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Kreuter A, Moinzadeh P, Kinberger M, Horneff G, Worm M, Werner RN, Hammacher A, Krieg T, Wenzel J, Oeschger M, Weibel L, Müllegger R, Hunzelmann N. S2k guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of localized scleroderma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:605-620. [PMID: 38426689 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The updated S2k guideline deals with the diagnosis and therapy of localized scleroderma (LoS). LoS represents a spectrum of sclerotic skin diseases in which, depending on the subtype and localisation, structures such as adipose tissue, muscles, joints, and bones may also be affected. Involvement of internal organs or progression to systemic sclerosis does not occur. LoS can be classified into four main forms: limited, generalized, linear, and mixed forms, with some additional subtypes. For cases of limited skin involvement, the guideline primarily recommends therapy with topical corticosteroids. UV therapy can also be recommended. In subtypes with severe skin or musculoskeletal involvement, systemic therapy with methotrexate is recommended. During the active phase of the disease, systemic glucocorticosteroids can be used additionally. In cases of methotrexate and steroid refractory courses, contraindications, or intolerance, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, or abatacept can be considered as second-line systemic therapies. In the case of linear LoS, autologous adipose-derived stem cell transplantation can also be performed for correcting soft tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Helios St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Helios St. Johannes Hospital Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Pia Moinzadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Kinberger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Horneff
- Department of General Pediatrics, Asklepios Hospital, St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo N Werner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Weibel
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Müllegger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Nicolas Hunzelmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kreuter A, Moinzadeh P, Kinberger M, Horneff G, Worm M, Werner RN, Hammacher A, Krieg T, Wenzel J, Oeschger M, Weibel L, Müllegger R, Hunzelmann N. S2k‐Leitlinie: Diagnostik und Therapie der zirkumskripten Sklerodermie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:605-621. [PMID: 38574014 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15328_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende aktualisierte S2k‐Leitlinie befasst sich mit der Diagnostik und der Therapie der zirkumskripten Sklerodermie (ZS). Diese umfasst ein Spektrum sklerotischer Erkrankungen der Haut mit, je nach Subtyp und Lokalisation, möglicher Beteiligung von hautnahen Strukturen wie Fettgewebe, Muskulatur, Gelenke und Knochen. Ein Befall innerer Organe oder ein Übergang in eine systemische Sklerodermie treten nicht auf. Eingeteilt werden kann die ZS in die vier Hauptformen der limitierten, generalisierten, linearen und gemischten Form. Teilweise existieren weitere Unterformen. Bei limitiertem Hautbefall empfiehlt die Leitlinie primär eine Therapie mit topischen Kortikosteroiden. Eine UV‐Therapie kann ebenfalls sinnvoll sein. Bei Subtypen mit schwerem Hautbefall oder muskuloskelettalem Befall wird eine systemische Therapie mit Methotrexat empfohlen. In der aktiven Phase der Erkrankung können ergänzend systemische Glukokortikosteroide eingesetzt werden. Bei MTX‐ und Steroid‐refraktären Verläufen, Kontraindikation oder Unverträglichkeit sollten Mycophenolat‐Mofetil, Mycophenolsäure oder Abatacept als Systemtherapie der zweiten Wahl eingesetzt werden. Bei einer linearen ZS kann zudem eine autologe Fettstammzelltransplantation zur Korrektur von Weichteildefekten erfolgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreuter
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Deutschland
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Johannes Hospital Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | - Pia Moinzadeh
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Maria Kinberger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Gerd Horneff
- Allgemeine Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Asklepios Klinik St. Augustin, St. Augustin, Deutschland
| | - Margitta Worm
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ricardo N Werner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - Thomas Krieg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | | | - Lisa Weibel
- Universitäts-Kinderspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Robert Müllegger
- Abteilung für Dermatologie und Venerologie am Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Österreich
| | - Nicolas Hunzelmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland
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Knobler R, Geroldinger-Simić M, Kreuter A, Hunzelmann N, Moinzadeh P, Rongioletti F, Denton CP, Mouthon L, Cutolo M, Smith V, Gabrielli A, Bagot M, Olesen AB, Foeldvari I, Jalili A, Kähäri V, Kárpáti S, Kofoed K, Olszewska M, Panelius J, Quaglino P, Seneschal J, Sticherling M, Sunderkötter C, Tanew A, Wolf P, Worm M, Skrok A, Rudnicka L, Krieg T. Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of sclerosing diseases of the skin, Part 1: Localized scleroderma, systemic sclerosis and overlap syndromes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38456584 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The term 'sclerosing diseases of the skin' comprises specific dermatological entities, which have fibrotic changes of the skin in common. These diseases mostly manifest in different clinical subtypes according to cutaneous and extracutaneous involvement and can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from each other. The present consensus provides an update to the 2017 European Dermatology Forum Guidelines, focusing on characteristic clinical and histopathological features, diagnostic scores and the serum autoantibodies most useful for differential diagnosis. In addition, updated strategies for the first- and advanced-line therapy of sclerosing skin diseases are addressed in detail. Part 1 of this consensus provides clinicians with an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of localized scleroderma (morphea), and systemic sclerosis including overlap syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Knobler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Geroldinger-Simić
- Department of Dermatology, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - A Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - N Hunzelmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - P Moinzadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - F Rongioletti
- Vita Salute University IRCSS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - C P Denton
- Center for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - L Mouthon
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares d'Ile de France, APHP-CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Cutolo
- Laboratories for Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine DiMI, University Medical School of Genoa, IRCCS San Martino Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - V Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Gabrielli
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare e Terapia Cellulare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Bagot
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A B Olesen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - I Foeldvari
- Hamburg Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Schön Klinik Hamburg Eilbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Jalili
- Dermatology & Skin Care Clinic, Buochs, Switzerland
| | - V Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - S Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Kofoed
- The Skin Clinic, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Panelius
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - J Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-Andre, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Immuno CencEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Sticherling
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Tanew
- Private Practice, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Skrok
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Krieg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, and Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Tognetti L, Marrocco C, Carraro A, Guerrini G, Mariotti GI, Cinotti E, Rubegni P. Clinical and laboratory characterization of patients with localized scleroderma and response to UVA-1 phototherapy: In vivo and in vitro skin models. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:531-540. [PMID: 35324032 PMCID: PMC9790552 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Localized scleroderma (LS) is a rare disease leading to progressive hardening and induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. LS is responsive to UVA-1 phototherapy, though its exact mechanism of action dermal fibrosis is yet to be fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the molecular changes induced by UVA-1 rays in human primary fibroblasts cultures. METHODS A total of 16 LS patients were treated with medium-dose UVA-1 phototherapy. At baseline, during and after therapy, Localized Scleroderma Assessment Tool, Dermatology Life Quality Index and lesions' staging and mapping were performed along with high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) examination for dermal thickness assessment. Gene expression analysis for 23 mRNA transcripts, in vitro UVA-1 irradiation and viability tests were realized on lesional fibroblasts' primary cultures, before and 3 months after therapy. RESULTS The dermal thickness, the LoSCAT and the DLQI progressively decreased starting from the last phototherapy session up to the 6 and 9 month follow-ups (-57% and -60%, respectively). Molecular gene analysis (rt-PCR) revealed that UVA-1 phototherapy exerts multiple effects: the activation of specific anti-fibrotic pathways (e.g., overexpression of CTHRC1 and metalloproteases 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, suppression of TIMP-1), the downregulation of peculiar pro-fibrotic pathways (e.g., downregulation of TGF-ß, TGF-ßrII, Grb2, SMAD 2/3, TNRSF12A, CTGF) through a significant overexpression of IL-1ß; the stabilization of collagen synthesis acting on genes COL1A1, COL3A1, COL8A1, COL10A1, COL12A1. CONCLUSION UVA-1 phototherapy adds significant benefits in local tissue remodeling, rebalancing the alteration between pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic pathways; these changes can be well monitored by HFUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tognetti
- Dermatology Unit and Skin Bank Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical and Neuro‐sciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Camilla Marrocco
- Dermatology Unit and Skin Bank Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical and Neuro‐sciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Andrea Carraro
- Dermatology Unit and Skin Bank Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical and Neuro‐sciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Giuditta Guerrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - GIancarlo Mariotti
- Dermatology Unit and Skin Bank Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical and Neuro‐sciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Elisa Cinotti
- Dermatology Unit and Skin Bank Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical and Neuro‐sciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit and Skin Bank Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical and Neuro‐sciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
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LaChance AH, Goldman N, Kassamali B, Vleugels RA. Immunologic underpinnings and treatment of morphea. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:461-483. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2063841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery H. LaChance
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathaniel Goldman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY
| | - Bina Kassamali
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruth Ann Vleugels
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abbas L, Joseph A, Kunzler E, Jacobe HT. Morphea: progress to date and the road ahead. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:437. [PMID: 33842658 PMCID: PMC8033330 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Morphea is a rare autoimmune condition causing inflammation and sclerosis of the skin and underlying soft tissue. It is characterized by periods of activity (inflammation admixed with fibrosis), ultimately resulting in permanent damage (pigment change and tissue loss). Damage resulting from unchecked activity can lead to devastating, permanent cosmetic and functional sequelae including hair loss; cutaneous, soft tissue and bony atrophy; joint contractures; and growth restriction of the affected body site in children. This makes the early identification of activity and initiation of appropriate treatment crucial to limiting damage in morphea. To this end, recent investigative work has focused on validation of clinical, biomarker, imaging, and histologic outcomes aimed at accurately quantifying activity and damage. Despite promising results, further work is needed to better validate these measures before they can be used in the clinic and research settings. Although there has been recent approval of less toxic, targeted therapies for many inflammatory skin conditions, none have been systematically investigated in morphea. The mainstays of treatment for active morphea are corticosteroids and methotrexate. These are often limited by substantial toxicity. The paucity of new treatments for morphea is the result of a lack of studies examining its pathogenesis, with many reviews extrapolating from research in systemic sclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of dysregulated immune and fibrotic pathways in the pathogenesis of morphea, particularly interferon (IFN) gamma related pathways. Active morphea lesions have been found to display an inflammatory morphea signature with CXCR3 receptor ligands, as well as a distinct fibrotic signature reflecting fibroblast activation and collagen production. CXCL9 and 10 have been associated with increased measures of disease activity. While immune dysfunction is thought to play the primary role in morphea pathogenesis, there are other factors that may also contribute, including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and vascular dysregulation. There remains an essential need for further research to elucidate the pathogenesis of morphea and the mode of action of dysregulated upstream and downstream immune and fibrotic pathways. These studies will allow for the discovery of novel biomarkers and targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Abbas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Adrienne Joseph
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elaine Kunzler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heidi T Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Barolet AC, Litvinov IV, Barolet D. Beneficial Effects of Near-Infrared Light Photobiomodulation in Linear Morphea: A Case Report. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:679-682. [PMID: 33103949 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Linear morphea is a variant of scleroderma limited to the skin and underlying tissues secondary to an autoimmune inflammation leading to excess collagen deposition and fibrosis. Apart from topical or oral medications, successful light-based treatments have been reported using phototherapy including Psoralen plus ultraviolet A, photodynamic therapy, carbon dioxide laser, pulsed dye laser, and visible/infrared light. Methods: We report a patient with biopsy-proven infraorbital linear morphea responding to 940 nm near-infrared light photobiomodulation treatments. Results: The patient had excellent cosmesis without textural changes or hypopigmentation despite her darker skin complexion (Fitzpatrick phototype III) after tri-weekly treatments for 8 months. Conclusions: Linear morphea, therefore, may be potentially amenable to home use light-based therapy by using nonthermal nonablative 940 nm photons. To our knowledge, this home-based treatment approach has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin C Barolet
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Graduate Training Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Graduate Training Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Barolet
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,RoseLab Skin Optics Research Laboratory, Laval, Canada
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Pitney T, Pitney MJ. A retrospective review of UVA1 treatment: An Australian experience from a single centre. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 61:318-323. [PMID: 32390138 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic value of ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy has been acknowledged for many years. Initially developed predominately for experimental and diagnostic purposes, it was subsequently recognised as a beneficial therapeutic modality in atopic dermatitis and localised scleroderma, and more recently a variety of sclerosing and fibrosing dermatoses, T-lymphocyte mediated disorders, both inflammatory and infiltrative, and several predominately dermal processes previously unresponsive to current therapies. METHODS We present a retrospective evaluation of outcomes and treatment tolerability in adult patients using a low dose (30 joules/cm2 ), regimen administered in our private dermatologic practice, between 2006 and December 2019. RESULTS Major clinical groups represented include atopic dermatitis, localised and systemic sclerodermas, mycosis fungoides, urticarial dermatitis, generalised pruritus and granuloma annulare. Eighty-seven patients are included in this study with 92% of all patients experiencing a beneficial result, 54% having complete and 38% partial relief of presenting signs and/or symptoms. UVA1 therapy was well tolerated, with no patients ceasing treatment due to adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Ultraviolet A1 is an effective and safe treatment option in many hitherto recalcitrant cutaneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pitney
- Pitney Dermatology, Toowong, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Chia BKY, Chia GSZ, Tan EST, Tan VWD, Chong WS. Ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy in Asian skin: A review of 159 cases in Singapore. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2019; 86:162-168. [PMID: 30829299 DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_751_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy has been used to treat many inflammatory dermatoses. Aims To determine the efficacy and safety of ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy in Asian skin. Materials and Methods We performed a review of records of patients undergoing ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy at our dermatology unit in Singapore from January 2007 to January 2011. Their electronic medical records were reviewed and a standardized questionnaire was filled up for data collection and tabulation. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the difference in response between various groups for each characteristic. P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Our study comprised of 159 patients, of which 103 were patients with hand and foot eczema, 21 with atopic dermatitis, 17 with scleroderma and the remaining with miscellaneous dermatoses. Of these patients, 47.6% of patients with hand and feet eczema had good response after 10 sessions, which increased to 75% after 20 sessions and to 84.6% after 30 sessions. After 10 sessions, 47.6% of patients with atopic dermatitis had good response, which increased to 66.7% after 20 sessions. After 30 sessions, all the three remaining patients with atopic dermatitis experienced good response. For patients with scleroderma, only 11.8 and 10% had good response after 10 and 20 sessions, respectively, which increased to 40% after 30 sessions. Limitations Limitations of our study include its retrospective design and, consequently, the lack of standardized treatment protocol, as well as subjective assessment in terms of clinical improvement. Conclusions Ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy appears to be efficacious for the treatment of hand and foot eczema as well as atopic dermatitis. However, in patients with scleroderma, the response was partial and needed a longer duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel S Z Chia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Gambichler T, Schmitz L. Ultraviolet A1 Phototherapy for Fibrosing Conditions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:237. [PMID: 30211165 PMCID: PMC6119689 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article we describe efficacy and safety aspects of ultraviolet A1 (UV-A1) phototherapy in fibrosing conditions. UV-A1 is a specific phototherapeutic modality that is defined by a selective spectral range (340–400 nm). UV-A1 includes distinct modes of action qualifying this method for therapy of a variety of conditions, in particular fibrosing skin diseases. Concerning efficacy of UV-A1 phototherapy in fibrosing conditions, the best evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials exists for localized scleroderma. Moreover, fibrosing disorders such as lichen sclerosus and graft-vs.-host disease can be treated successfully by means of UV- A1. Regarding the optimal dosage regimen medium-dose UV-A1 seems to be linked to the best benefit/risk ratio. Possible acute adverse events of UV-A1 phototherapy include erythema and provocation of photodermatoses. Skin ageing and skin cancer formation belong to the chronic adverse events that may occur after long-term UV-A1 phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitz
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Lee J, Park H, Yoon H, Chung J, Cho S. CD34 stromal expression is inversely proportional to smooth muscle actin expression and extent of morphea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:2208-2216. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Seoul National University Graduate School; Seoul Korea
| | - H.S. Park
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Seoul National University Graduate School; Seoul Korea
| | - H.S. Yoon
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Seoul National University Graduate School; Seoul Korea
| | - J.H. Chung
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Seoul National University Graduate School; Seoul Korea
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - S. Cho
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Seoul National University Graduate School; Seoul Korea
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Osmola-Mańkowska AJ, Teresiak-Mikołajczak E, Kowalczyk MJ, Żaba RW, Adamski Z, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A. Expression of selected genes of dendritic and Treg cells in blood and skin of morphea patients treated with UVA1 phototherapy. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:361-369. [PMID: 29593811 PMCID: PMC5868677 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morphea is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin. Dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a significant role in development of autoimmune and tolerance mechanisms. The aim of the study was to establish the expression of selected genes of plasmacytoid and myeloid DC, Treg cells, and the microenvironment of cytokines (interleukin-17A (IL-17A), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)) in blood and skin of morphea patients. In addition, the effect of UVA1 phototherapy on expression of the aforementioned genes was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed on 15 blood and 10 skin samples from patients with morphea. The evaluation included expression of CLEC4C (C-type lectin domain family 4, member C receptor), Lymphocyte antigen 75 (LY75), Forkhead box p3 (foxp3) transcription factor, IL-17A and TGF-β genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in skin samples both before and after UVA1 phototherapy using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The study revealed lower expression of CLEC4C before (p = 0.010) and after (p = 0.009) phototherapy and lower expression of IL-17A before (p = 0.038) phototherapy in PBMC of patients with morphea vs. the control group. Expression of CLEC4C in PBMC correlated negatively (rho = -0.90; p = 0.001) with activity of disease after phototherapy. No significant differences were found between expression of analysed genes before and after UVA1 therapy in PBMC and skin of morphea patients. CONCLUSIONS The results do not confirm the involvement of analysed subsets of DC and Tregs in UVA1 phototherapy in morphea, but point to CLEC4C as a possible biomarker associated with the disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J. Osmola-Mańkowska
- Psoriasis and Novel Therapies Unit, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Teresiak-Mikołajczak
- Psoriasis and Novel Therapies Unit, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał J. Kowalczyk
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard W. Żaba
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Adamski
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Knobler R, Moinzadeh P, Hunzelmann N, Kreuter A, Cozzio A, Mouthon L, Cutolo M, Rongioletti F, Denton CP, Rudnicka L, Frasin LA, Smith V, Gabrielli A, Aberer E, Bagot M, Bali G, Bouaziz J, Braae Olesen A, Foeldvari I, Frances C, Jalili A, Just U, Kähäri V, Kárpáti S, Kofoed K, Krasowska D, Olszewska M, Orteu C, Panelius J, Parodi A, Petit A, Quaglino P, Ranki A, Sanchez Schmidt JM, Seneschal J, Skrok A, Sticherling M, Sunderkötter C, Taieb A, Tanew A, Wolf P, Worm M, Wutte NJ, Krieg T. European Dermatology Forum S1-guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of sclerosing diseases of the skin, Part 1: localized scleroderma, systemic sclerosis and overlap syndromes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1401-1424. [PMID: 28792092 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The term 'sclerosing diseases of the skin' comprises specific dermatological entities, which have fibrotic changes of the skin in common. These diseases mostly manifest in different clinical subtypes according to cutaneous and extracutaneous involvement and can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from each other. The present guideline focuses on characteristic clinical and histopathological features, diagnostic scores and the serum autoantibodies most useful for differential diagnosis. In addition, current strategies in the first- and advanced-line therapy of sclerosing skin diseases are addressed in detail. Part 1 of this guideline provides clinicians with an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of localized scleroderma (morphea), and systemic sclerosis including overlap syndromes of systemic sclerosis with diseases of the rheumatological spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Knobler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Moinzadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Hunzelmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - A Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - L Mouthon
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de référence maladies rares: vascularites et sclérodermie systémique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Cutolo
- Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, IRCCS San Martino, University Medical School of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Rongioletti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C P Denton
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L A Frasin
- Dermatology Unit, Hospital of Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - V Smith
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - E Aberer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Bagot
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Paris, France
| | - G Bali
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Bouaziz
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Paris, France
| | - A Braae Olesen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - I Foeldvari
- Hamburg Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Schön Klinik Hamburg Eilbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Frances
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - A Jalili
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Just
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - V Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Kofoed
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C Orteu
- Department of Dermatology, Connective Tissue Diseases Service, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Panelius
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki, and Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Parodi
- Department of Dermatology, IRCCS San Martino, University Medical School of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Petit
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Paris, France
| | - P Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Ranki
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J M Sanchez Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-Andre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Skrok
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Sticherling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Taieb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-Andre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Tanew
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - N J Wutte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Krieg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Morphea, also known as localized scleroderma, encompasses a group of idiopathic sclerotic skin diseases. The spectrum ranges from relatively mild phenotypes, which generally cause few problems besides local discomfort and visible disfigurement, to subtypes with severe complications such as joint contractures and limb length discrepancies. Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF, Shulman syndrome) is often regarded as belonging to the severe end of the morphea spectrum. The exact driving mechanisms behind morphea and EF pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. However, extensive extracellular matrix formation and autoimmune dysfunction are thought to be key pathogenic processes. Likewise, these processes are considered essential in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. In addition, similarities in clinical presentation between morphea and SSc have led to many theories about their relatedness. Importantly, morphea may be differentiated from SSc based on absence of sclerodactyly, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and nailfold capillary changes. The diagnosis of morphea is often based on characteristic clinical findings. Histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies and laboratory tests are not necessary in the majority of morphea cases. However, full-thickness skin biopsies, containing fascia and muscle tissue, are required for the diagnosis of EF. Monitoring of disease activity and damage, especially of subcutaneous involvement, is one of the most challenging aspects of morphea care. Therefore, data harmonization is crucial for optimizing standard care and for comparability of study results. Recently, the localized scleroderma cutaneous assessment tool (LoSCAT) has been developed and validated for morphea. The LoSCAT is currently the most widely reported outcome measure for morphea. Care providers should take disease subtype, degree of activity, depth of involvement, and quality-of-life impairments into account when initiating treatment. In most patients with circumscribed superficial subtypes, treatment with topical therapies suffices. In more widespread disease, UVA1 phototherapy or systemic treatment with methotrexate (MTX), with or without a systemic corticosteroid combination, should be initiated. Disappointingly, few alternatives for MTX have been described and additional research is still needed to optimize treatment for these debilitating conditions. In this review, we present a state-of-the-art flow chart that guides care providers in the treatment of morphea and EF.
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15
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Kreuter A, Krieg T, Worm M, Wenzel J, Moinzadeh P, Kuhn A, Aberer E, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Horneff G, Reil E, Weberschock T, Hunzelmann N. German guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of localized scleroderma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:199-216. [PMID: 26819124 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Localized scleroderma designates a heterogeneous group of sclerotic skin disorders. Depending on the subtype, severity, and site affected, adjacent structures such as adipose tissue, muscles, joints, and bones may be involved. This is an update of the existing German AWMF (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany) guidelines (classification: S2k). These guidelines provide an overview of the definition, epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, laboratory workup, histopathology, clinical scoring systems, as well as imaging and device-based workup of localized scleroderma. Moreover, consensus-based recommendations are given on the management of localized scleroderma depending on its clinical subtype. Treatment recommendations are presented in a therapeutic algorithm. No financial support was given by any pharmaceutical company. The guidelines are valid until July 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité - University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Moinzadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annegret Kuhn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKS), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Aberer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerd Horneff
- Department of General Pediatrics, Asklepios Hospital, St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Emma Reil
- Emma Reil, Scleroderma Support Group, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Tobias Weberschock
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, und Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Work Group EbM Frankfurt, Institute for General Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicolas Hunzelmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Localized scleroderma (LoS) comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of fibrotic diseases that primarily affect the skin with inflammation and skin thickening. The extent of skin involvement and manifestation at extra-cutaneous structures characterizes the specific subset. Fat tissue, fascia, and sometimes muscle, and bones might be involved, and in rare cases the central nervous or ocular system. A worldwide accepted classification system for LoS is still lacking. The latest guidelines have proposed a distinction of limited, generalized, linear, deep, and mixed types. The exact pathophysiology of LoS is not fully understood yet, but it is thought that an externally triggered release of pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to a dysregulation of the connective tissue metabolism. LoS is diagnosed according to typical clinical features. Further diagnostic procedures are helpful to characterize the subtype and to define the extent of inflammation and fibrosis. Due to the heterogeneity of LoS, therapeutic strategies should always be selected depending on the respective subtype. The stage of tissue inflammation and sclerosis has to be considered. Treatment options such as topical corticosteroids, calcipotriol, and calcineurin inhibitors as well as phototherapy are well established. In subsets with severe wide-spread skin manifestation and/or extra-cutaneous involvement, methotrexate monotherapy or a combination of methotrexate and systemic corticosteroids need to be considered. Physical treatment should always be added to the topical and systemic treatment to prevent significant disabilities due to LoS. This article provides an updated review on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical classification and treatment options for patients suffering from LoS.
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Abstract
Systemic and localized scleroderma are difficult to manage diseases with no accepted gold standard of therapy to date. Phototherapeutic modalities for scleroderma show promise. A PubMed search of information on phototherapy for scleroderma was conducted. The information was classified into effects on pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. Studies on photopheresis were excluded. There were no randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, and only three controlled studies. The vast majority of identified studies evaluated ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy. More rigorous studies are needed to evaluate phototherapy in the treatment of scleroderma. Based on the limited studies available, 20-50 J/cm2 of UVA1 therapy 3-4 times a week for 30 treatments is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hassani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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18
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Abstract
Phototherapy is an effective treatment strategy for a variety of sclerosing skin conditions. There are a number of phototherapeutic modalities used for the treatment of sclerosing skin conditions, including ultraviolet (UV)A1, broadband UVA, psoralen plus UVA, and narrowband UVB phototherapy. As controlled trials with validated outcome measures are lacking for these therapies, existing evidence is largely level II for morphea and is even more minimal for scleroderma and other sclerosing disorders (scleroderma, lichen sclerosus, and chronic graft-versus-host disease, among others). Studies do suggest that phototherapy may be effective for many of these disorders, including those that have been unresponsive to other therapies. Phototherapy remains an attractive therapeutic option for patients due to its efficacy and favorable risk-versus-benefit profile. Phototherapy also offers a therapeutic alternative to systemic immunosuppressives for patients who cannot tolerate these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M Teske
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Heidi T Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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19
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Kreuter A, Krieg T, Worm M, Wenzel J, Moinzadeh P, Kuhn A, Aberer E, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Horneff G, Reil E, Weberschock T, Hunzelmann N. Deutsche Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der zirkumskripten Sklerodermie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.130_12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreuter
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Uniklinik Köln
| | - Margitta Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Universität Bonn
| | - Pia Moinzadeh
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Uniklinik Köln
| | - Annegret Kuhn
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Klinische Studien (IZKS); Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - Elisabeth Aberer
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Medizinische Universität Graz
| | | | - Gerd Horneff
- Allgemeine Kinder- und Jugendmedizin; Asklepios Klinik; St. Augustin
| | - Emma Reil
- Emma Reil; Sklerodermie Selbsthilfe e.V.; Heilbronn
| | - Tobias Weberschock
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt und Arbeitsgruppe EbM Frankfurt; Institut für Allgemeinmedizin; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt am Main
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20
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The role of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of morphea. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:103-8. [PMID: 26155191 PMCID: PMC4472547 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.50841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphea is one of diseases characterised by fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is a chronic disease that does not shorten the life of the patient, yet significantly affects its quality. The group of factors responsible for its pathogenesis is thought to include disturbed functioning of endothelial cells as well as immune disturbances leading to chronic inflammatory conditions, accompanied by increased production of collagen and of other extracellular matrix components. Dendritic cells (DC) are a type of professional antigen-presenting cells and can be found in almost all body tissues. Individual investigations have demonstrated high numbers of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in morphoeic skin lesions, within deeper dermal layers, around blood vessels, and around collagen fibres in subcutaneous tissue. It appears that DC has a more pronounced role in the development of inflammation and T cell activation in morphea, as compared to systemic sclerosis (SSc). Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a subpopulation of T cells with immunosuppressive properties. Recent studies have drawn attention to the important role played by Treg in the process of autoimmunisation. Just a few studies have demonstrated a decrease in the number and activity of Treg in patients with SSc, and only such studies involve morphea. This article reviews recent studies on the role of DC and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of morphea. Moreover, mechanisms of phototherapy and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of morphea are discussed in this context.
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Abstract
New drugs targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway have generated striking clinical response in melanoma therapy. From the discovery of BRAF mutation in melanoma in 2002, to the approval of first BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib for melanoma treatment by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2011, therapies targeting the MAPK pathway have been proven effective in less than a decade. The success of vemurafenib stimulated more intensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms of melanoma pathogenesis and development of new treatment strategies targeting specific molecules in MAPK pathway. Although selective BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors demonstrated improved overall survival of metastatic melanoma patients, limited duration or development of resistance to BRAF inhibitors have been reported. Patients with metastatic melanoma still face very poor prognosis and lack of clarified therapies. Studies and multiple clinical trials on more potent and selective small molecule inhibitory compounds to further improve the clinical effects and overcome drug resistance are underway. In this review, we analyzed the therapeutic potentials of each member of the MAPK signaling pathway, summarized important MAPK-inhibiting drugs, and discussed the promising combination treatment targeting multiple targets in melanoma therapy, which may overcome the drawbacks of current drugs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Research Pavilion, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Vasquez R, Jabbar A, Khan F, Buethe D, Ahn C, Jacobe H. Recurrence of morphea after successful ultraviolet A1 phototherapy: A cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 70:481-8. [PMID: 24365168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies support efficacy of ultraviolet (UV)A1 phototherapy, but little is known about recurrence after successful UVA1 treatment. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the frequency of recurrent activity after UVA1 phototherapy and variables associated with recurrence. METHODS This was a case series and prospective cohort study of patients treated with UVA1 phototherapy with minimum 6 months of follow-up. Demographics, clinical features, and cumulative UVA1 dose were analyzed for association with recurrence. RESULTS Of 37 patients, 46% (n = 17) had recurrence of active morphea lesions after successful UVA1 phototherapy. Two-year and 3-year (after the last UVA1 phototherapy treatment) recurrence rates were 44.5% (95% confidence interval 30.1%-62.2%) and 48.4% (95% confidence interval 33.2%-66.1%), respectively. The only variable associated with recurrence was duration of morphea before UVA1 (P value = .02, hazard ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.27). LIMITATIONS The sample size limits conclusions. CONCLUSION With the exception of increased duration of morphea, risk of recurrence is no different in adults and children, or between morphea subtypes, skin types, and medium- to high-dose regimens. This indicates treatment doses in the medium-high UVA1 range are adequate with respect to frequency of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aysha Jabbar
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Fatima Khan
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Douglas Buethe
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chul Ahn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Heidi Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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23
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VOLNUKHIN VA, SAMSONOV VA. UVA-1 therapy of localized scleroderma and other diseases accompanied by skin sclerosis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2013. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The study results confirm the efficacy of the UVA-1 therapy for patients with localized scleroderma, extragenital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease and scleredema adultorum. The therapy has an anti-inflammatory and anti^m^ action, arrests progression and reduces the activity of the disease process, and has a good efficacy and safety profile.
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24
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Treatment regimens, protocols, dosage, and indications for UVA1 phototherapy: Facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:438-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Pulsed dye laser in the treatment of localized scleroderma and its effects on CD34+ and factor XIIIa+ cells: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:235-41. [PMID: 23645504 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localized scleroderma (morphea) is characterized by hardening and thickening of the dermis due to excessive collagen deposition. A decreased number of CD34+ cells and an increased number of Factor XIIIa+ cells are seen in the affected skin. The flashlamp pulsed dye laser (FLPDL) has been used in the treatment of localized morphea with promising results. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of the pulsed dye laser in localized scleroderma and to assess its effect on CD34+ cells, Factor XIIIa+ cells, and blood vessels. STUDY DESIGN Thirty patients with plaque morphea were treated with a FLPDL (585 nm wavelength, 450 μs pulse duration). Fluence ranged from 7.5 to 8.5 J/cm(2). Sessions were performed biweekly for a maximum of 6 months. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical assessments were performed. RESULTS Patients showed varying degrees of improvement of indurated skin. There was no worsening or further improvement at the treated sites during the follow-up assessments at 3, 6, and 12 months. An increased number of CD34+ cells were found in both the upper and the lower dermis, and a decreased number of Factor XIIIa+ cells were found in the lower dermis. CONCLUSION The FLPDL is effective in the treatment of morphea, as confirmed by the changes in the pathologic tissue and levels of CD34+ and Factor XIIIa+ cells.
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Johnson W, Jacobe H. Morphea in adults and children cohort II: Patients with morphea experience delay in diagnosis and large variation in treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:881-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Localized scleroderma (also called morphea) is a term encompassing a spectrum of sclerotic autoimmune diseases that primarily affect the skin, but also might involve underlying structures such as the fat, fascia, muscle, and bones. Its exact pathogenesis is still unknown, but several trigger factors in genetically predisposed individuals might initially lead to an immunologically triggered release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in a profound dysregulation of the connective tissue metabolism and ultimately to induction of fibrosis. To date, there are no specific serological markers available for localized scleroderma. Within the last years, several validated clinical scores have been introduced as potential outcome measures for the disease. Given the rarity of localized scleroderma, only few evidence-based therapeutical treatment options exist. So far, the most robust data is available for ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in disease that is restricted to the skin, and methotrexate alone or in combination with systemic corticosteroids in more severe disease that additionally affects extracutaneous structures. This practical review summarizes relevant information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical subtypes and classifications, differential diagnoses, clinical scores and outcome measures, and current treatment strategies of localized scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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A systematic review of morphea treatments and therapeutic algorithm. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:925-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sung JJ, Chen TS, Gilliam AC, McCalmont TH, Gilliam AE. Clinicohistopathological correlations in juvenile localized scleroderma: Studies on a subset of children with hypopigmented juvenile localized scleroderma due to loss of epidermal melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:364-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Su O, Onsun N, Onay HK, Erdemoglu Y, Ozkaya DB, Cebeci F, Somay A. Effectiveness of medium-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in localized scleroderma. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50:1006-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) phototherapy has been associated with both deleterious and beneficial effects to patients with both localized and systemic skin disorders. Phototherapy is advantageous in diseases of the epidermis and dermis, as it provides the most direct approach minimizing systemic side effects. Most recently, ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy has emerged as a specific UVR phototherapeutic mechanism. It has shown to be therapeutic in a number of sclerosing skin conditions and other dermatitides, in many cases proving to be more effective than other phototherapy modalities. Treatment advantages of UVA1 phototherapy include the ability to penetrate into the deep layers of the skin to affect changes on disease-causing T cells, as well as activation of endothelial cells to promote neovascularization. UVA1 therapy also has been shown to be relatively free of side effects associated with other phototherapy regimens, including erythema and cellular transformation. These properties make UVA1 phototherapy an important treatment option for many debilitating skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R York
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
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Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) light spectrum has long been known to induce biologic effect on the skin. For a large number of cutaneous disorders, phototherapy and photochemotherapy are effective therapeutic options with excellent safety profiles and well-documented side effects. Despite their ease of administration and benefits, phototherapeutic treatment modalities require appropriate space for the equipment, trained staff, and patient education prior to initiating treatment. However, when the initial barriers to treatment can be overcome, UV therapy can offer patients significant relief from their cutaneous disease. Furthermore, UVB-based phototherapy can produce significant alteration to vitamin D levels. With the recent research implicating association of low vitamin D levels with a variety of health conditions, whether patients receiving phototherapy or, more specifically, those getting vitamin D supplement may be protected from these diseases remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Sage
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Kreuter A, Krieg T, Worm M, Wenzel J, Gambichler T, Kuhn A, Aberer E, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Hunzelmann N. [AWMF Guideline no. 013/066. Diagnosis and therapy of circumscribed scleroderma]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009; 7 Suppl 6:S1-14. [PMID: 19660073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2009.07178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Localized scleroderma is a rare autoimmune disease with primary affection of the skin, and occasional involvement of the fat tissue, muscle, fascia, and bone. Depending on the clinical subtype, the spectrum of skin lesions ranges from singular plaque lesions to severe generalized or linear subtypes which may lead to movement restrictions and permanent disability. This German S1-guideline proposes a classification of localized scleroderma that, considering the extent and depth of fibrosis, distinguishes limited, generalized, linear, and deep forms of localized scleroderma, together with its associated subtypes. The guideline includes a description of the pathogenesis, of differential diagnoses, and particular aspects of juvenile localized scleroderma, as well as recommendations for histopathologic, serologic, and biometric diagnostic procedures. Based on studies of topical and systemic treatments as well as phototherapy for localized scleroderma published in international literature, a treatment algorithm was developed which takes account of the different subtypes and the extent of disease.
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Lim SH, Kim SM, Oh BH, Ko JH, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Low-dose Ultraviolet A1 Phototherapy for Treating Pityriasis Rosea. Ann Dermatol 2009; 21:230-6. [PMID: 20523795 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2009.21.3.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UVA1 phototherapy has recently demonstrated high levels of efficacy and tolerability for treating a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of UVA1 (340~400 nm) phototherapy for treating pityriasis rosea and to assess the course of the disease after treatment. METHODS Fifteen patients with extensive pityriasis rosea were treated with low-dose UVA1 phototherapy (starting at 10~20 J/cm(2) and then it was increased to 30 J/cm(2)). The treatments were given 2~3 times a week until complete clearance of lesions was achieved or until there was partial improvement without further amelioration, in spite of 5 additional treatments. The rate of clearing was monitored by estimating the pityriasis rosea severity (PRSS) score and the pruritus score. RESULTS The extent of disease (PRSS) in all 15 patients lessened during the study (30.1+/-3.6 vs. 2.0+/-1.6, respectively, p<0.05). The overall reduction of the PRSS showed a significant improvement after the second or third treatment. The pruritus of 12 of 15 patients lessened during the treatment period, and it was unchanged in the remaining 3 patients. The mean previous duration of disease was 11.2+/-4.9 days and this did not interfere with the successful outcome of UVA1 phototherapy. CONCLUSION This study shows that UVA1 phototherapy is a useful, well-tolerated treatment option for patients suffering from pityriasis rosea with extensive eruptions and considerable pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Badea I, Taylor M, Rosenberg A, Foldvari M. Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches for improved topical treatment in localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 48:213-21. [PMID: 19022832 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SSc is a chronic progressive disorder of unknown aetiology characterized by excess synthesis and deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix components in a variety of tissues and organs. Localized scleroderma (LS) differs from SSc in that with LS only skin and occasionally subcutaneous tissues are involved. Although rarely life threatening, LS can be disfiguring and disabling and, consequently, can adversely affect quality of life. There is no known effective treatment for LS, and various options, including, as examples, corticosteroids and other immunomodulatory agents, ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D analogues, are of unproven efficacy. Clinical trials evaluating combination therapy such as corticosteroids with MTX or UVA1 exposure with psoralens have not been established as consistently effective. New immunomodulators such as tacrolimus and thalidomide are also being evaluated. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of LS has led to evaluation of new treatments that modulate profibrotic cytokines such as TGF-beta and IL-4, regulate assembly and deposition of extracellular matrix components, and restore Th1/Th2 immune balance by administering IL-12 or IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma acts by directly inhibiting collagen synthesis and by restoring immune balance. In this review, we evaluate current and future treatment options for LS and cutaneous involvement in SSc. Recent advances in therapy focus mainly on anti-fibrotic agents. Delivery of these drugs into the skin as the target tissue might be a key factor in developing more effective and safer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Badea
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Kroft EBM, Berkhof NJG, van de Kerkhof PCM, Gerritsen RMJP, de Jong EMGJ. Ultraviolet A phototherapy for sclerotic skin diseases: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:1017-30. [PMID: 18835066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) A-1 phototherapy is now available for a variety of skin diseases. Increasingly since 1995, there have been investigations of the efficacy of UVA-1 (340-400 nm) therapy for sclerotic skin diseases. Most studies undertaken treated patients who had localized scleroderma, but UVA-1 phototherapy is currently also used for other sclerotic skin conditions. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the efficacy, biological effects, and side effects of UVA-1 in a variety of sclerotic skin diseases (localized scleroderma, eosinophilic fasciitis, chronic graft-versus-host disease, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, scleredema adultorum, necrobiosis lipoidica, POEMS disease, pansclerotic porphyria cutanea tarda, and drug-induced scleroderma-like disorders). METHODS The authors searched for publications dated between January 1996 and November 2007 in the computerized bibliographic database, PubMed. PubMed was searched using medical subject heading terms and open searches to retrieve the latest reports. RESULTS The evidence based on research concerning the effect of full-spectrum UVA (320-400 nm) and UVA-1 on these skin diseases is still growing, and appears promising. Up until now, good results are shown for all different doses (low, medium, and high) UVA-1 and UVA. There are insufficient data regarding use of high-dose UVA-1 and there are no comparative studies to make a clear assessment regarding the superiority of low-, medium-, or high-dose UVA-1 therapy. Although UVA-1 has various effects on, for instance, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, the precise mode of action remains obscure. The main short-term side effects of UVA-1 therapy are erythema, pruritus, xerosis cutis, tanning, and recrudescence of herpes simplex infection. More studies are warranted to investigate the potential long-term risk of photoaging and skin cancer. Currently, UVA-1 is considered to be less carcinogenic than psoralen plus UVA (PUVA). LIMITATIONS Because of the limited availability of randomized controlled trials and large cohort studies, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on the long-term efficacy, optimum dose, and best treatment regimens for UVA-1 when administered to patients with sclerosing skin disorders. CONCLUSIONS Full-spectrum UVA and UVA-1 phototherapy seem effective in the treatment of sclerotic skin diseases based on data retrieved from the literature. UVA-1 treatment can shorten the active period of localized scleroderma and pseudoscleroderma and prevent further disease progression, including contractures. Further investigations will be needed to determine any additional biological effects of UVA-1. Although long-term side effects are not yet known, UVA-1 might develop into a promising beneficial and well-tolerated treatment in the therapeutic armamentarium for sclerotic skin diseases. Long-term studies in large groups of patients are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth B M Kroft
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Jacobe H, Cayce R, Nguyen J. UVA1 phototherapy is effective in darker skin: a review of 101 patients of Fitzpatrick skin types I-V. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:691-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Comte C, Picot E, Peyron JL, Dereure O, Guillot B. Les UVA-1 : propriétés et indications thérapeutiques. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007; 134:407-15. [PMID: 17483769 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)89204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Comte
- Université Montpellier II, Service de Dermatologie, CHU Saint Eloi, Montpellier.
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Tuchinda C, Kerr HA, Taylor CR, Jacobe H, Bergamo BM, Elmets C, Rivard J, Lim HW. UVA1 phototherapy for cutaneous diseases: an experience of 92 cases in the United States. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2006; 22:247-53. [PMID: 16948826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2006.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of UVA1 (340-400 nm) phototherapy were established by studies from European countries. PURPOSE Evaluate experience with UVA1 phototherapy for patients with cutaneous diseases in the United States. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 92 cases of UVA1-treated cutaneous conditions from four medical centers in the United States was performed. RESULTS Two-third of the patients showed a fair to good response (26-100% improvement) and one-third of the patients showed a poor response (0-25% improvement). Diseases with a moderate to good response (51-100% improvement) included scleredema adultorum, hand or foot dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, morphea (medium or medium- to high-dose UVA1), systemic sclerosis, and urticaria pigmentosa. Besides tanning, other adverse effects were found in 15% of patients, which include pruritus, erythema, tenderness, and burning sensation. Patients with skin types I-III responded better that those with a darker skin type. CONCLUSION UVA1 phototherapy is a useful and well-tolerated treatment option for a variety of skin conditions.
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Abstract
Sclerosing conditions of the skin are manifested by a full spectrum of presentations that includes skin-limited forms as well as those which can involve internal organs and result in death. At this point, we are just beginning to understand the mechanisms of tissue fibrosis, and it is likely that the fibrotic processes are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which perturbation of multiple molecular pathways, including vascular and immunologically mediated pathways, can lead to fibrosis. We now have some moderately effective therapies for vascular aspects of systemic sclerosis (eg, bosentan for pulmonary arterial hypertension, calcium-channel blockers for Raynaud's, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for renal crisis). We also are beginning to find treatments interrupting the immunologic pathways that manifest as systemic sclerosis (eg, methotrexate for the skin or cyclophosphamide for the lungs). The basic process of fibrosis, however, awaits proven, effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorinda Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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41
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Abstract
Ultraviolet-based therapy has been used to treat various pruritic conditions including pruritus in chronic renal failure, atopic dermatitis, HIV, aquagenic pruritus and urticaria, solar, chronic, and idiopathic urticaria, urticaria pigmentosa, polycythemia vera, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, breast carcinoma skin infiltration, Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic liver disease, and acquired perforating dermatosis, among others. Various mechanisms of action for phototherapy have been posited. Treatment limitations, side effects, and common dosing protocols are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rivard
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Kreuter A, Hyun J, Stücker M, Sommer A, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. A randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:440-7. [PMID: 16488295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous trials, UV therapy has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of localized scleroderma (LS). To date, a randomized comparison study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different, commonly used phototherapeutic modalities in LS is still outstanding. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of low-dose (LD) UVA1, medium-dose (MD) UVA1, and narrowband (NB) UVB phototherapy in the treatment of LS. METHODS Sixty four patients with LS were consecutively included in a prospective, open, randomized controlled 3-arm study. Severity of LS was determined by means of a clinical score, and clinical improvement was also monitored by histopathologic analysis and 20-MHz ultrasound. RESULTS A total of 27 patients were treated with LD UVA1 (20 J/cm2), 18 patients received MD UVA1 (50 J/cm2), and 19 patients were treated with NB UVB dependent on their skin type. Phototherapy was performed 5 times weekly for 8 weeks. Two of the 64 patients included in this trial discontinued therapy. Skin status significantly improved in all patients who finished the treatment protocol, resulting in a reduction of the clinical score in all groups (LD UVA1, 7.6-5.0 [P < .001, 95% confidence interval 1.6-3.4]; MD UVA1, 11.1-6.6 [P < .001, 95% confidence interval 2.5-6.2]; NB UVB, 7.3-4.9 [P < .001, 95% confidence interval 1.6-3.2]). The reduction of the score was accompanied by an improvement of the visual analog scale for itching and tightness, histologic score, and 20-MHz ultrasound. MD UVA1 was significantly more effective than NB UVB (P < .05). There were no significant differences between LD UVA1 and NB UVB and the former and MD UVA1 (P > .05). LIMITATIONS We had a relatively small study sample and nonblinded assessment of primary outcome. CONCLUSION Phototherapy, as previously reported in several noncontrolled trials, is an effective therapeutic option in LS, with a favorable risk/benefit ratio. UVA1 phototherapy should be considered among the first approaches in the management of LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Eberlein-König B, Vogel M, Katzer K, Hein R, Köhn FM, Ring J, Abeck D. Successful UVA1 phototherapy in a patient with scleredema adultorum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19:203-4. [PMID: 15752291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scleredema adultorum is a rare connective tissue disorder of unknown cause. Both bath-PUVA and cream-PUVA therapy were reported to be effective. We describe a patient with scleredema adultorum who showed a striking clinical improvement with a medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy (single dose, 50 J/cm(2); 35 treatments).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eberlein-König
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Germany.
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Brenner M, Herzinger T, Berking C, Plewig G, Degitz K. Phototherapy and photochemotherapy of sclerosing skin diseases. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2005; 21:157-65. [PMID: 15888135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of sclerosing skin diseases [systemic sclerosis, localized scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, sclerodermoid graft-vs.-host disease, scleredema adultorum (Buschke), scleromyxedema and necrobiosis lipoidica] is difficult and remains a great challenge. Numerous treatments, some with potentially hazardous side effects, are currently used with only limited success. The introduction of phototherapy and photochemotherapy for sclerosing skin diseases has considerably enriched the therapeutic panel and proven useful in a number of sclerosing skin diseases especially in localized scleroderma. Two phototherapeutic modalitites are used for the treatment of sclerosing skin diseases, long-wave ultraviolet A and psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA). This article reviews current knowledge about the application of phototherapy and photochemotherapy to various sclerosing skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Brenner
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
This article discusses the various clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic aspects of systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma in children. The close collaboration among pediatricians, rheumatologists, and dermatologists represents an important advance in the management of these disabling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zulian
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3 35128, Padua, Italy.
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46
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Breuckmann F, Stuecker M, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. Modulation of endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis: UVA1-mediated skin improvement in systemic sclerosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2004; 296:235-9. [PMID: 15452726 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-004-0513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UVA1-mediated effects regarding vascular dysregulation as a primary pathogenetic factor of systemic sclerosis skin lesions have so far not been investigated. Pre- and posttherapy skin biopsies of four patients were evaluated immunohistochemically for angiostatic, angiogenic and angioapoptotic features. Immunohistochemistry revealed a partial pretherapy loss of endothelial CD31 and CD34 expression accompanied by a posttherapy increase of CD34(+) cells. Simultaneously, VEGF and M30 CytoDEATH immunolabeling demonstrated UVA1-induced neovascularization and decreased endothelial apoptosis. Our results suggest that UVA1 irradiation exerts its positive effects by a modulation of endothelial regulation/transformation beside the proposed induction of T cell apoptosis and collagenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Breuckmann
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Breuckmann F, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. UVA/UVA1 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy in connective tissue diseases and related disorders: a research based review. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2004; 4:11. [PMID: 15380024 PMCID: PMC521488 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broad-band UVA, long-wave UVA1 and PUVA treatment have been described as an alternative/adjunct therapeutic option in a number of inflammatory and malignant skin diseases. Nevertheless, controlled studies investigating the efficacy of UVA irradiation in connective tissue diseases and related disorders are rare. METHODS Searching the PubMed database the current article systematically reviews established and innovative therapeutic approaches of broad-band UVA irradiation, UVA1 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy in a variety of different connective tissue disorders. RESULTS Potential pathways include immunomodulation of inflammation, induction of collagenases and initiation of apoptosis. Even though holding the risk of carcinogenesis, photoaging or UV-induced exacerbation, UVA phototherapy seems to exhibit a tolerable risk/benefit ratio at least in systemic sclerosis, localized scleroderma, extragenital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, sclerodermoid graft-versus-host disease, lupus erythematosus and a number of sclerotic rarities. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data retrieved from the literature, therapeutic UVA exposure seems to be effective in connective tissue diseases and related disorders. However, more controlled investigations are needed in order to establish a clear-cut catalogue of indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Breuckmann
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thilo Gambichler
- Dermatology Out-Patient Clinic, Oldchurch Hospital, Romford RM7 OBE, Greater London, UK
| | - Peter Altmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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El-Mofty M, Mostafa W, Esmat S, Youssef R, Bousseila M, Nagi N, Shaker O, Abouzeid A. Suggested mechanisms of action of UVA phototherapy in morphea: a molecular study. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2004; 20:93-100. [PMID: 15030594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet A (UVA) phototherapy proved to be an efficient line of treatment of scleroderma. The mechanism through which it acts is still not clear. OBJECTIVES To detect the mechanism of action of UVA phototherapy in morphea through measuring its effect on the levels of different parameters related to collagen metabolism. METHODS Twenty-one cases of morphea were treated with low-dose broad-band UVA for 20 sessions. Twelve cases received 20 J/cm(2)/session with a cumulative dose of 400 J/cm(2) and nine cases received 10 J/cm(2)/session with a cumulative dose of 200 J/cm(2). The response was assessed clinically every week. Two skin biopsies were taken from the lesional skin of each patient before starting and after the end of therapy. Paraffin sections were examined for quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurement of collagen I, collagen III, collagenase, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma). RESULTS Eighteen patients reported remarkable softening of the skin lesions, with variable degrees ranging from moderate in 57.1% of them good in 19% to very good response in 9.5%. After treatment, all the studied parameters revealed statistically significant changes. There was a significant decrease in collagen I, collagen III and TGF-beta and a significant increase in collagenase (MMP-1) and IFNgamma. The relative change was found to be greatest in collagenase, followed by IFNgamma then TGF-beta and finally collagen I. The changes in collagen I, collagenase, IFNgamma and TGF-beta were found to increase gradually with the degree of clinical response. In all the parameters studied the relative change was significantly higher in cases treated with 20 J/cm(2)/session in contrast to those treated with 10 J/cm(2)/session although no statistically significant difference could be detected in the clinical response to those doses. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of low-dose UVA phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma is mainly obtained by the increased production of MMP-1 and IFNgamma, and to a lesser extent by decreasing TGF-beta and collagen production. Concerning the use of 10 or 20 J/cm(2)/session those effects are dose dependent, but the clinical response does not significantly differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El-Mofty
- Department of Dermatology, Phototherapy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Abstract
Scleroderma is a chronic disease of connective tissue characterized by deposition of large amounts of collagen. Localized scleroderma affects only the skin, whereas systemic disease, systemic sclerosis, may affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and heart in addition to the skin. Although the various forms of localized scleroderma are not life threatening, they result in considerable morbidity owing to joint contracture, loss of flexibility, and disfigurement. Although many different treatments have been attempted, until now none has proven to be effective. Accumulating evidence indicates that UVA irradiation offers a genuine opportunity to ameliorate localized scleroderma and the cutaneous manifestations of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-0609, USA.
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Abstract
The scleroderma disorders remain challenging conditions in pediatric rheumatology to understand pathologically and indeed for which to provide care. It is clear that much progress is being made in the clinical approach to understanding this group of group of disorders. It seems likely that the different lesions of LS may represent unique immunopathogenic mechanisms or perhaps reflect unique genetic or other characteristics of the patients themselves. To take advantage of the revolution in therapies now occurring in rheumatology it is critical that controlled clinical trials are developed with appropriate agreed upon outcome measures for both localized and systemic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis
- Child
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Esophageal Diseases/complications
- Humans
- Lung Diseases/complications
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Prognosis
- Raynaud Disease/complications
- Scleroderma, Localized/classification
- Scleroderma, Localized/diagnosis
- Scleroderma, Localized/epidemiology
- Scleroderma, Localized/immunology
- Scleroderma, Localized/therapy
- Scleroderma, Systemic/complications
- Scleroderma, Systemic/diagnosis
- Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology
- Scleroderma, Systemic/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Murray
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
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