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Brogi E, Forfori F. Anesthesia and cancer recurrence: an overview. JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND CRITICAL CARE (ONLINE) 2022; 2:33. [PMID: 37386584 DOI: 10.1186/s44158-022-00060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Several perioperative factors are responsible for the dysregulation or suppression of the immune system with a possible impact on cancer cell growth and the development of new metastasis. These factors have the potential to directly suppress the immune system and activate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system with a consequent further immunosuppressive effect.Anesthetics and analgesics used during the perioperative period may modulate the innate and adaptive immune system, inflammatory system, and angiogenesis, with a possible impact on cancer recurrence and long-term outcome. Even if the current data are controversial and contrasting, it is crucial to increase awareness about this topic among healthcare professionals for a future better and conscious choice of anesthetic techniques.In this article, we aimed to provide an overview regarding the relationship between anesthesia and cancer recurrence. We reviewed the effects of surgery, perioperative factors, and anesthetic agents on tumor cell survival and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etrusca Brogi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Forfori
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Mokos I, Jakić-Razumović J, Mareković Z, Pasini J. Association of Cyclooxygenase-2 Immunoreactivity with Tumor Recurrence and Disease Progression in Superficial Urothelial Bladder Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160609200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background The main characteristic of urothelial bladder cancer is a clear predisposition to recurrence and disease progression. The aim of this study was to assess the possible relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunoreactivity in superficial urothelial bladder carcinoma and tumor grade, stage, number of recurrences and clinical disease progression. Methods In this prospective study 70 consecutive patients who underwent transurethral resection for superficial urothelial bladder cancer were included. Tumor slides were immuno-histochemically stained for COX-2, and COX-2 immunoreactivity in tumor and inflammatory stromal cells was categorized as negative or mildly, moderately or strongly positive. Patients were followed up for 2 years, and during this period the possible association of COX-2 immunoreactivity with tumor stage and grade, number of recurrences and progression of disease was evaluated. Results COX-2 immunoreactivity in tumor cells was found in 57 (81.4%) patients and did not correlate with tumor grade, stage of disease, number of recurrences, and progression of disease. COX-2 immunoreactivity in inflammatory cells was found in 16 of the 57 patients with COX-2 positive tumors, and was significantly related to the number of recurrences, time to appearance of the first recurrence, and disease progression. Conclusions COX-2 immunoreactivity in inflammatory stromal cells adjacent to the COX-2-positive tumor might be useful in clinical practice for selection of patients with a high risk of tumor recurrence and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Mokos
- Department of Urology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Zvonimir Mareković
- Department of Urology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Pasini
- Department of Urology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
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Agrawal U, Kumari N, Vasudeva P, Mohanty NK, Saxena S. Overexpression of COX2 indicates poor survival in urothelial bladder cancer. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 34:50-55. [PMID: 29661728 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COX2 is a cyclo-oxygenase enzyme expressed in the tumor cells, inflammatory cells, stromal and non-epithelial cells. The study was conducted to evaluate the expression of COX2 in Urothelial carcinoma and find the association with progression and recurrence. METHODS The expression of COX2 was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Gene expression of COX2 was found to be upregulated >28-fold in urothelial cancer compared to adjacent normal bladder mucosa. Inflammatory cell expression of COX2 was found in 92% cases whereas only 37% cases showed COX2 overexpression in tumor cells. Tumor cell COX2 overexpression was significantly associated with invasion and recurrence. CONCLUSION COX2 expression is a marker of invasion, recurrence and poor survival and may have a role in predicting the cases which will benefit from additional treatment with COX2 inhibitors in urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Agrawal
- National Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi-110029, India; Faculty of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune- 412115, India.
| | - Nitu Kumari
- National Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi-110029, India; BITS, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pawan Vasudeva
- Deptt of Urology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi-110029, India
| | | | - Sunita Saxena
- National Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi-110029, India.
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Gao H, Guo Y, Deng N, Fei P, Qiu X, Zheng P, Feng J, Dai G. Suppressive Effect of Matrine on Tumor Invasion in N-Butyl-N-(4-Hydroxybutyl)Nitrosamine-Induced Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. Chemotherapy 2015; 60:119-128. [PMID: 25721249 DOI: 10.1159/000371439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms and suppressive effects of matrine on the development of urinary bladder cancers induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given BBN (200 mg/rat) twice a week for a period of 8 weeks. Oral administration of matrine (50 and 100 mg/kg) was started 1 week before BBN exposure for 35 weeks. Half of each bladder was histopathologically analyzed and the remainder was extracted for protein analysis by Western blot. RESULTS The bladders of BBN-treated rats demonstrated progression from epithelial hyperplasia to papillary urothelial neoplasia and even poorly differentiated invasive cancer. Matrine (50 and 100 mg/kg) treatment decreased the formation of large bladder tumors by 31.6 and 21.1%, respectively. An incidence of cancer cells was detected in rats given BBN [70% (14/20)] and matrine [50 mg/kg: 68.4% (13/19) and 100 mg/kg: 57.9% (11/19), respectively]. The frequency of invasive tumors in the matrine treatment groups [50 mg/kg: 15.4% (2/13), 100 mg/kg: 9.1% (1/11)] was significantly lower than in the BBN-alone group [57% (8/14)]. Furthermore, oral administration of matrine (50 and 100 mg/kg) markedly attenuated the BBN-induced upregulation of bladder cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the elevation of bladder cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) levels. Although the contents of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), which degrades PGE2, were dramatically reduced by BBN, matrine exerted no effects on reduced PGDH contents. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that matrine suppressed bladder tumor invasion in a rat model, and this might be primarily mediated through regulation of the protein contents, COX-2 and cPLA2 in the bladder.
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Cekanova M, Uddin MJ, Bartges JW, Callens A, Legendre AM, Rathore K, Wright L, Carter A, Marnett LJ. Molecular imaging of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine transitional cell carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:466-76. [PMID: 23531445 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme COX-2 is induced at high levels in tumors but not in surrounding normal tissues, which makes it an attractive target for molecular imaging of cancer. We evaluated the ability of novel optical imaging agent, fluorocoxib A to detect urinary bladder canine transitional cell carcinomas (K9TCC). Here, we show that fluorocoxib A uptake overlapped with COX-2 expression in primary K9TCC cells in vitro. Using subcutaneously implanted primary K9TCC in athymic mice, we show specific uptake of fluorocoxib A by COX-2-expressing K9TCC xenograft tumors in vivo. Fluorocoxib A uptake by COX-2-expressing xenograft tumors was blocked by 70% (P < 0.005) when pretreated with the COX-2 selective inhibitor, celecoxib (10 mg/kg), 4 hours before intravenous administration of fluorocoxib A (1 mg/kg). Fluorocoxib A was taken up by COX-2-expressing tumors but not by COX-2-negative human UMUC-3 xenograft tumors. UMUC-3 xenograft tumors with no expression of COX-2 showed no uptake of fluorocoxib A. In addition, fluorocoxib A uptake was evaluated in five dogs diagnosed with TCC. Fluorocoxib A specifically detected COX-2-expressing K9TCC during cystoscopy in vivo but was not detected in normal urothelium. Taken together, our findings show that fluorocoxib A selectively bound to COX-2-expressing primary K9TCC cells in vitro, COX-2-expressing K9TCC xenografts tumors in nude mice, and heterogeneous canine TCC during cystoscopy in vivo. Spontaneous cancers in companion animals offer a unique translational model for evaluation of novel imaging and therapeutic agents using primary cancer cells in vitro and in heterogeneous cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cekanova
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Tadin T, Krpina K, Štifter S, Babarović E, Fučkar Ž, Jonjić N. Lower cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with recurrence of solitary non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:152. [PMID: 23126361 PMCID: PMC3527228 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new modality is necessary to prevent recurrence of superficial bladder cancer after complete transurethral resection because of the high recurrence rate even with current prophylaxis protocols. METHODS In order to analyze the predictive value of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in recurrence of this disease tumor specimens from 127 patients with solitary papillary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), 78 with recurrent disease and 49 without recurrence during follow up of minimum 5 years, were retrieved for tissue microarrays construction and immunohistochemical analysis. COX-2 expression was scored according to Allred's scoring protocol, while presence of TILs was categorized as absent (no) or present (yes) on whole tissue sections. RESULTS COX-2 immunoreactivity was presented in 70 (71%), weak in 16% and strong in 55% of cases, while 29 (29%) tumors were negative. TILs were present in 64 (58%) NMIBC, while 44 cases (41%) did not reveal mononuclear infiltration in tumoral stroma. Statistical analysis demonstrated a higher proportion of patients with recurrence in the group with the COX-2 score 0, and lower in the group with score 2 (p=0.0001, p=0.0101, respectively). In addition, a higher proportion of recurrent patients in the group with no TILs, and lower proportion in the group with TILs were found (p=0.009, p=0.009, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed overexpression of COX-2 and presence of TILs as negative predictors. CONCLUSION Patients with lower COX-2 expression and absence of TILs in NMIBC need to be followed up more vigorously and probably selected for adjuvant therapy. VIRTUAL SLIDE The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1411318819790406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Tadin
- Ultrasound Diagnostic Service, Health Centre Rijeka, Martina Kontuša 18, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
- Tomislav Tadin, MD M.Sc., Ultrasound Diagnostic Service, Martina Kontuša 18, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | - Kristian Krpina
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strižića 3, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | - Sanja Štifter
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | - Emina Babarović
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | - Željko Fučkar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strižića 3, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
| | - Nives Jonjić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Rijeka, 51000, Croatia
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Jang TJ, Cha WH, Lee KS. Reciprocal correlation between the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and E-cadherin in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2010; 457:319-28. [PMID: 20582552 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma cells become more motile and invasive via downmodulation of E-cadherin. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the expression of COX-2 and E-cadherin in a bladder cancer cell line and human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCCs). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment for 5637 bladder cancer cells increased COX-2 expression, slightly induced Slug expression, and decreased E-cadherin expression. Ectopic expression of COX-2 or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment for 5637 cells reduced E-cadherin expression. This finding was confirmed by the result that knockdown of COX-2 expression or indomethacin administration increased the expression of E-cadherin. When compared with cells' motility in serum-free medium, the treatment of PMA and PGE(2) increased cell motility, and indomethacin treatment slightly decreased cell motility. In the tissues of bladder TCCs, COX-2 expression was inversely correlated with membranous E-cadherin expression and positively correlated with nuclear beta-catenin expression. The expression of COX-2 and nuclear beta-catenin expression was significantly higher in TCCs of high grade and invasive growth than in TCCs of low grade and noninvasive growth. In contrast, membranous E-cadherin expression was more decreased in tumors of high grade and invasive growth. In addition, nuclear beta-catenin expression was significantly related to tumor recurrence. We suggest that COX-2 pathway reduces membranous E-cadherin expression in bladder TCCs and their expression pattern may provide important information in predicting the clinical behavior of bladder TCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 780-714, South Korea.
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Matsuyama M, Yoshimura R. Study of arachidonic Acid pathway in human bladder tumor. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2009; 3:99-107. [PMID: 24357935 PMCID: PMC3864913 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies and animal experiments have demonstrated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the incidence of colorectal carcinoma. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the principal target of NSAIDs. COX is the first oxidase in the process of prostaglandin production from arachidonic acid. COX enzyme may be involved in the initiation and/or the promotion of tumorigenesis due to NSAIDs inhibition of COX. Lipoxygenase (LOX) is also an initial enzyme in the pathway for producing leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. Similar to COX, LOX enzyme may also be involved in the initiation and/or promotion of tumorigenesis. Peroxisome proliferator activator-receptor (PPAR)-γ is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor belonging to the steroid receptor superfamily. PPAR-γ plays a role in both adipocyte differentiation and tumorigenesis. PPAR-γ is one target for cell growth modulation of NSAIDs. In this review, we report the expression of COX-2, LOX and PPAR-γ in human bladder tumor tissues as well as the effects of COX-2 and LOX inhibitors and PPAR-γ ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Matsuyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Rikio Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Jang TJ, Lee KS. The Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Survivin in Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lee
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
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Wadhwa P, Goswami AK, Joshi K, Sharma SK. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression increases with the stage and grade in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int Urol Nephrol 2006; 37:47-53. [PMID: 16132759 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-004-4699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental models of carcinogenesis show that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increase apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis and reduce metastases. A linkage between the activity of prostaglandin synthase enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a known mediator of inflammation, and cancer angiogenesis is implicated. We investigated the expression of COX-2 in bladder cancer tissue specimens using immunohistochemistry. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in bladder cancer was evaluated by scoring the intensity of immunoreactivity from 0 to 3. Further, the degree of COX-2 expression was correlated with the tumor grade and depth of invasion (T stage). RESULT Fifty eight percent patients (n=22) had superficial bladder tumors, while 42% (n=16) were invasive bladder cancers. Overall, COX-2 immuno-positivity was seen in 84.2% (32/38) patients. COX-2 expression was positive in 76.4% (13/17) cases with pTa tumors, 100% (5/5) of pT1 tumors, 86.6% (13/15) of pT2 tumors and in 100% (1/1) of pT3 tumor. The higher stage tumors stained more intensely; this correlation was significant(p=0.01987; chi2=19.6977). With reference to the grade of tumors, a positive expression was seen in 81.25% (13/16) of the low-grade tumors and 89% (17/19) of the high-grade tumors. The differential COX-2 expression relative to the grade of tumor was found to be statistically significant (p=0.05; chi2=15.8612). CONCLUSION The degree of COX-2 expression is significantly increased with advancing grade and T stage of disease (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Wadhwa
- Department of Urology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Stewart AE, Heslin MH, Arch J, Jhala N, Ragland B, Gomez F, Bland KI, Arnoletti JP. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and clinical outcome in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Gastrointest Surg 2006; 10:315-9. [PMID: 16455468 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in mesenchymal tumors has not been completely described. We analyzed clinicopathologic variables and COX-2 protein expression in all mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract that were treated at our institution between 1990 and 2002. Paraffin-embedded specimens were immunohistochemically stained for KIT and COX-2 protein. KIT-positive tumors were diagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Among 42 available specimens, 38 tumors were diagnosed as GIST and four were non-GIST mesenchymal GI tumors (KIT negative). The median overall survival for the GIST patients was 34 months. Ninety-two percent of GIST expressed COX-2 protein. COX-2 protein was not expressed in any of the non-GIST tumors. GIST patients with negative or low COX-2 expression developed disease recurrence and/or died of their disease in 37% of the cases, compared with 18% for GIST patients with high COX-2 expression (difference not statistically significant). The vast majority of mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract are GIST that express COX-2 protein. As opposed to known predictors of GIST behavior such as tumor size and mitotic count, levels of COX-2 protein expression did not correlate with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1922 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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