junctions. Finally, we consider the association of GCX degradation with inflammation and vascular disease and end with a final section on future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gould ST, Srigunapalan S, Simmons CA, Anseth KS. Hemodynamic and cellular response feedback in calcific aortic valve disease. Circ Res 2013; 113:186-97. [PMID: 23833293 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights aspects of calcific aortic valve disease that encompass the entire range of aortic valve disease progression from initial cellular changes to aortic valve sclerosis and stenosis, which can be initiated by changes in blood flow (hemodynamics) and pressure across the aortic valve. Appropriate hemodynamics is important for normal valve function and maintenance, but pathological blood velocities and pressure can have profound consequences at the macroscopic to microscopic scales. At the macroscopic scale, hemodynamic forces impart shear stresses on the surface of the valve leaflets and cause deformation of the leaflet tissue. As discussed in this review, these macroscale forces are transduced to the microscale, where they influence the functions of the valvular endothelial cells that line the leaflet surface and the valvular interstitial cells that populate the valve extracellular matrix. For example, pathological changes in blood flow-induced shear stress can cause dysfunction, impairing their homeostatic functions, and pathological stretching of valve tissue caused by elevated transvalvular pressure can activate valvular interstitial cells and latent paracrine signaling cytokines (eg, transforming growth factor-β1) to promote maladaptive tissue remodeling. Collectively, these coordinated and complex interactions adversely impact bulk valve tissue properties, feeding back to further deteriorate valve function and propagate valve cell pathological responses. Here, we review the role of hemodynamic forces in calcific aortic valve disease initiation and progression, with focus on cellular responses and how they feed back to exacerbate aortic valve dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Gould
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
DeVerse JS, Sandhu AS, Mendoza N, Edwards CM, Sun C, Simon SI, Passerini AG. Shear stress modulates VCAM-1 expression in response to TNF-α and dietary lipids via interferon regulatory factor-1 in cultured endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1149-57. [PMID: 23934855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00311.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the specific mechanisms that determine the localization of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries are not well defined. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) isolated from human plasma after a high-fat meal modulate TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) via an interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1-dependent transcriptional mechanism. We examined whether fluid shear stress acts as a mediator of IRF-1-dependent VCAM-1 expression in response to cytokine and dietary lipids. IRF-1 and VCAM-1 were examined by immunofluorescence in TNF-α-stimulated HAEC monolayers exposed to TGRL and a linear gradient of shear stress ranging from 0 to 16 dyn/cm(2) in a microfluidic device. Shear stress alone modulated TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression, eliciting a 150% increase at low shear stress (2 dyn/cm(2)) and a 70% decrease at high shear stress (12 dyn/cm(2)) relative to static. These differences correlated with a 60% increase in IRF-1 expression under low shear stress and a 40% decrease under high shear stress. The addition of TGRL along with cytokine activated a fourfold increase in VCAM-1 expression and a twofold increase in IRF-1 expression. The combined effect of shear stress and TGRL on the upregulation of membrane VCAM-1 was abolished by transfection of HAECs with IRF-1-specific small interfering RNA. In a healthy swine model, elevated levels of endothelial IRF-1 were also observed within atherosusceptible regions of the aorta by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, implicating arterial hemodynamics in the regulation of IRF-1 expression. These data demonstrate direct roles for fluid shear stress and postprandial TGRL from human serum in the regulation of IRF-1 expression and downstream inflammatory responses in HAECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blood pressure regulation VIII: resistance vessel tone and implications for a pro-atherogenic conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:531-44. [PMID: 23860841 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endothelium is proposed as the primary initiator of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease, which occurs mainly in medium- to large-sized conduit arteries of the lower extremities (e.g., iliac, femoral, popliteal arteries). In this review article, we propose the novel concept that conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype is determined, in part, by microvascular tone in skeletal muscle resistance arteries through both changes in arterial blood pressure as well as upstream conduit artery shear stress patterns. First, we summarize the literature supporting the involvement of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of microvascular tone and arterial blood pressure. We then focus on the role of elevated blood pressure and shear stress profiles in modulating conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Last, we discuss findings from classic and emerging studies indicating that increased vascular resistance, as it occurs in the context of increased SNA and/or reduced NO bioavailability, is associated with greater oscillatory shear stress (e.g., increased retrograde shear) in upstream conduit arteries. The ideas put forth in this review set the stage for a new paradigm concerning the mechanistic link between increased microvascular tone and development of conduit artery endothelial dysfunction and thus increased risk for peripheral artery disease. Indeed, a vast amount of evidence supports the notion that excessive blood pressure and oscillatory shear stress are potent pro-atherogenic signals to the endothelium.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lai ES, Huang NF, Cooke JP, Fuller GG. Aligned nanofibrillar collagen regulates endothelial organization and migration. Regen Med 2013; 7:649-61. [PMID: 22954436 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Modulating endothelial cell (EC) morphology and motility, with the aim to influence their biology, might be beneficial for the treatment of vascular disease. We examined the effect of nanoscale matrix anisotropy on EC organization and migration for vascular tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS & METHODS We developed a flow processing technique to generate anisotropic nanofibrillar collagen. Human ECs were cultured on aligned or on randomly oriented collagen, and their cellular alignment and cytoskeletal organization were characterized by immunofluorescence staining and time-lapse microscopy. RESULTS ECs were elongated along the direction of aligned collagen nanofibrils and had organized focal adhesions. Cellular protrusion migrated with greater directionality and higher velocity along the anisotropic nanofibrils compared with cells on random nanofibrils. The flow technique can be adapted to fabricate vascular grafts that support the endothelial phenotype. CONCLUSION Aligned nanofibrillar collagen regulates EC organization and migration, which can significantly contribute to the development of vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwina S Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 380 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang NF, Lai ES, Ribeiro AJS, Pan S, Pruitt BL, Fuller GG, Cooke JP. Spatial patterning of endothelium modulates cell morphology, adhesiveness and transcriptional signature. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2928-37. [PMID: 23357369 PMCID: PMC3581686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microscale and nanoscale structures can spatially pattern endothelial cells (ECs) into parallel-aligned organization, mimicking their cellular alignment in blood vessels exposed to laminar shear stress. However, the effects of spatial patterning on the function and global transcriptome of ECs are incompletely characterized. We used both parallel-aligned micropatterned and nanopatterned biomaterials to evaluate the effects of spatial patterning on the phenotype of ECs, based on gene expression profiling, functional characterization of monocyte adhesion, and quantification of cellular morphology. We demonstrate that both micropatterned and aligned nanofibrillar biomaterials could effectively guide EC organization along the direction of the micropatterned channels or nanofibrils, respectively. The ability of ECs to sense spatial patterning cues were abrogated in the presence of cytoskeletal disruption agents. Moreover, both micropatterned and aligned nanofibrillar substrates promoted an athero-resistant EC phenotype by reducing endothelial adhesiveness for monocytes and platelets, as well as by downregulating the expression of adhesion proteins and chemokines. We further found that micropatterned ECs have a transcriptional signature that is unique from non-patterned ECs, as well as from ECs aligned by shear stress. These findings highlight the importance of spatial patterning cues in guiding EC organization and function, which may have clinical relevance in the development of vascular grafts that promote patency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngan F Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Manduteanu I, Simionescu M. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: a cause or a result of vascular disorders? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:1978-90. [PMID: 22348535 PMCID: PMC3822968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sound data support the concept that in atherosclerosis, inflammation and dyslipidemia intersect each other and that irrespective of the initiator, both participate from the early stages to the ultimate fate of the atheromatous plaque. The two partakers manoeuvre a vicious circle in atheroma formation: dyslipidaemia triggers an inflammatory process and inflammation elicits dyslipidaemia. Independent of the initial cause, the atherosclerotic lesions occur focally, in particular arterial-susceptible sites, by a process that, although continuous, can be arbitrarily divided into a sequence of consecutive stages that lead from fatty streak to the fibro-lipid plaque and ultimately to plaque rupture and thrombosis. In the process, the initial event is a change in endothelial cells (EC) constitutive properties. Then, the molecular alarm signals send by dysfunctional EC are decoded by specific blood immune cells (monocytes, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells) and by the resident vascular cells, that respond by initiating a robust inflammatory process, in which the cells and the factors they secrete hasten the atheroma development. Direct and indirect crosstalk between the cells housed within the nascent plaque, complemented by the increase in risk factors of atherosclerosis lead to atheroma development and outcome. The initial inflammatory response can be regarded as a defense/protective reaction mechanism, but its further amplification, speeds up atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of inflammation and dyslipidaemia and their intersection in atherogenesis. The data may add to the foundation of a novel attitude in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Foster GA, Mittal V, Altman SM, Simon SI, Passerini AG. On-chip endothelial inflammatory phenotyping. J Vis Exp 2012:e4169. [PMID: 22847646 DOI: 10.3791/4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis is potentiated by metabolic abnormalities that contribute to a heightened state of systemic inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction. However, early functional changes in endothelium that signify an individual's level of risk are not directly assessed clinically to help guide therapeutic strategy. Moreover, the regulation of inflammation by local hemodynamics contributes to the non-random spatial distribution of atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms are difficult to delineate in vivo. We describe a lab-on-a-chip based approach to quantitatively assay metabolic perturbation of inflammatory events in human endothelial cells (EC) and monocytes under precise flow conditions. Standard methods of soft lithography are used to microfabricate vascular mimetic microfluidic chambers (VMMC), which are bound directly to cultured EC monolayers. These devices have the advantage of using small volumes of reagents while providing a platform for directly imaging the inflammatory events at the membrane of EC exposed to a well-defined shear field. We have successfully applied these devices to investigate cytokine-, lipid- and RAGE-induced inflammation in human aortic EC (HAEC). Here we document the use of the VMMC to assay monocytic cell (THP-1) rolling and arrest on HAEC monolayers that are conditioned under differential shear characteristics and activated by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Studies such as these are providing mechanistic insight into atherosusceptibility under metabolic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Simmons GH, Padilla J, Laughlin MH. Heterogeneity of endothelial cell phenotype within and amongst conduit vessels of the swine vasculature. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:1074-82. [PMID: 22542613 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.064006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of endothelial cell phenotypic heterogeneity throughout the swine vasculature, with a focus on the conduit vessels of the arterial and venous circulations. We tested the hypothesis that atheroprone arteries exhibit higher expression of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress than do veins and atheroresistant arteries. The study sample included tissues from 79 castrated, male swine. Immediately after the animals were killed, endothelial cells were mechanically scraped from isolated segments of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, carotid, brachial, femoral and renal arteries, and the vein regionally associated with each of these vessels, as well as the internal mammary and right coronary arteries. Cells were also taken from two regions of the aortic arch contrasted by atheroprone versus atherosusceptible haemodynamics. Endothelial cell phenotype was assessed by either immunoblotting or quantitative real-time PCR for a host of both pro- and anti-atherogenic markers (e.g. endothelial nitric oxide synthase, p67phox, cyclo-oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase 1). Marked heterogeneity across the vasculature was observed in the expression of both pro- and anti-atherogenic markers, at both the protein and transcriptional levels. In particular, the coronary vascular endothelium expressed higher levels of the oxidative stress marker p67phox (P < 0.05 versus other arteries). In addition, differential expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and KLF4 was evident between atheroprone and atherosusceptible regions of the aorta, while expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, KLF2, KLF4 and cyclo-oxygenase-1 was lower in both areas of the aortic arch compared with the internal mammary artery. Conduit arteries typically expressed higher levels of both pro- and anti-atherogenic markers relative to their associated veins. We show, for the first time, that endothelial cell phenotype is variable within vessels, across six major vascular territories, and between the arterial and venous circulations. Importantly, even straight vessel segments from systemic conduit arteries (e.g. brachial and carotid arteries) exhibited regional phenotypic heterogeneity; a finding not expected on the basis of local haemodynamic forces alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant H Simmons
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Jackson KN, Passerini AG. Shear stress modulates RAGE-mediated inflammation in a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2498-508. [PMID: 22467309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at sites of disturbed blood flow despite the influence of risk factors contributing to systemic inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a prominent mediator of inflammation in diabetes that is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques. Our goal was to elucidate a role for arterial hemodynamics in the regulation of RAGE expression and activity. Endothelial RAGE expression was elevated at sites of flow disturbance in the aortas of healthy swine. To demonstrate a direct role for physiological shear stress (SS) in modulating RAGE expression, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to high SS (HSS; 15 dyn/cm(2)), which downregulated RAGE by fourfold, or oscillatory SS (OSS; 0 ± 5 dyn/cm(2)), which upregulated RAGE by threefold, compared with static culture at 4 h. In a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress, HAEC were chronically conditioned under high glucose (25 mM) and then simultaneously stimulated with TNF-α (0.5 ng/ml) and the RAGE ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). A 50% increase in VCAM-1 expression over TNF-α was associated with increased cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activity. This increase was RAGE-specific and NADPH oxidase dependent. In activated HAEC, OSS amplified HMGB1-induced VCAM-1 (3-fold) and RAGE (1.6-fold) expression and proportionally enhanced monocyte adhesion to HAEC in a RAGE-dependent manner, while HSS mitigated these increases to the level of TNF-α alone. We demonstrate that SS plays a fundamental role in regulating RAGE expression and inflammatory responses in the endothelium. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into how diabetes accelerates the nonrandom distribution of atherosclerosis in arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Levine AB, Punihaole D, Levine TB. Characterization of the Role of Nitric Oxide and Its Clinical Applications. Cardiology 2012; 122:55-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000338150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
30
|
Atkins GB, Jain MK, Hamik A. Endothelial differentiation: molecular mechanisms of specification and heterogeneity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1476-84. [PMID: 21677290 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.228999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A complex and diverse vascular system is requisite for the survival of higher organisms. The process of vascular development is highly regulated, involving the de novo formation of vessels (vasculogenesis), followed by expansion and remodeling of the primitive vasculature (angiogenesis), culminating in differentiation of endothelial phenotypes, as found in the mature vascular system. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular regulation of endothelial cell development and differentiation. Endothelial development, in particular the mechanisms in play during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, is discussed in a sister review to this article. This review highlights the key pathways governing in endothelial differentiation, with a focus on the major molecular mechanisms of endothelial specification and heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Brandon Atkins
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Harrington-McLaughlin Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Blann AD, Dunmore S. Arterial and venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Cardiol Res Pract 2011; 2011:394740. [PMID: 21403876 PMCID: PMC3051163 DOI: 10.4061/2011/394740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent ultimate cause of death is myocardial arrest. In many cases this is due to myocardial hypoxia, generally arising from failure of the coronary macro- and microcirculation to deliver enough oxygenated red cells to the cardiomyocytes. The principle reason for this is occlusive thrombosis, either by isolated circulating thrombi, or by rupture of upstream plaque. However, an additionally serious pathology causing potentially fatal stress to the heart is extra-cardiac disease, such as pulmonary hypertension. A primary cause of the latter is pulmonary embolus, considered to be a venous thromboembolism. Whilst the thrombotic scenario has for decades been the dominating paradigm in cardiovascular disease, these issues have, until recently, been infrequently considered in cancer. However, there is now a developing view that cancer is also a thrombotic disease, and notably a disease predominantly of the venous circulation, manifesting as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Indeed, for many, a venous thromboembolism is one of the first symptoms of a developing cancer. Furthermore, many of the standard chemotherapies in cancer are prothrombotic. Accordingly, thromboprophylaxis in cancer with heparins or oral anticoagulation (such as Warfarin), especially in high risk groups (such as those who are immobile and on high dose chemotherapy), may be an important therapy. The objective of this communication is to summarise current views on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of arterial and venous thrombosis in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Blann
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang YI, Schulze J, Raymond N, Tomita T, Tam K, Simon SI, Passerini AG. Endothelial inflammation correlates with subject triglycerides and waist size after a high-fat meal. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H784-91. [PMID: 21169396 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01036.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A rise in postprandial serum triglycerides (PP-sTG) can potentiate inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and thus serves as an independent risk factor for predicting increased cardiovascular morbidity. We examined postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (PP-TGRLs) in subjects ranging from normal to hypertriglyceridemic for their capacity to alter EC acute inflammatory responses. Cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs) were conditioned with PP-TGRLs isolated from human serum at the peak after a moderately high-fat meal. VLDL particle size increased postprandially and varied directly with the subject's PP-sTG level and waist circumference. PP-TGRL particles bound to HAECs and were internalized via LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis. PP-TGRL alone did not induce an inflammatory response over the range of individuals studied. However, combined with low-dose TNF-α stimulation (0.3 ng/ml), it elicited a net 10-15% increase above cytokine alone in the membrane expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin, which was not observed with fasting TGRLs. In contrast to upregulation of ICAM-1 and E-selectin, VCAM-1 transcription and expression varied in direct proportion with individual PP-sTG and waist circumference. The extent of monocyte arrest on inflamed HAECs under shear stress also correlated closely with VCAM-1 expression induced by conditioning with PP-TGRL and TNF-α stimulation. This ex vivo approach provides a quantitative means to assess an individual's inflammatory potential, revealing a greater propensity for endothelial inflammation in hypertriglyceridemic individuals with abdominal obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|