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Franceschi A, Robinson MA, Owens DJ, Brownlee T, Bampouras TM, Ferrari Bravo D, Enright K. Training loads and microcycle periodisation in Italian Serie A youth soccer players. J Sports Sci 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39172819 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2391648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Microcycles are fundamental structures for training prescription and load management, helping to optimise training effects and performance. This study quantified external and internal loads of Italian Serie A youth soccer players across competitive weeks and their periodisation within microcycles. Data were collected from 90 players belonging to four age groups (under-19, -17, -16, -15) across a season. Methods of monitoring external [duration and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)] and internal load [heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)] were employed. Linear mixed models determined differences in training loads across age groups, training days and player positions. Under-19 and under-17 players trained five times per week, while younger players trained four times. Late-stage academy players (under-19 and -17) demonstrated higher weekly accumulated external and sRPE training load compared to their younger counterparts (p < 0.05 between groups). Weekly accumulated HR internal loads were higher in under-15 players (p < 0.05 between groups). Marked fluctuations of daily load were observed across microcycles in under-19 and under-17 groups (p < 0.05 between days). These findings highlight progressive increases in training load throughout the development pathway, with late-stage academy players training with higher frequency, volume and marked periodisation compared to younger players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Franceschi
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Theodoros M Bampouras
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Kevin Enright
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Freeman BW, Talpey SW, James LP, Rayner RJ, Young WB. Preseason and In-Season High-Speed Running Demands of 2 Professional Australian Rules Football Teams. Sports Health 2024:19417381241265114. [PMID: 39171493 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241265114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australian Rules Football athletes complete long preseasons, yet injuries occur frequently at early stages of the competitive season. Little is known about the high-speed running (HSR) prescription during a preseason or whether players are adequately prepared for competition. This study described absolute and relative preseason and in-season HSR demands of 2 professional Australian football teams. HYPOTHESIS HSR and sprinting volumes are significantly lower in elite Australian Rules football athletes during in-season compared with preseason. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS During the 2019 season, HSR volume was collected for 2 professional Australian football teams (n = 55). Individual maximum speeds (Vmax) were captured to calculate relative running speed thresholds, as reported in 5% increments from 70%Vmax to 100%Vmax. RESULTS Weekly volume of running above 70%Vmax (P = 0.01; r = 0.56) and 80%Vmax (P = 0.01; r = 0.58) was significantly greater in the preseason than the in-season. The weekly volume completed above 90%Vmax was not significantly greater in the preseason than the in-season (P = 0.10; r = 0.22). Individual variation in the distance completed at specific percentages of Vmax expressed as a coefficient of variation was reported as 51% at 71% to 80%Vmax, 39% at 81% to 90%Vmax, and 41% at 91% to 100%Vmax. CONCLUSION The volume of HSR completed by athletes is far greater in the initial 4 weeks of the preseason than in any other point in preseason or competitive phases. At the individual level, there is substantial variation in the distance covered. This supports the concept of a heavily individualized approach to high-speed prescription and monitoring. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Practitioners should carefully consider individual variation regarding sprinting volume during both preseason and in-season when prescribing and monitoring training to improve on-field performance and reduce the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock W Freeman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Scott W Talpey
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lachlan P James
- School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Russell J Rayner
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Warren B Young
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Mercer VP, Oliveira LP, Zanetti V, Lima L, Bastos T, Moura TBMA, McGuigan MR. Jump Squat Vs. Resisted Sprint Training Programs Applied to Elite Youth Soccer Players: Effects on Sprint and Power-Related Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00531. [PMID: 39178147 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Loturco, I, Pereira, LA, Mercer, VP, Oliveira, LP, Zanetti, V, Lima, L, Bastos, T, Moura, TBMA, and McGuigan, MR. Jump squat vs. resisted sprint training programs applied to elite youth soccer players: effects on sprint and power-related performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study examined the effectiveness of 2 different and widely used training programs on the sprint and power-related performance of youth soccer players. Two distinct training strategies-vertically oriented jump squats (JSs) or horizontally oriented resisted sprints (RSs)-were executed under the same absolute loading conditions (i.e., 30% of the athletes' body mass [BM]) during a 4-week preseason period. Training schemes, loading intensities (based on %BM), and the number of experimental sessions were designed in conjunction with the soccer club's coaching staff, considering the calendar, available resources, and regular training programs. Twenty-five under-17 soccer players performed a series of speed, power, and jump tests before and after 10 resisted training sessions, consisting solely of loaded JS or RS. Overall, neither group (i.e., JS or RS training groups) exhibited any improvement in linear sprint and change-of-direction (COD) speed. Conversely, vertical jumping ability and peak velocity in the loaded JS increased significantly only in the JS group, which may positively affect players' performance and training prescription during short soccer preseasons. Given the challenges in enhancing sprint speed among soccer players during preseasons (and even over the competitive season), coupled with the limited effectiveness of RS in improving sprinting, COD, and jumping capabilities within congested and short training phases (i.e., ≤4 weeks), the regular use of RS training methods during these phases may be highly questionable. Coaches should carefully consider these critical limitations and potential disadvantages when designing neuromuscular training programs for soccer players during the preparatory phases of the annual training season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
- Scientific Department, São Paulo Football Federation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valter P Mercer
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Oliveira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Lima
- Sfera Football Club, Jarinú, Brazil; and
| | | | | | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Connolly DR, Stolp S, Gualtieri A, Ferrari Bravo D, Sassi R, Rampinini E, Coutts AJ. How Do Young Soccer Players Train? A 5-Year Analysis of Weekly Training Load and its Variability Between Age Groups in an Elite Youth Academy. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e423-e429. [PMID: 39072663 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Connolly, DR, Stolp, S, Gualtieri, A, Ferrari Bravo, D, Sassi, R, Rampinini, E, and Coutts, AJ. How do young soccer players train? A 5-year analysis of weekly training load and its variability between age groups in an elite youth academy. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e423-e429, 2024-The aim of this study was to quantify the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), duration, and training load accrued across typical training weeks undertaken by youth soccer players. Differences between starters, nonstarters, and variations in training load variables were also investigated. Data were collected from 230 elite youth players in 4 age groups (U15, U16, U17, and U19) during 5 competitive seasons. Mixed models were used to describe variation between age groups and compare starters with nonstarters, with season as a fixed covariate effect. Week-to-week variation in training load was expressed as the percentage coefficient of variation. The main findings may be used to highlight a significant effect of age and playing status on training intensity, duration, and internal training load. Weekly training load increased progressively from the U15 to U17, with significant differences between each age group (p < 0.03). Lower mean weekly perceived intensity (sRPE) was noted in U15 when compared with the older age groups (4.2 vs. 4.6-4.9 arbitrary unit for U16 to U19, p < 0.001). Low weekly training load variation was observed across the different phases of the season in each age group, with the preseason exhibiting the greatest variance (3.6-6.2%). Differences in the training load are likely more attributable to changes in training duration rather than sRPE. Control of session duration seems to play an important role when aiming to control load in the academy environment, and practitioners should closely monitor the differences in duration and load being recorded between starters and nonstarters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh R Connolly
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean Stolp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antonio Gualtieri
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Italy; and
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Long JW, Brown D, Farrell J, Gonzalez M, Cheever K. Relationship between Workload, Psychological State and Recovery in Female Soccer Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 38599613 DOI: 10.1055/a-2304-3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the multifaceted relations between measures of workload, psychological state, and recovery throughout an entire soccer season in female collegiate soccer athletes (19.8±1.2 yrs, 132±12.3 lbs, 63±3.2 in). A prospective longitudinal study was utilized to measure workload (GPS training load, Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), psychological state (mental stress, mental fatigue, and mood), and recovery (sleep duration, sleep quality, and soreness), during 90 observations (59 training sessions and 21 games). Separate linear-mixed effect models were used to assess outcomes of RPE, soreness, and sleep duration. A linear mixed-effects model explained 59% of the variance in RPE following each session. Specifically, each standard deviation increase in GPS load and mental stress in the morning prior to training increased RPE by 1.46 (SE=0.08) and 0.29 (SE=0.07), respectively, following that day's training. Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between several predictor variables and chronological day in the season while predicting RPE. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in GPS load, RPE went up by 0.0055 per day during the season suggesting that load had a higher impact on RPE as the season progressed. In contrast, the interaction of day by mental stress, sleep duration, and soreness continued to be stronger as the season progressed. Each linear mixed-effect model predicted a larger amount of variance when accounting for individual variations in the random effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John William Long
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Denver Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College for Health, Community, and Policy, San Antonio, United States
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University San Marcos, San Marcos, United States
| | - Matthew Gonzalez
- Translational Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
- Kinesiology Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College for Health, Community and Policy, San Antonio, United States
| | - Kelly Cheever
- Kinesiology Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College for Health, Community and Policy, San Antonio, United States
- Human Performance Research Interest Group, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
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Teixeira JE, Branquinho L, Leal M, Morgans R, Sortwell A, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Afonso P, Machado G, Encarnação S, Ferraz R, Forte P. Match-to-Match Variation on High-Intensity Demands in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:120. [PMID: 39051281 PMCID: PMC11270202 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time-motion data were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Match running performance was analyzed based on the following three playing positions: defenders (DF), midfielders (MF), and forwards (FW). Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare match running performance within each position role, and seasonal running variation. Practical differences were assessed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), coefficient of variation (CV), and twice the coefficient of variation (2CV). Significant differences were found among playing positions in total distance covered (F = 15.45, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.33), average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29), high-speed running (F = 16.93, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36), sprinting (F = 13.49, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.31), accelerations (F = 4.69, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.132), and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match-to-match running performance encompassed TD (6.59%), AvS (8.67%), HSRr (37.83%), SPR (34.82%), ACC (26.92%), and DEC (27.85%). CV values for total distance covered ranged from 4.87-6.82%, with forwards and midfielders exhibiting the greatest and smallest variation, respectively. Midfielders demonstrated the highest match-to-match variation for all other analyzed variables (8.12-69.17%). All playing positions showed significant variation in high-demanding variables (26.94-37.83%). This study presents the initial analysis of match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands within a Portuguese professional football team. Thus, the position's specificity and context can provide a helpful strategy for evaluating match-to-match running performance, and for recommending individualized training exercises based on the peak and high-intensity demands for each player's role within the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 2001-904 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Luís Branquinho
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Biosciences Scholl of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Guilherme Machado
- Department of Athletes’ Integration and Development, Paulista Football Federation (FPF), São Paulo 05614-060, Brazil;
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
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Nobari H, Eken Ö, Singh U, Gorouhi A, Bordón JCP, Prieto-González P, Kurtoğlu A, Calvo TG. Which training load indicators are greater correlated with maturation and wellness variables in elite U14 soccer players? BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:289. [PMID: 38689258 PMCID: PMC11059657 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of training load is done to improve physical performance and minimize the incidence of injuries. The study examined the correlation between accumulated training load parameters based on periods with maturity (i.e., maturity offset and peak height velocity -PHV- and wellness variables -e.g., stress and sleep quality-). The second aim was to analyze the multi-linear regression between the above indicators. METHODS Twenty elite young U14 soccer players (M = 13.26 ± 0.52 years, 95% CI [13.02, 13.51]) were evaluated over 26 weeks (early, mid, and end-season) to obtain stress, sleep quality, and measures of workload in the season (accumulated acute workload [AW], accumulated chronic workload [CW], accumulated acute: chronic workload ratio [ACWLR], accumulated training monotony [TM], accumulated training strain [TS]). RESULTS The analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation between sleep quality and training monotony (r = -0.461, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between other variables (p > 0.05). In the multi-linear regression analysis, maturity, PHV, sleep, and stress collectively accounted for variances of 17% in AW, 17.1% in CW, 11% in ACWLR, 21.3% in TM, and 22.6% in TS. However, individual regression coefficients for these predictors were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating limited predictive power. CONCLUSION The study highlights the impact of sleep quality on training monotony, underscoring the importance of managing training load to mitigate the risks of overtraining. The non-significant regression coefficients suggest the complexity of predicting training outcomes based on the assessed variables. These insights emphasize the need for a holistic approach in training load management and athlete wellness monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
| | - Özgür Eken
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Inonu University, Battalgazi, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Sports Dynamix Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Armin Gorouhi
- University of A Coruña, A Coruña, 15001, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Department of Biomedicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
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Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kardas M, Zydek G, Zając A, Chycki J. Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1332. [PMID: 38732581 PMCID: PMC11085159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
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9
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Clemente FM, Moran J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Beato M, Afonso J. Endurance Performance Adaptations between SSG and HIIT in Soccer Players: A Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:183-210. [PMID: 37678559 DOI: 10.1055/a-2171-3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to compare the endurance performance chronic adaptations induced by running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT), small-sided games (SSGs), and combined HIIT+SSGs in male and female youth and adult soccer players. The studies included in this review followed the PICOS criteria: (i) healthy soccer players; (ii) interventions based on SSGs; (iii) comparators exposed to only HIIT or combined SSGs+HIIT; (iv) endurance performance variables. Studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus; (iv) Web of Science. After conducting an initial database search that retrieved a total of 5,389 records, a thorough screening process resulted in the inclusion of 20 articles that met the eligibility criteria. Sixteen studies reported outcomes related to endurance performance measured through field-based tests, while five studies provided results from direct measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Results showed a non-significant small-magnitude favoring effect for the HIIT groups compared to the SSG groups (ES=0.37, p=0.074) for endurance, while a non-significant small-magnitude favoring SSGs was observed (ES=-0.20, p=0.303) for VO2max. Despite the very low certainty of evidence, the findings suggest similar effects induced by both SSG and HIIT on improving endurance performance and VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute. School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences. Universidad Andres Bello. Santiago, Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Li R, Chee CS, Kamalden TF, Ramli AS, Yang K. Effects of blood flow restriction training on sports performance in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:55-65. [PMID: 37902798 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an effective training method to improve sports performance in healthy athletes. Nevertheless, a systematic review with meta-analysis regarding how BFRT affects sports performance in athletes is still lacking. Consequently, the study attempted to expand and consolidate the prior studies regarding the effect of BFRT on technical and physical performance in athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This study was based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) statement guidelines for a systematic review of the academic databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SportDiscus), and Google Scholar. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included publications, which ranged from moderate to high quality. The systematic review protocol was registered on inplasy.com (INPLASY202380049). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Out of 249 studies identified, 93 articles were evaluated as eligible, and after the screening, 18 studies were finally included in this systematic review. Meta-analysis results showed a significant enhancement on vertical jump height in the BFRT group compared to the control group (SMD=1.39, 95% CI=0.30-2.49, P=0.01). BFRT was able to significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (SMD=1.65, 95% CI=0.56-2.74, P<0.01). While no significant improvement in sprint time was observed (SMD= -0.18, 95% CI=-1.18-0.82, P=0.115). CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that BFRT is beneficial to athletes as this training method can be effective in enhancing physical and technical performance in athletes. Nevertheless, further analysis needs to be conducted to fully determine the effectiveness of the moderators of the intervention on sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen S Chee
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia -
| | - Tengku F Kamalden
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alif S Ramli
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Saccà M, Bondi D, Balducci F, Petri C, Mazza G. Intra- and Inter-Seasonal Fitness and Training Load Variations of Elite U20 Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:940-947. [PMID: 35612959 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2074951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inherent physical and anthropometric traits of elite soccer players, influenced by nature and nurture, account for the emergence of performances across time. Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate inter- and intraseasonal differences and the influence of playing position on training and fitness metrics in talented young soccer players. Methods: A total of 74 male players from U20 teams of a single elite club were tested both at beginning, during, and at the end of three consecutive competitive seasons. Players under went anthropometric measurement and were tested for aerobic, jumping, and sprinting performances; the GPS-derived measures of metabolic power (MP) and equivalent distance index (ED) of every athlete were analyzed. Results: Difference between teams emerged in Mognoni's test, while it did not in countermovement jump and anthropometrics. ED was different across seasons. The model selection criteria revealed that the Bosco-Vittori test achieved the best fit. BMI and countermovement jump (CMJ) increased, and fat mass decreased, during season; different intraseasonal trends for CMJ. MP was slightly greater in midfielder. Conclusion: Network approaches in modeling performance metrics in sports team could unveil original interconnections between performance factors. In addition, the authors support multiparametric longitudinal assessments and a huge database of sports data for facilitating talent identification.
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Martin M, Rampinini E, Bosio A, Azzalin A, McCall A, Ward P. Relationships Between Internal and External Load Measures and Fitness Level Changes in Professional Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:760-772. [PMID: 35486417 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2053646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the dose-response relationship between internal and external training load with changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity, during different periods of the season, may help in optimizing training process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response relationships between load measures and changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity among a large cohort of professional soccer players. Methods: Training load, aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity of 52 male adult professional players from 3 elite teams were monitored across an entire season and analyzed employing linear mixed models, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. Results: Relationships between load measures (training and match duration, sRPE-TL, total distance, high and very high-speed running distances) and changes in physical qualities were stronger during the preparation period (PREP) for both aerobic fitness (d= 0.48 to 0.76, p<0.031) and intermittent running capacity (d= 0.46 to 1.89, p<0.046). The magnitude of the relationships reduced during the first competitive period (d= 0.43 to 0.56) and the relationships became trivial in the second competitive period (d= 0.06 to 0.41, p= 0.063 to 0.846). Conclusion: The moderate to large relationships found between all measures of load and changes in physical capacities suggest that training prescription during the PREP was effective in improving players' fitness. During the competitive phase small changes in aerobic and intermittent running capacities were found, highlighting that coaching staff pursue different aims during the competitive period, such as technical and tactical training and recovery. .
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Gantois P, Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Cid MJFA, Pino-Ortega J, Castillo D, Nakamura FY. The effects of different small-sided games configurations on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and running demands in professional soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1214-1222. [PMID: 35723596 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2092427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of different small-sided games (SSG) configurations on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and running demands in soccer players. Twelve male soccer players (U18) participated in this randomized cross-over study. Players performed three SSG in different "fixed" and "dynamic" pitch sizes (3v3 in large (SSGL) and small (SSGS) fixed area; or 3v3 in dynamic dimensions [SSGD]), with 4x4 minutes interspersed by 2 minutes of rest. HR measures (maximum [HRmax], average [HRavg], and percentage of maximum [%HRmax]), RPE, and running demands were collected across the SGG sessions. The following running activities were recorded: total distance covered (TD), distance covered (DC) at 6-12 km·h-1, ≥ 12-18 km·h-1, and >18 km·h-1, peak running speed, acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) at 1-2 m·s-2 and 2-3 m·s-2, player load, and high metabolic load distance (HMLD). SSGL displayed higher HRavg, %HRmax, and RPE values than SSGS (p < 0.05). SSGL resulted in higher TD, DC at 6-12 km·h-1, ≥ 12-18 km·h-1, > 18 km·h-1, and higher peak speed than SSGS and SSGD (p < 0.05). Moreover, SSGD presented higher TD and DC at 6-12 km·h-1 and ≥ 12-18 km·h-1 than SSGS (p < 0.05). In contrast, SSGD and SSGS showed higher number of ACC and DEC at 1-2 m·s-2 than SSGL (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the pitch size and playing area of the SSG can be manipulated to promote desired physiological and physical demands in young soccer players.HighlightsWe examined how fixed (small and large) or variable (dynamic) pitch sizes affected the psychophysiological and running demands of young soccer players during small-sided games.Small-sided games with larger pitch sizes and areas per player elicited greater psychophysiological and running demands than small areas.The pitch size designed in the current study does not appear to affect the number of acceleration and deceleration (> 2 m·s-2).Varying the pitch size during the small-sided games (i.e. dynamic condition) could be an interesting constraint to be considered by soccer coaches in order to enhance task variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Gantois
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Francisco Piqueras-Sanchiz
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football. Sports Med 2023; 53:577-594. [PMID: 36380164 PMCID: PMC9667002 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Riboli A, Esposito F, Coratella G. Small-Sided Games in Elite Football: Practical Solutions to Replicate the 4-min Match-Derived Maximal Intensities. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:366-374. [PMID: 35333202 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Riboli, A, Esposito, F, and Coratella, G. Small-sided games in elite football: practical solutions to replicate the 4-min match-derived maximal intensities. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 366-374, 2023-The purpose of the study was to determine the area per player (ApP, m 2 ·player -1 ) to replicate the maximal 4-min match-play period (4-min Peak ) using small-sided or large-sided games (SSGs) lasting the same duration in elite football players. Twenty players (age: 26 ± 5 years) competing in European championship and international UEFA competitions were monitored during SSGs with (SSG with ) or without (SSG without ) goalkeepers, both lasting 4-min. A total of 1,724 and 561 individual observations for SSG with and SSG without across 99 and 34 different SSGs formats were undertaken. Whole (90-min avg ) and 4-min Peak match demands were calculated. Relative (m·min -1 ) total, high-speed (HSRD), very high-speed (VHSRD), sprint, and acceleration/deceleration distance were collected. For both SSG with and SSG without , ApP was small -to- very-largely correlated with TD, HSRD, VHSRD, and sprint, whereas an inverse trivial -to- small correlation with acceleration/deceleration was found. In SSG with , the ApP to replicate 4-min Peak was larger ( p < 0.001, effect size [ES]: 0.33-5.80) than that to mimic 90-min avg for total distance, HSRD, VHSRD, and sprint, whereas for acceleration/deceleration the ApP was lower ( p < 0.001, ES: -3.13 to 0.48) for 4-min Peak . In SSG without , the ApP to replicate 4-min Peak was larger ( p < 0.001, ES: 0.04-3.72) than that to mimic 90-min avg for HSRD, VHSRD, and sprint. Some positional differences ( p < 0.05, ES: 0.22-1.10) in ApP were found. The ApP to replicate 4-min Peak was higher for SSG with than SSG without ( p < 0.001, ES: 0.67-3.58). These findings may help practitioners to recreate the 4-min Peak to manage ApP during SSGs in elite football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Riboli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Costa MSFD, Damasceno VDO, Melo MTD, Santos MAMD, Santos WRD, Narciso FV, Santos WRD, Oliveira SFMD, Paes PP. SLEEP RESPONSES OF YOUNG SWIMMERS TO TRAINING LOAD AND RECOVERY DURING TAPERING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012020_0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Tapering is a decisive phase in planning a young swimmer's preparation for competition. During this period, not only training loads, but also recovery, which includes sleep quality, must be constantly monitored. Objective: This study aims to investigate sleep behavior as a variable directly influenced by training load during the tapering phase of training for young swimmers. Methods: A polysomnography test was performed at the beginning of the tapering phase, as a baseline for sleep variables. In each daily training session, the overload and recovery variables were measured. The internal training load was evaluated in the PSE session and the external load by quantifying the training. The recovery variables were divided into the recovery variable, assessed using the TQR questionnaire, and sleep variables, which included sleepiness, scored using the Karolinska scale, and sleep behavior, using an actigraph and a sleep diary. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is no significant influence between training loads and sleep variables. However, a strong association was observed between TST and EL (External load), in the irregular sleep group. Level of evidence III, Study of behavior.
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Quantifying Exposure and Intra-Individual Reliability of High-Speed and Sprint Running During Sided-Games Training in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:371-413. [PMID: 36331702 PMCID: PMC9877094 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sided games (i.e., small sided, medium sided, large sided) involve tactical, technical, physical, and psychological elements and are commonly implemented in soccer training. Although soccer sided-games research is plentiful, a meta-analytical synthesis of external load exposure during sided games is lacking. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to: (1) synthesize the evidence on high-speed and sprint running exposure induced by sided games in adult soccer players, (2) establish pooled estimates and intra-individual reliability for high-speed and sprint running exposure, and (3) explore the moderating effects of game format and playing constraints. METHODS A literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Four databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science Core Collection) were systematically searched up to 25 January, 2022. Eligibility criteria were adult soccer players (population); training programs incorporating sided games (intervention); game manipulations including number of players, pitch dimension, and game orientation (comparator); and high-speed, very high-speed, and sprint relative (m[Formula: see text]min-1) running distances and associated intra-individual reliability (outcome). Eligible study risk of bias was evaluated using RoBANS. Pooled estimates for high-speed and sprint running exposure, and their intra-individual reliability, along with the moderating effect of tracking device running velocity thresholds, pitch dimension (i.e., area per player), and game orientation (i.e. score or possession), were determined via a multi-level mixed-effects meta-analysis. Estimate uncertainty is presented as 95% compatibility intervals (CIs) with the likely range of relative distances in similar future studies determined via 95% prediction intervals. RESULTS A total of 104 and 7 studies met our eligibility criteria for the main and reliability analyses, respectively. The range of relative distances covered across small-sided games, medium-sided games, and large-sided games was 14.8 m[Formula: see text]min-1 (95% CI 12.3-17.4) to 17.2 m[Formula: see text]min-1 (95% CI 13.5-20.8) for high-speed running, 2.7 m[Formula: see text]min-1 (95% CI 1.8-3.5) to 3.6 m[Formula: see text]min-1 (95% CI 2.3-4.8) for very high-speed running, and 0.2 m[Formula: see text]min-1 (95% CI 0.1-0.4) to 0.7 m[Formula: see text]min-1 (95% CI 0.5-0.9) for sprinting. Across different game formats, 95% prediction intervals showed future exposure for high-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting to be 0-46.5 m[Formula: see text]min-1, 0-14.2 m[Formula: see text]min-1, and 0-2.6 m[Formula: see text]min-1, respectively. High-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting showed poor reliability with a pooled coefficient of variation of 22.8% with distances being moderated by device speed thresholds, pitch dimension, and game orientation. CONCLUSIONS This review is the first to provide a detailed synthesis of exposure and intra-individual reliability of high-speed and sprint running during soccer sided games. Our estimates, along with the moderating influence of common programming variables such as velocity thresholds, area per player, and game orientation should be considered for informed planning of small-sided games, medium-sided games, and large-sided games soccer training. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework available through https://osf.io/a4xr2/ .
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Boraczyński MT, Laskin JJ, Gajewski J, Podstawski RS, Brodnicki MA, Boraczyński TW. Effects of two low-volume high-intensity interval training protocols in professional soccer: sprint interval training versus small-sided games. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:23-33. [PMID: 35191291 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programming of training protocols within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) framework with appropriate analysis of total training load could deliver optimal training adaptations. This study aims to compare the efficiency of two low-volume HIIT protocols integrated with the regular training regime in professional soccer players. METHODS Twenty-five participants aged 18.4-29.7 years were randomly assigned to one of two interventions involving straight-line sprint interval training (SIT, N.=13) or small-sided games (SSG, N.=12). Periodization was divided into two 3-week phases concluded by a 7-day taper. SIT first involved two-session·week-1 of one set of 10·45-s sprints (at maximal intensity) and then three-session·week-1 of two sets of 10·30-s sprints with a 0.75:1 and 1:1 recovery interval (slow running and stretching exercises), respectively. SSG in the first phase involved 5·3-min games of 4 vs. 4 and in the second phase 4·4-min games of 2 vs. 2 with 3-min recovery (practice drills at 60-70% HR<inf>max</inf>). Training load was controlled via session-RPE and HR-based methods. Pre- and postintervention testing included: countermovement jump height, 5-m and 30-m sprints performance, anaerobic power by the 10-s Wingate Anaerobic Test, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O<inf>2max</inf>) and blood lactate concentration (BLa-) determined by incremental exhaustive running test. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA showed group×time interaction effects for the 30-m sprint time (F<inf>(1,23)</inf>=3.023; P=0.049; η2 P=0.116), BLa- (F<inf>(1,23)</inf>=5.250; P=0.031; η2 P=0.185), and V̇O<inf>2max</inf> (F<inf>(1,23)=</inf>4.648, P=0.044; η2 P=0.157). SIT elicited greater enhancements in anaerobic performance (30-m sprint time and BLa-), while SSG induced larger improvements in V̇O<inf>2max</inf>. CONCLUSIONS Comparable effects of SIT and SSG protocols were noted, however the aerobic capacity benefits provided by SSG warrant this HIIT protocol as a highly recommended training modality in the professional soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał T Boraczyński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland -
| | - James J Laskin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert S Podstawski
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Global Positioning System Activity Profile in Male Para Footballers With Cerebral Palsy: Does Training Meet the Match-Play Intensity in a 3-Day National Tournament? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:1163-1167. [PMID: 34740223 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare training and match loads for cerebral palsy football athletes in a state-level development program to assess the specificity of training for competition in the para sport. DESIGN Time-motion analysis and heart-rate monitoring were applied during 20 training sessions of the Western Australia CP Football 2017 training season and seven competition matches of the 2017 Australian National Championships. The study used an observational study design with between-subjects and within-subjects comparisons of training and match loads. RESULTS There were no significant differences between training and match loads in players' measurements of speed components and heart rates, with two exceptions: higher match distance covered in very high speed ( g = 0.33) and time in heart rate zone 1 (<75% heart rate max, g = 0.45) and less time in heart rate zone 2 ( g = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the athletes were conditioned to perform at similar intensities implemented during training, as demonstrated by the consistency between competition and training data in total distance, relative speed zones, and relative heart rate zones. Coaches should apply this knowledge in the programming of training volume and intensities to obtain peak match fitness and specifically prepare athletes for competition in cerebral palsy football.
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Ouertatani Z, Selmi O, Marsigliante S, Aydi B, Hammami N, Muscella A. Comparison of the Physical, Physiological, and Psychological Responses of the High-Intensity Interval (HIIT) and Small-Sided Games (SSG) Training Programs in Young Elite Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13807. [PMID: 36360687 PMCID: PMC9655920 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of high-intensity interval (HIIT) and small-sided games (SSG) training programs on physiological and psychological responses in young soccer players. Twenty-four male soccer players (age 16.7 ± 0.9 years) were divided into two groups (HIIT and SSG) and completed a 6-week training programs consisting of two training sessions a week. HIIT consisted of intermittent runs lasting 15 s at the 110% maximum aerobic speed followed by a passive recovery lasting 15 s; SSG was instead structured in a 4 versus 4 players games on a playing field of 25 × 35 m. The muscular power of the lower body was assessed before and after each training session using the 5-jump test to leg length, and two incremental field tests (VAMEVAL test and modified agility t-test). Our results show that HIIT and SSG have similar beneficial effects on the variables connected to the soccer-specific performance and the endurance with little influence on neuromuscular performances. Psychological responses were assessed using the "physical activity enjoyment scale", the Hooper index and the POMS variables. Results showed that SSG offers greater perceived enjoyment than what can be achieved with HIIT. In conclusion, SSG can be considered an effective, more motivating, and fun soccer-specific training that brings about physiological responses and neuromuscular adjustments in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Ouertatani
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Okba Selmi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Santo Marsigliante
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Bilel Aydi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Nadhir Hammami
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Silva JR. The soccer season: performance variations and evolutionary trends. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14082. [PMID: 36217385 PMCID: PMC9547588 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological demands of soccer challenge the entire spectrum of the response capacity of the biological systems and fitness requirements of the players. In this review we examined variations and evolutionary trends in body composition, neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters, as well as in game-related physical parameters of professional players. Further, we explore aspects relevant for training monitoring and we reference how different training stimulus and situational variables (e.g., competition exposure) affect the physiological and performance parameters of players. Generally, improvements of small magnitude in non- (non-CMJ) and countermovement-based jumps (CMJBased) and in the sprint acceleration (ACCPhase) and maximal velocity phase (MVPhase) are observed from start of preparation phase (PPS) to beginning of competition phase (BCP). A greater magnitude of increases is observed in physiological and endurance performance measures within this period; moderate magnitude in sub-maximal intensity exercise (velocity at fixed blood lactate concentrations; V2-4mmol/l) and large magnitude in VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and intense intermittent exercise performance (IE). In the middle of competition phase (MCP), small (CMJBased and ACCPhase), moderate (non-CMJ; MVPhase; VO2max; sub-maximal exercise) and large (MAS and IE) improvements were observed compared to PPS. In the end of competition period (ECP), CMJBased and MVPhase improve to a small extent with non-CMJ, and ACCPhase, VO2max, MAS, sub-maximal intensity exercise and IE revealing moderate increments compared to PPS. Although less investigated, there are generally observed alterations of trivial magnitude in neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters between in-season assessments; only substantial alterations are examined for IE and sub-maximal exercise performance (decrease and increase of small magnitude, respectively) from BCP to MCP and in VO2max and IE (decrements of small magnitude) from MCP to ECP. Match performance may vary during the season. Although, the variability between studies is clear for TD, VHSR and sprint, all the studies observed substantial increments in HSR between MCP and ECP. Finally, studies examining evolutionary trends by means of exercise and competition performance measures suggests of a heightened importance of neuromuscular factors. In conclusion, during the preseason players "recover" body composition profile and neuromuscular and endurance competitive capacity. Within in-season, and more robustly towards ECP, alterations in neuromuscular performance seem to be force-velocity dependent, and in some cases, physiological determinants and endurance performance may be compromised when considering other in-season moments. Importantly, there is a substantial variability in team responses that can be observed during in-season. Consequently, this informs on the need to both provide a regular training stimulus and adequate monitorization throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Renato Silva
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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22
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Wang R, Li X, Wang J, Yu S, Zhang Y. Sulforaphane enhances Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses of skeletal muscle induced by exhaustive exercise in HIIT mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Custódio IJO, Dos Santos R, de Oliveira Ildefonso R, Andrade A, Diniz R, Peixoto G, Bredt S, Praça GM, Chagas MH. Effect of Small-Sided Games with and without the Offside Rule on Young Soccer Players: Reliability of Physiological Demands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10544. [PMID: 36078260 PMCID: PMC9518382 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the physiological demand between three vs. three small-sided games (SSGs) with (3vs.3WITH) and without (3vs.3WITHOUT) the offside rule, as well as the within- and between-session reliability of this demand. Twenty-four U-17 soccer athletes performed various three vs. three (plus goalkeepers) SSGs with and without the offside rule. The data collection was performed within an eight-week period. Athletes' heart rate was monitored during the SSG. The variables analyzed were the percentage mean heart rate (HRMEAN%) and the percentage peak heart rate (HRPEAK%). For the analysis of within-session reliability, the mean value of the first two and last two SSG bouts performed within one day were used. The between-session reliability was calculated using the mean value of the four SSG bouts of each SSG type performed on two different days. In both SSGs, the values for reliability were significant and were classified as moderate to excellent. There were no significant differences in the physiological demand among SSG types. We concluded that the offside rule does not influence the physiological demand in a three vs. three SSG and the HRMEAN% and HRPEAK% present moderate to excellent reliability in a three vs. three SSG with and without the offside rule.
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Nobari H, Ramachandran AK, Brito JP, Oliveira R. Quantification of Pre-Season and In-Season Training Intensity across an Entire Competitive Season of Asian Professional Soccer Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1367. [PMID: 35893188 PMCID: PMC9330844 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the training load in two microcycles (Ms) from pre- and another two from in-season and to analyze playing position influences on the load experienced by professional soccer players. Nineteen Asian athletes, including four central defenders, four wide defenders, six central midfielders, three wide midfielders, and two strikers participated in this study. The micro-electromechanical system was used to collect training duration, total distance, and data from Zone 1 (0−3.9 km·h−1), Zone 2 (4−7.1 km·h−1), Zone 3 (7.2−14.3 km·h−1), Zone 4 (14.4−19.7 km·h−1), and Zone 5 (>19.8 km·h−1), heart rate maximum (HRmax), and average (HRavg). The load was reduced on the last day of the Ms, with the exception of Zone 5, in M1, where higher values were found on the last day. Significant differences were observed between central and wide defenders for distance covered in Zone 4 (effect-size: ES = −4.83) in M2 and M4 (ES = 4.96). Throughout all the Ms, a constant HRmax (165−188 bpm) and HRavg (119−145 bpm) were observed. There was a tendency to decrease the load on the last day of the Ms. In general, there were higher external training loads in Ms from the pre-season than in-season. Wide defenders and wide midfielders showed higher distances covered with high-intensity running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, 81887-78473 Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
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Ben-Zaken S, Nefussy B, Meckel Y, Eliakim A, Nemet D, Gotkine M, Lorber D, Zeev A, Drory VE. Common genetic basis of ALS patients and soccer players may contribute to disease risk. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:4231-4238. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parpa K, Michaelides MA. Maximal Aerobic Power Using the Modified Heck Protocol: Prediction Models. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:694-700. [PMID: 35180800 DOI: 10.1055/a-1749-5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop prediction models based on an incremental treadmill test to volitional exhaustion utilizing the modified Heck protocol. A total of 598 professional and youth athletes participating in different sports were recruited for this study. Specifically, the study enrolled professional male soccer players (n=380), professional male futsal players (n=24), elite male basketball players (n=27), professional male soccer referees (n=50), elite female soccer players (n=19), youth male basketball players (13-14 yrs n=15, 15-17 yrs n=20) and youth male soccer players (15 yrs n=28, 16-17 yrs n=35). Anthropometric measurements included stature, body mass, and body fat. Furthermore, all participants performed incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill using the modified Heck protocol. Through multiple regression analysis, a separate prediction model was developed for each of the athletic populations. Results demonstrated that a significant (p=0.001) proportion of the variation observed in VO2max was explained by the variation in running time. The generated VO2max regression equations would allow athletes and coaches to predict VO2max in a relatively short time without the need for expensive and sophisticated equipment. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides regression models for different athletic populations using the modified Heck protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koulla Parpa
- Sports and exercise science, University of Central Lancashire - Cyprus Campus, Pyla, Cyprus, United States
| | - Marcos A Michaelides
- Sports and exercise science, University of Central Lancashire - Cyprus Campus, Pyla, Cyprus, United States
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Effects of small-sided games and running-based high-intensity interval training on body composition and physical fitness in under-19 female soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:119. [PMID: 35765044 PMCID: PMC9238068 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the effects of small-sided games (SSGs) and running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the body composition and physical fitness of youth female soccer players.
Methods This study followed a randomized parallel study design. Twenty-four female soccer players (age: 18.63 ± 2.36 years) were randomly allocated to two training groups (SSG, n = 12; and HIIT, n = 12). The training intervention had a duration of eight weeks, consisting of three training sessions per week. Players were assessed twice (pre- and post-intervention) for anthropometrics, vertical (countermovement jumps, CMJ; and drop jumps, DJ) and horizontal jumping (single, triple and crossover hop), sprinting (10- and 30-m), change-of-direction (COD), COD deficit and final velocity at 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT). A covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was used to determine differences between the groups in the effect on post-intervention by controlling for covariates (pre-intervention). The within-group analysis (time) was performed using a paired t-test, while the between-group analysis per assessment moment was performed using an independent t-test. Results The between-group analysis with ANCOVA revealed that there are no significant differences between the SSG and HIIT groups in the post-intervention for any outcome (p > 0.05). The within-group analysis revealed significant improvements in both the SSG and HIIT groups in CMJ (p < 0.05), single, triple and crossover hops (p < 0.05), RSI DJ 30-cm and RSI DJ 40-cm (p < 0.05), VIFT (p < 0.05) and COD (p < 0.05). Conclusions SSG and HIIT are both effective for improving vertical and horizontal jumping ability, change-of-direction, and aerobic capacity status measured at a progressive and intermittent multistage test in youth soccer players.
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Ishida A, Bazyler CD, Sayers AL, Stone MH, Gentles JA. Evidence and Application of Athlete Monitoring Programs in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Soccer: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Sampaio J, Calleja-González J, Echeazarra I. How different are soccer training sessions based on small-sided games? A cluster analysis to explore perceived exertion and training load. ACTA GYMNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Loturco I, Ashcroft P, Evans N, Tombs C, Pereira LA, Jeffreys I. Relationship Between Distinct Physical Capacities in Young Welsh Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:441-447. [PMID: 31860536 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Loturco, I, Ashcroft, P, Evans, N, Tombs, C, Pereira, LA, and Jeffreys, I. Relationship between distinct physical capacities in young Welsh rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 441-447, 2022-We examined the correlations between aerobic fitness (assessed by the 30-15 intermittent fitness test [IFT]), maximum isometric strength, vertical jump, and speed performance of 37 under-16 (U16) Welsh regional rugby players. The physical assessments used in this research are part of a regional development program under the auspices of the players' development pathway created by the Welsh Rugby Union. The tests were performed in the following order: vertical jumps, isometric midthigh pull, 40-m sprint velocity, and 30-15 IFT. A Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient was used to estimate the magnitude of the relationships between the different physical variables. Overall, we found significant associations between jump height, sprint velocity, maximum isometric strength, and 30-15 IFT performance (r ranging from 0.44 to 0.70). Moreover, strong positive interrelationships were observed between strength, speed, and jump qualities (r ranging from 0.51 to 0.80). Although these findings remain to be established in prospective studies, it seems that U16 athletes are capable of simultaneously improving their aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance. This can be confirmed by the close correlations between the 30-15 IFT and every neuromechanical parameter reported here. Therefore, practitioners are recommended to use multifaceted training schemes with their young rugby players, including different components of endurance, speed, strength, and power training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Ashcroft
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nathan Evans
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Tombs
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
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JARSTAD E, TYSLAND AC, MAMEN A. Development of running performance and endurance in youth soccer players following high-intensity continuous running of short exercise duration. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wilson R, Alder D, Dicks M, Poolton J. Examining the effect of reduced action capabilities on defensive anticipation in a 1-vs-1 task. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:234-241. [PMID: 35077294 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1865561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study used small-sided games (SSGs) to induce fatigue and therefore, reduce the action capabilities of Varsity soccer players (n= 20). The aim was to examine the effect of compromised action capabilities on defensive movement response in a 1-vs-1 scenario. Action capabilities were assessed via countermovement jumps (CMJ), 5-m acceleration, 20-m sprint and a Change of Direction (COD) test. Defensive movement response was measured via a Soccer-Specific Anticipation Test (SSAT). Following SSGs, significant reductions were observed in jump (p=.04, d=.31), acceleration (p<.001, d=.98), and sprint (p<.001, d=.66) performance. Significantly, players tended to move earlier in the SSAT following SSGs (p=.049, d=.66). Furthermore, to examine the distinct effect of reductions in each action capability, players were categorised according to whether SSGs had a worthwhile change in CMJ, acceleration, sprint or COD performance. For each of the four measures, movements tended to be initiated earlier following SSGs, although pre-/post-SSGs differences were not significant (p =.08-.51), moderate to large effect sizes were shown (d=.56-.84). These findings intimate that compromised action capabilities influence the timing of the movement response of defensive players in 1-vs-1 situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Wilson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - David Alder
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Matt Dicks
- Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jamie Poolton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Clubb J, Towlson C, Barrett S. Measurement properties of external training load variables during standardised games in soccer: Implications for training and monitoring strategies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262274. [PMID: 35061784 PMCID: PMC8782283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the measurement properties of external training load measures across three formats of standardised training games. Eighty-eight players from two English professional soccer clubs participated in the study spanning three consecutive seasons. External training load data was collected from three types of standardised game format drills (11v11, 10v10, 7v7+6) using Global Positioning Systems. For each external training load metric in each game format, the following measurement properties were calculated; coefficient of variation (CV%) to determine between- and within-subject reliability, intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) to determine test-retest reliability, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to determine sensitivity. Total distance (TD) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) demonstrated good sensitivity (TD SNR = 1.6–4.6; PL SNR = 1.2–4.3) on a group level. However, a wide variety of within-subject reliability was demonstrated for these variables (TD CV% = 1.7–36.3%; PL CV% = 4.3–39.5%) and corresponding intensity measures calculated per minute. The percentage contribution of individual planes to PL showed the lowest between-subject CV% (CV% = 2–7%), although sensitivity varied across formats (SNR = 0.3–1.4). High speed running demonstrated poor reliability across all three formats of SSG (CV% = 51–103%, ICC = 0.03–0.53). Given the measurement properties of external training load measures observed in this study, specifically the within-subject variation, reliability across trials of standardised training games should be calculated on an individual level. This will allow practitioners to detect worthwhile changes across trials of standardised game format drills. Such information is important for the appropriate implementation of training and monitoring strategies in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Clubb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve Barrett
- Sport Science, Performance Analysis, Research and Coaching (SPARC), PlayerMaker, London, United Kingdom
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André MJG, Georges MV, Prosper L, Dorel MK, Didace MM, Robert MBJ, Alphonse M. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Composition and Fitness Performance among Football Players in Negro African Environment. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.144036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oliveira JD, Hofman NB, Pasquarelli BN, Leonardi TJ. Proposals and effects of training using small-sided games for young soccer players: a narrative review. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220006022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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36
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Arslan E, Kilit B, Clemente FM, Soylu Y, Sögüt M, Badicu G, Akca F, Gokkaya M, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. The Effects of Exercise Order on the Psychophysiological Responses, Physical and Technical Performances of Young Soccer Players: Combined Small-Sided Games and High-Intensity Interval Training. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1180. [PMID: 34827173 PMCID: PMC8615019 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the order effects of combined small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the psychophysiological responses and physical and technical performances of young soccer players. Twenty-four soccer players (aged 14.63 ± 0.71 years) were randomly divided into SSGs + HIIT (n = 12) and HIIT + SSGs (n = 12) for 6 weeks. The SSGs consisted of two 4-16 min rounds of 2, 3, and four-a-side games with 2 min of passive resting, whereas the HIIT consisted of 6-10 min of high-intensity runs at varying intensities (from 90 to 100%). Pre-test and post-test elements included a 5-30 m sprint test, countermovement jump test, zigzag agility test with the ball and without the ball, repeated sprint ability test, speed dribbling ability test, three-corner run test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1. Both combined training interventions produced similar improvements in physical performance and technical responses (p ≥ 0.05, d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.10). However, the combined HIIT + SSGs training produced meaningfully lower perceived exertion (p = 0.00, d = 2.98) and greater physical enjoyment (p = 0.00, d = 4.28) compared with the SSGs + HIIT intervention. Furthermore, the SSGs + HIIT group showed a higher training load than those from the HIIT + SSGs group for all weeks (p ≤ 0.05, d values ranging from 1.36 to 2.05). The present study's results might be used by coaches and practitioners to design training programmes for youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey; (E.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bulent Kilit
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
| | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey; (E.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mustafa Sögüt
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Firat Akca
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mine Gokkaya
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (F.A.); (M.G.)
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Shalaby MN, Sakoury MMA, Abdi E, Elgamal S, Elrkbwey S, Ramadan W, Taiar R. The Impact of Resistance Training on Gene Expression of IGF1 and Athletes’ Physiological Parameters. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a resistance training program for 8 weeks on IGF1, gene expression, and physical performance in male student-athletes.
METHODS: The population of this study was 20 male students divided to two equal groups. The parameters estimated were IGF1, gene expression, and muscle strength testing. Blood was drawn to verify the concentration of the variables, using kits and Elisa method in addition to the PCR technique.
RESULTS: The results revealed that a significant increase in IGF1, gene expression was different between students. Furthermore, muscle strength testing revealed significant changes.
CONCLUSION: The results suggested that resistance training program may impact fitness and muscle strength as well the anabolic activity through IGF1 increase accompanied by varied gene expressions.
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Sammoud S, Bouguezzi R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Negra Y, Prieske O, Moran J, Chaabene H. Effects of plyometric jump training versus power training using free weights on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:130-137. [PMID: 34749577 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1976570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to contrast the effects of power training (PT) and plyometric-jump-training (PJT) programmes on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Thirty-three participants were randomly allocated to PT group (n = 11), PJT group (n = 11), and an active control group (CG; n = 11). Before and after 12 weeks of training, tests were performed for the assessment of sprint-speed , change-of-direction (CoD) speed, muscular strength , and aerobic-endurance (AE). Findings indicated significant group×time interaction effects for all sprint-speed intervals, CoD speed, AE, and strength (d = 0.20-0.32). Post-hoc analyses revealed significant, moderate-to-large improvements in all sprint-speed intervals, CoD speed, AE, and muscle strength following PT (ES = 0.71 to 1.38). The PJT induced significant, moderate-to-large enhancements in 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprint, CoD speed, and AE (ES = 0.51 to 0.96) with no significant changes for 5 m sprint-speed and muscle strength (ES = 0.71 and 0.16, respectively). No significant pre-post changes were observed for the CG . Overall, PT and PJT are effective means to improve various measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Notably, to additionally improve acceleration and muscle strength, PT has an advantage over PJT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senda Sammoud
- Research Unit (Ur17js01) «sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (Ur17js01) «sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad De Los Lagos. Santiago, Chile.,Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (Ur17js01) «sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical education, Kef, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jandouba, Tunisia
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The rating of perceived exertion is able to differentiate the post-matches metabolomic profile of elite U-20 soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:371-382. [PMID: 34739602 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to assess the metabolic impact of elite Brazilian U-20 players using the rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) to discriminate metabolomics sensitivity post-two soccer games separated by a short recovery interval. METHODS Urine was collected immediately and then 20 h after two soccer matches of elite Brazilian U-20 players. RPE was collected after games. The spectra were pre-processed using TopSpin®3.2 software. Chenomx®software was used to identify metabolites in the urine through the available database. RESULTS The results showed that the metabolic pathways related to energy production, cellular damage, and organic stresses were changed immediately after the game. 20 h after the games, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways related to cell recovery were identified (e.g., gallic acid, ascorbate, and betaine). The matrix of positive correlations between metabolites was more predominant and stronger after game 2 than game 1. T-distribution registered metabolites discriminated below and above 7 on the RPE scale. Athletes with higher RPE values showed a high metabolite profile related to muscle damage (e.g., creatine, creatinine, and glycine) and energy production (e.g., creatine, formate, pyruvate, 1,3 dihydroxyacetone) 20 h post-soccer match. There was a different metabolic profile between athletes with higher and lower RPE values. CONCLUSION Metabolomics analysis made it possible to observe the metabolic impacts of energy production and muscular damage. RPE identified internal load changes within the group as a result of match intensity in soccer. The correlation matrix indicated a greater predominance of positive and strong correlations between metabolites in the second game compared to the first game.
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De Oliveira RM, Neves EB, Da Rosa SE, Marson RA, de Souza Vale RG, Morgado JJM, de Assis Lacerda Junior W, Soeiro RSP, de Alkmim Moreira Nunes R. Effect of 6 Months of Physical Training on the Physical Fitness of Young Brazilian Army Cadets. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111439. [PMID: 34828486 PMCID: PMC8623716 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the increase in the employment of women in conflicts around the world, the federal government of Brazil enacted a law which determines the participation of women in the military. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of six months of physical training (PT) on the physical fitness of young Brazilian Army cadets to carry out the physical assessments provided in military training. Sixty-eight members of the (19.4 ± 1.0 years) military from the Brazilian Army (BA), with BMI of (23.61 ± 2.17/21.81 ± 2.26) respectively and divided in two groups (men/women) participated in the study. PT was conducted by Manual EB20-MC10.350. Anthropometric measurements and assessment of body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry were performed. The Student’s t test, percentage evolution equation, and Levene test were used. Results showedasignificant increase in anthropometric variables and cardiorespiratory fitness in both groups. Bone health variables and visceral fat presented a significant increase in the malegroup. In terms of muscle fitness handgrip and isometric strength there was no significant variation between the groups and push-up and pull-up there was significant variation between the groups. Percentage evolution was greater in female group. The conclusion shows PT was able to cause beneficial changes, promoting positive improvement in bone health, especially in women. Also, PT was shown to enhance cardiorespiratory capacity, and muscle fitness of the upper limbs in all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Melo De Oliveira
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná (PPGEB/UTFPR), Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil;
| | - Samir Ezequiel Da Rosa
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Runer Augusto Marson
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (PPCEE/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil; (R.G.d.S.V.); (R.d.A.M.N.)
| | - Jairo José Monteiro Morgado
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Wilson de Assis Lacerda Junior
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Renato Souza Pinto Soeiro
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Rodolfo de Alkmim Moreira Nunes
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (PPCEE/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil; (R.G.d.S.V.); (R.d.A.M.N.)
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Koral J, Lloria Varella J, Lazaro Romero F, Foschia C. Effects of Three Preseason Training Programs on Speed, Change-of-Direction, and Endurance in Recreationally Trained Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:719580. [PMID: 34603079 PMCID: PMC8484869 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.719580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Modern coaches experience a drastic reduction of the available training time with an increasingly large number of competitions during the competitive season. Thus, they must choose wisely the most efficient methods to improve the physical fitness of their players during the preseason. Among all the methods, this study compared the effects of plyometric training (PT), sprint interval training (SIT), and small-sided games (SSGs) on the performance of recreationally trained soccer players. Methods: Seventy-three participants were randomly assigned in one of the three experimental groups (i.e., PT [n = 23], SIT [n = 26] or SSGs [n = 24]) and completed two sessions per week for a total of 3 weeks. Meanwhile, the whole group maintained their habitual soccer-specific training program who do not interfere in the preparation of the season. Repeated sprint ability (RSA), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and a 30-m sprint were assessed at baseline (PRE) and post-training (POST). Results: Performance in SSGs decreased for the average speed from 0 to 10 m (V0−10m; −0.84 km h−1, −4 ± 5%, p < 0.001), the maximal distance (Dmax) covered in the 30-s RSA test (−3.65 m, −3 ± 6%, p < 0.01) and MAS (−0.52 km h−1, −3 ± 6%, p < 0.01). PT increased the mean distance (Dmean) covered in the 30-s RSA test (+5.98 m, 5 ± 4%, p < 0.001) and MAS (+0.58 km h−1, 7 ± 5%, p < 0.01) while an improvement of all parameters but the maximal sprint speed reached during the 30-m trip (Vmax) was found in the SIT group (V0−10m: +1.462 km h−1, 8 ± 5%, p < 0.001; Dmax: +7.89 m, 6 ± 5%, p < 0.001; Dmean: +8.69 m, 7 ± 5%, p < 0.001 and MAS: +1.74 km h−1, 12 ± 8%, p < 0.001). All SSG POST values were significantly lower than PT and SIT (p < 0.01). Dmean and MAS in POST were also significantly higher in SIT than in the PT group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that both PT and SIT could be a better alternative to SSGs to boost performances during preseason. Moreover, SIT seems to produce higher improvements in physical performances than PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Koral
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jaume Lloria Varella
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Clément Foschia
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Branquinho L, Ferraz R, Marques MC. 5-a-Side Game as a Tool for the Coach in Soccer Training. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Javanmardi Z, Jahromi MK, Hemmatinafar M, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. The Effect of Simulation-based Training on Athletic Performances among Female Basketball Players. THE OPEN SPORTS SCIENCES JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1875399x02114010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The effectiveness of simulation-based training has been examined in various sports. However, considering the effect of gender and sport on training, it would be interesting to evaluate simulation-based training in female basketball.
Objective:
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of simulation-based training on physical fitness and performance indices in female basketball players.
Methods:
Sixteen female semi-professional basketball players were randomly assigned to experimental (n=8; age, 25±2 years; weight, 62±9 kg; height, 167±8 cm) or control (n=8; age, 24±1 years; weight, 57±9 kg; height, 170±8 cm) groups. The experimental group participated in a six week basketball simulation training program including running with different speeds (jogging to sprinting), agility, jumping, and shuffling. Both groups performed the Cooper 12 min run, line drill, an adjusted T-test, 20 ms print, the Sargent vertical jump and basketball exercise simulation test before and after six weeks of the study period. Control and experimental groups performed typical basketball training, three times weekly. The overall training volume was similar for both groups.
Results:
The perceived exertion was higher in the simulation-based training than control (p<0.05) group. The findings of this study indicated a significant increase in VO2 max (p=0.001), anaerobic power (p=0.009), explosive leg strength (p=0.036), and total distance covered in basketball exercise simulation test (p=0.001) and decrease of the meantime of one round of basketball exercise simulation test (p=0.001) in the simulation training compared to the control group.
Conclusion:
Generally incorporation of the simulation-based training in conditioning programs is recommended for improving aerobic, anaerobic and leg explosive strength of basketball players.
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Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189833. [PMID: 34574757 PMCID: PMC8472487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study analyses the influence of different area per player (AP; 75, 98 and 131 m2) on the average metabolic power (MP) and other soccer-related performance variables in relation to the positional roles. We recruited 19 non-professional male soccer players (25.2 ± 6.3 y; 23.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2; 16.4 ± 6.3 y soccer experience) to play three different small-sided games (SSGs): SSG1 (5 vs. 5; 30 × 30 m; 5 min), SSG2 (5 vs. 5; 35 × 45 m; 5 min) and SSG3 (7 vs. 7; 35 × 45 m; 8 min). Specific playing rules were applied. GPS-assessed soccer-related variables were: average MP (AMP), distance covered in 1 min (DIS); % time spent at high speed (v > 16 km/h; % hst) or MP (>20 W/kg; % hmpt); % distance covered at high positive/negative speed (2 < v < 4 m/s2, % ACC; −6 < v < −2 m/s2, % DEC); and number of actions at high MP (hmpa). All recorded variables differed when each SSG was compared to the others (p < 0.05), but for hmpa for attackers. Most performance variables were positively associated with increasing AP (p < 0.05), but for % ACC and % DEC, and differed among positional roles within the same SSG (p < 0.05). Here the general applicability of SSGs, regardless the physical/technical skills of the group of players, to enhance performance is confirmed; furthermore, quantitative advices on AMP and other performance variables are provided to achieve significant improvements in all soccer players of the team.
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Ribeiro J, Afonso J, Camões M, Sarmento H, Sá M, Lima R, Oliveira R, Clemente FM. Methodological Characteristics, Physiological and Physical Effects, and Future Directions for Combined Training in Soccer: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9081075. [PMID: 34442212 PMCID: PMC8393610 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined training (CT) may combine strength and endurance training within a given time period, but it can also encompass additional protocols consisting of velocity, balance, or mobility as part of the same intervention. These combined approaches have become more common in soccer. This systematic review was conducted to (1) characterize the training protocols used in CT studies in soccer, (2) summarize the main physiological and physical effects of CT on soccer players, and (3) provide future directions for research. Methods: A systematic review of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The PICOS were defined as follows: P (soccer players of any age or sex); I (CT combining strength and endurance or sprinting or balance or mobility training); C (the control group (whenever applicable), with or without comparative interventions in addition to usual soccer training); O (acute and/or chronic responses: biochemical, physiological and physical); S (must have at least two groups, either randomized or non-randomized). The database search initially identified 79 titles. From those, eight articles were deemed eligible for the systematic review. Three studies analyzed acute responses to concurrent training, while the remaining five analyzed adaptations to CT. In those tested for acute responses, physiological (hormonal) and physical (strength and power external load, internal load) parameters were observed. Adaptations were mainly focused on physical parameters (strength and power, sprints, jumps, repeated sprint ability, aerobic, change-of-direction), with relatively little focus on physiological parameters (muscle architecture). Short-term responses to CT can affect hormonal responses of testosterone after resistance training with internal and external load. In turn, these responses’ effects on strength and power have produced mixed results, as have adaptations. Specifically, strength and hypertrophy are affected to a lesser extent than speed/power movements. Nevertheless, it is preferable to perform CT before endurance exercises since it is a limiting factor for interference. Volume, intensity, rest between sessions, and athletes’ fitness levels and nutrition dictate the degree of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ribeiro
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.C.); (R.L.)
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Miguel Camões
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.C.); (R.L.)
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Mário Sá
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Lima
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.C.); (R.L.)
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.C.); (R.L.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030069. [PMID: 34449680 PMCID: PMC8395732 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A desire to make fitness testing cheaper and easier to conduct in a team-sport setting has led to the development of numerous field aerobic fitness tests. This has contributed to a growing confusion among strength and conditioning coaches about which one to use. The main aim of this narrative review was to examine the reliability, validity, sensitivity and usefulness of the commonly used field aerobic fitness tests and to provide practical guidelines for their use in soccer. The University of Montreal track test (UMTT) and Vam Eval test seem the best options for estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) while the highest signal-to-noise ratio of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) suggests its superior sensitivity to track changes in fitness. The UMTT and 30-15IFT are the best solutions for prescription of long and short high-intensity interval training sessions, respectively. All field tests mostly present with marginal usefulness, but the smallest worthwhile change for UMTT or Vam Eval test, Yo-YoIRT2 and 30-15IFT are smaller than their stage increment making the improvement of only one stage in the test performance already worthwhile. Strength and conditioning coaches are advised to choose the test based on their specific purpose of testing.
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Castillo D, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Nakamura FY, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yanci J, Zubillaga A, Raya-González J. Influence of Different Small-Sided Game Formats on Physical and Physiological Demands and Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2287-2293. [PMID: 30908372 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Castillo, D, Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Nakamura, FY, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Yanci, J, Zubillaga, A, and Raya-González, J. Influence of different small-sided game formats on physical and physiological demands and physical performance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2287-2293, 2021-The aim of this study was to quantify the acute impact of bout duration and individual interaction space on physical and physiological demands and on physical performance. Ten young male soccer players (age: 14.8 ± 0.6 years) from the same team playing in the National U-16 Division participated. Physical (total distance [TD]; distance covered at different speeds; and maximum velocity [Velmax]) and physiological (peak [HRpeak] and mean [HRmean] heart rate) parameters were collected for every bout during each small-sided game (SSG) format. Moreover, the effects of SSGs on horizontal jump (HJ) and 30-m sprint performances were evaluated. The SSG formats were composed of 6 players a side (including goalkeepers) and included 4 repetitions of 6 minutes in a space of 100 m2 (SSG1) or 200 m2 (SSG2) and 6 repetitions of 4 minutes in 100 m2 (SSG3) or 200 m2 (SSG4). The TD, the distance covered at different speeds, and Velmax were greater (p < 0.01, effect size [ES] = 1.25-5.95, large) in SSG2 and SSG4 than SSG1 and SSG3, respectively. Furthermore, the HRmean and HRpeak were lower (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.23, large) during SSG3 than other SSGs. In addition, while a significant (p < 0.05, ES = 0.70-2.04, moderate to large) increase in SPR30 time in SSG1 and SSG3 was observed, HJ performance was not affected (p > 0.05, ES = 0.03-0.54, trivial to moderate) by any SSG format. These findings suggest increasing pitch size to induce greater physical demands and to use SSGs with smaller pitch size, and independently of the bout duration, to induce neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile ; and
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Kanope T, Pimenta EM, Veneroso C, Coelho D, Oliveira LF, Silami-Garcia E, Morandi RF, Carvalho MRS, Rosse IC. Is lin28a polymorphism associated with endurance performance in soccer players? SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zanin M, Ranaweera J, Darrall-Jones J, Weaving D, Till K, Roe G. A systematic review of small sided games within rugby: Acute and chronic effects of constraints manipulation. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1633-1660. [PMID: 33956579 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-sided games is a commonly used training method to develop technical, tactical and physical qualities concurrently. However, a review of small-sided games in rugby football codes (e.g. rugby union, rugby league) is not available. This systematic review aims to investigate the acute responses and chronic adaptations of small-sided games within rugby football codes considering the constraints applied. Four electronical databases were systematically searched until August 2020. Acute and chronic studies investigating rugby football codes small-sided games, with healthy amateur and professional athletes were included. Twenty studies were eventually included: 4 acute and 1 chronic in rugby union, 13 acute and 2 chronic in rugby league. Acute studies investigated task and individual constraints. Chronic studies showed that small-sided games would be an effective training method to improve physical performance. Current research in rugby football codes is heavily biased towards investigating how manipulating constraints can affect the physical characteristics of small-sided games, with limited literature investigating the effect on technical skills, and no studies investigating tactical behaviour. Future research is needed to evidence the effects of constraint manipulation on technical and tactical behaviour of rugby football players in small-sided games, in addition to physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zanin
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Jayamini Ranaweera
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,Department of Sport Health, and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
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