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Papadimitriou I. Employing emerging technologies such as motion capture to study the complex interplay between genotype and power-related performance traits. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1407753. [PMID: 38841210 PMCID: PMC11150552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1407753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise genomics has progressed alongside advancements in molecular genetic technologies that have enhanced our understanding of associations between genes and performance traits. This novel field of research incorporates techniques and tools from epidemiology, molecular genetics, exercise physiology and biostatistics to investigate the complex interplay between genotype and specific quantitative performance traits, such as muscle power output. Here I aimed to illustrate how interdisciplinary training can ensure the effective use of new emerging technologies, such as motion capture, to examine the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on power-related quantitative performance traits. Furthermore, this study raises awareness about the present research trends in this field, and highlights current gaps and potential future developments. The acquired knowledge will likely have important future implications in the biotech industry, with a focus on gene therapy to combat age-related muscle power decline, personalized medicine and will drive advancements in exercise program design.
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Peña-Vázquez O, Enriquez-del Castillo LA, González-Chávez SA, Güereca-Arvizuo J, Candia Lujan R, Carrasco Legleu CE, Cervantes Hernández N, Pacheco-Tena C. Prevalence of Polymorphism and Post-Training Expression of ACTN3 (R/X) and ACE (I/D) Genes in CrossFit Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4404. [PMID: 36901413 PMCID: PMC10001917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CrossFit is known as a functional fitness training high-intensity exercise to improve physical performance. The most studied polymorphisms are the ACTN3 R577X gene, known for speed, power, and strength, and ACE I/D, related to endurance and strength. The present investigation analyzed the effects of training on ACTN3 and ACE gene expression in CrossFit athletes for 12 weeks. METHODS the studies included 18 athletes from the Rx category, where ACTN3 (RR, RX, XX) and ACE (II, ID, DD) characterization of genotypes and tests of maximum strength (NSCA), power (T-Force), and aerobic endurance (Course Navette) were performed. The technique used was the reverse transcription-quantitative PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for the relative expression analysis. RESULTS the relative quantification (RQ) values for the ACTN3 gene increased their levels 2.3 times (p = 0.035), and for ACE, they increased 3.0 times (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS there is an overexpression of the ACTN3 and ACE genes due to the effect of training for 12 weeks. Additionally, the correlation of the expression of the ACTN3 (p = 0.040) and ACE (p = 0.030) genes with power was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Peña-Vázquez
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | | | - Susana Aideé González-Chávez
- PABIOM Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico
| | - Jaime Güereca-Arvizuo
- Department of Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Division of Ciudad Universitaria, Autonomous University of Cd. Juárez, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
| | - Ramon Candia Lujan
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - Claudia Esther Carrasco Legleu
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - Natanael Cervantes Hernández
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - César Pacheco-Tena
- PABIOM Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico
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Yang S, Lin W, Jia M, Chen H. Association between ACE and ACTN3 genes polymorphisms and athletic performance in elite and sub-elite Chinese youth male football players. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14893. [PMID: 36992938 PMCID: PMC10042156 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown controversial relationships between ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577x polymorphisms and athletic performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess athletic performance indicators of Chinese youth male football players with different ACE and ACTN3 gene profiles. Methods and Materials This study recruited 73 elite (26 13-year-olds, 28 14-year-olds, and 19 15-year-olds) and 69 sub-elite (37 13-year-olds, 19 14-year-olds, and 13 15-year-olds) and 107 controls (63 13-year-olds, and 44 14-year olds aged 13-15 years, all participants were of Chinese Han origin. We measured height, body mass, thigh circumference, speed, explosive power, repeat sprints ability, and aerobic endurance in elite and sub-elite players. We used single nucleotide polymorphism technology to detect controls elite and sub-elite players' ACE and ACTN3 genotypes, Chi-squared (χ 2) tests were employed to test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. χ 2 tests were also used to observe the association between the genotype distribution and allele frequencies between controls and elite and sub-elite players. The differences in parameters between the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and a Bonferroni's post-hoc test, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results (1) The genotype distribution of the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577x polymorphisms in controls, elite and sub-elite football players were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for the ACE genotype distribution of sub-elite players. (2) The RR and DD genotypes were significantly different between elite and sub-elite players (p = 0.024 and p = 0.02, respectively). (3) Elite players were more likely to have the RR genotype and less likely to have the DD genotype compared with sub-elite players. (4) Both elite and sub-elite RR players' Yo-yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) running distance was significantly longer than that of RX players (p = 0.05 and p = 0.025, respectively). However, there was no significantly different in YYIR1 running distance between elite and sub-elite RR players. (5) Elite XX players' VO2 max was significantly higher than that of RX and sub-elite players. Conclusion These results indicate that ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577x polymorphisms are not associated with muscle power in Chinese elite and sub-elite players. The XX genotype of ACTN3 is associated with the aerobic endurance of elite players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nan Jing, China
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Fujian Normal University, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Wentao Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Zhuhai University of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Fujian Normal University, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Haichun Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Fujian Normal University, Fu Zhou, China
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Taniguchi Y, Makizako H, Nakai Y, Kiuchi Y, Akaida S, Tateishi M, Takenaka T, Kubozono T, Ohishi M. Associations of the Alpha-Actinin Three Genotype with Bone and Muscle Mass Loss among Middle-Aged and Older Adults. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206172. [PMID: 36294493 PMCID: PMC9605580 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle mass loss are known to occur simultaneously. The alpha-actinin three (ACTN3) genotype has been shown to potentially affect bone and muscle mass. In this study, we investigated the association between the ACTN3 genotype and bone and muscle mass loss in community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 295 participants who participated in a community health checkup. The ACTN3 genotypes were classified as RR, RX, or XX types. Bone mass loss was defined as a calcaneal speed of sound T-score of <−1.32 and <−1.37, and muscle mass loss was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle index of <7.0 kg/m2 and <5.7 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. The percentages of XX, RX, and RR in the combined bone and muscle mass loss group were 33.8%, 30.8%, and 16.7%, respectively, with a significantly higher trend for XX. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that XX had an odds ratio of 3.00 (95% confidence interval 1.05−8.54) of being in the combined bone and muscle mass loss group compared to the RR group (covariates: age, sex, grip strength, and medications). The ACTN3 genotype of XX is associated with a higher rate of comorbid bone and muscle mass loss. Therefore, ACTN3 genotyping should be considered for preventing combined bone and muscle mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kagoshima Medical Professional College, Kagoshima 891-0133, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5111
| | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Daiichi Institute of Technology, Kagoshima 899-4395, Japan
| | - Yuto Kiuchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Shoma Akaida
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mana Tateishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takenaka
- Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan
| | - Takuro Kubozono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Outcomes of Genetic Testing-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Cardiol Res Pract 2022; 2022:9742071. [PMID: 36032316 PMCID: PMC9402363 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9742071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There can be extreme variability between individual responses to exercise training, and the identification of genetic variants associated with individual variabilities in exercise-related traits could guide individualized exercise programs. We aimed to screen the exercise-related gene sensitivity of patients with acute myocardial infarction after PCI by establishing the gene spectrum of aerobic exercise and cardiopulmonary function sensitivity, test the effect of individualized precision exercise therapy, and provide evidence for the establishment of a precision medicine program for clinical research. Methods Aerobic exercise- and cardiopulmonary function-related genes and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained by data mining utilizing a major publicly available biomedical repository, the NCBI PubMed database. Biological samples from all participants underwent DNA testing. We performed SNP detection using Samtools. A total of 122 patients who underwent PCI were enrolled in the study. We screened the first 24 cases with a high mutation frequency for aerobic exercise- and cardiopulmonary function-related genes and the last 24 cases with a low mutation frequency and separated them into two groups for the exercise intervention experiment. Results In both the low mutation frequency group and the high mutation frequency group, after 8 weeks of exercise intervention, 6 MWT distance, 6 MWT%, VO2/kg at peak, and VO2/kg at AT were significantly improved, and the effect in the high mutation frequency group was significantly higher than that in the low mutation frequency group (6 MWT distance: 468 vs. 439, P=0.003; 6 MWT%: 85 vs. 77, P=0.002, VO2/kg at peak: 14.7 vs. 13.3, P=0.002; VO2/kg at AT: 11.9 vs. 13.3, P=0.003). Conclusions There is extreme variability between individual responses to exercise training. The identification of genetic variants associated with individual variabilities in exercise-related traits could guide individualized exercise programs. We found that the subjects with a high mutation frequency in aerobic exercise and cardiopulmonary function-related genes achieved more cardiorespiratory fitness benefits in the aerobic exercise rehabilitation program and provided evidence for the establishment of a precision medicine program for clinical research.
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Wei Q. ACE and ACTN3 Gene Polymorphisms and Genetic Traits of Rowing Athletes in the Northern Han Chinese Population. Front Genet 2021; 12:736876. [PMID: 34721527 PMCID: PMC8551674 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.736876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to explore the effects of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphisms on specific quantitative variables, including height, weight, arm span, biacromial breadth, forced vital capacity (FVC), FVC/weight, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), prone bench pull (PBP), loaded barbell squat (LBS), and 3,000-m run, in 243 Chinese rowing athletes. The ACE and ACTN3 genotypes were obtained for each athlete via polymerase chain reaction on saliva samples, and the genotype frequency was analyzed. The ACE genotype frequency of rowing athletes were 45.8% II, 42.2% ID, and 12% DD for males and 33.6% II, 48% ID, and 18.4% DD for females. There were significant differences in weight in male athletes, PBP in female athletes, and ACE genotypes. A linear regression analysis using PBP and LBS as different dependent variables and ACE genotypes as independent variables based on the ACE I allele additive genetic effect showed a statistical significance in female athletes (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of the three genotypes among male athletes (36.7% XX, 38.5% RX, and 24.8% RR, χ2 = 5.191, df = 2, p = 0.022 < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the three genotypes among female athletes (23.8% XX, 47.8% RX, 28.4% RR, χ 2 = 0.24, df = 2, p = 0.619 > 0.05). The ACTN3 gene polymorphism of male rowing athletes was dominated by the ACTN3 577X allele. There were significant differences in the χ 2 test between groups of male athletes. The ACTN3 R577 allele was dominant in female athletes. There were significant differences between PBP and FVC/body weight and ACTN3 genotypes in male athletes by ANOVA, respectively (p < 0.05). A linear regression analysis using FVC and FVC/body weight as dependent variables and ACTN3 genotypes as independent variables based on the ACTN3 577X allele recessive genetic effect showed statistical significance in male athletes (p < 0.05). These results suggested that ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms may be used as biomarkers of genetic traits in Chinese rowing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Sports Science, Wuhan, China
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7
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Tanisawa K, Wang G, Seto J, Verdouka I, Twycross-Lewis R, Karanikolou A, Tanaka M, Borjesson M, Di Luigi L, Dohi M, Wolfarth B, Swart J, Bilzon JLJ, Badtieva V, Papadopoulou T, Casasco M, Geistlinger M, Bachl N, Pigozzi F, Pitsiladis Y. Sport and exercise genomics: the FIMS 2019 consensus statement update. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:969-975. [PMID: 32201388 PMCID: PMC7418627 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in technologies in the field of genomics such as high throughput DNA sequencing, big data processing by machine learning algorithms and gene-editing techniques are expected to make precision medicine and gene-therapy a greater reality. However, this development will raise many important new issues, including ethical, moral, social and privacy issues. The field of exercise genomics has also advanced by incorporating these innovative technologies. There is therefore an urgent need for guiding references for sport and exercise genomics to allow the necessary advancements in this field of sport and exercise medicine, while protecting athletes from any invasion of privacy and misuse of their genomic information. Here, we update a previous consensus and develop a guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics based on a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This SWOT analysis and the developed guiding reference highlight the need for scientists/clinicians to be well-versed in ethics and data protection policy to advance sport and exercise genomics without compromising the privacy of athletes and the efforts of international sports federations. Conducting research based on the present guiding reference will mitigate to a great extent the risks brought about by inappropriate use of genomic information and allow further development of sport and exercise genomics in accordance with best ethical standards and international data protection principles and policies. This guiding reference should regularly be updated on the basis of new information emerging from the area of sport and exercise medicine as well as from the developments and challenges in genomics of health and disease in general in order to best protect the athletes, patients and all other relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Guan Wang
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioanna Verdouka
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Richard Twycross-Lewis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Karanikolou
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department for Health and Longevity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mats Borjesson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Performance, Goteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michiko Dohi
- Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sport Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Swart
- UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Victoriya Badtieva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Research and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Theodora Papadopoulou
- Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
- British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK
| | | | - Michael Geistlinger
- Unit of International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Norbert Bachl
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Sport Medicine Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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Papadimitriou ID, Eynon N, Yan X, Munson F, Jacques M, Kuang J, Voisin S, North KN, Bishop DJ. A "human knockout" model to investigate the influence of the α-actinin-3 protein on exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12688. [PMID: 31481717 PMCID: PMC6722100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in α-actinin-3 knockout mice suggests a novel role for α-actinin-3 as a mediator of cell signalling. We took advantage of naturally-occurring human “knockouts” (lacking α-actinin-3 protein) to investigate the consequences of α-actinin-3 deficiency on exercise-induced changes in mitochondrial-related genes and proteins, as well as endurance training adaptations. At baseline, we observed a compensatory increase of α-actinin-2 protein in ACTN3 XX (α-actinin-3 deficient; n = 18) vs ACTN3 RR (expressing α-actinin-3; n = 19) participants but no differences between genotypes for markers of aerobic fitness or mitochondrial content and function. There was a main effect of genotype, without an interaction, for RCAN1-4 protein content (a marker of calcineurin activity). However, there was no effect of genotype on exercise-induced expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, nor post-training physiological changes. In contrast to results in mice, loss of α-actinin-3 is not associated with higher baseline endurance-related phenotypes, or greater adaptations to endurance exercise training in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - X Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F Munson
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. .,School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
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Abstract
Athletic performance is a multifactorial phenotype influenced by environmental factors as well as multiple genetic variants. Different genetic elements have a great influence over components of athletic performance such as endurance, strength, power, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, psychological traits and other features important in sport. The current literature review revealed that to date more than 69 genetic markers have been associated with power athlete status. For the purpose of the present review we have assigned all genetic markers described with reference to power athletes status to seven main groups: 1) markers associated with skeletal muscle structure and function, 2) markers involved in the inflammatory and repair reactions in skeletal muscle during and after exercise, 3) markers involved in blood pressure control, 4) markers involved in modulation of oxygen uptake, 5) markers that are regulators of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis, 6) markers encoding factors that control gene expression by rearrangement of chromatin fibers and mRNA stability, and 7) markers modulating cellular signaling pathways. All data presented in the current review provide evidence to support the notion that human physical performance may be influenced by genetic profiles, especially in power sports. The current studies still represent only the first steps towards a better understanding of the genetic factors that influence power-related traits, so further analyses are necessary before implementation of research findings into practice.
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Tharabenjasin P, Pabalan N, Jarjanazi H. Association of the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism with elite power sports: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217390. [PMID: 31145768 PMCID: PMC6542526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The special status accorded to elite athletes stems from their uncommon genetic potential to excel in world-class power sports (PS). Genetic polymorphisms have been reported to influence elite PS status. Reports of associations between the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism and PS have been inconsistent. In light of new published studies, we perform a meta-analysis to further explore the roles of this polymorphism in PS performance among elite athletes. Methods Multi-database literature search yielded 44 studies from 38 articles. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used in estimating associations (significance threshold was set at Pa ≤ 0.05) using the allele-genotype model (R and X alleles, RX genotype). Outlier analysis was used to examine its impact on association and heterogeneity outcomes. Subgroup analysis was race (Western and Asian) and gender (male/female)-based. Interaction tests were applied to differential outcomes between the subgroups, P-values of which were Bonferroni corrected (Pinteraction BC). Tests for sensitivity and publication bias were performed. Results Significant overall R allele effects (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07–1.37, Pa = 0.002) were confirmed in the Western subgroup (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22, Pa = 0.02) and with outlier treatment (ORs 1.12–1.20, 95% CIs 1.02–1.30, Pa < 10−5–0.01). This treatment resulted in acquired significance of the RX effect in Asian athletes (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.25–2.92, Pa = 0.003). Gender analysis dichotomized the RX genotype and R allele effects as significantly higher in male (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.28, Pa = 0.02) and female (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.21–2.06, Pa = 0.0009) athletes, respectively, when compared with controls. Significant R female association was improved with a test of interaction (Pinteraction BC = 0.03). The overall, Asian and female outcomes were robust. The R allele results were more robust than the RX genotype outcomes. No evidence of publication bias was found. Conclusions In this meta-analysis, we present clear associations between the R allele/RX genotype in the ACTN3 polymorphism and elite power athlete status. Significant effects of the R allele (overall analysis, Western and female subgroups) and RX genotype (Asians and males) were for the most part, results of outlier treatment. Interaction analysis improved the female outcome. These robust findings were free of publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hwang IW, Kim K, Choi EJ, Jin HJ. Association of mitochondrial haplogroup F with physical performance in Korean population. Genomics Inform 2019; 17:e11. [PMID: 30929412 PMCID: PMC6459174 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2019.17.1.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance is a complex multifactorial trait involving genetic and
environmental factors. The heritability of an athlete status was reported to be
about 70% in a twin study, and at least 155 genetic markers are known to be
related with athlete status. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes essential
proteins for oxidative phosphorylation, which is related to aerobic capacity.
Thus, mtDNA is a candidate marker for determining physical performance. Recent
studies have suggested that polymorphisms of mtDNA are associated with athlete
status and/or physical performance in various populations. Therefore, we
analyzed mtDNA haplogroups to assess their association with the physical
performance of Korean population. The 20 mtDNA haplogroups were determined using
the SNaPshot assay. Our result showed a significant association of the
haplogroup F with athlete status (odds ratio, 3.04; 95% confidence interval,
1.094 to 8.464; p = 0.012). Athletes with haplogroup F (60.64 ±
3.04) also demonstrated a higher Sargent jump than athletes with other
haplogroups (54.28 ± 1.23) (p = 0.041). Thus, our data imply
that haplogroup F may play a crucial role in the physical performance of Korean
athletes. Functional studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to further
substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Wook Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Kicheol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Han Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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12
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Performance prediction models based on anthropometric, genetic and psychological traits of Croatian sprinters. Biol Sport 2018; 36:17-23. [PMID: 30899135 PMCID: PMC6413579 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes differ from each other in their characteristics according to their discipline. This study aimed to identify performance predictors in elite Croatian sprinters taking into consideration their anthropometric, psychological and genetic characteristics. One hundred and four elite Croatian sprinters (68 males and 36 females) participated in this study. Of them, 38 are currently competing in the 100-metre dash. The others are former sprinters. The participants underwent direct anthropometric assessment. Participants were also tested by means of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and for ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to identify the best model for performance prediction. Different models were developed for males and females. Anthropometric traits accounted for 44% of the variance in performance for males, 62% for females. Once other traits (psychological for females) were entered into the model, no additional contribution to the variance was observed. The most significant predictors of higher running velocity were bicristal diameter and foot dimensions in males, and leg length and clean one-repetition maximum in females. The findings suggest that performance in sprinters is associated with anthropometric characteristics, with biomechanical implications that may be used to provide a more complete evaluation of sprinters' performance.
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13
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Kumagai H, Tobina T, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Kakigi R, Tsuzuki T, Zempo H, Shiose K, Yoshimura E, Kumahara H, Ayabe M, Higaki Y, Yamada R, Kobayashi H, Kiyonaga A, Naito H, Tanaka H, Fuku N. Role of selected polymorphisms in determining muscle fiber composition in Japanese men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1377-1384. [PMID: 29345962 PMCID: PMC6008072 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00953.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms and sex differences are suggested to affect muscle fiber composition; however, no study has investigated the effects of genetic polymorphisms on muscle fiber composition with respect to sex differences. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of genetic polymorphisms on muscle fiber composition with respect to sex differences in the Japanese population. The present study included 211 healthy Japanese individuals (102 men and 109 women). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis to determine the proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (MHC-I, MHC-IIa, and MHC-IIx). Moreover, we analyzed polymorphisms in α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3; rs1815739), angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE; rs4341), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α gene (rs11549465), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 gene (rs1870377), and angiotensin II receptor, type 2 gene (rs11091046), by TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays. The proportion of MHC-I was 9.8% lower in men than in women, whereas the proportion of MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx was higher in men than in women (5.0 and 4.6%, respectively). Men with the ACTN3 RR + RX genotype had a 4.8% higher proportion of MHC-IIx than those with the ACTN3 XX genotype. Moreover, men with the ACE ID + DD genotype had a 4.7% higher proportion of MHC-I than those with the ACE II genotype. Furthermore, a combined genotype of ACTN3 R577X and ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) was significantly correlated with the proportion of MHC-I (r = −0.23) and MHC-IIx (r = 0.27) in men. In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between the examined polymorphisms and muscle fiber composition in women. These results suggest that the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms independently affect the proportion of human skeletal muscle fibers MHC-I and MHC-IIx in men but not in women. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In men, the RR + RX genotype of the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism was associated with a higher proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC)-IIx. The ID + DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, in contrast to a previous finding, was associated with a higher proportion of MHC-I in men. In addition, the combined genotype of these polymorphisms was correlated with the proportion of MHC-I and MHC-IIx in men. Thus ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms influence the muscle fiber composition in Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan.,Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takuro Tobina
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan.,Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo Seiei College , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Keisuke Shiose
- Japan Institute of Sports Science , Tokyo , Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hideaki Kumahara
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Makoto Ayabe
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Okayama Prefectural University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Mito Medical Center, Tsukuba University Hospital , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Akira Kiyonaga
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
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14
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Papadimitriou ID, Lockey SJ, Voisin S, Herbert AJ, Garton F, Houweling PJ, Cieszczyk P, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Sawczuk M, Massidda M, Calò CM, Astratenkova IV, Kouvatsi A, Druzhevskaya AM, Jacques M, Ahmetov II, Stebbings GK, Heffernan S, Day SH, Erskine R, Pedlar C, Kipps C, North KN, Williams AG, Eynon N. No association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms and endurance running times in 698 Caucasian athletes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:13. [PMID: 29298672 PMCID: PMC5753575 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating associations between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and endurance athletic status have been limited by small sample sizes from mixed sport disciplines and lack quantitative measures of performance. AIM To examine the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and best personal running times in a large homogeneous cohort of endurance runners. METHODS We collected a total of 1064 personal best 1500, 3000, 5000 m and marathon running times of 698 male and female Caucasian endurance athletes from six countries (Australia, Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia and UK). Athletes were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. RESULTS There was no association between ACTN3 R577X or ACE I/D genotype and running performance at any distance in men or women. Mean (SD) marathon times (in s) were for men: ACTN3 RR 9149 (593), RX 9221 (582), XX 9129 (582) p = 0.94; ACE DD 9182 (665), ID 9214 (549), II 9155 (492) p = 0.85; for women: ACTN3 RR 10796 (818), RX 10667 (695), XX 10675 (553) p = 0.36; ACE DD 10604 (561), ID 10766 (740), II 10771 (708) p = 0.21. Furthermore, there were no associations between these variants and running time for any distance in a sub-analysis of athletes with personal records within 20% of world records. CONCLUSIONS Thus, consistent with most case-control studies, this multi-cohort quantitative analysis demonstrates it is unlikely that ACTN3 XX genotype provides an advantage in competitive endurance running performance. For ACE II genotype, some prior studies show an association but others do not. Our data indicate it is also unlikely that ACE II genotype provides an advantage in endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lockey
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Fleur Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Shane Heffernan
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Robert Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK
| | - Courtney Kipps
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alun G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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15
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Papadimitriou ID, Lucia A, Pitsiladis YP, Pushkarev VP, Dyatlov DA, Orekhov EF, Artioli GG, Guilherme JPLF, Lancha AH, Ginevičienė V, Cieszczyk P, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk M, Muniesa CA, Kouvatsi A, Massidda M, Calò CM, Garton F, Houweling PJ, Wang G, Austin K, Druzhevskaya AM, Astratenkova IV, Ahmetov II, Bishop DJ, North KN, Eynon N. ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:285. [PMID: 27075997 PMCID: PMC4831144 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, studies investigating the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants and elite sprint/power performance have been limited by small cohorts from mixed sport disciplines, without quantitative measures of performance. Aim: To examine the association between these variants and sprint time in elite athletes. Methods We collected a total of 555 best personal 100-, 200-, and 400-m times of 346 elite sprinters in a large cohort of elite Caucasian or African origin sprinters from 10 different countries. Sprinters were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. Results On average, male Caucasian sprinters with the ACTN3 577RR or the ACE DD genotype had faster best 200-m sprint time than their 577XX (21.19 ± 0.53 s vs. 21.86 ± 0.54 s, p = 0.016) and ACE II (21.33 ± 0.56 vs. 21.93 ± 0.67 sec, p = 0.004) counterparts and only one case of ACE II, and no cases of ACTN3 577XX, had a faster 200-m time than the 2012 London Olympics qualifying (vs. 12 qualified sprinters with 577RR or 577RX genotype). Caucasian sprinters with the ACE DD genotype had faster best 400-m sprint time than their ACE II counterparts (46.94 ± 1.19 s vs. 48.50 ± 1.07 s, p = 0.003). Using genetic models we found that the ACTN3 577R allele and ACE D allele dominant model account for 0.92 % and 1.48 % of sprint time variance, respectively. Conclusions Despite sprint performance relying on many gene variants and environment, the % sprint time variance explained by ACE and ACTN3 is substantial at the elite level and might be the difference between a world record and only making the final. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Vladimir P Pushkarev
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Urals Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Guilherme G Artioli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio H Lancha
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Sport Education, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Carlos A Muniesa
- Faculty of Physical Activity, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fleur Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Guan Wang
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Krista Austin
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Department of Physiology, St Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | | | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia.
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16
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Kikuchi N, Nakazato K. Effective utilization of genetic information for athletes and coaches: focus on ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:157-64. [PMID: 26526670 PMCID: PMC4624116 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Training variants (type, intensity, and duration of exercise) can be selected according to individual aims and fitness assessment. Recently, various methods of resistance and endurance training have been used for muscle hypertrophy and VO2max improvement. Although several genetic variants are associated with elite athletic performance and muscle phenotypes, genetic background has not been used as variant for physical training. ACTN3 R577X is a well-studied genetic polymorphism. It is the only genotype associated with elite athletic performance in multiple cohorts. This association is strongly supported by mechanistic data from an Actn3-knockout mouse model. In this review, possible guidelines are discussed for effective utilization of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism for physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Kikuchi N, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Murakami H, Nakamura T, Min SK, Mizuno M, Naito H, Miyachi M, Nakazato K, Fuku N. ACTN3 R577X genotype and athletic performance in a large cohort of Japanese athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:694-701. [PMID: 26324221 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1071879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent meta-analyses of the literature confirmed the association between the RR+RX genotype of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and elite sprint/power athletic status in Europeans but not in Asians and Africans, while the association between the R577X genotype and elite endurance athlete status is less convincing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and elite athlete status in a large Asian (Japanese) cohort of track and field athletes. METHODS One-thousand fifty-seven Japanese track and field athletes (627 sprint/power athletes and 430 endurance athletes) and 810 Japanese controls were genotyped for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) by using the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay. RESULTS Elite sprint/power athletes had a higher frequency of the RR+RX genotype than the controls (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.16-2.18; P = .003). A significant linear correlation was found between the RR + RX genotype and athlete status (i.e. regional < national < international) in sprint/power athletes (regional: 71%, national: 81%, international: 84%; P = .001 for trend) and long-distance runners (regional: 65%, national: 72%, international: 82%; P = .030 for trend). CONCLUSIONS The data obtained for this large Asian (Japanese) cohort of track and field athletes served to confirm the association between the RR + RX genotype of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and elite sprint/power athlete status and also the association between the ACTN3 RR + RX genotype and long-distance running athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- a Sports Training Center , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- b Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Shiga , Japan.,c Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- d Department of Health Promotion and Exercise , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- e Graduate School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Seok-Ki Min
- f Korea Institute of Sport Science , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Masuhiko Mizuno
- g Department of Physical Education , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- e Graduate School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- d Department of Health Promotion and Exercise , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- h Department of Health and Medicine , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- e Graduate School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
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18
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Massidda M, Bachis V, Corrias L, Piras F, Scorcu M, Culigioni C, Masala D, Calò CM. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is not associated with team sport athletic status in Italians. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 27747845 PMCID: PMC4532716 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The ACTN3 gene may influence performance in team sports, in which sprint action and high-speed movements, regulated by the anaerobic energy system, are crucial to the ultimate success of a match. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism and elite team sport athletic status in Italian male athletes. Methods We compared the genotype and allele frequency of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism between team sport athletes (n = 75), endurance athletes (n = 40), sprint/power athletes (n = 64), and non-athletic healthy controls (n = 192) from Italy. Genomic DNA was collected using a buccal swab. Extraction was performed according to the manufacturer’s directions provided with a commercially available kit (Qiagen S.r.l., Milan, Italy). Results Team sport athletes showed a lower frequency of the 577RR genotype compared to the 577XX genotype than sprint/power athletes (p = 0.044). However, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was not associated with team sport athletic status compared to endurance athletes and non-athletic controls. Conclusions Our results agree with a recent large-scale study involving athletes from Spain, Poland, and Russia. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was not associated with team sport athletic status compared to endurance athletes and non-athletic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy.
| | - Valeria Bachis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Laura Corrias
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Francesco Piras
- FMSI CR Sardegna and Cagliari Calcio SpA, Viale Tiziano, Cagliari, 70-00196, Italy
| | - Marco Scorcu
- FMSI CR Sardegna and Cagliari Calcio SpA, Viale Tiziano, Cagliari, 70-00196, Italy
| | - Claudia Culigioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Daniele Masala
- University of Cassino, Viale dell'Università, Cassino, 03043, Italy
| | - Carla M Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
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19
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Kikuchi N, Yoshida S, Min SK, Lee K, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Okamoto T, Nakazato K. The ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with muscle function in a Japanese population. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:316-22. [PMID: 25761735 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the common nonsense polymorphism R577X in the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) causes complete α-actinin-3 deficiency in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. This study investigated whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism affects fitness status using a battery of tests in a large Japanese cohort. In the present study, 1227 subjects (age: 25-85 years) were genotyped for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems). All subjects were divided into 2 groups based on their age (<55 years and ≥55 years). All subjects completed a questionnaire about exercise habits and were subjected to a battery of tests to assess their fitness status (including grip strength test, chair stand test, and 8-foot walking test). A significant association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and chair stand test performance was observed in the group of men ≥55 using ANCOVA adjusted for age and exercise habits (p = 0.036). The ACTN3 R577X genotype accounted for 2.5% of the variability in the results of the chair stand test among men in the ≥55 age group. Moreover, for the ≥55 age group, performance in the chair stand test was lower among those with the XX genotype than among those with the RR genotype (p = 0.024) or RX genotype (p = 0.005), unlike results for the <55 age group. No significant difference was noted for hand grip strength or 8-foot walking time. Thus, our results suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with lower-extremity muscle function in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Garton F, Seto J, Quinlan K, Yang N, Houweling P, North K. α-Actinin-3 deficiency alters muscle adaptation in response to denervation and immobilization. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1879-93. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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