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Huang Y, Chang Z, Gao Y, Ren C, Lin Y, Zhang X, Wu C, Pan X, Huang Z. Overcoming the Low-Stability Bottleneck in the Clinical Translation of Liposomal Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers: A Shell Stabilization Strategy Inspired by Biomineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3261. [PMID: 38542235 PMCID: PMC10970625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, several types of inhalable liposomes have been developed. Among them, liposomal pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) have gained much attention due to their cost-effectiveness, patient compliance, and accurate dosages. However, the clinical application of liposomal pMDIs has been hindered by the low stability, i.e., the tendency of the aggregation of the liposome lipid bilayer in hydrophobic propellant medium and brittleness under high mechanical forces. Biomineralization is an evolutionary mechanism that organisms use to resist harsh external environments in nature, providing mechanical support and protection effects. Inspired by such a concept, this paper proposes a shell stabilization strategy (SSS) to solve the problem of the low stability of liposomal pMDIs. Depending on the shell material used, the SSS can be classified into biomineralization (biomineralized using calcium, silicon, manganese, titanium, gadolinium, etc.) biomineralization-like (composite with protein), and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly (multiple shells structured with diverse materials). This work evaluated the potential of this strategy by reviewing studies on the formation of shells deposited on liposomes or similar structures. It also covered useful synthesis strategies and active molecules/functional groups for modification. We aimed to put forward new insights to promote the stability of liposomal pMDIs and shed some light on the clinical translation of relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Ziyao Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanyu Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Yuxin Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
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Bolhassani A. Lipid-Based Delivery Systems in Development of Genetic and Subunit Vaccines. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:669-698. [PMID: 36462102 PMCID: PMC9734811 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Lipidic carriers are composed of natural, synthetic, or physiological lipid/phospholipid materials. The flexibility of lipid-based delivery systems for transferring a variety of molecules such as immunomodulators, antigens, and drugs play a key role in design of effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies against infectious and non-infectious diseases. Genetic and subunit vaccines are two major groups of promising vaccines that have the potential for improving the protective potency against different diseases. These vaccine strategies rely greatly on delivery systems with various functions, including cargo protection, targeted delivery, high bioavailability, controlled release of antigens, selective induction of antigen-specific humoral or cellular immune responses, and low side effects. Lipidic carriers play a key role in local tissue distribution, retention, trafficking, uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, lipid nanoparticles have successfully achieved to the clinic for the delivery of mRNA. Their broad potential was shown by the recent approval of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. However, size, charge, architecture, and composition need to be characterized to develop a standard lipidic carrier. Regarding the major roles of lipid-based delivery systems in increasing the efficiency and safety of vaccine strategies against different diseases, this review concentrates on their recent advancements in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Alharbi N, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. The influence of component structural arrangement on peptide vaccine immunogenicity. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108029. [PMID: 36028180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines utilise minimal immunogenic components (i.e. peptides) to generate highly specific immune responses, without triggering adverse reactions. However, strong adjuvants and/or effective delivery systems must be incorporated into such vaccines, as peptide antigens cannot induce substantial immune responses on their own. Unfortunately, many adjuvants are too weak or too toxic to be used in combination with peptide antigens. These shortcomings have been addressed by the conjugation of peptide antigens with lipidic/ hydrophobic adjuvanting moieties. The conjugates have shown promising safety profiles and improved immunogenicity without the help of traditional adjuvants and have been efficient in inducing desired immune responses following various routes of administration, including subcutaneous, oral and intranasal. However, not only conjugation per se, but also component arrangement influences vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the importance of influence of the vaccine chemical structure modification on the immune responses generated. It discusses a variety of factors that affect the immunogenicity of peptide conjugates, including: i) self-adjuvanting moiety length and number; ii) the orientation of epitopes and self-adjuvanting moieties in the conjugate; iii) the presence of spacers between conjugated components; iv) multiepitopic arrangement; and v) the effect of chirality on vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alharbi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; University of Jeddah, College of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Firdaus FZ, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2412:145-178. [PMID: 34918245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength and longevity of immune responses but may also influence the type of response. In this chapter, we review the adjuvants that are available for use in human vaccines, such as alum, MF59, AS03, and AS01. We extensively discuss their composition, characteristics, mechanism of action, and effects on the immune system. Additionally, we summarize recent trends in adjuvant discovery, providing a brief overview of saponins, TLRs agonists, polysaccharides, nanoparticles, cytokines, and mucosal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrhana Ziana Firdaus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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5
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Abstract
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The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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A dual-adjuvanting strategy for peptide-based subunit vaccines against group A Streptococcus: Lipidation and polyelectrolyte complexes. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bartlett S, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Lipids as Activators of Innate Immunity in Peptide Vaccine Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2887-2901. [PMID: 30362416 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181026100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune system plays an important role in pathogen detection and the recognition of vaccines, mainly through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that identify pathogen components (danger signals). One of the typically recognised bacterial components are lipids in conjugation with peptides, proteins and saccharides. Lipidic compounds are readily recognised by the immune system, and thus are ideal candidates for peptide- based vaccine delivery. Thus, bacterial or synthetic lipids mixed with, or conjugated to, antigens have shown adjuvant properties. These systems have many advantages over traditional adjuvants, including low toxicity and good efficacy for stimulating mucosal and systemic immune responses. METHODS The most recent literature on the role of lipids in stimulation of immune responses was selected for this review. The vast majority of reviewed papers were published in the last decade. Older but significant findings are also cited. RESULTS This review focuses on the development of lipopeptide vaccine systems including application of palmitic acid, bacterial lipopeptides, glycolipids and the lipid core peptide and their routes of administration. The use of liposomes as a delivery system that incorporates lipopeptides is discussed. The review also includes a brief description of immune system in relation to vaccinology and discussion on vaccine delivery routes. CONCLUSION Lipids and their conjugates are an ideal frontrunner in the development of safe and efficient vaccines for different immunisation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Bartlett
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Dai C, Khalil ZG, Hussein WM, Yang J, Wang X, Zhao L, Capon RJ, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Opsonic Activity of Conservative Versus Variable Regions of the Group A Streptococcus M Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020210. [PMID: 32392777 PMCID: PMC7349123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and GAS-associated infections are a global challenge, with no licensed GAS vaccine on the market. The GAS M protein is a critical virulence factor in the fight against GAS infection, and it has been a primary target for GAS vaccine development. Measuring functional opsonic antibodies against GAS is an important component in the clinical development path for effective vaccines. In this study, we compared the opsonic activity of two synthetic, self-adjuvanting subunit vaccines containing either the J8- or 88/30-epitope in Swiss outbred mice using intranasal administration. Following primary immunization and three boosts, sera were assessed for IgG activity using ELISA, and opsonization activity against seven randomly selected clinical isolates of GAS was measured. Vaccine constructs containing the conservative J8-epitope showed significant opsonic activity against six out of the seven GAS clinical isolates, while the vaccine containing the variable 88/30-epitope did not show any significant opsonic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
| | - Jieru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Zhao L, Jin W, Cruz JG, Marasini N, Khalil ZG, Capon RJ, Hussein WM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Development of Polyelectrolyte Complexes for the Delivery of Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccines against Group A Streptococcus. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E823. [PMID: 32357402 PMCID: PMC7712447 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide subunit vaccines hold great potential compared to traditional vaccines. However, peptides alone are poorly immunogenic. Therefore, it is of great importance that a vaccine delivery platform and/or adjuvant that enhances the immunogenicity of peptide antigens is developed. Here, we report the development of two different systems for the delivery of lipopeptide subunit vaccine (LCP-1) against group A streptococcus: polymer-coated liposomes and polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). First, LCP-1-loaded and alginate/trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-coated liposomes (Lip-1) and LCP-1/alginate/TMC PECs (PEC-1) were examined for their ability to trigger required immune responses in outbred Swiss mice; PEC-1 induced stronger humoral immune responses than Lip-1. To further assess the adjuvanting effect of anionic polymers in PECs, a series of PECs (PEC-1 to PEC-5) were prepared by mixing LCP-1 with different anionic polymers, namely alginate, chondroitin sulfate, dextran, hyaluronic acid, and heparin, then coated with TMC. All produced PECs had similar particle sizes (around 200 nm) and surface charges (around + 30 mV). Notably, PEC-5, which contained heparin, induced higher antigen-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA titers than all other PECs. PEC systems, especially when containing heparin and TMC, could function as a promising platform for peptide-based subunit vaccine delivery for intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.Z.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Wanli Jin
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.Z.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Jazmina Gonzalez Cruz
- Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Nirmal Marasini
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.Z.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.Z.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (W.M.H.)
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.Z.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.Z.); (W.J.); (N.M.); (W.M.H.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Bartlett S, Skwarczynski M, Xie X, Toth I, Loukas A, Eichenberger RM. Development of natural and unnatural amino acid delivery systems against hookworm infection. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano3(1).191210.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines consist of short antigen fragments derived from a specific pathogen. Alone, these peptide fragments are poorly or non-immunogenic; however, when incorporated into a proper delivery system, they can trigger strong immune responses. To eliminate the need for toxic and often ineffective oral adjuvants, we designed single molecule-based self-adjuvating vaccines against hookworms using natural and unnatural hydrophobic amino acids. Two vaccine conjugates were synthesized, consisting of B-cell epitope p3, derived from the hookworm Na-APR-1 protein; universal T-helper peptide P25; and either double copies of unnatural lipoamino acid (2-amino-D,L-eicosanoic acid), or ten copies of the natural amino acid leucine. After challenge with the model hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, mice orally immunized with the conjugates, but without adjuvant, generated antibody responses against the hookworm epitope, resulting in significantly reduced worm and egg burdens compared to control mice. We have demonstrated that vaccine nanoparticles composed exclusively of natural amino acids can be effective even when administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Xie
- The University of Queensland,, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland,, St Lucia, Australia
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Dai C, Stephenson RJ, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Application of Fmoc-SPPS, Thiol-Maleimide Conjugation, and Copper(I)-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition "Click" Reaction in the Synthesis of a Complex Peptide-Based Vaccine Candidate Against Group A Streptococcus. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2103:13-27. [PMID: 31879916 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the most common approach used to synthesize natural and unnatural peptides. However, the synthesis of sequences longer than 30-60 amino acids is associated with a drastic reduction in peptide quality. Thus, large and complex peptides are normally synthesized as fragments, which are then conjugated together. Here, we describe the synthesis of a large, branched peptide, a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Group A Streptococcus, with the help of microwave-assisted Fmoc-SPPS, thiol-maleimide conjugation, and copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Drug Delivery Asia. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:586-587. [PMID: 31603052 DOI: 10.2174/156720181607190917091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Toth
- Chair in Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, Professor of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland Chemistry Blg #68, StLucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Azuar A, Zhao L, Hei TT, Nevagi RJ, Bartlett S, Hussein WM, Khalil ZG, Capon RJ, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Cholic Acid-based Delivery System for Vaccine Candidates against Group A Streptococcus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1253-1259. [PMID: 31531193 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines require an immunostimulant (adjuvant) and/or delivery system to protect the antigenic peptide from degradation and induce the desired immunity. Currently available adjuvants are either too toxic for human use (experimental adjuvants) or they are limited for use in particular vaccines or licensed countries (commercial adjuvants). Therefore, there is an immediate need for novel adjuvants that are both safe and effective. Herein, we assessed the ability of cholic acid (a major bile acid) as a nontoxic, biodegradable, human-derived, potent vaccine delivery system. An antigenic peptide derived from Group A Streptococcus was conjugated to hydrophobic cholic acid via solid phase peptide synthesis to produce lipopeptide that self-assembled into rod-like nanoparticles under aqueous conditions. Following intranasal immunization in mice, this lipopeptide was capable of inducing the production of opsonic epitope-specific antibodies on its own and in liposomal formulation. The cholic acid-based conjugate induced significantly stronger humoral immune responses than cholera toxin-based adjuvant. Thus, we demonstrated, for the first time, capability of the human-derived lipid to act as a built-in immunoadjuvant for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tsui Ting Hei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Reshma J. Nevagi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacey Bartlett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Azuar A, Jin W, Mukaida S, Hussein WM, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Recent Advances in the Development of Peptide Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems Against Group A Streptococcus. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E58. [PMID: 31266253 PMCID: PMC6789462 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection can cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from common sore throats and skin infections, to more invasive diseases and life-threatening post-infectious diseases, such as rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Although research has been ongoing since 1923, vaccines against GAS are still not available to the public. Traditional approaches taken to develop vaccines for GAS failed due to poor efficacy and safety. Fortunately, headway has been made and modern subunit vaccines that administer minimal bacterial components provide an opportunity to finally overcome previous hurdles in GAS vaccine development. This review details the major antigens and strategies used for GAS vaccine development. The combination of antigen selection, peptide epitope modification and delivery systems have resulted in the discovery of promising peptide vaccines against GAS; these are currently in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wanli Jin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Saori Mukaida
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Jaberolansar N, Chappell KJ, Watterson D, Bermingham IM, Toth I, Young PR, Skwarczynski M. Induction of high titred, non-neutralising antibodies by self-adjuvanting peptide epitopes derived from the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11130. [PMID: 28894111 PMCID: PMC5593926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. The significant morbidity and mortality rates associated with RSV infection make an effective RSV vaccine development a priority. Two neutralising antibody binding sites, Ø and II, located on the pre-fusion RSV F glycoprotein are prime candidates for epitope-focused vaccine design. We report on a vaccine strategy that utilises a lipid core peptide (LCP) delivery system with self-adjuvanting properties in conjunction with either the antigenic site Ø or II (B cell epitopes) along with PADRE as a T helper cell epitope. These LCP constructs adopted the desired helical conformation in solution and were recognised by their cognate antibodies D25 and Motavizumab, specific for site Ø and II on RSV F protein, respectively. The LCP constructs were capable of eliciting higher levels of antigen specific antibodies than those induced by antigens administered with complete Freund's adjuvant, demonstrating the potent adjuvanting properties of LCP delivery. However, the antibodies induced failed to recognise native F protein or neutralise virus infectivity. These results provide a note of caution in assuming that peptide vaccines, successfully designed to structurally mimic minimal linear B cell epitopes, will necessarily elicit the desired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Jaberolansar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Imogen M Bermingham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7151801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing sophistication of vaccine adjuvant design has been driven by improved understanding of the importance of nanoscale features of adjuvants to their immunological function. Newly available advanced nanomanufacturing techniques now allow very precise control of adjuvant particle size, shape, texture, and surface chemistry. Novel adjuvant concepts include self-assembling particles and targeted immune delivery. These individual concepts can be combined to create a single integrated vaccine nanoparticle-combining antigen, adjuvants, and DC-targeting elements. In the process, the concept of an adjuvant has broadened to include not only immune-stimulatory substances but also any design features that enhance the immune response against the relevant vaccine antigen. The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. It even includes purely physical processes such as texturing of particle surfaces to maximize immunogenicity. Looking forward, adjuvants will increasingly be seen not as separate add-on items but as wholly integrated elements of a complete vaccine delivery package. Hence, vaccine systems will increasingly approach the complexity and sophistication of pathogens themselves, incorporating highly specific particle properties, contents, and behaviors, all designed to maximize immune system recognition and drive the immune response in the specific direction that affords maximal protection.
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Mohini Y, Prasad R, Karuna M, Poornachandra Y, Ganesh Kumar C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ricinoleic acid-based lipoamino acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5198-5202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Chan A, Hussein WM, Ghaffar KA, Marasini N, Mostafa A, Eskandari S, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Structure–activity relationship of lipid core peptide-based Group A Streptococcus vaccine candidates. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3095-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel lipoamino acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:209-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Azmi F, Elliott AG, Khalil ZG, Hussein WM, Kavanagh A, Huang JX, Quezada M, Blaskovich MAT, Capon RJ, Cooper MA, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Self-assembling lipopeptides with a potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3359-71. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the potential of de novo designed cyclic lipopeptides and its linear counterparts as antibacterial agents. Materials & methods: The lipopeptides were synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis and the cyclization was achieved by using succinic acid linker. The antimicrobial activities of the lipopeptides were evaluated in vitro against a variety selection of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant strains. Results: The synthesized lipopeptides were able to self-assemble into nanoparticles in an aqueous environment, with three exhibiting potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including clinically relevant multidrug-resistant bacteria. Conclusion: The lead compounds have the potential to be developed as new antibacterials that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazren Azmi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Angela Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Michelle Quezada
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Mark AT Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Fuaad AAHA, Pearson MS, Pickering DA, Becker L, Zhao G, Loukas AC, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Lipopeptide Nanoparticles: Development of Vaccines against Hookworm Parasite. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1647-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Recent advances in peptide-based subunit nanovaccines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2657-69. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most efficient way to protect humans against pathogens. Peptide-based vaccines offer several advantages over classical vaccines, which utilized whole organisms or proteins. However, peptides alone are not immunogenic and need a delivery system that can boost their recognition by the immune system. In recent years, nanotechnology-based approaches have become one of the most promising strategies in peptide vaccine delivery. This review summarizes knowledge on peptide vaccines and nanotechnology-based approaches for their delivery. The recently reported nano-sized delivery platforms for peptide antigens are reviewed, including nanoparticles composed of polymers, peptides, lipids, inorganic materials and nanotubes. The future prospects for peptide-based nanovaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Hussein WM, Liu TY, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Toll-like receptor agonists: a patent review (2011 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:453-70. [PMID: 24456079 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.880691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a crucial part of the innate immunity and present the first line of defense against pathogens. In humans, there are ten TLRs, with TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 located in intracellular vesicles and the remaining expressed on the cell surface. These transmembrane protein receptors recognize a wide range of pathogen components. A large number of TLR agonists, either derived from pathogen components or modified synthetic molecules, were developed and investigated for their ability to stimulate an immune response. AREAS COVERED This review includes an updated summary (2011 - 2013) of TLR agonists that have been published in patent applications and/or progressed to clinical studies, with an emphasis on their chemical structure, immune response, prophylactic and therapeutic outcomes. EXPERT OPINION A number of factors have contributed to the design and development of TLR agonists such as solving the crystal structures of TLR bound to their ligands, improvements in our understanding of the signaling pathway activated after TLR stimulation and the identification of the native ligands of all human TLRs. Some of the TLR agonists have been approved for human use by the FDA while others have reached clinical studies in Phases I, II and III. Generally, immunotherapy based on TLR agonists is very promising for the prevention and/or treatment of several disorders including cancer, allergy and microbial infections. However, many TLR agonists were withdrawn from further studies as they either lacked efficacy or caused serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072 , Australia
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24
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Gopal SC, Kaki SS, Rao BVSK, Poornachandra Y, Kumar CG, Narayana Prasad RB. Synthesis of Novel Lipoamino Acid Conjugates of Sapienic Acid and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity Activities. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:717-22. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Azmi F, Ahmad Fuaad AAH, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Recent progress in adjuvant discovery for peptide-based subunit vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:778-96. [PMID: 24300669 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines are of great interest in modern immunotherapy as they are safe, easy to produce and well defined. However, peptide antigens produce a relatively weak immune response, and thus require the use of immunostimulants (adjuvants) for optimal efficacy. Developing a safe and effective adjuvant remains a challenge for peptide-based vaccine design. Recent advances in immunology have allowed researchers to have a better understanding of the immunological implication of related diseases, which facilitates more rational design of adjuvant systems. Understanding the molecular structure of the adjuvants allows the establishment of their structure-activity relationships which is useful for the development of next-generation adjuvants. This review summarizes the current state of adjuvants development in the field of synthetic peptide-based vaccines. The structural, chemical and biological properties of adjuvants associated with their immunomodulatory effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazren Azmi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, QLD Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy; National University Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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26
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Dougall AM, Skwarczynski M, Khoshnejad M, Chandrudu S, Daly NL, Toth I, Loukas A. Lipid core peptide targeting the cathepsin D hemoglobinase of Schistosoma mansoni as a component of a schistosomiasis vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:399-409. [PMID: 24231271 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-adjuvanting lipid core peptide (LCP) system offers a safe alternative vaccine delivery strategy, eliminating the need for additional adjuvants such as CpG Alum. In this study, we adopted the LCP as a scaffold for an epitope located on the surface of the cathepsin D hemoglobinase (Sm-CatD) of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Sm-CatD plays a pivotal role in digestion of the fluke's bloodmeal and has been shown to be efficacious as a subunit vaccine in a murine model of human schistosomiasis. Using molecular modeling we showed that S. mansoni cathepsin D possesses a predicted surface exposed α-helix (A₂₆₃K) that corresponds to an immunodominant helix and target of enzyme-neutralizing antibodies against Necator americanus APR-1 (Na-APR-1), the orthologous protease and vaccine antigen from blood-feeding hookworms. The A₂₆₃K epitope was engineered as two peptide variants, one of which was flanked at both termini with a coil maintaining sequence, thereby promoting the helical characteristics of the native A₂₆₃K epitope. Some of the peptides were fused to a self-adjuvanting lipid core scaffold to generate LCPs. Mice were vaccinated with unadjuvanted peptides, peptides formulated with Freund's adjuvants, or LCPs. Antibodies generated to LCPs recognized native Sm-CatD within a soluble adult schistosome extract, and almost completely abolished its enzymatic activity in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry we showed that anti-LCP antibodies bound to the native Sm-CatD protein in the esophagus and anterior regions of the gastrodermis of adult flukes. Vaccines offer an alternative control strategy in the fight against schistosomiasis, and further development of LCPs containing multiple epitopes from this and other vaccine antigens should become a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Dougall
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics; James Cook University; Cairns, QLD Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics; James Cook University; Cairns, QLD Australia; The University of Queensland; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; St. Lucia; QLD Australia; The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Wooloongabba, QLD Australia
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- The University of Queensland; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; St. Lucia; QLD Australia
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- The University of Queensland; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; St. Lucia; QLD Australia
| | - Norelle L Daly
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics; James Cook University; Cairns, QLD Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics; James Cook University; Cairns, QLD Australia; The University of Queensland; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; St. Lucia; QLD Australia; The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Wooloongabba, QLD Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics; James Cook University; Cairns, QLD Australia
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Peptide conjugation via CuAAC 'click' chemistry. Molecules 2013; 18:13148-74. [PMID: 24284482 PMCID: PMC6270195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The copper (I)-catalyzed alkyne azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) or ‘click’ reaction, is a highly versatile reaction that can be performed under a variety of reaction conditions including various solvents, a wide pH and temperature range, and using different copper sources, with or without additional ligands or reducing agents. This reaction is highly selective and can be performed in the presence of other functional moieties. The flexibility and selectivity has resulted in growing interest in the application of CuAAC in various fields. In this review, we briefly describe the importance of the structural folding of peptides and proteins and how the 1,4-disubstituted triazole product of the CuAAC reaction is a suitable isoster for an amide bond. However the major focus of the review is the application of this reaction to produce peptide conjugates for tagging and targeting purpose, linkers for multifunctional biomacromolecules, and reporter ions for peptide and protein analysis.
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Ahmad Fuaad AAH, Jia Z, Zaman M, Hartas J, Ziora ZM, Lin IC, Moyle PM, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Monteiro MJ, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Polymer-peptide hybrids as a highly immunogenic single-dose nanovaccine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:35-43. [PMID: 23611619 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore four-arm star poly(t-butyl)acrylate (P(t)BA)-peptide and linear P(t)BA-peptide conjugates as a vaccine-delivery system against Group A Streptococcus. MATERIALS & METHODS P(t)BA nanoparticles bearing J14 peptide epitopes were prepared via alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 'click' reaction. The conjugated products were self-assembled into small or large nanoparticles. These nanoparticle vaccine candidates were evaluated in vivo and J14-specific antibody titers were assessed. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Mice vaccinated with the nanoparticles were able to produce J14-specific IgG antibodies without the use of an external adjuvant after a single immunization. We have demonstrated for the first time that the immune responses against self-assembled P(t)BA nanoparticles are stronger for the smaller sized (~20 nm) nanoparticles compared with the larger (~500 nm) P(t)BA nanoparticles. CONCLUSION PtBA analogs have the potential to be developed as potent carrier systems for single-dose synthetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A H Ahmad Fuaad
- The University of Queensland (St Lucia), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Skwarczynski M, Kowapradit J, Ziora ZM, Toth I. pH-triggered peptide self-assembly into fibrils: a potential peptide-based subunit vaccine delivery platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-9341-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lico C, Santi L, Twyman RM, Pezzotti M, Avesani L. The use of plants for the production of therapeutic human peptides. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:439-51. [PMID: 22218674 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Peptides have unique properties that make them useful drug candidates for diverse indications, including allergy, infectious disease and cancer. Some peptides are intrinsically bioactive, while others can be used to induce precise immune responses by defining a minimal immunogenic region. The limitations of peptides, such as metabolic instability, short half-life and low immunogenicity, can be addressed by strategies such as multimerization or fusion to carriers, to improve their pharmacological properties. The remaining major drawback is the cost of production using conventional chemical synthesis, which is also difficult to scale-up. Over the last 15 years, plants have been shown to produce bioactive and immunogenic peptides economically and with the potential for large-scale synthesis. The production of peptides in plants is usually achieved by the genetic fusion of the corresponding nucleotide sequence to that of a carrier protein, followed by stable nuclear or plastid transformation or transient expression using bacterial or viral vectors. Chimeric plant viruses or virus-like particles can also be used to display peptide antigens, allowing the production of polyvalent vaccine candidates. Here we review progress in the field of plant-derived peptides over the last 5 years, addressing new challenges for diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie, Unità Tecnica BIORAD, ENEA CR Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
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Skwarczynski M, Parhiz BH, Soltani F, Srinivasan S, Kamaruzaman KA, Lin IC, Toth I. Lipid Peptide Core Nanoparticles as Multivalent Vaccine Candidates against Streptococcus pyogenes. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccine approaches for Group A streptococcus (GAS) infection are inadequate owing to the host’s production of cross-reactive antibodies that recognize not only the bacteria but also human tissue. To overcome this problem a peptide subunit-based vaccine was proposed, which would incorporate only minimal non-cross reactive epitopes. However, special delivery systems/adjuvants were required because short peptides are not immunogenic. In this study we have incorporated two epitopes from two different GAS proteins into a lipid core peptide (LCP) self-adjuvanting delivery system to achieve better protection against a wide range of GAS serotypes. Multivalent and monovalent constructs were synthesized with the help of an azide alkyne cycloaddition (click) reaction and their ability to self-assemble under aqueous conditions was examined. The compounds significantly differed in their ability to form small size nanoparticles, which are believed to be most appropriate for peptide-based subunit vaccine delivery. The LCP conjugates possessing two different epitopes, in contrast to monoepitopic constructs, formed small nanoparticles (5–15 nm) presumably owing to a suitable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the molecules.
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Bollam S, Kandadi P, Apte SS, Veerabrahma K. Development of indinavir submicron lipid emulsions loaded with lipoamino acids-in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain-specific delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:422-30. [PMID: 21360313 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our present work was to develop indinavir O/W submicron lipid emulsions (SLEs) loaded with lipoamino acids for specific delivery to brain. Tetradecyl aspartic acid (A) and decyl glutamic acid (G) loaded stable SLEs of indinavir having a mean size range of 210-220 nm and average zeta potential of -23.54±1.2 mV were developed using homogenization and ultrasonication. The cumulative % drug release from different SLEs varied in between 26% and 85%. The formulations, SLE, SLE-A3, and SLE-G3 were stable to the centrifugal stress, dilution stress, and storage at RT. The total drug content and entrapment efficiency were determined by HPLC method. During pharmacokinetic studies in male Wistar rats there was no significant difference in the serum levels of indinavir for SLE, SLE-A3 and SLE-G3 formulations at all time points. In tissue distribution studies, the therapeutic availability (TA) of indinavir in brain and kidneys for SLE-A3 were 4.27- and 2.66-fold whereas for SLE-G3 were 2.94 and 2.12 times, respectively, higher than that of indinavir solution. But when compared with that of SLE, in brain tissue the levels of indinavir from SLE-G3 and SLE-A3 varied in between 2.5- and 3.38-fold. While in case of the kidney, it was between 1.23- and 1.54-fold only. However, the TA is not significantly different in tissues like the heart, liver, and spleen. Thus, brain-specific delivery of indinavir was improved by including tetradecyl aspartic acid and decyl glutamic acid in submicron lipid emulsions.
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Abstract
Disadvantages of classical vaccines, such as the risk of an autoimmune reaction, might be overcome by using a subunit vaccine containing the minimal microbial components necessary to stimulate appropriate immune responses. However, vaccines based on minimal epitopes suffer from poor immunogenicity and require the use of an additional immunostimulant (adjuvant). Only a few adjuvants have been permitted for use with vaccines intended for human administration. We have developed several vaccine candidates based on a lipid-core-peptide (LCP) system. This system has self-adjuvanting properties, and it can be used for the delivery of a variety of epitopes to produce vaccine candidates against a targeted disease. The LCP system is easily assembled by simple stepwise Boc solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Pro-apoptotic activity of lipidic α-amino acids isolated from Protopalythoa variabilis. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7997-8004. [PMID: 20943402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipidic α-amino acids (LAAs) have been described as non-natural amino acids with long saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chains. In the continuing prospect to discover anticancer agents from marine sources, we have obtained a mixture of two cytotoxic LAAs (1a and 1b) from the zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis. The anti-proliferative potential of 14 synthetic LAAs and 1a/1b were evaluated on four tumor cell lines (HCT-8, SF-295, MDA-MB-435, and HL-60). Five of the synthetic LAAs showed high percentage of tumor cell inhibition, while 1a/1b completely inhibited tumor cell growth. Additionally, apoptotic effects of 1a/1b were studied on HL-60 cell line. 1a/1b-treated cells showed apoptosis morphology, loss of mitochondrial potential, and DNA fragmentation.
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Skwarczynski M, Zaman M, Urbani C, Lin IC, Jia Z, Batzloff M, Good M, Monteiro M, Toth I. Polyacrylate Dendrimer Nanoparticles: A Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine Delivery System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5742-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Polyacrylate Dendrimer Nanoparticles: A Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine Delivery System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Williams C. University of Queensland–National University of Singapore Joint Symposium. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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