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Milosis DC. Validity of Gymnastics-Specific Assessment of Neuromuscular Function of Shoulder Flexor and Extensor Muscles to Predict Performance in Gymnastics Skills. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:652-660. [PMID: 36165978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Milosis, DC. Validity of gymnastics-specific assessment of neuromuscular function of shoulder flexor and extensor muscles to predict performance in gymnastics skills. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 652-660, 2023-This study examined the relationships between gymnastics-specific laboratory measurements of neuromuscular function of the shoulder flexor and extensor muscles and performance in specific gymnastics skills. Fifteen highly competitive male gymnasts and 18 male students (age 20.41 ± 2.51 years, body mass 69.7 ± 7.07 kg; mean ± SD ) participated voluntarily. The electromyogram (EMG) was used to assess muscle activation of 3 flexor and 3 extensor shoulder muscles during isometric (45, 90, and 135°) and isokinetic (concentric and eccentric 60, 180, and 300°/s) flexion-extension of the shoulder. Peak torque (PT), neuromuscular efficiency (NME: torque to EMG ratio), and antagonist coactivation index (CI) were evaluated. Furthermore, performance in specific gymnastics skills was evaluated. The results supported the ecological validity of the measurements. Specifically, significant correlations emerged between the shoulders' neuromuscular function parameters and the performance in the gymnastics skills (PT: r = 0.798, p < 0.001, NME: r = 0.576, p < 0.001, CI: r = -0.351, p < 0.05). In addition, according to the results of the regression analysis, neuromuscular function of the shoulder flexor and extensor muscles predicted gymnastics performance. Specifically, the model that was produced significantly predicted the dependent variable (performance in specific gymnastics skills) in all steps and explained a total variance of 64.4% ( p < 0.001). Based on beta coefficients, PT had the higher contribution to the prediction of performance. The insight gained on these relationships could help coaches to plan the training of their gymnasts and to monitor the longitudinal changes in neuromuscular function of shoulder muscles induced by training more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Milosis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Wen C. UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM UPDATE ON AEROBIC PHYSICAL EDUCATION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Although colleges and universities have improved their aerobic physical education systems, the teaching design has a partially scientific basis, requiring urgent updating. Objective Research means of scientific improvement to the aerobic physical education curriculum in colleges and universities. Methods A total of 594 students and 52 teacher questionnaires were collected to understand the background of the research. Four groups of athletes were selected for relevant data collection. A kinematic analysis with a reflective ball at different joints and limbs archived the main variables of the most demanded actions on a force measurement platform, which were combined with the athletes’ data. Results Through the integration and analysis of the research results, this paper obtained a scientifically based training scheme with clear training objectives. It also displays a deeper understanding of the actual situation of teaching aerobic physical education in colleges and universities. Conclusion This paper designs a scientifically-based aerobics optimization scheme according to the characteristics of colleges and universities, addressing the real needs of students and promoting the improvement of aerobic physical education teaching in colleges and universities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Wen
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology, China
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Moeskops S, Pedley JS, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS. The Influence of Competitive Level on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Young Female Gymnasts. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070107. [PMID: 35878118 PMCID: PMC9323029 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated how stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function and kinetic variables differed between young female gymnasts of varying competitive levels. Drop jump (DJ) force−time profiles were examined in 118 female gymnasts, sub-divided by competitive level (n = 21 recreational, n = 41 regional and n = 50 elite). DJ force−time data were analyzed to calculate performance and kinetic variables. Participants’ SSC function was categorized as poor, moderate, or good, depending on the presence of an impact peak and spring-like behavior. A high proportion of gymnasts across each group were categorized as having “good” or “moderate” SSC function (i.e., >94.8%), with a trend of increasingly better SSC function observed with competitive level. Significant differences in reactive strength index, contact time, time of landing peak force, relative propulsive peak force, impulse, and ratio of braking: propulsive impulse were found between the elite and recreational group (p < 0.05). While SSC function was generally good to moderate, elite gymnasts had a more desirable kinetic jump-landing strategy than recreational level gymnasts. Drop jump kinetic variables appear to distinguish between elite and recreational gymnasts but not between regional standard gymnasts. Practitioners should consider the kinetic profile of gymnasts when benchmarking and setting training objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Effects of Equine-Assistant Activity on Gross Motor Coordination in Children Aged 8 to 10 Years. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:3623686. [PMID: 35075387 PMCID: PMC8783754 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3623686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Generally, adequate motor coordination (MC) ability is one among the critical factors for the overall development of children. In this paper, we have thoroughly analyzed the effects of equine-assistant activity (EAA) training on MC in children. For this purpose, MC test, specifically for children, was used to the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), and a total of 100 children, particularly those in 8 to 10 age, were equally separated into equine-assistant activity group (EAAG) and control group (CG), respectively. The EAAG group has attended a 14-week EAA training program, while the CG joined in physical education activity once per week. The experimental results have indicated that four indices of KTK test (i.e., backward walk [WB], height jump [HH], jumping sideways [JS] and moving sideways [MS], and motor quotient [MQ] score) showed significant differences ( ∗ P < 0.05) after a 14-week EAA training. Furthermore, the indices of physical fitness test, standing long jump (SLJ), and sit and reach (SAR) showed significant differences ( ∗ P < 0.05), but the handgrip (HG) increased slightly without significant difference (P > 0.05) after a 14-week EAA training. In conclusion, there were improvements in MC, lower limb strength, and flexibility by EAAG for those who participated in a 14-week EAA training, and this study has demonstrated the effectiveness of the KTK assessment of MC in children 8 to 10 years.
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Laureys F, Collins D, Deconinck FJA, Lenoir M. Exploring the use of the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence (PCDEs) in younger age groups: First steps in the validation process of the PCDE Questionnaire for Children (PCDEQ-C). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259396. [PMID: 34793493 PMCID: PMC8601555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes who want to benefit most optimally and efficient from the Talent Development (TD) pathway, should start developing their psychological characteristics at a young age. The Psychological Characteristics Developing Excellence Questionnaire-Version 2 (PCDEQ2) can provide a full assessment of the mental characteristics athletes need. However, the PCDEQ2 has only been validated in adolescent athletes and as a consequence its does not contribute to the understanding of these psychological skills in a younger age group. The main purpose of this study was to take a first step in examining the factor structure and reliability of the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire for Children (PCDEQ-C), a questionnaire based on the PCDEQ- 2. Firstly, the original questionnaire was translated to Dutch, age-adapted and redesigned for implementation in young athletes. Secondly, 774 participants (400 girls) from Flanders, Belgium, between 7 and 13 years (mean age of 10.61 ± 1.58) old filled out the questionnaire. After exploratory factor analysis, a new factor structure for the PCDEQ-C deemed an acceptable fit with 51 items in 5 factors. In the third stage, the reliability showed a good overall and internal consistency, with adequate relations between factors. The first steps in the validation process of the PCDEQ-C, suggest that this questionnaire could be a useful and reliable tool to assess the developmental psychological characteristics of 7-to-13-year-old athletes. The questionnaire is one of the first formative assessment tools to monitor and develop the psychological characteristics needed during the earliest talent development stages of a young athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felien Laureys
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dave Collins
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Rogers M, Crozier AJ, Schranz NK, Eston RG, Tomkinson GR. Player Profiling and Monitoring in Basketball: A Delphi Study of the Most Important Non-Game Performance Indicators from the Perspective of Elite Athlete Coaches. Sports Med 2021; 52:1175-1187. [PMID: 34739718 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about which indicators of performance elite athlete coaches (i.e., professional coaches who coach at the national or international levels) consider to be important for basketball. OBJECTIVE Using a Delphi procedure, the aim of this study was to identify the non-game performance indicators elite athlete coaches consider to be important for the recruitment/selection of basketball players. METHODS Ninety elite athlete coaches (basketball coaches (n = 71) and strength/conditioning coaches (n = 19) who coached men (n = 60), women (n = 23), or both (n = 7)), employed in 23 countries across six continents, participated in a three-round online Delphi survey. Round 1 asked coaches to identify the non-game performance indicators (i.e., measures other than game statistics) they currently used (or would like to use) for player recruitment/selection, with common indicators combined into single indicators. Round 2 asked coaches to rate the importance of each performance indicator using a Likert scale (range: 0 = no importance whatsoever to 10 = extremely important). Round 3 asked coaches to identify the single best test measure for each indicator rated ≥ 6 (i.e., important to extremely important) in Round 2. Results were reported descriptively. RESULTS A total of 608 responses (344 after removal of duplicates) were reported in Round 1, which were collapsed into 35 indicators, all of which were rated as 'important' in Round 2. Psychological and game intelligence indicators were typically rated as very important to extremely important (i.e., median = 9), with physical fitness and movement skills typically rated as very important (i.e., median = 8). For most indicators, coach observation was identified as the best test measure, with unique objective performance/anthropometric tests identified for all physical fitness indicators. CONCLUSION This study identified a range of psychological, game intelligence, physical fitness, and movement skill indicators that were considered by elite athlete coaches to be important to extremely important for the recruitment/selection of basketball players. These findings may inform the development of a basketball-specific test battery for recruiting/selecting and monitoring players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rogers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Alyson J Crozier
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Natasha K Schranz
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Wellbeing SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roger G Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Melby PS, Elsborg P, Nielsen G, Lima RA, Bentsen P, Andersen LB. Exploring the importance of diversified physical activities in early childhood for later motor competence and physical activity level: a seven-year longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1492. [PMID: 34340663 PMCID: PMC8330057 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that childhood motor competence (MC) can predict physical activity (PA) levels later in life and it has been argued that frequently engaging in a wide diversity of physical activities will eventually improve children's MC. However, no longitudinal or experimental studies have confirmed this theoretical rationale. The aims of this study are to explore the longitudinal associations between diversified physical activities at age six and later MC and PA (time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA) (age nine and 13). Furthermore, we explore to what extent the longitudinal association between diversified physical activity and PA is mediated by MC. METHODS Longitudinal data from the Copenhagen School Intervention Study were used for this analysis, where 704 participated (69% response rate). Diversified physical activity (self-reported), MC (The Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder battery of postural stability and locomotor skills) and PA (accelerometer) were assessed in the children at age six, age nine and age 13. A total of 654 participated in at least two of the measures and, therefore, were included in the analysis. Two structural equation models were constructed, with diversified physical activity at age six and MC and PA at age nine as predictors of PA and MC at age 13. RESULTS The data from both models demonstrated good model fit. Diversified physical activity at 6 years of age was significantly associated with physical activity and MC at age 13, when adjusting for sex, age, intervention, weight, height, and previous levels of PA and MC. Diversified physical activity at age six was also positively associated with PA and MC at age nine, which were, in turn, positively related to PA at age 13 but to a lesser degree than diversified PA at age six. The association between diversified physical activity at age six and PA at age 13 was not mediated by MC at age nine. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that diversified physical activity at age six is important for the development of MC and PA in adolescence. Increasing the diversity of children's daily physical activities, not only the amount and intensity, seems important for future PA behavior and thereby health promotion in a life course perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina S. Melby
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Health Promotion, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, Gentofte, 2820 Danmark
| | - Peter Elsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Health Promotion, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, Gentofte, 2820 Danmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Glen Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo A. Lima
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Bentsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars B. Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Sogndal, Bergen, 5020 Norway
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, 5020 Norway
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Coppens E, Laureys F, Mostaert M, D'Hondt E, Deconinck FJA, Lenoir M. Validation of a Motor Competence Assessment Tool for Children and Adolescents (KTK3+) With Normative Values for 6- to 19-Year-Olds. Front Physiol 2021; 12:652952. [PMID: 34248657 PMCID: PMC8260948 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the short form of the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK3) to evaluate children's and adolescents' motor competence (MC) is increasing. When combined with an alternating one-handed catching and throwing ball task, assessing eye-hand coordination (EHC), it has been shown that the different aspects of motor skills are adequately covered in one compact KTK3+ test battery, studied in 6- to 10-year-old children. The present study aimed to validate the KTK3+ test battery and to provide contemporary MC normative values for boys and girls from 6- to 19-year-olds. A total of 2,271 children and adolescents (1,112 boys, 1,159 girls) participated in this study and were evaluated on the four included test items: jumping sideways (JS), moving sideways (MS), balancing backwards (BB), supplemented by an EHC task. Children's participation in organised sport was registered using a demographic questionnaire. For the first objective, a factor analysis with multidimensional scaling demonstrated that the one-dimensional model provided the best fit, with all test items correlating to the same latent construct: "MC". This was further supported with moderate to good correlations between all four test items (r = 0.453-0.799). Construct validity was investigated with a three-way MANOVA, demonstrating a significant multivariate interaction effect between sex and age group (p = 0.001) as well as a multivariate main effect of sex, age group, and organised sport participation (p < 0.001). Boys outperformed girls on two out of the four tests (JS and EHC, p < 0.005), while girls were better than boys on the BB test (p < 0.005). Performance scores increased across age groups on all tests (p < 0.001). Only for the BB test score, a plateau effect was noted around the age of 12 years. Children and adolescents participating in sports generally outperformed their peers who were not involved in organised sports, on the present KTK3+ test battery. For the second objective, raw score normative values are provided separately for both sexes between 6- to 19-year-olds. In combination with the one-factor structure confirmation, these sex, age, and sport participation effects demonstrate the validity of the test battery. The provided normative values are useful to evaluate MC in children and adolescents from 6 to 19 years old. The use of only four test items that are identical across all ages makes the KTK3+ test battery a practical instrument to assess and compare MC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Coppens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Felien Laureys
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mireille Mostaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); push-ups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage non-intermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features. A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.
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Childhood motor performance is increased by participation in organized sport: the CHAMPS Study-DK. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18920. [PMID: 31831782 PMCID: PMC6908570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that motor performance in children is declining globally. We tested whether participation in organized sport is associated with motor performance, and estimate the effect of 30 months participation in organized sport on motor performance. Study participants were 1067 primary school students, enrolled in the Danish Childhood Health, Activity, and Motor Performance School study. Participation in organized sport was reported via text messaging. Coordination-related motor performance composite, fitness-related motor performance composite, and total motor performance composite were calculated. Data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations. Participation in organized sport was positively associated with motor performance (all composites) in models that did and did not control for baseline motor performance. For models that did not control for baseline motor performance, this equated to 2–6% increases in motor performance per weekly sport session; for models that did control for baseline motor performance, this equated to 1–5% increases in motor performance per weekly sport session. Positive associations between participation in organized sport and motor performance identify participation in organized sport as a way to improve motor performance in children. These results might provide the basis to determine whether participation in organized sport could be beneficial for children with developmental movement disorders.
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Nassib SH, Mkaouer B, Riahi SH, Wali SM, Nassib S. Prediction of Gymnastics Physical Profile Through an International Program Evaluation in Women Artistic Gymnastics. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:577-586. [PMID: 31386634 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nassib, SH, Mkaouer, B, Riahi, SH, Wali, SM, and Nassib, S. Prediction of gymnastics physical profile through an international program evaluation in women artistic gymnastics. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 577-586, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the most appropriate aptitudes for top-level sporting results to identify physical profile of talent identified women's artistic gymnastics (WAG). Forty-eight women's artistic gymnasts in the provincial team (age 11.12 ± 1.22 years; height 1.35 ± 0.04 m; body mass 28.5 ± 4.04 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometrics measures and the WAG battery physical tests were used to ensure a systematic approach for the WAG development worldwide. The present findings revealed that the strength (static strength, speed strength, and endurance strength), power and flexibility seem to be important and essential for good performance. Another characteristic that emerged from the results of the physical domain is coordination. This motor skill may seem relevant to gymnastics, they are applicable to the gymnasts' ability to perform all apparatus and more generally they relate to the ability to accurately perform whole-body skills supported by the leg on the floor, balance beam, and vault. Therefore, athletic performance can be boosted using combination of several characteristics that seems to be important for an elite gymnast. This reinforcing the view that systematic approach for the development and mufti-dimensional profile seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Hammoudi Nassib
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
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O'Brien-Smith J, Tribolet R, Smith MR, Bennett KJM, Fransen J, Pion J, Lenoir M. The use of the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder in the talent pathway in youth athletes: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1021-1029. [PMID: 31221597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identifying talented athletes from an early age to accelerate their development requires the investment of substantial resources. Due to the need for multifactorial approaches to talent identification, motor competence assessments are increasingly prevalent in contemporary testing batteries. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the literature on the use of a product-oriented motor competence assessment tool, the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) in the talent pathway and determine whether it is warranted in such programs. METHODS Three electronic databases (i.e. PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) were searched for studies that used at least one component of the KTK to assess motor competence for talent detection, identification, development and selection in athletic populations. A total of 21 articles were included in the review, of which seven used the full version of the KTK and 14 used modified versions or individual components of the battery. The quality of included studies was assessed using a modified version of the Joanna Brigg's Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. RESULTS The analysed literature suggests that the KTK can successfully distinguish between athletes of different competition levels and across different sporting domains, however, findings should be interpreted with caution due to the cross-sectional nature of the studies. Furthermore, the moving sideways subtest displayed the greatest discriminative power for athletes of different competition levels. Motor competence was not affected by maturation and did not differ between genders or playing positions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that the KTK is a useful motor competence assessment in the talent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Brien-Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Australia.
| | - R Tribolet
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - M R Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - K J M Bennett
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia.d Centre for Athlete Development, Experience & Performance, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - J Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - J Pion
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium; Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - M Lenoir
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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14
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McCormack MC, Bird H, de Medici A, Haddad F, Simmonds J. The Physical Attributes Most Required in Professional Ballet: A Delphi Study. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 3:E1-E5. [PMID: 30581984 PMCID: PMC6301851 DOI: 10.1055/a-0798-3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is commonly accepted that dancers are undoubtedly athletes, with ballet perhaps the most demanding dance form. No previous study has sought to define the physical attributes most desired for classical ballet by professional companies and vocational schools. These are likely to include both aesthetic features and attributes that reduce the risk of injury as well as enhance performance. Method An initial survey question using the modified Delphi technique was sent using Opinio Survey Software to a selected international expert panel. This was drawn both from those involved in selection of elite professional ballet dancers, and the international medical professionals involved in the care of dancers. The first questionnaire was open-ended to scope for all the physical attributes most favoured by the professional experts. Results There were 148 responses from the panel of international experts. In total 34 physical attributes were suggested. The 2 most recommended physical criteria for selection into the profession were overall flexibility and overall strength. These results are discussed in the context of the published literature on the mechanics, anatomy and physiology of ballet. Conclusion Flexibility and strength are the 2 features most sought after in elite ballet dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Cameron McCormack
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,The Royal Ballet Company, Healthcare, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Howard Bird
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Akbar de Medici
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Fares Haddad
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jane Simmonds
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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15
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Mkaouer B, Hammoudi-Nassib S, Amara S, Chaabène H. Evaluating the physical and basic gymnastics skills assessment for talent identification in men's artistic gymnastics proposed by the International Gymnastics Federation. Biol Sport 2018; 35:383-392. [PMID: 30765924 PMCID: PMC6358534 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the specific physical and basic gymnastics skills considered critical in gymnastics talent identification and selection as well as in promoting men's artistic gymnastics performances. Fifty-one boys from a provincial gymnastics team (age 11.03 ± 0.95 years; height 1.33 ± 0.05 m; body mass 30.01 ± 5.53 kg; body mass index [BMI] 16.89 ± 3.93 kg/m²) regularly competing at national level voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometric measures as well as the men's artistic gymnastics physical test battery (i.e., International Gymnastics Federation [FIG] age group development programme) were used to assess the somatic and physical fitness profile of participants, respectively. The physical characteristics assessed were: muscle strength, flexibility, speed, endurance, and muscle power. Test outcomes were subjected to a principal components analysis to identify the most representative factors. The main findings revealed that power speed, isometric and explosive strength, strength endurance, and dynamic and static flexibility are the most determinant physical fitness aspects of the talent selection process in young male artistic gymnasts. These findings are of utmost importance for talent identification, selection, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessem Mkaouer
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Hammoudi-Nassib
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Amara
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabène
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, Jendouba University, Tunisia
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16
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Piggott B, Müller S, Chivers P, Papaluca C, Hoyne G. Is sports science answering the call for interdisciplinary research? A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:267-286. [PMID: 30198825 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1508506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sports science research is traditionally monodisciplinary despite calls for an interdisciplinary focus. The primary purpose of this systematic review was to identify studies on talent identification, talent selection and competition performance to determine whether interdisciplinary research is being conducted. Thirty-six studies met the selection criteria. These studies were critiqued relative to sport, skill level, sport science sub-disciplines included, and whether the research was multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary. The secondary purpose of the review was to critique the level of analysis and level of representative task design in performance tests used in the studies. Twenty-five studies were categorised as interdisciplinary, with 11 categorised as multidisciplinary. Thirteen sports were represented with soccer the most frequent followed by field hockey, Australian Rules football, handball and rugby league. Thirty-two studies completed their analysis at a group level and four at an individual level. A total of 337 performance tests were rated for representative task design with 64 categorised as low, 123 as medium and 150 as high. The results pertaining to interdisciplinary studies and individual analyses are discussed in relation to constraints theory, which predicts that interacting variables can explain sport performance. Sports science research is beginning to fulfil the call for interdisciplinary research. Future research, however, needs to consider individual analyses and representative task design of tests to progress sports science knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Piggott
- a School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Sean Müller
- b School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- c Institue of Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Carmen Papaluca
- a School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Gerard Hoyne
- a School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
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17
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Kozieł SM, Malina RM. Modified Maturity Offset Prediction Equations: Validation in Independent Longitudinal Samples of Boys and Girls. Sports Med 2018; 48:221-236. [PMID: 28608181 PMCID: PMC5752743 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicted maturity offset and age at peak height velocity are increasingly used with youth athletes, although validation studies of the equations indicated major limitations. The equations have since been modified and simplified. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to validate the new maturity offset prediction equations in independent longitudinal samples of boys and girls. METHODS Two new equations for boys with chronological age and sitting height and chronological age and stature as predictors, and one equation for girls with chronological age and stature as predictors were evaluated in serial data from the Wrocław Growth Study, 193 boys (aged 8-18 years) and 198 girls (aged 8-16 years). Observed age at peak height velocity for each youth was estimated with the Preece-Baines Model 1. The original prediction equations were included for comparison. Predicted age at peak height velocity was the difference between chronological age at prediction and maturity offset. RESULTS Predicted ages at peak height velocity with the new equations approximated observed ages at peak height velocity in average maturing boys near the time of peak height velocity; a corresponding window for average maturing girls was not apparent. Compared with observed age at peak height velocity, predicted ages at peak height velocity with the new and original equations were consistently later in early maturing youth and earlier in late maturing youth of both sexes. Predicted ages at peak height velocity with the new equations had reduced variation compared with the original equations and especially observed ages at peak height velocity. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at peak height velocity with all equations was considerable. CONCLUSION The new equations are useful for average maturing boys close to the time of peak height velocity; there does not appear to be a clear window for average maturing girls. The new and original equations have major limitations with early and late maturing boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
- 10735 FM 2668, Bay City, TX 77414 USA
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18
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Bacciotti S, Baxter-Jones A, Gaya A, Maia J. Body physique and proportionality of Brazilian female artistic gymnasts. J Sports Sci 2017. [PMID: 28622087 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1340655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify physique characteristics (anthropometry, somatotype, body proportionality) of Brazilian female artistic gymnasts, and to compare them across competitive levels (sub-elite versus non-elite) within competitive age-categories. Two hundred forty-nine female gymnasts (68 sub-elite; 181 non-elite) from 26 Brazilian gymnastics clubs, aged 9-20 years and split into four age-categories, were sampled. Gymnasts were assessed for 16 anthropometric traits (height, weight, lengths, widths, girths, and skinfolds); somatotype was determined according to Heath-Carter method, body fat was estimated by bioimpedance, and proportionality was computed based on the z-phantom strategy. Non-elite and sub-elite gymnasts had similar values in anthropometric characteristics, however non-elite had higher fat folds in all age-categories (P < 0.01). In general, mesomorphy was the salient somatotype component in all age-categories, and an increase in endomorphy, followed by a decrease in ectomorphy across age was observed. Regarding proportionality, profile similarity was found between sub-elite and non-elite within age-categories. In conclusion results suggest the presence of a typical gymnast's physical prototype across age and competitive level, which can be useful to coaches during their selection processes in clubs and regional/national teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bacciotti
- a CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b CAPES Foundation , Ministry of Education of Brazil , Brasília , Brazil.,c Physical Education Department , Catholic University Dom Bosco , Campo Grande , Brazil
| | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- d College of Kinesiology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Adroaldo Gaya
- e Department of Physical Education , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - José Maia
- a CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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19
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Prieske O, Muehlbauer T, Granacher U. The Role of Trunk Muscle Strength for Physical Fitness and Athletic Performance in Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:401-19. [PMID: 26589515 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of trunk muscle strength (TMS) for physical fitness and athletic performance has been demonstrated by studies reporting significant correlations between those capacities. However, evidence-based knowledge regarding the magnitude of correlations between TMS and proxies of physical fitness and athletic performance as well as potential effects of core strength training (CST) on TMS, physical fitness and athletic performance variables is currently lacking for trained individuals. OBJECTIVE The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to quantify associations between variables of TMS, physical fitness and athletic performance and effects of CST on these measures in healthy trained individuals. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were systematically screened from January 1984 to March 2015. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies were included that investigated healthy trained individuals aged 16-44 years and tested at least one measure of TMS, muscle strength, muscle power, balance, and/or athletic performance. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Z-transformed Pearson's correlation coefficients between measures of TMS and physical performance were aggregated and back-transformed to r values. Further, to quantify the effects of CST, weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs) of TMS and physical performance were calculated using random effects models. The methodological quality of CST studies was assessed by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS Small-sized relationships of TMS with physical performance measures (-0.05 ≤ r ≤ 0.18) were found in 15 correlation studies. Sixteen intervention studies revealed large effects of CST on measures of TMS (SMD = 1.07) but small-to-medium-sized effects on proxies of physical performance (0 ≤ SMD ≤ 0.71) compared with no training or regular training only. The methodological quality of CST studies was low (median PEDro score = 4). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that TMS plays only a minor role for physical fitness and athletic performance in trained individuals. In fact, CST appears to be an effective means to increase TMS and was associated with only limited gains in physical fitness and athletic performance measures when compared with no or only regular training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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20
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Pion J, Hohmann A, Liu T, Lenoir M, Segers V. Predictive models reduce talent development costs in female gymnastics. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:806-811. [PMID: 27267568 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1192669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study focuses on the comparison of different predictive models based on the results of a talent identification test battery for female gymnasts. We studied to what extent these models have the potential to optimise selection procedures, and at the same time reduce talent development costs in female artistic gymnastics. The dropout rate of 243 female elite gymnasts was investigated, 5 years past talent selection, using linear (discriminant analysis) and non-linear predictive models (Kohonen feature maps and multilayer perceptron). The coaches classified 51.9% of the participants correct. Discriminant analysis improved the correct classification to 71.6% while the non-linear technique of Kohonen feature maps reached 73.7% correctness. Application of the multilayer perceptron even classified 79.8% of the gymnasts correctly. The combination of different predictive models for talent selection can avoid deselection of high-potential female gymnasts. The selection procedure based upon the different statistical analyses results in decrease of 33.3% of cost because the pool of selected athletes can be reduced to 92 instead of 138 gymnasts (as selected by the coaches). Reduction of the costs allows the limited resources to be fully invested in the high-potential athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pion
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Gent , Belgium
| | - Andreas Hohmann
- b Institute of Sport Science , Bayreuth University , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Tianbiao Liu
- b Institute of Sport Science , Bayreuth University , Bayreuth , Germany.,c College of P.E and Sports , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Gent , Belgium
| | - Veerle Segers
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Gent , Belgium
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21
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Pion JA, Fransen J, Deprez DN, Segers VI, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Lenoir M. Stature and jumping height are required in female volleyball, but motor coordination is a key factor for future elite success. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:1480-5. [PMID: 25436627 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that differences in anthropometry, physical performance, and motor coordination would be found between Belgian elite and sub-elite level female volleyball players using a retrospective analysis of test results gathered over a 5-year period. The test sample in this study consisted of 21 young female volleyball players (15.3 ± 1.5 years) who were selected to train at the Flemish Top Sports Academy for Volleyball in 2008. All players (elite, n = 13; sub-elite, n = 8) were included in the same talent development program, and the elite-level athletes were of a high to very high performance levels according to European competition level in 2013. Five multivariate analyses of variance were used. There was no significant effect of playing level on measures of anthropometry (F = 0.455, p = 0.718, (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.07), flexibility (F = 1.861, p = 0.188, (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.19), strength (F = 1.218, p = 0.355, (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.32); and speed and agility (F = 1.176, p = 0.350, (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.18). Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significant multivariate effects between playing levels for motor coordination (F = 3.470, p = 0.036, (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.59). A Mann-Whitney U test and a sequential discriminant analysis confirmed these results. Previous research revealed that stature and jump height are prerequisites for talent identification in female volleyball. In addition, the results show that motor coordination is an important factor in determining inclusion into the elite level in female volleyball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan A Pion
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Opstoel K, Pion J, Elferink-Gemser M, Hartman E, Willemse B, Philippaerts R, Visscher C, Lenoir M. Anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness and motor coordination of 9 to 11 year old children participating in a wide range of sports. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126282. [PMID: 25978313 PMCID: PMC4433213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent 9 to 11 year old children participating in a specific sport already exhibit a specific anthropometric, physical fitness and motor coordination profile, in line with the requirements of that particular sport. In addition, the profiles in children with a different training volume were compared and possible differences in training hours per week between children from a low, moderate, and high level of physical fitness and motor coordination were investigated. Methods and Results Data of 620 children, 347 boys and 273 girls, who participated in the Flemish Sports Compass were used. Only the primary sport of each child was considered and six groups of sports (Ball sports, Dance, Gymnastics, Martial arts, Racquet sports and Swimming) were formed based on common characteristics. Measurements consisted of 17 tests. Independent T-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests revealed few differences between the groups of sports and the discriminant analyses with the moderate and low active group did not show any significant results (p > .05). However, when discriminating among the high active children, a 85.2 % correct classification between six groups of sports was found (Wilks’ Λ = .137 and p < .001). Finally, children performing under average on the tests spent significantly fewer hours in sport per week (2.50 ± 1.84 hours) compared to the children performing best (3.25 ± 2.60 hours) (p = .016) and the children performing above average (2.90 ± 1.96 hours) (p = .029) on physical fitness and motor coordination. Discussion The study showed that in general, children at a young age do not exhibit sport-specific characteristics, except in children with a high training volume. It is possible that on the one hand, children have not spent enough time yet in their sport to develop sport-specific qualities. On the other hand, it could be possible that they do not take individual qualities into account when choosing a sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Opstoel
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Johan Pion
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marije Elferink-Gemser
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Willemse
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renaat Philippaerts
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Visscher
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Pion J, Segers V, Fransen J, Debuyck G, Deprez D, Haerens L, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts R, Lenoir M. Generic anthropometric and performance characteristics among elite adolescent boys in nine different sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:357-66. [PMID: 25143133 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.944875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Flemish Sports Compass (FSC), a non-sport-specific generic testing battery. It was hypothesised that a set of 22 tests would have sufficient discriminant power to allocate athletes to their own sport based on a unique combination of test scores. First, discriminant analyses were applied to the 22 tests of anthropometry, physical fitness and motor coordination in 141 boys under age 18 (16.1 ± 0.8 years) and post age at peak height velocity (maturity offset = 2.674 ± 0.926) from Flemish Top Sport Academies for badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, judo, soccer, table tennis, triathlon and volleyball. Second, nine sequential discriminant analyses were used to assess the ability of a set of relevant performance characteristics classifying participants and non-participants for the respective sports. Discriminant analyses resulted in a 96.4% correct classification of all participants for the nine different sports. When focusing on relevant performance characteristics, 80.1% to 97.2% of the total test sample was classified correctly within their respective disciplines. The discriminating characteristics were briefly the following: flexibility in gymnastics, explosive lower-limb strength in badminton and volleyball, speed and agility in badminton, judo, soccer and volleyball, upper-body strength in badminton, basketball and gymnastics, cardiorespiratory endurance in triathletes, dribbling skills in handball, basketball and soccer and overhead-throwing skills in badminton and volleyball. The generic talent characteristics of the FSC enable the distinction of adolescent boys according to their particular sport. Implications for talent programmes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pion
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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24
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Breitbach S, Tug S, Simon P. Conventional and Genetic Talent Identification in Sports: Will Recent Developments Trace Talent? Sports Med 2014; 44:1489-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (PHV) in 198 Polish girls followed longitudinally from 8 to 18 years. Maturity offset (years before or after PHV) was predicted from chronological age, mass, stature, sitting height and estimated leg length at each observation; predicted age at PHV was the difference between age and maturity offset. Actual age at PHV for each girl was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted ages at PHV increased from 8 to16 years and varied relative to time before and after actual age at PHV. Predicted and actual ages at PHV did not differ at 9 years, but predicted overestimated actual age at PHV from 10 to 16 years. Girls of contrasting maturity status differed in predicted age at PHV from 8 to 14 years. In conclusion, predicted age at PHV is dependent upon age at prediction and individual differences in actual age at PHV, which limits its utility as an indicator of maturity timing in general and in sport talent programmes. It may have limited applicability as a categorical variable (pre-, post-PHV) among average maturing girls during the interval of the growth spurt, ~11.0-13.0 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
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26
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Malina RM. Top 10 research questions related to growth and maturation of relevance to physical activity, performance, and fitness. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2014; 85:157-173. [PMID: 25098012 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2014.897592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth, maturation, and development dominate the daily lives of children and adolescents for approximately the first 2 decades of life. Growth and maturation are biological processes, while development is largely a behavioral process. The 3 processes occur simultaneously and interact. They can be influenced by physical activity and also can influence activity, performance, and fitness. Allowing for these potential interactions, 10 questions on growth and maturation that have relevance to physical activity, performance, and fitness are presented. The questions are not mutually exclusive and address several broadly defined topical areas: exercise and growth, body weight status (body mass index, adiposity rebound, "unhealthy weight gain"), movement proficiency (hypothesized barrier, role in obesity), individual differences, tracking, maturity-associated variation in performance, and corresponding variation in physical activity. Central to the discussion of each is the need for a biocultural approach recognizing the interactions of biology and behavior as potential influences on the variables of interest.
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Fransen J, D'Hondt E, Bourgois J, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Lenoir M. Motor competence assessment in children: convergent and discriminant validity between the BOT-2 Short Form and KTK testing batteries. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1375-1383. [PMID: 24713517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated convergent and discriminant validity between two motor competence assessment instruments in 2485 Flemish children: the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 Short Form (BOT-2 Short Form) and the KörperKoördinationsTest für Kinder (KTK). A Pearson correlation assessed the relationship between BOT-2 Short Form total, gross and fine motor composite scores and KTK Motor Quotient in three age cohorts (6-7, 8-9, 10-11 years). Crosstabs were used to measure agreement in classification in children scoring below percentile 5 and 15 and above percentile 85 and 95. Moderately strong positive (r=0.44-0.64) associations between BOT-2 total and gross motor composite scores and KTK Motor Quotient and weak positive correlations between BOT-2 Short Form fine motor composite and KTK Motor Quotient scores (r=0.25-0.37) were found. Levels of agreement were fair to moderate. Therefore, some proof of convergent and discriminant validity between BOT-2 Short Form and KTK was established in this study, underlining the notion that the evaluation of motor competence should not be based upon a single assessment instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Fransen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jan Bourgois
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
| | - Roel Vaeyens
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
| | - Renaat M Philippaerts
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
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Callewaert M, Boone J, Celie B, De Clercq D, Bourgois JG. Indicators of sailing performance in youth dinghy sailing. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:213-9. [PMID: 24720497 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.905984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine indicators of sailing performance in 2 (age) groups of youth sailors by investigating the anthropometric, physical and motor coordination differences and factors discriminating between elite and non-elite male optimist sailors and young dynamic hikers. Anthropometric measurements from 23 optimist sailors (mean ± SD age = 12.3 ± 1.4 years) and 24 dynamic youth hikers (i.e. Laser 4.7, Laser radial and Europe sailors <18 years who have to sail the boat in a very dynamic manner, due to a high sailor to yacht weight ratio) (mean ± SD age = 16.5 ± 1.6 years) were conducted. They performed a physical fitness test battery (EUROFIT), motor coordination test battery (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder) and the Bucket test. Both groups of sailors were divided into two subgroups (i.e. elites and non-elites) based on sailing expertise. The significant differences, taking biological maturation into account and factors discriminating between elite and non-elite optimist sailors and dynamic hikers were explored by means of multivariate analysis of covariance and discriminant analysis, respectively. The main results indicated that 100.0% of elite optimist sailors and 88.9% of elite dynamic hikers could be correctly classified by means of two motor coordination tests (i.e. side step and side jump) and Bucket test, respectively. As such, strength- and speed-oriented motor coordination and isometric knee-extension strength endurance can be identified as indicators of sailing performance in young optimist and dynamic youth sailors, respectively. Therefore, we emphasise the importance of motor coordination skill training in optimist sailors (<15 years) and maximum strength training later on (>15 years) in order to increase their isometric knee-extension strength endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Callewaert
- a Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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Lovecchio N, Grassi G, Shirai YF, Galante D, Grandi G, Ferrario VF, Sforza C. Cinemática de variáveis de técnica-chave nos flic flacs de ginastas de elite. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922013000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A ginástica é o esporte de habilidades fechadas mais antigo e espetacular. Contudo, parâmetros técnicos de execução geralmente são somente ensinados por treinadores experientes. Desta maneira, existe uma lacuna de informações objetivas sobre o desempenho de ginastas (referências cinemáticas). OBJETIVO: No presente estudo, tentamos quantificar movimentos de inversão linear e de hiperextensão durante a execução de flic flacs. MÉTODOS: Foi efetuada uma detecção não invasiva de flic flacs com o auxílio de um instrumento óptico eletrônico 3D. Treze marcadores esféricos retrorreflexivos (1 cm de diâmetro) foram posicionados no corpo de 9 ginastas experientes: maléolos laterais direito e esquerdo, cabeça da fíbula, trocanter maior, acrômio, olecrano, processo estiloide da ulna e vértex. Na mesma sessão e após um período de aquecimento, cada participante executou 15 repetições de flic flacs. Dez repetições forma analisadas, e os trajetos 3D das 13 manobras medidos. RESULTADOS: Em média, os homens obtiveram altura vertical maior (mulheres, 62% da altura; homens, 58%). O alinhamento dos membros inferiores foi homogêneo entre os ginastas: ângulos posteriores de joelho variaram entre 80° e 118°. Nenhuma abdução de membro inferior foi observada: a largura de joelho foi 7 cm menor do que a largura intertrocanter; a largura de tornozelo foi 8 cm menor do que a largura de joelho. Na saída do movimento, o ângulo tronco-coxa apresentou excelente alinhamento corporal, com valores bem próximos de 180°. As mulheres executaram a fase de apoio das mãos com pulsos mais próximos do que os homens (homens, 134% de largura de ombro; mulheres, 121%). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados podem fornecer informações para melhor conhecimento, definindo assim, a execução de padrão-ouro obtida de ginastas de elite com poucas lesões.
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Vandorpe B, Vandendriessche JB, Vaeyens R, Pion J, Lefevre J, Philippaerts RM, Lenoir M. The value of a non-sport-specific motor test battery in predicting performance in young female gymnasts. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:497-505. [PMID: 22263781 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.654399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Gymnastics talent identification focuses on the identification of young gymnasts who display characteristics for potential success in the future. The aim of this study was to identify which current performance characteristics are related to performance in competition 2 years later. Twenty-three female gymnasts aged 7-8 years completed a multidimensional test battery measuring anthropometric, physical, and coordinative characteristics and were technically evaluated by expert coaches. Two years later, the all-around competition results of those gymnasts now participating in elite (n = 12) and sub-elite (n = 11) competition were obtained. None of the initial measurements significantly correlated with the results of the sub-elite gymnasts 2 years later. For the elite gymnasts, a non-sport-specific motor test battery correlated strongly with the competition result, with more than 40% of the variation in competition performance being explained by the result on that test 2 years earlier. Neither the coaches' judgement nor the anthropometric and physical characteristics were sensitive enough to predict performance. A motor coordination test might be valuable in the early identification of gymnasts, as its discriminative and predictive qualities might be sufficiently powerful for selection within a relatively homogeneous population of gymnasts exhibiting similar anthropometric and physical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vandorpe
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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