1
|
Nath P, Anand AC. Extrahepatic Manifestations in Alcoholic Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1371-1383. [PMID: 36157144 PMCID: PMC9499846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though liver is the most commonly affected organ in patients with chronic and excessive intake of alcohol, no organ is immune to toxic effects of alcohol and patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) can suffer from a wide list of extrahepatic manifestations involving gastrointestinal tract, central and peripheral nervous systems, cardio vascular system, musculo-skeletal system, disruption of nutritional status, endocrinological abnormalities, hematological abnormalities and immune dysfunction. These extrahepatic organ involvements are usually overlooked by hepatologists and physicians who are mostly focused on managing life threatening complications of ALD. As a result, there is delayed diagnosis, delay in the initiation of appropriate treatment and late referral to other specialists. Some of these manifestations are of utmost clinical importance (e.g. delirium tremans and Wernicke's encephalopathy) because an early diagnosis and treatment can lead to full recovery while delayed or no treatment can result in death. On the other hand, several extrahepatic manifestations are of prognostic significance (such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy and malignancies) in which there is an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Hence, a clear understanding and awareness of the extrahepatic manifestations of ALD is quintessential for proper management of these patients.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE, Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme
- ALD, Alcohol related Liver Disease
- AUD, Alcohol Use Disorder
- GAVE, Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
- GERD, Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- IL, Interleukin
- NERD, Non-Erosive Reflux Disease
- PPI, Proton Pump Inhibitors
- TNF, Tumour Necrosis Factor
- UGI, Upper Gastrointestinal
- WHO, World Health Organization
- alcohol use disorder
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- alcoholic liver disease
- alcoholic myopathy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Nath
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Mizukami T, Matsui T, Kimura M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K. Platelet Counts and Genetic Polymorphisms of Alcohol Dehydrogenase-1B and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese Alcoholic Men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 41:171-178. [PMID: 27991683 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia during intoxication, rebound thrombocytosis during 1 to 3 weeks of abstinence, and subsequent normalization of the platelet count are common in alcoholics. METHODS We evaluated 989 Japanese alcoholic men to identify the effects of genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B; rs1229984) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2; rs671) on platelet counts during an 8-week in-hospital abstinence period. RESULTS Thrombocytopenia (<15 × 104 /μl) was observed in 25.9% of the subjects upon admission. The platelet counts increased from 21.4 ± 0.3 × 104 /μl (mean ± SE) to 27.6 ± 0.3 × 104 /μl, and a rebound platelet increase of ≥10 × 104 /μl was observed in 28.6% of the patients during the first 2 weeks after admission. By 4 weeks, the mean platelet counts had returned to intermediate levels and remained stable thereafter. The reversible suppression and rebound increase in the platelet counts were more prominent in the slow-metabolizing ADH1B*1/*1 group than in the fast-metabolizing ADH1B*2 group. Throughout the 8 weeks, the mean platelet counts of the active ALDH2*1/*1 group were consistently lower than those in the inactive ALDH2*1/*2 group. Cirrhosis was a strong determinant of a lower platelet count. After adjustments for nongenetic factors including cirrhosis, multiple linear regression analyses showed that the ADH1B*1/*1 genotype was associated with a lower platelet count (partial regression coefficient = -1.3 × 104 /μl) on the admission day, but subsequently had a positive effect on the platelet count at 1 and 2 weeks after admission (+1.5 and +3.8 × 104 /μl, respectively). The ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was associated with a lower platelet count (-2.1 to -3.9 × 104 /μl) consistently throughout the 8 weeks. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the ADH1B*1/*1 genotype increased the risk of thrombocytopenia upon admission (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.61 [1.14 to 2.27]) and of a rebound platelet increase during the first 2 weeks (3.86 [2.79 to 5.34]). The ALDH2*1/*1 genotype increased the risk of thrombocytopenia upon admission (1.73 [1.06 to 2.82]). CONCLUSIONS In alcoholics, the ADH1B*1/*1 genotype increased the risk of thrombocytopenia upon admission and of a rebound platelet increase 2 weeks thereafter, while the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was associated with lower platelet counts throughout the 8-week hospital stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yokoyama
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yokoyama
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizukami
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsui
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kimura
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachio Matsushita
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Maruyama
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Justice AC, McGinnis KA, Tate JP, Braithwaite RS, Bryant KJ, Cook RL, Edelman EJ, Fiellin LE, Freiberg MS, Gordon AJ, Kraemer KL, Marshall BD, Williams EC, Fiellin DA. Risk of mortality and physiologic injury evident with lower alcohol exposure among HIV infected compared with uninfected men. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 161:95-103. [PMID: 26861883 PMCID: PMC4792710 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infected (HIV+) individuals may be more susceptible to alcohol-related harm than uninfected individuals. METHODS We analyzed data on HIV+ and uninfected individuals in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) with an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption AUDIT-C score from 2008 to 2012. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between alcohol exposure and mortality through July, 2014; and linear regression models to assess the association between alcohol exposure and physiologic injury based on VACS Index Scores. Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, smoking, and hepatitis C infection. RESULTS The sample included 18,145 HIV+ and 42,228 uninfected individuals. Among HIV+ individuals, 76% had undetectable HIV-1 RNA (<500 copies/ml). The threshold for an association of alcohol use with mortality and physiologic injury differed by HIV status. Among HIV+ individuals, AUDIT-C score ≥4 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.44) and ≥30 drinks per month (HR, 1.30, 95% CI 1.14-1.50) were associated with increased risk of mortality. Among uninfected individuals, AUDIT-C score ≥5 (HR, 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.32) and ≥70 drinks per month (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00-1.28) were associated with increased risk. Similarly, AUDIT-C threshold scores of 5-7 were associated with physiologic injury among HIV+ individuals (beta 0.47, 95% CI 0.22, 0.73) and a score of 8 or more was associated with injury in uninfected (beta 0.29, 95% CI 0.16, 0.42) individuals. CONCLUSIONS Despite antiretroviral therapy, HIV+ individuals experienced increased mortality and physiologic injury at lower levels of alcohol use compared with uninfected individuals. Alcohol consumption limits should be lower among HIV+ individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Justice
- Veterans Aging Cohort Study Coordinating Center, West Haven VA Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University 367 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA,Corresponding author at: VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Avenue, Building 35a Room 2-212 (11-ACSLG), West Haven, CT 06516, Tel.: 203.932.5711 x3541, Fax: 203.937.4926
| | - Kathleen A. McGinnis
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15240, USA
| | - Janet P. Tate
- Veterans Aging Cohort Study Coordinating Center, West Haven VA Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University 367 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - R. Scott Braithwaite
- Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30 street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kendall J. Bryant
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, MSC 9304, Bethesda, MD 20892-9304, USA
| | - Robert L. Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E. Jennifer Edelman
- Veterans Aging Cohort Study Coordinating Center, West Haven VA Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University 367 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Lynn E. Fiellin
- Department of Internal Medicine, and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University 367 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Matthew S. Freiberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam J. Gordon
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15240, USA,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 600, 230 McKee Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Kevin L. Kraemer
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15240, USA,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 600, 230 McKee Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Brandon D.L. Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, USA, 02912
| | - Emily C. Williams
- University of Washington School of Public Health, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359762, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A. Fiellin
- Veterans Aging Cohort Study Coordinating Center, West Haven VA Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University 367 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Latvala J, Parkkila S, Niemelä O. Excess Alcohol Consumption Is Common in Patients With Cytopenia: Studies in Blood and Bone Marrow Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:619-24. [PMID: 15100613 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000122766.54544.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alcohol abuse is known to create a variety of adverse effects on hematopoiesis, the associations between ethanol consumption and hematological abnormalities have not been fully established. METHODS We studied 144 consecutive adult patients who underwent clinical and bone marrow examinations due to abnormal findings in peripheral blood cell counts or red blood cell indices without previously established diagnoses of specific hematological diseases, malignancies, or infections. Assessment included the amount of alcohol consumption, complete blood cell counts, morphological review of peripheral blood and bone marrow, markers of liver status, and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 levels. RESULTS There were 57 (40%) patients who showed a history of hazardous drinking and 87 patients who were either nondrinkers or social drinkers. The incidence of anemia was 51% in the alcohol abusers, as compared with 69% of the nonalcoholics (p < 0.05). A diverse pattern of hematological effects was observed in the alcohol abusers. Abnormal platelet and leukocyte levels were common, especially in the anemic alcoholics. Both increased mean cell volume of erythrocytes (macrocytosis; 67 vs. 18%; p < 0.0001) and mean cell hemoglobin (63 vs. 22%; p < 0.0001) were more frequent in the alcoholics than in the nonalcoholics. Reticulocytosis (37%), thrombocytopenia (41%), and combined cytopenias (34-38%) were also common findings in the alcoholic patients. The blood smears from such patients typically showed round macrocytes, stomatocytes, and knizocytes. Bone marrow aspirates revealed vacuolization of pronormoblasts in 24% of the alcoholic patients. Interestingly, megakaryocytes in the cell periphery were also vacuolized in 20% of the alcohol abusers, especially in those with recent intoxication. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that alcohol abuse results in diverse patterns of hematological effects and affects several cell lines. Therefore, in patients undergoing bone marrow examinations due to cytopenias, the probabilities for likely findings seem to be different between alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Information on ethanol consumption should be systematically included in the clinical assessment of such patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Döring WKH, Herzenstiel MN, Krampe H, Jahn H, Pralle L, Sieg S, Wegerle E, Poser W, Ehrenreich H. Persistent alterations of vasopressin and N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide plasma levels in long-term abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:849-61. [PMID: 12766631 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000065433.17403.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During alcohol withdrawal and early abstinence, severe alterations of electrolyte and water homeostasis and their regulating hormones are well recognized. Almost nothing is known about regeneration of these functions with long-term abstinence. This cohort study was designed to monitor determinants of electrolyte and water balance over 280 days of abstinence in alcohol-dependent men compared with healthy controls. METHODS Vasopressin (AVP), N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and electrolytes, together with major parameters of kidney and liver function, were monitored in 35 male alcoholics aged 44 +/- 8 years. Of these, 21 could be followed up to 280 days of strictly controlled abstinence due to their participation in the Outpatient Long-Term Intensive Therapy for Alcoholics. The control group comprised 20 healthy male volunteers aged 39 +/- 7 years. RESULTS Basal AVP levels were found to be suppressed over the whole study period. In contrast, N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide remained increased over all 280 days. No persistent alterations were found for aldosterone or angiotensin II. Sodium and potassium in plasma and urine returned to normal within a few weeks. Creatinine clearance, urea nitrogen in plasma and urine, urinary osmolality, hematocrit, and hemoglobin remained low as compared with controls over the entire study. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol abuse causes severe and persistent alterations in the hormonal regulatory systems of electrolyte and water balance. The suppressed basal secretion of AVP may reflect a dysregulation in the brain that influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, mood, memory, addiction behavior, and craving during alcohol abstinence. These findings may provide a ground for future therapeutic approaches to stable abstinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf K H Döring
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|