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Wei W, Bai H, Zhang T, Cai S, Zhou Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Hua J, He J, Ding N, Miao G, Wang J. Regulation of Circulating miR-342-3p Alleviates the Radiation-Induced Immune System Injury. Radiat Res 2023; 200:556-568. [PMID: 37874034 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00125.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation in space, radiation devices or nuclear disasters are major threats to human health and public security. Expanding countermeasures for dealing with accidental or occupational radiation exposure is crucial for the protection of radiation injuries. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising radiation biomarkers in recent years. However, the origin, distribution and functions of radiosensitive circulating miRNAs remain unclear, which obstructs their clinical applications in the future. In this study, we found that mmu-miR-342-3p (miR-342) in mouse serum presents a stable and significant decrease after X-ray total-body irradiation (TBI). Focusing on this miRNA, we investigated the influences of circulating miR-342 on the radiation-induced injury. Through tail vein injection of Cy5-labeled synthetic miR-342, we found the exogenous miR-342-Cy5 was mainly enriched in metabolic and immune organs. Besides, the bioinformatic analysis predicted that miR-342 might involve in immune-related processes or pathways. Further, mice were tail vein injected with synthetic miR-342 mimetics (Ago-miR-342) after irradiation to upregulate the level of miR-342 in circulating blood. The results showed that the upregulation of circulating miR-342 alleviated the radiation-induced depletion of CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes and influenced the levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in irradiated mice. Moreover, the injection of Ago-miR-342 improved the survival rates of mice with acute radiation injury. Our findings demonstrate that upregulation of circulating miR-342 alleviates the radiation-induced immune system injury, which provides us new insights into the functions of circulating miRNAs and the prospect as the targets for mitigation of radiation injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wei
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shufan Cai
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Min Liu
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaxiong Chen
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junrui Hua
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinpeng He
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - GuoYing Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gansu Provincial Central Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Yu CF, Chang CH, Wang CC, Hong JH, Chiang CS, Chen FH. Local Interleukin-12 Treatment Enhances the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy by Overcoming Radiation-Induced Immune Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810053. [PMID: 34576217 PMCID: PMC8468040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) recruits myeloid cells, leading to an immunosuppressive microenvironment that impedes its efficacy against tumors. Combination of immunotherapy with RT is a potential approach to reversing the immunosuppressive condition and enhancing tumor control after RT. This study aimed to assess the effects of local interleukin-12 (IL-12) therapy on improving the efficacy of RT in a murine prostate cancer model. Combined treatment effectively shrunk the radioresistant tumors by inducing a T helper-1 immune response and influx of CD8+ T cells. It also delayed the radiation-induced vascular damage accompanied by increased α-smooth muscle actin-positive pericyte coverage and blood perfusion. Moreover, RT significantly reduced the IL-12-induced levels of alanine aminotransferase in blood. However, it did not further improve the IL-12-induced anti-tumor effect on distant tumors. Upregulated expression of T-cell exhaustion-associated genes was found in tumors treated with IL-12 only and combined treatment, suggesting that T-cell exhaustion is potentially correlated with tumor relapse in combined treatment. In conclusion, this study illustrated that combination of radiation and local IL-12 therapy enhanced the host immune response and promoted vascular maturation and function. Furthermore, combination treatment was associated with less systemic toxicity than IL-12 alone, providing a potential option for tumor therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Yu
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-F.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (J.-H.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-F.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (J.-H.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-F.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (J.-H.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-S.C.); (F.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-3-5733168 (C.-S.C.); +886-3-2118800 (ext. 3838) (F.-H.C.)
| | - Fang-Hsin Chen
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-F.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (J.-H.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-S.C.); (F.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-3-5733168 (C.-S.C.); +886-3-2118800 (ext. 3838) (F.-H.C.)
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3
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Frey B, Mika J, Jelonek K, Cruz-Garcia L, Roelants C, Testard I, Cherradi N, Lumniczky K, Polozov S, Napieralska A, Widlak P, Gaipl US, Badie C, Polanska J, Candéias SM. Systemic modulation of stress and immune parameters in patients treated for prostate adenocarcinoma by intensity-modulated radiation therapy or stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2020; 196:1018-1033. [PMID: 32519025 PMCID: PMC7581573 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-020-01637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In this exploratory study, the impact of local irradiation on systemic changes in stress and immune parameters was investigated in eight patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) for prostate adenocarcinoma to gain deeper insights into how radiotherapy (RT) modulates the immune system. Patients and methods RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, metabolomics, and antibody arrays were used to monitor a panel of stress- and immune-related parameters before RT, after the first fraction (SABR) or the first week of treatment (IMRT), after the last fraction, and 3 weeks later in the blood of IMRT (N = 4) or SABR (N = 4) patients. Effect size analysis was used for comparison of results at different timepoints. Results Several parameters were found to be differentially modulated in IMRT and SABR patients: the expression of TGFB1, IL1B, and CCL3 genes; the expression of HLA-DR on circulating monocytes; the abundance and ratio of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine metabolites in plasma. More immune modulators in plasma were modulated during IMRT than SABR, with only two common proteins, namely GDF-15 and Tim‑3. Conclusion Locally delivered RT induces systemic modulation of the immune system in prostate adenocarcinoma patients. IMRT and SABR appear to specifically affect distinct immune components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-020-01637-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - J Mika
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - K Jelonek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - L Cruz-Garcia
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Cancers Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 ORQ, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - I Testard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM-UMR5249, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - N Cherradi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG-BCI-UMR_S1036, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - K Lumniczky
- National Public Health Center, 1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Polozov
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Cancers Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 ORQ, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- HQ Science Limited, 5 The Quay, PE27 5AR, St. Ives, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - A Napieralska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - P Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - U S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - C Badie
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Cancers Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 ORQ, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - J Polanska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - S M Candéias
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM-UMR5249, 38054, Grenoble, France.
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Abstract
In many studies of diseases affecting amphibians, it is important to determine to what extent lymphocyte-mediated defenses are involved. For example, in studies of the nature of the immune response of Xenopus laevis to the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, it was essential to determine if mucosal antimicrobial peptides or lymphocyte-mediated immunity was most important for resistance to this skin pathogen. In this protocol, we describe a method for sublethal irradiation to reduce lymphocyte numbers. Briefly, X. laevis adults or tadpoles are exposed to 9 Gy (900 rads) of irradiation applied by exposure to a cesium source or gamma irradiator to reduce lymphocyte populations in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Rollins-Smith
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
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Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. The Role of the Status of Selected Micronutrients in Shaping the Immune Function. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:1100-1115. [PMID: 31142256 PMCID: PMC7360912 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190529101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review gives an overview on the essential role of adequate nutrition to an optimally functioning immune defence. Micronutrients act as regulators of the immune response, with the focus of this review on the immunomodulatory effects of the trace elements iron, zinc and selenium, and the vitamins A, D, E, C, B6 and B12 and folic acid. RESULTS Iron deficiency especially impairs the Th1 cell-borne cellular immunity. T lymphocytes are also most affected by a deficiency of zinc, needed for their maturation and the balance between the different T cell subpopulations and acting as a redox signal in the regulation of many enzymes. Selenium is also involved in redox reactions as the glutathione peroxidases and other redox enzymes are selenoproteins. Selenium status has shown special effects on cellular immunity and resistance to viral infections. Vitamin A in the form of retinoic acid induces a humoral Th2 cell response via antigen-presenting cells and is involved in maintaining intestinal immune defence and tolerance through its nuclear receptor RAR and via kinase signalling cascades. Immune tolerance is particularly promoted by vitamin D acting through dendritic cells to stimulate the differentiation of regulatory T cells. Vitamin E has antiinflammatory effects and stimulates naïve T cells especially in the elderly. Besides its antioxidative properties, vitamin C has effects on cell signalling and epigenetic regulation. The B vitamins are required for cytotoxic cellular immunity and modulate T cell responses. CONCLUSION A diverse diet and regular exposure to sunlight are the best sources for a balanced nutrient supply to maintain an optimal immune defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elmadfa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexa L. Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Abstract
Technological developments have allowed improvements in radiotherapy delivery, with higher precision and better sparing of normal tissue. For many years, it has been well known that ionizing radiation has not only local action but also systemic effects by triggering many molecular signaling pathways. There is still a lack of knowledge of this issue. This review focuses on the current literature about the effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system, either suppressing or stimulating the host reactions against the tumor, and the factors that interact with these responses, such as the radiation dose and dose / fraction effects in the tumor microenvironment and vasculature. In addition, some implications of these effects in cancer treatment, mainly in combined strategies, are addressed from the perspective of their interactions with the more advanced technology currently available, such as heavy ion therapy and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa de Andrade Carvalho
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Divisao de Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Servico de Radioterapia, Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rosangela Correa Villar
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Divisao de Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Servico de Radioterapia, Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, BR
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7
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Markovsky E, Budhu S, Samstein RM, Li H, Russell J, Zhang Z, Drill E, Bodden C, Chen Q, Powell SN, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Humm J, Deasy JO, Haimovitz-Friedman A. An Antitumor Immune Response Is Evoked by Partial-Volume Single-Dose Radiation in 2 Murine Models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:697-708. [PMID: 30342090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined tumor growth delay resulting from partial irradiation in preclinical mouse models. METHODS AND MATERIALS We investigated 67NR murine orthotopic breast tumors in both immunocompetent and nude mice. Treatment was delivered to 50% or 100% of the tumor using a 2 × 2 cm collimator on a microirradiator. Radiation response was modulated by treatment with anti-CD8 and anti-intercellular adhesion molecule (anti-ICAM) antibodies. Similar experiments were performed using the less immunogenic Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model. Tumor growth delay and γ-H2AX phosphorylation were measured, and immune response was assessed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry at 1 and 7 days after radiation therapy. Tumor expression of cellular adhesion molecules was also measured at different times after radiation therapy. RESULTS Partial irradiation led to tumor responses similar to those of fully exposed tumors in immunocompetent mice, but not in nude mice. After a single dose of 10 Gy, infiltration of CD8+ T cells was observed along with increased expression of ICAM. The response to 10 Gy in hemi-irradiated tumors was abrogated by treatment with either anti-CD8 or anti-ICAM antibodies. Similar responses were obtained in the less immunogenic Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model delivering 15 Gy to half the tumor volume. Treatment with FTY720, a compound that inhibits T-cell egress from lymph nodes, did not affect tumor response at the time of CD8+ T cells infiltration in the nonirradiated area of the tumor. This result indicated that the most likely source of these cells is the irradiated portion of the hemi-irradiated tumors. In addition, a significant abscopal effect was observed after partial irradiation with a single dose of 10 Gy in the 67NR model. CONCLUSIONS In these models, radiation controls tumor growth both directly through cell killing and indirectly through immune activation. This outcome raises the possibility that this effect could be induced in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Markovsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sadna Budhu
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert M Samstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James Russell
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Esther Drill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chloe Bodden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Simon N Powell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joseph O Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Cromer WE, Zawieja DC. Acute exposure to space flight results in evidence of reduced lymph Transport, tissue fluid Shifts, and immune alterations in the rat gastrointestinal system. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 17:74-82. [PMID: 29753416 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Space flight causes a number of alterations in physiological systems, changes in the immunological status of subjects, and altered interactions of the host to environmental stimuli. We studied the effect of space flight on the lymphatic system of the gastrointestinal tract which is responsible for lipid transport and immune surveillance which includes the host interaction with the gut microbiome. We found that there were signs of tissue damage present in the space flown animals that was lacking in ground controls (epithelial damage, crypt morphological changes, etc.). Additionally, morphology of the lymphatic vessels in the tissue suggested a collapsed state at time of harvest and there was a profound change in the retention of lipid in the villi of the ileum. Contrary to our assumptions there was a reduction in tissue fluid volume likely associated with other fluid shifts described. The reduction of tissue fluid volume in the colon and ileum is a likely contributing factor to the state of the lymphatic vessels and lipid transport issues observed. There were also associated changes in the number of MHC-II+ immune cells in the colon tissue, which along with reduced lymphatic competence would favor immune dysfunction in the tissue. These findings help expand our understanding of the effects of space flight on various organ systems. It also points out potential issues that have not been closely examined and have to potential for the need of countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Cromer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, United States.
| | - D C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, United States
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9
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Zhou L, Zhang X, Li H, Niu C, Yu D, Yang G, Liang X, Wen X, Li M, Cui J. Validating the pivotal role of the immune system in low-dose radiation-induced tumor inhibition in Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1338-1348. [PMID: 29479834 PMCID: PMC5911597 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although low-dose radiation (LDR) possesses the two distinct functions of inducing hormesis and adaptive responses, which result in immune enhancement and tumor inhibition, its clinical applications have not yet been elucidated. The major obstacle that hinders the application of LDR in the clinical setting is that the mechanisms underlying induction of tumor inhibition are unclear, and the risks associated with LDR are still unknown. Thus, to overcome this obstacle and elucidate the mechanisms mediating the antitumor effects of LDR, in this study, we established an in vivo lung cancer model to investigate the participation of the immune system in LDR-induced tumor inhibition and validated the pivotal role of the immune system by impairing immunity with high-dose radiation (HDR) of 1 Gy. Additionally, the LDR-induced adaptive response of the immune system was also observed by sequential HDR treatment in this mouse model. We found that LDR-activated T cells and natural killer cells and increased the cytotoxicity of splenocytes and the infiltration of T cells in the tumor tissues. In contrast, when immune function was impaired by HDR pretreatment, LDR could not induce tumor inhibition. However, when LDR was administered before HDR, the immunity could be protected from impairment, and tumor growth could be inhibited to some extent, indicating the induction of the immune adaptive response by LDR. Therefore, we demonstrated that immune enhancement played a key role in LDR-induced tumor inhibition. These findings emphasized the importance of the immune response in tumor radiotherapy and may help promote the application of LDR as a novel approach in clinical practice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/radiotherapy
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immune System/radiation effects
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunomodulation/radiation effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Hui Li
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Chao Niu
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Guozi Yang
- Department of Radiation‐OncologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Xue Wen
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Min Li
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
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10
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Janiak MK, Wincenciak M, Cheda A, Nowosielska EM, Calabrese EJ. Cancer immunotherapy: how low-level ionizing radiation can play a key role. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:819-832. [PMID: 28361232 PMCID: PMC5489643 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cancer immunoediting hypothesis assumes that the immune system guards the host against the incipient cancer, but also "edits" the immunogenicity of surviving neoplastic cells and supports remodeling of tumor microenvironment towards an immunosuppressive and pro-neoplastic state. Local irradiation of tumors during standard radiotherapy, by killing neoplastic cells and generating inflammation, stimulates anti-cancer immunity and/or partially reverses cancer-promoting immunosuppression. These effects are induced by moderate (0.1-2.0 Gy) or high (>2 Gy) doses of ionizing radiation which can also harm normal tissues, impede immune functions, and increase the risk of secondary neoplasms. In contrast, such complications do not occur with exposures to low doses (≤0.1 Gy for acute irradiation or ≤0.1 mGy/min dose rate for chronic exposures) of low-LET ionizing radiation. Furthermore, considerable evidence indicates that such low-level radiation (LLR) exposures retard the development of neoplasms in humans and experimental animals. Here, we review immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by growing tumors as well as immunomodulatory effects of LLR evidently or likely associated with cancer-inhibiting outcomes of such exposures. We also offer suggestions how LLR may restore and/or stimulate effective anti-tumor immunity during the more advanced stages of carcinogenesis. We postulate that, based on epidemiological and experimental data amassed over the last few decades, whole- or half-body irradiations with LLR should be systematically examined for its potential to be a viable immunotherapeutic treatment option for patients with systemic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek K Janiak
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Wincenciak
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Cheda
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa M Nowosielska
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Cui J, Yang G, Pan Z, Zhao Y, Liang X, Li W, Cai L. Hormetic Response to Low-Dose Radiation: Focus on the Immune System and Its Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020280. [PMID: 28134809 PMCID: PMC5343816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelationship between ionizing radiation and the immune system is complex, multifactorial, and dependent on radiation dose/quality and immune cell type. High-dose radiation usually results in immune suppression. On the contrary, low-dose radiation (LDR) modulates a variety of immune responses that have exhibited the properties of immune hormesis. Although the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood yet, LDR has been used clinically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors. These advancements in preclinical and clinical studies suggest that LDR-mediated immune modulation is a well-orchestrated phenomenon with clinical potential. We summarize recent developments in the understanding of LDR-mediated immune modulation, with an emphasis on its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Guozi Yang
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhenyu Pan
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
- The Pediatric Research Institute, the Departments of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Kirillova EN, Lukyanova TV, Uryadnitskaya TI, Telnov VI. Assessment of the Status of Effector and Regulatory Components of Immune System in Chelyabinsk Region Residents Exposed to Radiation Due to Residence in the Area Contaminated as a Result of the Radiation Accident at Mayak PA and in Their Offspring. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2017; 57:42-52. [PMID: 30698930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune status was studied in the framework of the current work and the results of the analysis of concentration of 26 characteristic parameters of innate and acquired immunity in 140 individuals from 56 trios (fathers, mothers and their Ist generation offspring that were included in 2 groups) are presented. Fathers and mothers of the children under study in the main groip Were exposed due to a long-term residence (from childhood to maturity) in the areas of Chelyabinsk region contaminated as a result of the-accident at Mayak PA (contamination included long-lived isotopes - ⁹⁰Sr and, to a smaller extent, ¹³⁷Cs and ²³⁹Pu) and then migrated into Ozyorsk prior to the conception of their children (75 individuals, 33 family trios). Comparison group (control) included parents and their offspring who are Ozyorsk residents never residing in the areas contaminated by radionuclides (65 individuals, 23 family trios). All the investigated individuals from the compared groups were of the corresponding age and gender and had never worked at nuclear facilities. Blood samples were obtained in the periods that excluded oncological, acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of any acute stages of chronic processes. Concentration of immune cells was measured by flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA) using special monoclonal antibodies of the same manufacturer in a licensed medical center "Familia" (Chelyabinsk). The objective of the work is to assess the immune status in parents who migrated from contaminated areas prior to the conception of children and in their 1st generation offspring not exposed to radiation. Alterations of the immune status in the form of increase or, to a smaller extent, decrease of concentration of lymphocytes with effector and/or regulatory functions (B-1, T-helpers, NK, T-NK, late precursors of T-1 and T-1 of late activation) in blood of exposed parents and their offspring were detected in comparison with the results in the control group; that could possibly be related to the stimulation effect of low doses that support activation, proliferation and development of compensatory imbalance in the immune system and immunodeficiency in parents of the main group and in their offspring. In order to reveal the mechanisms of the detected alterations the interrelation between immune damage and incidence, of diseases among the cohorts involved in the current work will be studied further.
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Hanna GG, Illidge T. Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy Combinations in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Promising Future? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016; 28:726-731. [PMID: 27519157 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The goal of re-programming the host immune system to target malignancy with durable anti-tumour clinical responses has been speculated for decades. In the last decade such speculation has been transformed into reality with unprecedented and durable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors seen in solid tumours. This mini-review considers the mechanism of action of immune modulating agents and the potential for combination with radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Hanna
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - T Illidge
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith I Block
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Adhikari M, Arora R. The flavonolignan-silymarin protects enzymatic, hematological, and immune system against γ-radiation-induced toxicity. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:641-654. [PMID: 25411116 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main focus of this study is evaluation of radioprotective efficacy of silymarin, a flavonolignan, against γ-radiation-induced damage to hematological, vital organs (liver and intestine), and immune system. Survival studies revealed that silymarin (administered orally for 3 days) provided maximum protection (67%) at 70 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) against lethal 9 Gy γ-irradiation (dose reduction factor = 1.27). The study revealed significant (p < 0.05) changes in levels of catalase (12.57 ± 2.58 to 30.24 ± 4.89 units), glutathione peroxidase (6.23 ± 2.95 to 13.26 ± 1.36 µg of reduced glutathione consumed/min/mg protein), glutathione reductase (0.25 ± 5.6 to 11.65 ± 2.83 pM NADPH consumed/min/mg protein), and superoxide dismutase (11.74 ± 0.2 to 16.09 ± 3.47 SOD U/mg of protein) activity at 30th day. Silymarin pretreated irradiated group exhibited increased proliferation in erythrocyte count (1.76 ± 0.41 × 10(6) to 9.25 ± 0.24 × 10(6) ), hemoglobin (2.15 ± 0.48g/dL to 14.77 ± 0.25g/dL), hematocrit (4.55 ± 0.24% to 37.22 ± 0.21%), and total leucocyte count (1.4 ± 0.15 × 10(6) to 8.31 ± 0.47 × 10(6) ) as compared with radiation control group on 15th day. An increase in CD4:CD8 ratio was witnessed (0.2-1%) at 30th day time interval using flow cytometry. Silymarin also countered radiation-induced decrease (p < 0.05) in regulatory T-cells (Tregs ) (11.23% in radiation group at 7th day versus 0.1% in pretreated silymarin irradiated group at 15th day). The results of this study indicate that flavonolignan-silymarin protects enzymatic, hematological, and immune system against γ-radiation-induced toxicity and might prove useful in management of nuclear and radiological emergencies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 641-654, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Adhikari
- Radiation Biotechnology Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Radiation Biotechnology Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, 110054, India
- Office of the Distinguished Scientist and Director General-Life Sciences, DRDO Head Quarters, DRDO Bhawan, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi, 110011, India
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Abstract
Phototherapy is an effective treatment strategy for a variety of sclerosing skin conditions. There are a number of phototherapeutic modalities used for the treatment of sclerosing skin conditions, including ultraviolet (UV)A1, broadband UVA, psoralen plus UVA, and narrowband UVB phototherapy. As controlled trials with validated outcome measures are lacking for these therapies, existing evidence is largely level II for morphea and is even more minimal for scleroderma and other sclerosing disorders (scleroderma, lichen sclerosus, and chronic graft-versus-host disease, among others). Studies do suggest that phototherapy may be effective for many of these disorders, including those that have been unresponsive to other therapies. Phototherapy remains an attractive therapeutic option for patients due to its efficacy and favorable risk-versus-benefit profile. Phototherapy also offers a therapeutic alternative to systemic immunosuppressives for patients who cannot tolerate these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M Teske
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Heidi T Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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Wage J, Ma L, Peluso M, Lamont C, Evens AM, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Beheshti A. Proton irradiation impacts age-driven modulations of cancer progression influenced by immune system transcriptome modifications from splenic tissue. J Radiat Res 2015; 56:792-803. [PMID: 26253138 PMCID: PMC4577010 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Age plays a crucial role in the interplay between tumor and host, with additional impact due to irradiation. Proton irradiation of tumors induces biological modulations including inhibition of angiogenic and immune factors critical to 'hallmark' processes impacting tumor development. Proton irradiation has also provided promising results for proton therapy in cancer due to targeting advantages. Additionally, protons may contribute to the carcinogenesis risk from space travel (due to the high proportion of high-energy protons in space radiation). Through a systems biology approach, we investigated how host tissue (i.e. splenic tissue) of tumor-bearing mice was altered with age, with or without whole-body proton exposure. Transcriptome analysis was performed on splenic tissue from adolescent (68-day) versus old (736-day) C57BL/6 male mice injected with Lewis lung carcinoma cells with or without three fractionations of 0.5 Gy (1-GeV) proton irradiation. Global transcriptome analysis indicated that proton irradiation of adolescent hosts caused significant signaling changes within splenic tissues that support carcinogenesis within the mice, as compared with older subjects. Increases in cell cycling and immunosuppression in irradiated adolescent hosts with CDK2, MCM7, CD74 and RUVBL2 indicated these were the key genes involved in the regulatory changes in the host environment response (i.e. the spleen). Collectively, these results suggest that a significant biological component of proton irradiation is modulated by host age through promotion of carcinogenesis in adolescence and resistance to immunosuppression, carcinogenesis and genetic perturbation associated with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wage
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Ma
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Peluso
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Lamont
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Evens
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts Cancer Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Hahnfeldt
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts Cancer Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, GR 15780 Athens, Greece; Biology Department, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Streilein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Fla
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Hoppe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Calif
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22
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23
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Alekseeva SN, Antipina UD, Arzhakova LI, Protodyakonov SV. NEW APPLICATIONS OF ADAPTOGENS TO REDUCE RADIATION SIDE EFFECTS. Wiad Lek 2015; 68:487-489. [PMID: 26887117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the live medical issues today is to find medication to prevent adverse effects of ionizing radiation on the immune and hematopoietic systems. In Yakutia where in most of its regions the overall environmental situation is getting worse due to the development of natural deposits including radioactive deposits, this problem remains vital. The purpose of this work is to study radioprotective properties of adaptogens in the case of the hematopoietic system under irradiation. The studies were conducted on certain groups of hybrid mice. We used the methods of radiation exposure by a radiological apparatus RUM-25 on hybrid mice followed by studying the cellularity of bone marrow, spleen and thymus. The functional activity of all compartments of early hematopoiesis (bone marrow hematopoiesis) was identified by the exogenous colony forming method. The study found that the extracts of reindeer and moose antlers have a stimulating effect on the functional activity of the hematopoietic precursors in response to radiation. The study medication stimulates regeneration processes in the thymus and bone marrow after irradiation. Further, the adaptogens stimulatory effect on CFU functional activity was identified. The most pronounced effect has the extracts of reindeer antlers "Epsorin".
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Aubrecht TG, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Dim light at night interferes with the development of the short-day phenotype and impairs cell-mediated immunity in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:450-6. [PMID: 24962267 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Winter is a challenging time to survive and breed outside of the tropics. Animals use day length (photoperiod) to regulate seasonally appropriate adaptations in anticipation of challenging winter conditions. The net result of these photoperiod-mediated adjustments is enhanced immune function and increased survival. Thus, the ability to discriminate day length information is critical for survival and reproduction in small animals. However, during the past century, urban and suburban development has rapidly expanded and filled the night sky with light from various sources, obscuring crucial light-dark signals, which alters physiological interpretation of day lengths. Furthermore, reduced space, increased proximity to people, and the presence of light at night may act as stressors for small animals. Whereas acute stressors typically enhance immune responses, chronic exposure to stressors often impairs immune responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that the combination of dim light at night and chronic stress interferes with enhanced cell-mediated immunity observed during short days. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) were assigned to short or long days with dark nights (0 lux) or dim (5 lux) light at night for 10 weeks. Following 2 weeks of chronic restraint (6 hr/day), a model of chronic stress, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were assessed. Both dim light at night and restraint reduced the DTH response. Dim light at night during long nights produced an intermediate short day phenotype. These results suggest the constant presence of light at night could negatively affect survival of photoperiodic rodents by disrupting the timing of breeding and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn G Aubrecht
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Columbus, Ohio
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Ikeno T, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Dim light at night disrupts the short-day response in Siberian hamsters. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 197:56-64. [PMID: 24362257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiodic regulation of physiology, morphology, and behavior is crucial for many animals to survive seasonally variable conditions unfavorable for reproduction and survival. The photoperiodic response in mammals is mediated by nocturnal secretion of melatonin under the control of a circadian clock. However, artificial light at night caused by recent urbanization may disrupt the circadian clock, as well as the photoperiodic response by blunting melatonin secretion. Here we examined the effect of dim light at night (dLAN) (5lux of light during the dark phase) on locomotor activity rhythms and short-day regulation of reproduction, body mass, pelage properties, and immune responses of male Siberian hamsters. Short-day animals reduced gonadal and body mass, decreased spermatid nuclei and sperm numbers, molted to a whiter pelage, and increased pelage density compared to long-day animals. However, animals that experienced short days with dLAN did not show these short-day responses. Moreover, short-day specific immune responses were altered in dLAN conditions. The nocturnal activity pattern was blunted in dLAN hamsters, consistent with the observation that dLAN changed expression of the circadian clock gene, Period1. In addition, we demonstrated that expression levels of genes implicated in the photoperiodic response, Mel-1a melatonin receptor, Eyes absent 3, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, were higher in dLAN animals than those in short-day animals. These results suggest that dLAN disturbs the circadian clock function and affects the molecular mechanisms of the photoperiodic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikeno
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Szmigielski S. Reaction of the immune system to low-level RF/MW exposures. Sci Total Environ 2013; 454-455:393-400. [PMID: 23562692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation have been used in the modern world for many years. The rapidly increasing use of cellular phones in recent years has seen increased interest in relation to the possible health effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation. In 2011 a group of international experts organized by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon) concluded that RF/MW radiations should be listed as a possible carcinogen (group 2B) for humans. The incomplete knowledge of RF/MW-related cancer risks has initiated searches for biological indicators sensitive enough to measure the "weak biological influence" of RF/MWs. One of the main candidates is the immune system, which is able to react in a measurable way to discrete environmental stimuli. In this review, the impacts of weak RF/MW fields, including cell phone radiation, on various immune functions, both in vitro and in vivo, are discussed. The bulk of available evidence clearly indicates that various shifts in the number and/or activity of immunocompetent cells are possible, however the results are inconsistent. For example, a number of lymphocyte functions have been found to be enhanced and weakened within single experiments based on exposure to similar intensities of MW radiation. Certain premises exist which indicate that, in general, short-term exposure to weak MW radiation may temporarily stimulate certain humoral or cellular immune functions, while prolonged irradiation inhibits the same functions.
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Burlakova EB, Naĭdich VI. [In memory of the 25th anniversary since the Chernobyl accident]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2011; 51:389-398. [PMID: 22003539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Bertho JM, Faure MC, Louiba S, Tourlonias E, Stefani J, Siffert B, Paquet F, Dublineau I. Influence on the mouse immune system of chronic ingestion of 137Cs. J Radiol Prot 2011; 31:25-39. [PMID: 21346294 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/31/1/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the possible occurrence of damage to the immune system during the course of chronic ingestion of (137)Cs. BALB/C mice were used, with (137)Cs intake via drinking water at a concentration of 20 kBq l(-1). Adults received (137)Cs before mating and offspring were sacrificed at various ages between birth and 20 weeks. Phenotypic analysis of circulating blood cells and thymocytes did not show any significant modification of immune cell populations in animals ingesting (137)Cs as compared with control animals, with the exception of a slight increase in Treg percentage at the age of 12 weeks. Functional tests, including proliferative response to mitogens such as phytohaemagglutinin, response to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte reaction and immunoglobulin response to vaccine antigens such as tetanus toxin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin did not show any significant functional modification of the immune system in (137)Cs-ingesting animals as compared with control animals. Overall, our results suggest that chronic ingestion of a low concentration of (137)Cs in drinking water in the long term does not have any biologically relevant effect on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Bertho
- IRSN, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale, Fontenay aux Roses, France.
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Feinendegen LE, Brooks AL, Morgan WF. Spontaneous and radiogenic perturbations and cancer. Health Phys 2011; 100:288. [PMID: 21285728 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e318209254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Mamedov RA, Agamirova AN, Dadashev AI, Gasymov ÉM, Kurbanov FS, Dobrovol'skiĭ SR. [The use of ozone and low-intensive laser irradiation in complex treatment of complicated duodenal ulcer]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2011:53-55. [PMID: 21983535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study is based on the examination of 12 patients with perforative duodenal ulcer and 24 patients operated on recurrent bleeding duodenal ulcer. Some component of the immune system, such as T- and B-lymphocytes rates, immunoglobulin rate and macrophagal activity, were decreased prior the beginning of the complex treatment. Normalisation of humoral and cell immunity was registered on 10-12 days after the beginning of the ozone and low-intensive laser irradiation.
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Puchkova EI, Alishev NV, Drabkin BA, Shubik VM. [Immunity and health: the accelerated aging of immune system in veterans of extra risk divisions]. Adv Gerontol 2011; 24:631-644. [PMID: 22550872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the data about state of health and immunity in veterans of extra risk divisions. The increased morbidity and immunity infringement in the remote terms after nuclear tests, and also while liquidation of consequences of radiating failures on nuclear submarines are shown. Changes of humoral factors of nonspecific protection, concentration of immunoglobulinums, in blood whey, a sensitization of lymphocytes to respiratory viruses, humoral and cellular autoimmune shifts are registered. Some of the revealed changes (complement, lysozyme, concentration of immunoglobulinums) are a consequence of advanced age and accompanying diseases in the people surveyed, and others (autoimmune shifts, a sensitization to respiratory viruses) can be connected with carrying out of tests of the nuclear weapon. Some of immunological changes are apparently a consequence of joined actions of radiating and not radiating factors. Among the last ones stress plays the essential role. For the characteristic of a state of health in 20-40 years after carrying out nuclear tests and possible radiating influence the estimation of autoimmune changes has a great value. The important role of such changes in morbidity of veterans of extra risk divisions is shown.
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Abstract
Radiation leaves a fairly characteristic footprint in biological materials, but this is rapidly all but obliterated by the canonical biological responses to the radiation damage. The innate immune recognition systems that sense "danger" through direct radiation damage and through associated collateral damage set in motion a chain of events that, in a tissue compromised by radiation, often unwittingly result in oscillating waves of molecular and cellular responses as tissues attempt to heal. Understanding "nature's whispers" that inform on these processes will lead to novel forms of intervention targeted more precisely towards modifying them in an appropriate and timely fashion so as to improve the healing process and prevent or mitigate the development of acute and late effects of normal tissue radiation damage, whether it be accidental, as a result of a terrorist incident, or of therapeutic treatment of cancer. Here we attempt to discuss some of the non-free radical scavenging mechanisms that modify radiation responses and comment on where we see them within a conceptual framework of an evolving radiation-induced lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Artuković M, Ikić M, Kustelega J, Artuković IN, Kaliterna DM. Influence of UV radiation on immunological system and occurrence of autoimmune diseases. Coll Antropol 2010; 34 Suppl 2:175-178. [PMID: 21302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades scientists worldwide have investigated how ultraviolet radiation (UVR) influences the immune system. The vast majority of the researchers was primarily focused on the local immunomodulatory role of UVR. But today evidence is increasing in favor of plural immune activation and systemic reaction of the organism. Most of the attention is directed toward the regulatory T lymphocytes which are responsible for the local and systemic immunosuppressive response under the impact of sunlight. The role of regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases is well studied on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Epidemiological research shows a proportional interdependence of latitude and prevalence of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is evidence that UVR has direct influence on the level of antibodies against the SNF2-superfamily helicase (Mi-2), distinctive for dermatomyositis (DM). On this basis a hypothesis is established that UVR is a risk factor for DM. A Croatian epidemiologic study o f systemic sclerosis (SSc) gave results consistent with the hypothesis that there is a higher prevalence of SSc in the Mediterranean regions of Croatia. Such discoveries encouraged further studies that found that not only regulatory T cells are responsible for a systemic immunosuppressive response, but that there is a complex interactive network of immune cells and mediators such as cytokines, neuropeptides, and chromophores like urocanic acid involved. Present findings require continued research on the importance of UVR on autoimmune disease prevalence and immunopathophysiology. Finally, it is necessary to distinguish whether UVR is a protective factor for some autoimmune diseases or a risk factor for their induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinko Artuković
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Formenti SC. Immunological aspects of local radiotherapy: clinical relevance. Discov Med 2010; 9:119-124. [PMID: 20193637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Standard anti-cancer therapeutic modalities like chemotherapy and radiotherapy evoke host's reactions that include involvement of the immune system. Elucidation of these mechanisms offers the double advantage of enabling a more rational choice of cytotoxic therapy and exploring the combination with immunotherapy. Radiotherapy, a well established local anti-cancer approach, is a particularly interesting partner for immunotherapy, since it can be harnessed to specifically modify the immunogenicity of the primary tumor and its microenvironment, in the attempt to generate an in situ immunization of the host against a patient's own cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Cancer Center, 560 First Avenue, New York, New York 11016, USA.
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Seyhan N, Canseven AG. In Vivo Effects of ELF MFs on Collagen Synthesis, Free Radical Processes, Natural Antioxidant System, Respiratory Burst System, Immune System Activities, and Electrolytes in the Skin, Plasma, Spleen, Lung, Kidney, and Brain Tissues. Electromagn Biol Med 2009; 25:291-305. [PMID: 17178588 DOI: 10.1080/15368370601054787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the results related with the effects of 50 Hz, 0.2 mT-3 mT MFs exposures on collagen synthesis, epilepsy, electrolytes, lipid peroxidation (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NOx), respiratory burst system (MPO), antioxidant defense system (GSH), and immune system (NK cell activity) in spleen, skin, lung, kidney, brain, and plasma tissues performed at Gazi Biophysics Department are reviewed. Our studies indicate that ELF MFs had effects on the tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Seyhan
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the biological risks to the immune system of the type of space radiation, 12C6+, encountered by cosmonauts during long-term travel in space. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Kun-Ming strain mice were whole-body irradiated by 12C6+ ion with 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.075, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1 or 2 Gy, at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min. At 35 days after irradiation, the thymus and spleen weights were measured, the natural killer (NK) cells activity of spleen was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels in serum and thymus were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS The results showed that the thymus weight, IFN-gamma levels in serum and the activity of splenic NK-cells had significantly increased at a dose of 0.05 Gy. With further dose increase, the weight of spleen continued to increase but the weight of thymus, IFN-gamma level and NK-cells activity declined. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the dose of 0.05 Gy irradiation has a stimulatory effect on mouse immunity; this effect declined with increasing dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xie
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Modern Physics, the Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, PR China
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Akleev AV. [Tissue reactions under chronic exposure to ionizing radiation]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:5-20. [PMID: 19368316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The overview presents an outline of the radiobiological mechanisms governing the origin of tissue reactions manifested by a number of systems influencing the course and the outcomes of chronic exposure of man. The issues under consideration include the key mechanisms of tissue reactions and adaptation in response to a long-term and fractionated exposure to ionizing radiation. The response of the hemopoietic, of immune, of genital, of endocrine, of respiratory systems and of the skin to chronic radiation is described. The development of a new approach to threshold dose estimation for chronic exposure effects is discussed.
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Bowden TJ. Modulation of the immune system of fish by their environment. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 25:373-383. [PMID: 18562213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The environment impacts on the physiology and psychology of animals in a wide variety of ways. If we can develop an understanding of how different environmental factors affect different processes we may be able to predict these changes and avoid or moderate deleterious events and the resultant changes in fish health and disease resistance. In this review, advances in the understanding of environmental impacts were identified in relation to specific areas of immune function. The trends, where they can be identified, showed that increases in light, temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH or particulates results in a general increase in immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bowden
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Attar M, Molaie Kondolousy Y, Khansari N. Effect of high dose natural ionizing radiation on the immune system of the exposed residents of Ramsar Town, Iran. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 6:73-8. [PMID: 17563407 DOI: 06.02/ijaai.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iran is one of several countries that has regions of high dose natural ionizing radiation. Two well-known villages in the suburb of Ramsar Town in the Caspian Sea strip, Taleshmahaleh and Chaparsar, have background radiation that is 13 times higher than normal. This radiation is the result of Radium 226 and Radon gas both of which are highly water soluble. While people living in these regions do not suffer from any major health problems, we decided to study the their immune responses to infection and inflammation in order to determine if their habitat affects their immune defense mechanisms as a way of compensating for their exposure to high dose environmental ionizing radiation. Our results showed that the total serum antioxidant level in the exposed people was significantly lower than the individuals not exposed to high dose natural ionizing radiation. The exposed individuals also had higher lymphocyte-induced IL-4 and IL-10 production, and lower IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. In addition, neutrophil NBT, phagocytosis, and locomotion were higher in the exposed group. In contrast, lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was unaffected. We conclude that the immune system of individuals exposed to high dose ionizing radiation has adapted to its environment by shifting from a Type 1 to a Type 2 response to promote anti-inflammation. This may be because inflammatory Type 1 responses generate more free radicals than Type 2 responses, in addition to the free radicals generated as a result of high environmental radiation. Thus, the serum total antioxidant level in the exposed residents was lower than the unexposed group.
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Pecaut MJ, Gridley DS. Radiation and secondary immune response to lipopolysaccharide. In Vivo 2008; 22:423-434. [PMID: 18712167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether secondary immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were altered by exposure to radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were irradiated (60Co, gamma-rays) to 0 or 3 Gray (Gy) and injected intraperitoneally with LPS on days 10 and 42 thereafter. Subsets were euthanized 0-14 days after the second injection for analyses. RESULTS The data show numerous radiation-induced effects, as well as some significant interactions among radiation, LPS, and day of analysis. Among the most striking were changes in thymus mass, circulating lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and specific lymphocyte subpopulations, erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, and platelet counts and volume. Spontaneous blastogenesis and oxidative burst capacity of phagocytic cells, however, were relatively normal. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that exposure to radiation at a spaceflight relevant dose can influence the distribution of certain leukocyte populations in response to a secondary challenge with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Kusunoki Y, Hayashi T. Long-lasting alterations of the immune system by ionizing radiation exposure: implications for disease development among atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 84:1-14. [PMID: 17852558 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701616106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immune systems of the atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors were damaged proportionately to irradiation levels at the time of the bombing over 60 years ago. Although the survivor's immune system repaired and regenerated as the hematopoietic system has recovered, significant residual injury persists, as manifested by abnormalities in lymphoid cell composition and function. This review summarizes the long-lasting alterations in immunological functions associated with atomic-bomb irradiation, and discusses the likelihood that damaging effects of radiation on the immune system may be involved partly in disease development so frequently observed in A-bomb survivors. CONCLUSIONS Significant immunological alterations noted include: (i) attrition of T-cell functions, as reductions in mitogen-dependent proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production; (ii) decrease in helper T-cell populations; and (iii) increase in blood inflammatory cytokine levels. These findings suggest that A-bomb radiation exposure perturbed one or more of the primary processes responsible for T-cell homeostasis and the balance between cell renewal and survival and cell death among naive and memory T cells. Such perturbed T-cell homeostasis may result in acceleration of immunological aging. Persistent inflammation, linked in some way to the perturbation of T-cell homeostasis, is key in addressing whether such noted immunological changes observed in A-bomb survivors are in fact associated with disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2, Hijiyama-Park, Minami-ward, Hiroshima 732, Japan.
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Akleev AV, Ovcharova EA. [Characterization of immunity status in exposed residents of the Techa riverside villages 50 years after the onset of radiation exposure]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2008; 48:261-277. [PMID: 18689251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to assess the state of immunity in exposed residents of the Techa riverside villages 50 years, or more, after the onset of radiation exposure. 127 chronically exposed persons and 55 unexposed persons were studied. The mean dose to red bone marrow (RBM) was 0.69 Sv in exposed subjects, the mean dose to soft tissue was 0.07 Sv, the mean dose rate amounted to 0.10 Sv/yr to RBM and 0.02 Sv/yr to soft tissues in 1950. The state of the basic links of the immunity system (cellular, humoral, mononuclear phagocyte system, cytokine spectrum, etc.) was assessed using conventional methods. Exposed persons manifested a significant reduction in the absolute counts of CD3+, CD4+, CD 11b+, CD16+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, as well as an increase in the relative counts of CD8+. The group comprised of the Techa riverside residents demonstrated an increased immunoregulatory index (exposed individuals: 1.47; controls: 1.71, p = 0.001). An increased production of Immunoglobulin A and increased proportions of CD25+ lymphocytes were revealed in exposed individuals. Changes in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes were insignificant, and were primarily associated with changes in the proportions of pagocytes in the peripheral blood stream. The state of the immunity in chronically exposed individuals at late time after the begin of exposure is characterized by a number of specific features reflected primarily on the cellular immunity. No relationship between immunity changes and accumulated exposure dose and dose rate were noted over the period of maximum radiation exposures (1950).
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Jauchem JR. Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3kHz to 300GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: A review of the recent literature. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 211:1-29. [PMID: 17692567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Occupational or residential exposures to radio-frequency energy (RFE), including microwaves, have been alleged to result in health problems. A review of recent epidemiological studies and studies of humans as subjects in laboratory investigations would be useful. METHODS This paper is a narrative review of the recent medical and scientific literature (from mid-1998 through early 2006) dealing with possible effects of RFE on humans, relating to topics other than cancer, tumors, and central nervous system effects (areas covered in a previous review). Subject areas in this review include effects on cardiovascular, reproductive, and immune systems. RESULTS A large number of studies were related to exposures from cellular telephones. Although both positive and negative findings were reported in some studies, in a majority of instances no significant health effects were found. Most studies had some methodological limitations. Although some cardiovascular effects due to RFE were reported in epidemiological studies (e.g., lower 24-h heart rate, blunted circadian rhythm of heart rate), there were no major effects on a large number of cardiovascular parameters in laboratory studies of volunteers during exposure to cell-phone RFE. In population-based studies of a wide range of RFE frequencies, findings were equivocal for effects on birth defects, fertility, neuroblastoma in offspring, and reproductive hormones. Some changes in immunoglobulin levels and in peripheral blood lymphocytes were reported in different studies of radar and radio/television-transmission workers. Due to variations in results and difficulties in comparing presumably exposed subjects with controls, however, it is difficult to propose a unifying hypothesis of immune-system effects. Although subjective symptoms may be produced in some sensitive individuals exposed to RFE, there were no straightforward differences in such symptoms between exposed and control subjects in most epidemiological and laboratory studies. Consistent, strong associations were not found for RFE exposure and adverse health effects. The majority of changes relating to each of the diseases or conditions were small and not significant. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of previous reviews of older literature and the current review of recent literature, there is only weak evidence for a relationship between RFE and any endpoint studied (related to the topics above), thus providing at present no sufficient foundation for establishing RFE as a health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Jauchem
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, San Antonio, TX 78235-5147, USA.
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Karnaukhova NA, Sergievich LA, Ignat'ev DA, Karnaukhov VN. [The radioprotective effect of hypothermia on the immune and hematopoietic systems in mammals]. Biofizika 2008; 53:336-343. [PMID: 18543776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The functional activity of the synthetic apparatus (parameter alpha) in blood lymphocytes, bone marrow hemopoietic cells, and thymus cells, as well as the total number of blood and bone marrow cells in rats after y-irradiation at a dose of 8 Gy in the conditions of normothermia and hypothermia (16-18 degrees C) with hypoxia-hypercapnia were investigated after 2 h and on days 1 and 4. The recovery processes in blood in both groups of rats after acute X-irradiation at a dose of 7 Gy for 36 days were analyzed too. Under hypothermia, on days 1-4 after acute gamma-irradiation, a decrease in the synthetic activity in remaining cells and devastation in the hemopoietic system were pronounced to a lesser degree. After X-irradiation, the restoration of synthetic activity in blood lymphocytes was shown to begin earlier and to finish faster in "hypothermic" rats as compared with the animals irradiated in the state of normothermia. The survival of "hypothermic" rats was 100% as compared with 30% in "normothermic" animals. Thus, the data show that hypothermia exerts a radioprotective effect on the cells of the immune and hemopoietic systems, thus enhancing the resistance of the organism to radiation.
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Napoletano C, Taurino F, Biffoni M, De Majo A, Coscarella G, Bellati F, Rahimi H, Pauselli S, Pellicciotta I, Burchell JM, Gaspari LA, Ercoli L, Rossi P, Rughetti A. RFA strongly modulates the immune system and anti-tumor immune responses in metastatic liver patients. Int J Oncol 2008; 32:481-490. [PMID: 18202772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency tumor ablation (RFA) is a therapeutic modality for liver cancer patients inducing localized tumor necrosis with maximal preservation of normal liver parenchyma. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects exerted by RFA treatment in liver cancer patients with metastatic liver lesions (13 patients) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (4 patients). Analysis of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry revealed that after RFA, CD3+ T cells, in particular CD4+, were decreased in metastatic cancer patients, while no change was observed in HCC patients. Moreover, RFA induced trafficking of naïve and memory CD62L+ T cells from circulation to tissues. When characterizing the function of T cells, proliferative response to PHA was strongly increased after 48 h from RFA in metastatic cancer patients. Furthermore, T cells produced IFN-gamma in response to the tumor associated MUC1 antigen. In contrast, humoral immune responses against tumor antigens such as MUC1 and HCV proteins were unaffected by RFA treatment, although increase of circulating B cells was observed only in metastatic cancer patients. These results indicate that RFA application can exert an activating effect on the immune system in metastatic cancer patients, favouring trafficking of lymphocyte subsets and enhancing tumor antigen specific cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, Italy
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Standish LJ, Torkelson C, Hamill FA, Yim D, Hill-Force A, Fitzpatrick A, Olsen M, Schildt S, Sweet E, Wenner CA, Martzen MR. Immune defects in breast cancer patients after radiotherapy. J Soc Integr Oncol 2008; 6:110-121. [PMID: 19087768 PMCID: PMC2845471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune status of women with stage I-III breast cancer after receiving external beam radiotherapy (RT). Fourteen stage I-III, estrogen or progesterone receptor-positive or-negative (FER/PR +\-), postsurgical breast cancer patients undergoing a standard course of chemotherapy and radiation were studied. Complete blood counts (CBC) with differential, phagocytic activity, natural killer (NK) cell functional activity, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma cytokine activity were measured immediately before and for the six weeks following the completion of radiation therapy. Fatigue levels after completion of RT were measured using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale. Nonparametric statistical methods (Wilcoxon rank and Spearman correlations) were used to analyze the data. Compared with postchemotherapy, following the completion of RT, these breast cancer patients showed lymphopenia, low functional activity of natural killer lymphocytes, decreased monocyte phagocytic activity, and decreased TNF-alpha production but no neutropenia, no anemia, and no change in interferon-gamma production. Lymphocyte count did not return to normal by the end of the 6-week post-RT observation period. The severity of lymphopenia and low natural killer cell activity was related to RT area but not radiation dose. Patients did not report significant fatigue levels for the 6 weeks after completing RT. Significant decreases in the numbers and functions of cells from both the innate and adaptive immune system were detected following a standard course of radiation therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Immune deficits in lymphocyte populations and TNF-alpha production, should they persist, may have consequences for immune response to residual or recurrent malignancy following completion of conventional treatment. The use of adjunctive immune therapies which target these specific defects may be warranted in the post-treatment period.
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Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Zitvogel L. [Calreticulin dictates the immunogenicity of anti-cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:257-8. [PMID: 17349284 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2007233257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Pecaut MJ, Dutta-Roy R, Miller GM, Gridley DS. Radiation and primary immune response to lipopolysaccharide: lymphocyte distribution and function. In Vivo 2007; 21:463-70. [PMID: 17591355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major cause of septic shock and death due to infection with Gram-negative bacteria. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of whole-body irradiation on lymphocyte populations during response to challenge with LPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group) were irradiated whole-body with 3 gray (Gy) gamma-rays in a single fraction at 0.8 Gy/min. LPS (E. coli serotype 0111:B4) at 1 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 10 days later and mice were euthanized at 60 min and days 1, 7, and 14 post-inoculation for analyses. RESULTS Significant interactions between radiation and LPS were noted in circulating and splenic lymphocyte subpopulations, including T-, B-, and NK-cells, particularly at the early time points. There were significant interactions on circulating, but not splenic, CD62L+ T-cell populations. However, there were no interactions on CD62L+ B-cells. Finally, there were significant interactions in both early and late blastogenic responses. CONCLUSION The data support that response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria may be significantly compromised by exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratories, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Abstract
For 15 years, the debate about depleted uranium (DU) and its detrimental effects on the health of veterans of the Gulf War of 1991, on the Iraqi people and military (and subsequently on the people of Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq during the second war) has remained unresolved. Meanwhile, the number of Gulf War veterans who have developed the so-called Gulf War syndrome has risen to about one-third of the 800,000 U.S. forces deployed, and unknown proportions of those involved in the subsequent wars. Uncounted civilians and personnel of other nations that fought in Iraq and other wars since 1991 have also been afflicted. The veterans have suffered from multiple serious physiological disorders and have received little or no official recognition, medical relief, or compensation. We need to take another look at this issue, using a holistic and interactive model for the toxic matrix of exposures, identifying the major roadblocks to resolving the scientific questions, and finding appropriate medical and political responses. This commentary is such an attempt.
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