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Mohseni R, Teimouri M, Safaei M, Arab Sadeghabadi Z. AMP-activated protein kinase is a key regulator of obesity-associated factors. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:20-32. [PMID: 36468539 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure leads to obesity. Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of several metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. So, controlling obesity could be effective in the improvement of obesity-related diseases. Various factors are involved in obesity, such as AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK), silent information regulators, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress parameters, gastrointestinal hormones, adipokines, angiopoietin-like proteins, and microRNAs. These factors play an important role in obesity by controlling fat metabolism, energy homeostasis, food intake, and insulin sensitivity. AMPK is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine protein kinase known as a fuel-sensing enzyme. The central role of AMPK in obesity makes it an attractive molecule to target obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, the critical role of AMPK in obesity and the interplay between AMPK and obesity-associated factors were elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Mohseni
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohsen Safaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Arab Sadeghabadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063339. [PMID: 35328759 PMCID: PMC8954280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is a major public health issue worldwide. Currently approved anti-obesity medications and lifestyle interventions lack the efficacy and durability needed to combat obesity, especially in individuals with more severe forms or coexisting metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is considered an effective therapeutic modality with sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, while cumulative evidence has highlighted the gut–brain axis as a complex bidirectional communication axis that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. This has led to increased research on the roles of neuroendocrine signaling pathways and various gastrointestinal peptides as key mediators of the beneficial effects following weight-loss surgery. The accumulate evidence suggests that the development of gut-peptide-based agents can mimic the effects of bariatric surgery and thus is a highly promising treatment strategy that could be explored in future research. This article aims to elucidate the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of the gut–brain axis and comprehensively review the observed changes of gut hormones associated with bariatric surgery. Moreover, the emerging role of post-bariatric gut microbiota modulation is briefly discussed.
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Masule MV, Rathod S, Agrawal Y, Patil CR, Nakhate KT, Ojha S, Goyal SN, Mahajan UB. Ghrelin mediated regulation of neurosynaptic transmitters in depressive disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100113. [PMID: 35782191 PMCID: PMC9240712 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide released by the endocrine cells of the stomach and the neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. It modulates both peripheral and central functions. Although ghrelin has emerged as a potent stimulator of growth hormone release and as an orexigenic neuropeptide, the wealth of literature suggests its involvement in the pathophysiology of affective disorders including depression. Ghrelin exhibits a dual role through the advancement and reduction of depressive behavior with nervousness in the experimental animals. It modulates depression-related signals by forming neuronal networks with various neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitter systems. The present review emphasizes the integration and signaling of ghrelin with other neuromodulatory systems concerning depressive disorders. The role of ghrelin in the regulation of neurosynaptic transmission and depressive illnesses implies that the ghrelin system modulation can yield promising antidepressive therapies. Ghrelin is the orexigenic type of neuropeptide. It binds with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR is ubiquitously present in the various brain regions. Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of depression-related behavior. The review focuses on the neurotransmission and signaling of ghrelin in neuropsychiatric and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind V. Masule
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Rathod
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogeeta Agrawal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Umesh B. Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
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Tuero C, Valenti V, Rotellar F, Landecho MF, Cienfuegos JA, Frühbeck G. Revisiting the Ghrelin Changes Following Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery. Obes Surg 2020; 30:2763-2780. [PMID: 32323063 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of ghrelin in 1999, several studies have dug into the effects of this hormone and its relationship with bariatric surgery. While some aspects are still unresolved, a clear connection between ghrelin and the changes after metabolic surgery have been established. Besides weight loss, a significant amelioration in obesity-related comorbidities following surgery has also been reported. These changes in patients occur in the early postoperative period, before the weight loss appears, so that amelioration may be mainly due to hormonal changes. The purpose of this review is to go through the current body of knowledge of ghrelin's physiology, as well as to update and clarify the changes that take place in ghrelin concentrations following bariatric/metabolic surgery together with their potential consolidation to outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Victor Valenti
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rotellar
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel F Landecho
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Health Check-up unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier A Cienfuegos
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Gortan Cappellari G, Barazzoni R. Ghrelin forms in the modulation of energy balance and metabolism. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:997-1013. [PMID: 30353455 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric hormone circulating in acylated (AG) and unacylated (UnAG) forms. This narrative review aims at presenting current emerging knowledge on the impact of ghrelin forms on energy balance and metabolism. AG represents ~ 10% of total plasma ghrelin, has an appetite-stimulating effect and is the only form for which a receptor has been identified. Moreover, other metabolic AG-induced effects have been reported, including the modulation of glucose homeostasis with stimulation of liver gluconeogenesis, the increase of fat mass and the improvement of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. On the other hand, UnAG has no orexigenic effects, however recent reports have shown that it is directly involved in the modulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism by improving a cluster of interlinked functions including mitochondrial redox activities, tissue inflammation and insulin signalling and action. These findings are in agreement with human studies which show that UnAG circulating levels are positively associated with insulin sensitivity both in metabolic syndrome patients and in a large cohort from the general population. Moreover, ghrelin acylation is regulated by a nutrient sensor mechanism, specifically set on fatty acids availability. These recent findings consistently point towards a novel independent role of UnAG as a regulator of muscle metabolic pathways maintaining energy status and tissue anabolism. While a specific receptor for UnAG still needs to be identified, recent evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the modulation of ghrelin-related molecular pathways, including those involved in its acylation, may be a potential novel target in the treatment of metabolic derangements in disease states characterized by metabolic and nutritional complications.Level of evidence Level V, narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gortan Cappellari
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy.
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Liu Y, Xing YX, Gao XY, Kuang HY, Zhang J, Liu R. Obestatin prevents H 2O 2-induced damage through activation of TrkB in RGC-5 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1061-1065. [PMID: 29136785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD In the early stage of diabetic retinopathy, the damage of retinal ganglion cells already exists, promoting the development of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role and the mechanisms of obestatin against H2O2-induced damage in RGC-5 cells. METHODS RGC-5 cells were incubated with various concentrations of obestatin for 24h before H2O2 added. The survival rates of RGC-5 were measured by MTT assay. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and TrkB pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our data showed that H2O2 evidently decreased the survival rate of RGC-5 cells. However, obestatin pretreatment reversed the decreased activity. Moreover, obestatin effectively increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax. In addition, obestatin potentially plays a role in protecting RGC-5 by activating of TrkB. Obestatin notablely increased the phosphorylation of TrkB, AKT and ERK1/2. All these effects of obestatin can be inhibited by GLP-1R antagonist exendin (9-39). CONCLUSIONS Obestatin prevents H2O2-induced damage in RGC-5 cells by activating TrkB pathway. Moreover, GLP-1R is closely related to the function of obestatin in RGC-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yue-Xian Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Hassouna R, Grouselle D, Chiappetta G, Lipecka J, Fiquet O, Tomasetto C, Vinh J, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Combination of Selective Immunoassays and Mass Spectrometry to Characterize Preproghrelin-Derived Peptides in Mouse Tissues. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:211. [PMID: 28473748 PMCID: PMC5397466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preproghrelin is a prohormone producing several preproghrelin-derived peptides with structural and functional heterogeneity: acyl ghrelin (AG), desacyl ghrelin (DAG), and obestatin. The absence of selective and reliable assays to measure these peptides simultaneously in biological samples has been a limitation to assess their real proportions in tissues and plasma in physiological and pathological conditions. We aimed at reliably measure the ratio between the different preproghrelin-derived peptides in murine tissues using selective immunoassays combined with a highly sensitive mass spectrometry method. AG-, DAG-, and obestatin-immunopositive fractions from the gastrointestinal tract of adult wild-type and ghrelin-deficient mice were processed for analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) with a Triple Quadrupole mass spectrometer. We found that DAG was predominant in mouse plasma, however it only represented 50% of total ghrelin (AG+DAG) production in the stomach and duodenum. Obestatin plasma levels accounted for about 30% of all circulating preproghrelin-derived peptides, however, it represented <1% of total preproghrelin-derived peptides production (AG+DAG+Obestatin) in the stomach. Assays were validated in ghrelin-deficient mice since neither ghrelin nor obestatin immunoreactivities were detected in their stomach, duodenum nor plasma. MS analyses confirmed that obestatin-immunoreactivity in stomach corresponded to the C-terminal amidated form of the peptide but not to des(1-10)-obestatin, nor to obestatin-Gly. In conclusion, specificity of ghrelin and obestatin immunoreactivities in gastrointestinal tissues using selective immunoassays was validated by MS. Obestatin was less abundant than AG or DAG in these tissues. Whether this is due to inefficient processing rate of preproghrelin into mature obestatin in gastrointestinal mouse tissues remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR-S 894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France.,Department of Pediatrics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR-S 894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMPB), CNRS USR 3149Paris, France
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR-S 894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR-S 894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- UMR-7104 Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique/U596, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMPB), CNRS USR 3149Paris, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR-S 894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France.,UMR 7179 Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Adaptive Mechanism and Evolution (MECADEV)Brunoy, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR-S 894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1062-79. [PMID: 26725002 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of adipose tissue as a higly active endocrine tissue, adipokines, peptides produced by adipose tissue and exerting autocrine, paracrine and endocrine function, have gained increasing interest in various obesity-related diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data regarding the association between NAFLD and circulating leptin and adiponectin levels are generally well documented: leptin levels increase, whereas adiponectin levels decrease, by increasing the severity of NAFLD. Data regarding other adipokines in histologically confirmed NAFLD populations are inconclusive (e.g., resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein-4, chemerin) or limited (e.g., adipsin, obestatin, omentin, vaspin etc.). This review summarizes evidence on the association between adipokines and NAFLD. The first part of the review provides general consideration on the interplay between adipokines and NAFLD, and the second part provides evidence on specific adipokines possibly involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. A thorough insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking adipokines with NAFLD may result in the design of studies investigating the combined adipokine use as noninvasive diagnostic markers of NAFLD and new clinical trials targeting the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gargantini E, Lazzari L, Settanni F, Taliano M, Trovato L, Gesmundo I, Ghigo E, Granata R. Obestatin promotes proliferation and survival of adult hippocampal progenitors and reduces amyloid-β-induced toxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:18-30. [PMID: 26586206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ghrelin gene-derived peptide obestatin promotes survival in different cell types through a yet undefined receptor; however, its potential neuroprotective activities are still unknown. Here, obestatin effects were investigated on proliferation and survival of adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPs). Obestatin immunoreactivity was found in AHPs; moreover, obestatin binding to AHPs was displaced by the GLP-1R agonist Ex-4 and antagonist Ex-9. Furthermore, obestatin increased cell proliferation and survival in growth factor deprived medium and inhibited apoptosis; these effects were blocked by Ex-9. The underlying mechanisms involved Gαs/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt, and the PI3K targets GSK-3β/β-catenin and mTOR. Obestatin also counteracted Aβ1-42-induced detrimental effects through inhibition of GSK-3β activity and Tau hyperphosphorylation, main hallmarks of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate a novel protective role for obestatin in AHPs and candidate this peptide as potential therapeutic target for increasing neurogenesis and for approaching neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gargantini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Lazzari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Settanni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Taliano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Letizia Trovato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Cowan E, Kumar P, Burch KJ, Grieve DJ, Green BD, Graham SF. Treatment of lean and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice with a novel stable obestatin analogue alters plasma metabolite levels as detected by untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. Metabolomics 2016; 12:124. [PMID: 27471436 PMCID: PMC4932145 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obestatin is a controversial gastrointestinal peptide purported to have metabolic actions. OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether treatment with a stable obestatin analogue (PEG-OB(Cys10, Cys13)) changed plasma metabolite levels firstly in lean and subsequently in diet-induced obesity (DIO) C57BL6/J mice. METHODS Untargeted LC-HRMS metabolomics experiments were carried out in ESI + mode with plasma extracts from both groups of animals. Data were normalised, multivariate and univariate statistical analysis performed and metabolites of interest putatively identified. RESULTS In lean mice, 39 metabolites were significantly changed by obestatin treatment and the majority of these were increased, including various C16 and C18 moieties of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and monoacylglycerol, along with vitamin A, vitamin D3, tyrosine, acetylcarnitine and 2α-(hydroxymethyl)-5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol. Decreased concentrations of glycolithocholic acid, 3-dehydroteasterone and various phospholipids were observed. In DIO mice, 25 metabolites were significantly affected and strikingly, the magnitudes of changes here were generally much greater in DIO mice than in lean mice, and in contrast, the majority of metabolite changes were decreases. Four metabolites affected in both groups included glycolithocholic acid, and three different long-chain (C18) phospholipid molecules (phosphatidylethanolamine, platelet activating factor (PAF), and monoacylglycerol). Metabolites exclusively affected in DIO mice included various phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines and fatty acyls, as well as creatine and oxidised glutathione. CONCLUSION This investigation demonstrates that obestatin treatment affects phospholipid turnover and influences lipid homeostasis, whilst providing convincing evidence that obestatin may be acting to ameliorate diet-induced impairments in lipid metabolism, and it may influence steroid, bile acid, PAF and glutathione metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- />Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Praveen Kumar
- />Beaumont Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073 USA
| | - Kerry J. Burch
- />Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David J. Grieve
- />Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Brian D. Green
- />Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stewart F. Graham
- />Beaumont Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073 USA
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Vaudry H. Editorial: Trends in Neuroendocrinology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:41. [PMID: 27242665 PMCID: PMC4870227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Vaudry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- *Correspondence: Hubert Vaudry,
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Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Tomasetto C, Veldhuis JD, Fiquet O, Labarthe A, Cognet J, Steyn F, Chen C, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. An early reduction in GH peak amplitude in preproghrelin-deficient male mice has a minor impact on linear growth. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3561-71. [PMID: 24949662 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut hormone processed from the proghrelin peptide acting as the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor 1a. The regulatory role of endogenous ghrelin on pulsatile GH secretion and linear growth had to be established. The aim of the present study was to delineate the endogenous actions of preproghrelin on peripheral and central components of the GH axis. Accordingly, the ultradian pattern of GH secretion was measured in young and old preproghrelin-deficient males. Blood samples were collected by tail bleeding every 10 minutes over a period of 6 hours. Analysis of the GH pulsatile pattern by deconvolution showed that GH was secreted in an ultradian manner in all genotypes, with major secretory peaks occurring at about 3-hour intervals. In older mice, the peak number was reduced and secretion was less irregular compared with younger animals. Remarkably, in young Ghrl(-/-) mice, the amplitude of GH secretory bursts was significantly reduced. In older mice, however, genotype differences were less significant. Changes in GH pulsatility in young Ghrl(-/-) mice were associated with a tendency for reduced GH pituitary contents and plasma IGF-I concentrations, but with only a minor impact on linear growth. In Ghrl(+/-) mice, despite reduced Acyl ghrelin to des-acyl ghrelin ratio, GH secretion was not impaired. Ghrelin deficiency was not associated with a reduction in hypothalamic GHRH content or altered response to GHRH stimulation. Therefore, reduction in GHRH production and/or sensitivity do not primarily account for the altered GH pulsatile secretion of young Ghrl(-/-) mice. Instead, GHRH expression was elevated in young but not old Ghrl(-/-) mice, suggesting that differential compensatory responses resulting from the absence of endogenous ghrelin is occurring according to age. These results show that endogenous ghrelin is a regulator of GH pulse amplitude in growing mice but does not significantly modulate linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 894 (R.H., P.Z., O.F., A.L., J.C., J.E., V.T.), INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; School of Biomedical Sciences (F.S., C.C.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104 (C.T.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Unité 596, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France; and Department of Medicine (J.D.V.), Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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13
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Cameron KO, Bhattacharya SK, Loomis AK. Small Molecule Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8671-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - A. Katrina Loomis
- Pharmatherapeutics
Precision Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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14
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Labarthe A, Fiquet O, Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Lanfumey L, Ramoz N, Grouselle D, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Ghrelin-Derived Peptides: A Link between Appetite/Reward, GH Axis, and Psychiatric Disorders? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:163. [PMID: 25386163 PMCID: PMC4209873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are often associated with metabolic and hormonal alterations, including obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome as well as modifications in several biological rhythms including appetite, stress, sleep-wake cycles, and secretion of their corresponding endocrine regulators. Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate appetite and adapt the metabolism in response to nutritional, hedonic, and emotional dysfunctions, at the interface between endocrine, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders, ghrelin plays a unique role as the only one increasing appetite. The secretion of ghrelin is altered in several psychiatric disorders (anorexia, schizophrenia) as well as in metabolic disorders (obesity) and in animal models in response to emotional triggers (psychological stress …) but the relationship between these modifications and the physiopathology of psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Recently, a large literature showed that this key metabolic/endocrine regulator is involved in stress and reward-oriented behaviors and regulates anxiety and mood. In addition, preproghrelin is a complex prohormone but the roles of the other ghrelin-derived peptides, thought to act as functional ghrelin antagonists, are largely unknown. Altered ghrelin secretion and/or signaling in psychiatric diseases are thought to participate in altered appetite, hedonic response and reward. Whether this can contribute to the mechanism responsible for the development of the disease or can help to minimize some symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is discussed in the present review. We will thus describe (1) the biological actions of ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides on food and drugs reward, anxiety and depression, and the physiological consequences of ghrelin invalidation on these parameters, (2) how ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides are regulated in animal models of psychiatric diseases and in human psychiatric disorders in relation with the GH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Tolle, UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 2 ter rue d’Alésia, Paris 75014, France e-mail:
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