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Xiang Q, Wu J, Zhou Y, Li L, Tian M, Li G, Zhang Z, Fu Y. SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein regulates the function of Spike by inhibiting its plasma membrane localization and enzymatic activity of Furin. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127659. [PMID: 38430890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The presence of a multibasic cleavage site in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 makes it prone to be cleaved by Furin at the S1/S2 junction (aa. 685-686), which enhances the usage of TMPRSS2 to promote cell-cell fusion to form syncytia. Syncytia may contribute to pathology by facilitating viral dissemination, cytopathicity, immune evasion, and inflammation. However, the role of other SARS-CoV-2 encoding viral proteins in syncytia formation remains largely unknown. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 M protein effectively inhibits syncytia formation triggered by Spike or its variants (Alpha, Delta, Omicron, etc.) and prevents Spike cleavage into S1 and S2 based on a screen assay of 20 viral proteins. Mechanistically, M protein interacts with Furin and inhibits its enzymatic activity, preventing the cleavage of Spike. In addition, M interacts with Spike independent of its cytoplasmic tail, retaining it within the cytoplasm and reducing cell membrane localization. Our findings offer new insights into M protein's role in regulating Spike's function and underscore the importance of functional interplay among viral proteins, highlighting potential avenues for SARS-CoV-2 therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518112, China
| | - Linhao Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Miao Tian
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Guobao Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518112, China.
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China.
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Lapierre LA, Roland JT, Manning EH, Caldwell C, Glenn HL, Vidalain PO, Tangy F, Hogue BG, de Haan CAM, Goldenring JR. Coronavirus M Protein Trafficking in Epithelial Cells Utilizes a Myosin Vb Splice Variant and Rab10. Cells 2024; 13:126. [PMID: 38247817 PMCID: PMC10814003 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The membrane (M) glycoprotein of coronaviruses (CoVs) serves as the nidus for virion assembly. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the interaction of the cytosolic tail of Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV-CoV) M protein with Myosin Vb (MYO5B), specifically with the alternative splice variant of cellular MYO5B including exon D (MYO5B+D), which mediates interaction with Rab10. When co-expressed in human lung epithelial A549 and canine kidney epithelial MDCK cells, MYO5B+D co-localized with the MHV-CoV M protein, as well as with the M proteins from Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Co-expressed M proteins and MYO5B+D co-localized with endogenous Rab10 and Rab11a. We identified point mutations in MHV-CoV M that blocked the interaction with MYO5B+D in yeast 2-hybrid assays. One of these point mutations (E121K) was previously shown to block MHV-CoV virion assembly and its interaction with MYO5B+D. The E to K mutation at homologous positions in PEDV-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 M proteins also blocked colocalization with MYO5B+D. The knockdown of Rab10 blocked the co-localization of M proteins with MYO5B+D and was rescued by re-expression of CFP-Rab10. Our results suggest that CoV M proteins traffic through Rab10-containing systems, in association with MYO5B+D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A. Lapierre
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.L.); (J.T.R.); (E.H.M.); (C.C.)
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.L.); (J.T.R.); (E.H.M.); (C.C.)
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Manning
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.L.); (J.T.R.); (E.H.M.); (C.C.)
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Catherine Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.L.); (J.T.R.); (E.H.M.); (C.C.)
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- Biodesign Institute Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines & Virotherapy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (H.L.G.); (B.G.H.)
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Equipe Infections Virales, Métabolisme et Immunité, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ. Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France;
- Unité Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frederic Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Brenda G. Hogue
- Biodesign Institute Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines & Virotherapy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (H.L.G.); (B.G.H.)
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - C. A. M. de Haan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Section Virology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.L.); (J.T.R.); (E.H.M.); (C.C.)
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Guan L, Su W, Zhong J, Qiu L. M-protein detection by mass spectrometry for minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117623. [PMID: 37924928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins). Routine screening methods for M proteins to assess prognosis are unable to detect low levels of M proteins produced by residual tumor cells, ie, minimal residual disease (MRD). Assessment of MRD can be conducted by examining residual tumor cells in bone marrow or circulating M proteins. Advances in mass spectrometry have enabled reliable and highly sensitive detection of low abundance serum biomarkers making it a viable and significantly less invasive approach. Mass spectrometry can achieve dynamic monitoring of MRD and identify therapeutic monoclonal antibodies as well as oligoclonal proteins. In this review we summarize mass spectrometry methods in M protein detection and their applications of MRD detection in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, PR China.
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4
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Bains A, Fischer K, Guan W, LiWang PJ. The Antiviral Activity of the Lectin Griffithsin against SARS-CoV-2 Is Enhanced by the Presence of Structural Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:2452. [PMID: 38140693 PMCID: PMC10747160 DOI: 10.3390/v15122452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although COVID-19 transmission has been reduced by the advent of vaccinations and a variety of rapid monitoring techniques, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself has shown a remarkable ability to mutate and persist. With this long track record of immune escape, researchers are still exploring prophylactic treatments to curtail future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Specifically, much focus has been placed on the antiviral lectin Griffithsin in preventing spike protein-mediated infection via the hACE2 receptor (direct infection). However, an oft-overlooked aspect of SARS-CoV-2 infection is viral capture by attachment receptors such as DC-SIGN, which is thought to facilitate the initial stages of COVID-19 infection in the lung tissue (called trans-infection). In addition, while immune escape is dictated by mutations in the spike protein, coronaviral virions also incorporate M, N, and E structural proteins within the particle. In this paper, we explored how several structural facets of both the SARS-CoV-2 virion and the antiviral lectin Griffithsin can affect and attenuate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. We found that Griffithsin was a better inhibitor of hACE2-mediated direct infection when the coronaviral M protein is present compared to when it is absent (possibly providing an explanation regarding why Griffithsin shows better inhibition against authentic SARS-CoV-2 as opposed to pseudotyped viruses, which generally do not contain M) and that Griffithsin was not an effective inhibitor of DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection. Furthermore, we found that DC-SIGN appeared to mediate trans-infection exclusively via binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with no significant effect observed when other viral proteins (M, N, and/or E) were present. These results provide etiological data that may help to direct the development of novel antiviral treatments, either by leveraging Griffithsin binding to the M protein as a novel strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or by narrowing efforts to inhibit trans-infection to focus on DC-SIGN binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Bains
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Kathryn Fischer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Wenyan Guan
- Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Patricia J. LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Wang J, Ma C, Li M, Gao X, Wu H, Dong W, Wei L. Streptococcus pyogenes: Pathogenesis and the Current Status of Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1510. [PMID: 37766186 PMCID: PMC10534548 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS), a Gram-positive coccal bacterium, poses a significant global disease burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Its manifestations can range from pharyngitis and skin infection to severe and aggressive diseases, such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. At present, although GAS is still sensitive to penicillin, there are cases of treatment failure for GAS pharyngitis, and antibiotic therapy does not universally prevent subsequent disease. In addition to strengthening global molecular epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance, developing a safe and effective licensed vaccine against GAS would be the most effective way to broadly address GAS-related diseases. Over the past decades, the development of GAS vaccines has been stalled, mainly because of the wide genetic heterogeneity of GAS and the diverse autoimmune responses to GAS. With outbreaks of scarlet fever in various countries in recent years, accelerating the development of a safe and effective vaccine remains a high priority. When developing a GAS vaccine, many factors need to be considered, including the selection of antigen epitopes, avoidance of self-response, and vaccine coverage. Given the challenges in GAS vaccine development, this review describes the important virulence factors that induce disease by GAS infection and how this has influenced the progression of vaccine development efforts, focusing on several candidate vaccines that are further along in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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Dale JB, Aranha MP, Penfound TA, Salehi S, Smith JC. Structure-guided design of a broadly cross-reactive multivalent group a streptococcal vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:5841-5847. [PMID: 37596198 PMCID: PMC10529471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The M protein of group A streptococci (Strep A) is a major virulence determinant and protective antigen. The N-terminal region of the M protein is variable in sequence, defines the M/emm type, and contains epitopes that elicit opsonic antibodies that protect animals from challenge infections. Although there are >200 M types of Strep A, there is now evidence that structurally related M proteins can be grouped into clusters and that immunity may be cluster-specific in addition to M type-specific. This observation has led to recent studies of structure-based design of multivalent M peptide vaccines to select peptides predicted to cross-react with heterologous M types to improve vaccine coverage. In the current study, we have applied a refined series of peptide structural algorithms to predict immunological cross-reactivity among 117 N-terminal M peptides representing the most prevalent M types of Strep A. Based on the results of the structural analyses, in combination with global M type prevalence data, we constructed a 32-valent vaccine containing 19 cross-reactive vaccine candidates predicted to cross-react with 37 heterologous M peptides to which were added 13 type-specific M peptides. The 4-protein recombinant vaccine was immunogenic in rabbits and elicited significant levels of antibodies against 31/32 (97%) vaccine peptides and 28/37 (76%) peptides predicted to cross-react. The vaccine antisera also promoted opsonophagocytic killing of vaccine and cross-reactive M types of Strep A. Based on a recent analysis of M type prevalence of Strep A, the potential global coverage of the 32-valent vaccine is ∼90%, ranging from 68% in Africa to 95% in North America. Our results indicate the utility of structure-based design that may be applied to future studies of broadly protective M peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Michelle P Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
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Zeba A, Sekar K, Ganjiwale A. M Protein from Dengue virus oligomerizes to pentameric channel protein: in silico analysis study. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e41. [PMID: 37813637 PMCID: PMC10584644 DOI: 10.5808/gi.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dengue virus M protein is a 75 amino acid polypeptide with two helical transmembranes (TM). The TM domain oligomerizes to form an ion channel, facilitating viral release from the host cells. The M protein has a critical role in the virus entry and life cycle, making it a potent drug target. The oligomerization of the monomeric protein was studied using ab initio modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an implicit membrane environment. The representative structures obtained showed pentamer as the most stable oligomeric state, resembling an ion channel. Glutamic acid, threonine, serine, tryptophan, alanine, isoleucine form the pore-lining residues of the pentameric channel, conferring an overall negative charge to the channel with approximate length of 51.9 Å. Residue interaction analysis (RIN) for M protein shows that Ala94, Leu95, Ser112, Glu124, and Phe155 are the central hub residues representing the physicochemical interactions between domains. The virtual screening with 165 different ion channel inhibitors from the ion channel library shows monovalent ion channel blockers, namely lumacaftor, glipizide, gliquidone, glisoxepide, and azelnidipine to be the inhibitors with high docking scores. Understanding the three-dimensional structure of M protein will help design therapeutics and vaccines for Dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zeba
- Department of Life Sciences, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560056, India
| | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Bio-computing, Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Anjali Ganjiwale
- Department of Life Sciences, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560056, India
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Zhou X, Song H, Pan F, Yuan C, Jia L, Wu B, Fan H, Ma Z. The dual M protein systems have diverse biological characteristics, but both contribute to M18-type Group A Streptococcus pathogenicity. Microbes Infect 2023:105209. [PMID: 37597608 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
M protein is a key surface virulence factor in Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Group C Streptococcus (GCS), and other streptococcal species. GAS encodes M protein using the emm gene, while GCS employs the szm (or sem) gene. In M18-type GAS, dual M protein systems exist, comprising both GAS and GCS M proteins (encoded separately by emm18 and spa18). The spa18 gene in M18-type GAS shares a conserved region highly similar to GCS's szm gene. Our study reveals that spa18 exhibits higher transcription levels than emm18 in M18-type GAS strains. The dual M protein systems defective mutant (Δemm18Δspa18) displays a smooth surface, whereas wild-type and single M protein gene mutants remain rough. M18 and SPA18 proteins possess distinct characteristics, showing varied binding properties and cytotoxicity effects on macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both emm18 and spa18 genes contribute to the skin pathogenicity of M18-type GAS. Transcriptome analysis suggests the potential involvement of the mga gene in spa18 transcription regulation, while SpyM18_2047 appears to be specific to spa18 regulation. In summary, this research offers a crucial understanding of the biological characteristics of dual M protein systems in M18-type GAS, highlighting their contributions to virulence and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoshuai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Emami S, Rojas Converso T, Persson JJ, Johansson-Lindbom B. Insertion of an immunodominant T helper cell epitope within the Group A Streptococcus M protein promotes an IFN-γ-dependent shift from a non-protective to a protective immune response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241485. [PMID: 37654501 PMCID: PMC10465795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The common pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is an extracellular bacterium that is associated with a multitude of infectious syndromes spanning a wide range of severity. The surface-exposed M protein is a major GAS virulence factor that is also target for protective antibody responses. In this study, we use a murine immunization model to investigate aspects of the cellular and molecular foundation for protective adaptive immune responses generated against GAS. We show that a wild type M1 GAS strain induces a non-protective antibody response, while an isogenic strain carrying the immunodominant 2W T helper cell epitope within the M protein elicits an immune response that is protective against the parental non-recombinant M1 GAS strain. Although the two strains induce total anti-GAS IgG levels of similar magnitude, only the 2W-carrying strain promotes elevated titers of the complement-fixing IgG2c subclass. Protection is dependent on IFN-γ, and IFN-γ-deficient mice show a specific reduction in IgG2c levels. Our findings suggest that inclusion of the 2W T cell epitope in the M protein confers essential qualitative alterations in the adaptive immune response against GAS, and that sparsity in IFN-γ-promoting Th cell epitopes in the M protein may constitute an immune evasion mechanism, evolved to allow the pathogen to avoid attack by complement-fixing antibodies.
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Wang KC, Kuliyev E, Nizet V, Ghosh P. A conserved 3D pattern in a Streptococcus pyogenes M protein immunogen elicits M-type crossreactivity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104980. [PMID: 37390991 PMCID: PMC10400905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coiled coil-forming M proteins of the widespread and potentially deadly bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (strep A) are immunodominant targets of opsonizing antibodies. However, antigenic sequence variability of M proteins into >220 M types, as defined by their hypervariable regions (HVRs), is considered to limit M proteins as vaccine immunogens because of type specificity in the antibody response. Surprisingly, a multi-HVR immunogen in clinical vaccine trials was shown to elicit M-type crossreactivity. The basis for this crossreactivity is unknown but may be due in part to antibody recognition of a 3D pattern conserved in many M protein HVRs that confers binding to human complement C4b-binding protein (C4BP). To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether a single M protein immunogen carrying the 3D pattern would elicit crossreactivity against other M types carrying the 3D pattern. We found that a 34-amino acid sequence of S. pyogenes M2 protein bearing the 3D pattern retained full C4BP-binding capacity when fused to a coiled coil-stabilizing sequence from the protein GCN4. We show that this immunogen, called M2G, elicited cross-reactive antibodies against a number of M types that carry the 3D pattern but not against those that lack the 3D pattern. We further show that the M2G antiserum-recognized M proteins displayed natively on the strep A surface and promoted the opsonophagocytic killing of strep A strains expressing these M proteins. As C4BP binding is a conserved virulence trait of strep A, we propose that targeting the 3D pattern may prove advantageous in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eziz Kuliyev
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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Ashruf OS, Orozco Z, Kaelber DC. Risk and Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A 3-Year Propensity Matched Cohort Study. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2023; 23:626-632. [PMID: 37208255 PMCID: PMC10140469 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant disorder causing monoclonal plasma cell proliferation in bone marrow. This population is at risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM) and severe viral infections; risk factors of severe COVID-19 infection. Using TriNetX, a global platform providing data of 120 million patients, we aimed to quantify the risk and severity of COVID-19 in MGUS patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network. From January 20, 2020, to January 20, 2023, we identified a cohort of 58,859 MGUS patients and compared to non-MGUS patients, determined by relevant diagnosis/LOINC test codes. After 1:1 propensity score-matching, we identified COVID-19 cases to quantify risk and identify patients who had been hospitalized, ventilated/intubated, and deceased to quantify severity. Measures of association and Kaplan-Meier analysis were conducted. RESULTS After propensity-score matching, there were 58,668 patients in both cohorts. MGUS patients were found to be at a reduced risk of contracting COVID-19 (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.85-0.91). MGUS patients with COVID-19 showed higher mortality risk and decreased survival time compared to the general population (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.27). MGUS patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized exhibited significantly decreased survival time (log-rank test, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION As COVID-19 remains a looming health concern, especially amongst vulnerable populations, our analysis emphasizes the need for adequate vaccination and treatment regimens as well as an understanding of the severity of infection in MGUS patients and justification for precautionary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer S Ashruf
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, United States.
| | - Zara Orozco
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - David C Kaelber
- Center for Education and Training in Health Informatics, The Metro Health System and the Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Decotter J, Desprès P, Gadea G. Dengue virus M and E proteins belonging to genotype II (Cosmopolitan) of serotype 2 are influenced by the nature of M residue 36. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37436433 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne dengue disease is caused by the dengue virus serotype-1 to serotype-4. The contemporary dengue outbreaks in the southwestern Indian ocean coincided with the widespread of dengue virus serotype 2 genotype II (Cosmopolitan), including epidemic viral strains DES-14 and RUN-18 isolated in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) in 2014 and La Reunion Island (France) in 2018, respectively. Heterodimeric interaction between prM (intracellular precursor of surface structural M protein) and envelope E proteins is required during the initial stage of dengue virus assembly. Amino acid 127 of DES-14 prM protein (equivalent to M36) has been identified as an infrequent valine whereas RUN-18 has a common isoleucine. In the present study, we examined the effect of M-I36V mutation on the expression of a recombinant RUN-18 E protein co-expressed with prM in human epithelial A549 cells. The M ectodomain of dengue virus serotype 2 embeds a pro-apoptotic peptide referred as D2AMP. The impact of M-I36V mutation on the death-promoting capability of D2AMP was assessed in A549 cells. We showed that valine at position M36 affects expression of recombinant RUN-18 E protein and potentiates apoptosis-inducing activity of D2AMP. We propose that the nature of M residue 36 influences the virological characteristics of dengue 2 M and E proteins belonging to genotype II that contributes to global dengue burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Decotter
- Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Present address: MetaSarc team Inserm U1194, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), F-34298 Montpellier, France
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Lei B, Hanks TS, Bao Y, Liu M. Slipped-strand mispairing within a polycytidine tract in transcriptional regulator mga leads to M protein phase variation and Mga length polymorphism in Group A Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1212149. [PMID: 37434706 PMCID: PMC10330708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1212149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The M protein, a major virulence factor of Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is regulated by the multigene regulator Mga. An unexplained phenomena frequently occurring with in vitro genetic manipulation or culturing of M1T1 GAS strains is the loss of M protein production. This study was aimed at elucidating the basis for the loss of M protein production. The majority of M protein-negative (M-) variants had one C deletion at a tract of 8 cytidines starting at base 1,571 of the M1 mga gene, which is designated as c.1571C[8]. The C deletion led to a c.1571C[7] mga variant that has an open reading frame shift and encodes a Mga-M protein fusion protein. Transformation with a plasmid containing wild-type mga restored the production of the M protein in the c.1571C[7] mga variant. Isolates producing M protein (M+) were recovered following growth of the c.1571C[7] M protein-negative variant subcutaneously in mice. The majority of the recovered isolates with reestablished M protein production had reverted back from c.1571C[7] to c.1571C[8] tract and some M+ isolates lost another C in the c.1571C[7] tract, leading to a c.1571C[6] variant that encodes a functional Mga with 13 extra amino acid residues at the C-terminus compared with wild-type Mga. The nonfunctional c.1571C[7] and functional c.1571C[6] variants are present in M1, M12, M14, and M23 strains in NCBI genome databases, and a G-to-A nonsense mutation at base 1,657 of M12 c.1574C[7] mga leads to a functional c.1574C[7]/1657A mga variant and is common in clinical M12 isolates. The numbers of the C repeats in this polycytidine tract and the polymorphism at base 1,657 lead to polymorphism in the size of Mga among clinical isolates. These findings demonstrate the slipped-strand mispairing within the c.1574C[8] tract of mga as a reversible switch controlling M protein production phase variation in multiple GAS common M types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benfang Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Tracey S. Hanks
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Yunjuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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Masoudi R, Mohammadi A, Morovati S, Heidari AA, Asad-Sangabi M. Induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by matrix protein of PPR virus as a novel anti-cancer agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125536. [PMID: 37369256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and highly malignant neoplasm, ranking as the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recently, non-human oncolytic viruses such as Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) are considered as a potent candidate in the viral therapy of cancer. In the current study, the apoptotic effects of matrix (M) protein of PPRV was investigated on SW480 CRC cells. The M gene was cloned into the pcDNA™3.1/Hygro(+) expression vector and transfected into the cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of the M protein on SW480 cells were confirmed using MTT assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry results showed that the M protein induces apoptosis in 91 % of CRC cells. Interestingly, the expression of the M gene in SW480 cells led to the up-regulation of genes including Bax, p53, and Caspase-9, as well as an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. By using bioinformatics modeling, we hypothesized that the M protein could interact with Bax factor through its BH3-like motif and could further activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Ultimately, this study provided the first evidence of the pro-apoptotic activity of PPRV M protein indicating its possible development as a promising novel anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Masoudi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Heidari
- Division of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Asad-Sangabi
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Salie MT, Muhamed B, Engel K, Rampersadh K, Daniels R, Mhlanti L, Penfound TA, Sable CA, Zühlke LJ, Dale JB, Engel ME. Serum Immune Responses to Group A Streptococcal Antigens following Pharyngeal Acquisitions among Children in Cape Town, South Africa. mSphere 2023:e0011323. [PMID: 37154726 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00113-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the human immune response following infection with group A Streptococcus (Strep A). Animal studies have shown, in addition to the M protein, that shared Strep A antigens elicit protective immunity. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of antibody responses against a panel of Strep A antigens in a cohort of school-aged children in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants provided serial throat cultures and serum samples at two-monthly follow-up visits. Strep A recovered were emm-typed, and serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess immune responses to thirty-five Strep A antigens (10-shared and 25-M peptides). Serologic evaluations were performed on serial serum samples from 42 selected participants (from 256 enrolled) based on the number of follow-up visits, the frequency of visits, and throat culture results. Among these, there were 44 Strep A acquisitions, 36 of which were successfully emm-typed. Participants were grouped into three clinical event groups based on culture results and immune responses. A preceding infection was most convincingly represented by a Strep A-positive culture with an immune response to at least one shared antigen and M peptide (11 events) or a Strep A-negative culture with antibody responses to shared antigens and M peptides (9 events). More than a third of participants demonstrated no immune response despite a positive culture. This study provided important information regarding the complexity and variability of human immune responses following pharyngeal acquisition of Strep A, as well as demonstrating the immunogenicity of Strep A antigens currently under consideration as potential vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE There is currently limited information regarding the human immune response to group A streptococcal throat infection. An understanding of the kinetics and specificity of antibody responses against a panel of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) antigens will serve to refine diagnostic approaches and contribute to vaccine efforts, which together will serve to reduce the burden of rheumatic heart disease, a major source of morbidity and mortality especially in the developing world. This study, utilizing an antibody-specific assay, uncovered three patterns of response profiles following GAS infection, among 256 children presenting with sore throat to local clinics. Overall, the response profiles were complex and variable. Of note, a preceding infection was most convincingly represented by a GAS-positive culture with an immune response to at least one shared antigen and M peptide. Also, more than a third of participants demonstrated no immune response despite a positive culture. All antigens tested were immunogenic, providing guidance for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taariq Salie
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Babu Muhamed
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kélin Engel
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kimona Rampersadh
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rezeen Daniels
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lwazi Mhlanti
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig A Sable
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liesl J Zühlke
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark E Engel
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Castañeda-Montes FJ, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Mendoza-Elvira S. A Candidate Antigen of the Recombinant Membrane Protein Derived from the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Synthetic Gene to Detect Seropositive Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051049. [PMID: 37243136 DOI: 10.3390/v15051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emergent swine coronavirus which infects cells from the small intestine and induces watery diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration, causing mortality in piglets (>40%). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the recombinant membrane protein (M) of PDCoV (rM-PDCoV), which was developed from a synthetic gene obtained after an in silico analysis with a group of 138 GenBank sequences. A 3D model and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the highly conserved M protein structure. Therefore, the synthetic gene was successfully cloned in a pETSUMO vector and transformed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The rM-PDCoV was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with ~37.7 kDa. The rM-PDCoV immunogenicity was evaluated in immunized (BLAB/c) mice and iELISA. The data showed increased antibodies from 7 days until 28 days (p < 0.001). The rM-PDCoV antigenicity was analyzed using pig sera samples from three states located in "El Bajío" Mexico and positive sera were determined. Our results show that PDCoV has continued circulating on pig farms in Mexico since the first report in 2019; therefore, the impact of PDCoV on the swine industry could be higher than reported in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jesus Castañeda-Montes
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Susana Mendoza-Elvira
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Pei Y, Xue J, Teng Q, Feng D, Huang M, Liang R, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Zhang G. Mutation of Phenylalanine 23 of Newcastle Disease Virus Matrix Protein Inhibits Virus Release by Disrupting the Interaction between the FPIV L-Domain and Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 4B. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0411622. [PMID: 36695580 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04116-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein FPIV L-domain is conserved among multiple paramyxoviruses; however, its function and the associated mechanism remain unclear. In this study, the paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was employed to study the FPIV L-domain. Two recombinant NDV strains, each carrying a single amino acid mutation at the Phe (F23) or Pro (P24) site of 23FPIV/I26 L-domain, were rescued. Growth defects were observed in only the recombinant SG10-F23A (rSG10-F23A) strain. Subsequent studies focused on rSG10-F23A revealed that the virulence, pathogenicity, and replication ability of this strain were all weaker than those of wild-type strain rSG10 and that a budding deficiency contributed to those weaknesses. To uncover the molecular mechanism underlying the rSG10-F23A budding deficiency, the bridging proteins between the FPIV L-domain and endosomal sorting complex required for transported (ESCRT) machinery were explored. Among 17 candidate proteins, only the charged multivesicular body protein 4 (CHMP4) paralogues were found to interact more strongly with the NDV wild-type M protein (M-WT) than with the mutated M protein (M-F23A). Overexpression of M-WT, but not of M-F23A, changed the CHMP4 subcellular location to the NDV budding site. Furthermore, a knockdown of CHMP4B, the most abundant CHMP4 protein, inhibited the release of rSG10 but not that of rSG10-F23A. From these findings, we can reasonably infer that the F23A mutation of the FPIV L-domain blocks the interaction between the NDV M protein and CHMP4B and that this contributes to the budding deficiency and consequent growth defects of rSG10-F23A. This work lays the foundation for further study of the FPIV L-domain in NDV and other paramyxoviruses. IMPORTANCE Multiple viruses utilize a conserved motif, termed the L-domain, to act as a cellular adaptor for recruiting host ESCRT machinery to their budding site. Despite the FPIV type L-domain having been identified in some paramyxoviruses 2 decades ago, its function in virus life cycles and its method of recruiting the ESCRT machinery are poorly understood. In this study, a single amino acid mutation at the F23 site of the 23FPIV26 L-domain was found to block NDV budding at the late stage. Furthermore, CHMP4B, a core component of the ESCRT-III complex, was identified as a main factor that links the FPIV L-domain and ESCRT machinery together. These results extend previous understanding of the FPIV L-domain and, therefore, not only provide a new approach for attenuating NDV and other paramyxoviruses but also lay the foundation for further study of the FPIV L-domain.
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Proctor EJ, Satapathy S, Sanderson-Smith M. Elucidating the Stoichiometries of Host-Pathogen Protein Interactions with Mass Photometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2674:201-208. [PMID: 37258969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3243-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass photometry (MP) is a single molecule technique that enables the characterization of individual proteins. Here we show a detailed workflow using the Refeyn OneMP to investigate molecular complexes, using the M53 protein, a plasminogen-binding group A streptococcal M-like protein (PAM), and human plasminogen as exemplar proteins. The methodology described herein confirmed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry for the M53-plasminogen complex. Additionally, MP was used to identify the oligomerization state, homogeneity, purity, and approximate molecular weights of each protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Jayne Proctor
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sandeep Satapathy
- Blavatnik Institute of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Şeneş M, Alpdemir M, Kırtıl G, Öğüş E, Çolak Samsum E, Alpdemir MF. Effects of lipemia on capillary seru m protein electrophoresis in native ultra-lipemic material and intravenous lipid emulsion added sera. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 61:1054-1064. [PMID: 36583398 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effect of natural ultralipemic material (NULM) and intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) on capillary serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP). METHODS NULM material was prepared from leftover patients' lipemic serum sample (triglyceride concentration >2,000 mg/dL) pool by a refrigerated high-speed centrifuge, and IVLE Omegaven lipid emulsion (30%) was used. Serum pools for interference study were prepared from patient samples for which serum protein electrophoresis was studied as Normal SPEP and M Peak SPEP. For both types of lipemia (DULM and IVLE), five pools with triglyceride concentrations of ∼4.52 mmol/L, ∼7.91 mmol/L, ∼14.69 mmol/L, ∼21.47 mmol/L, and ∼28.25 mmol/L were prepared. SPEP was studied in each pool with Sebia Capillarys Minicap. A repeated measure ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between the pools, and interferograms were used to evaluate the interference effect. RESULTS Interference was not detected in IVLE added Normal SPEP and M Peak SPEP pools, either % or concentrations of fractions. In NULM-added Normal SPEP and M Peak SPEP pools, significant positive interference in albumin % (p=0.002 and p<0.001 respectively) and significant negative interference in gamma% (p<0.001 and p=0.005 respectively) and M protein peak (p=0.002) fractions were detected. However, significant positive interference was seen only for albumin concentration fractions (p<0.001 for both pools). CONCLUSIONS It is vital to use NULM instead of IVLE solutions in lipemia interference studies for all laboratory tests, including CZE SPEP. The fractions concentration values calculated with the total protein concentration should be used for evaluating SPEP results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Şeneş
- Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Medine Alpdemir
- Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gül Kırtıl
- Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Elmas Öğüş
- Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Emel Çolak Samsum
- Medical Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
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Kızılyıldırım S, Köksal F, Güneri CÖ. Distribution of emm, superantigen and other virulence genotypes and detection of phylogenetic relationships in group A streptococcal isolates. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2022; 69:290-296. [PMID: 36370368 DOI: 10.1556/030.2022.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococci are important pathogens with various virulence factors, such as M protein, superantigens, hemolysins, deoxyribonuclease, and proteases. The aims of this study are to investigate the detection of emm genotypes and other virulence genes, such as SAgs, DNase, protease, antibiotic resistance, and phylogenetic relationships in GAS strains isolated from clinical samples.Test strains were obtained from Çukurova University Balcalı Hospital and regional hospitals in Adana province. The M proteins were detected by sequence analysis of emm genes. SAgs and other virulence gene profiles were determined using the Multiplex-PCR method. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was performed by the disc diffusion method and evaluated according to CLSI criteria. The PFGE method was used to determine the clonal relationship between the strains.The emm gene was positive in 86 isolates. The most common emm genotypes were emm28 (22%), emm1 (18.6%), emm12 (13.9%), and emm3 (11.6%). Also, the most common virulence genes were speG (58.1%), speC (56.9%), sdaB (53.4%), and mac (53.4%). The rates of resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and telithromycin were 19.8%, 16.3%, 4.7%, 3.5%, and 3.5%, respectively.As a result, additional regional studies on the detection and prevalence of GAS virulence factors in Turkey are required. We believe that this study will provide valuable information for epidemiological studies on emm sequences, Sags, and other virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Kızılyıldırım
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Süleyman Demirel, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical, University of Çukurova, 01380, Adana, Turkey
| | - Cansu Önlen Güneri
- 3Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Vocational School of Health Services, University of Sağlık Bilimleri, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
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Wakata A, Katoh H, Kato F, Takeda M. Nucleolar Protein Treacle Is Important for the Efficient Growth of Mumps Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0072222. [PMID: 36135364 PMCID: PMC9555161 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00722-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus, and it plays roles in mediating cellular stress responses and regulating cell proliferation, as well as in ribosome biosynthesis. The nucleolus is composed of a variety of nucleolar factors that interact with each other in a complex manner to enable its function. Many viral proteins interact with nucleolar factors as well, affecting cellular morphology and function. Here, to investigate the association between mumps virus (MuV) infection and the nucleolus, we evaluated the necessity of nucleolar factors for MuV proliferation by performing a knockdown of these factors with small interfering (si)RNAs. Our results reveal that suppressing the expression of Treacle, which is required for ribosome biosynthesis, reduced the proliferative potential of MuV. Additionally, the one-step growth kinetics results indicate that Treacle knockdown did not affect the viral RNA and protein synthesis of MuV, but it did impair the production of infectious virus particles. Viral matrix protein (M) was considered a candidate Treacle interaction partner because it functions in the process of particle formation in the viral life cycle and is partially localized in the nucleolus. Our data confirm that MuV M can interact with Treacle and colocalize with it in the nucleolus. Furthermore, we found that viral infection induces relocalization of Treacle in the nucleus. Together, these findings suggest that interaction with Treacle in the nucleolus is important for the M protein to exert its functions late in the MuV life cycle. IMPORTANCE The nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome biosynthesis, is a target organelle for many viruses. It is increasingly evident that viruses can favor their own replication and multiplication by interacting with various nucleolar factors. In this study, we found that the nucleolar protein Treacle, known to function in the transcription and processing of pre-rRNA, is required for the efficient propagation of mumps virus (MuV). Specifically, our data indicate that Treacle is not involved in viral RNA or protein synthesis but is important in the processes leading to viral particle production in MuV infection. Additionally, we determined that MuV matrix protein (M), which functions mainly in viral particle assembly and budding, colocalized and interacted with Treacle. Furthermore, we found that Treacle is distributed throughout the nucleus in MuV-infected cells. Our research shows that the interaction between M and Treacle supports efficient viral growth in the late stage of MuV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Wakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Chang JC, Wilkening RV, Rahbari KM, Federle MJ. Quorum Sensing Regulation of a Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Affects Multiple Streptococcal Virulence Factors. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0017622. [PMID: 35938850 PMCID: PMC9487453 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00176-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell signaling mediated by Rgg-family transcription factors and their cognate pheromones is conserved in Firmicutes, including all streptococci. In Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A strep (GAS), one of these systems, the Rgg2/3 quorum sensing (QS) system, has been shown to regulate phenotypes, including cellular aggregation and biofilm formation, lysozyme resistance, and macrophage immunosuppression. Here, we show the abundance of several secreted virulence factors (streptolysin O, SpyCEP, and M protein) decreases upon induction of QS. The main mechanism underlying the changes in protein levels appears to be transcriptional, occurs downstream of the QS circuit, and is dysregulated by the deletion of an Rgg2/3 QS-regulated major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter. Additionally, we identify this MFS transporter as the factor responsible for a previously observed increase in aminoglycoside sensitivity in QS-induced cells. IMPORTANCE The production of virulence factors is a tightly regulated process in bacterial pathogens. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms by which genes are regulated may advance the understanding of factors influencing pathogen behavior or cellular physiology. This work finds expression of a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter, which is governed by a quorum sensing (QS) system, impacts the expression of multiple virulence factors and accounts for QS-dependent antibiotic susceptibility. Although the mechanism underlying this effect is not clear, MFS orthologs with high sequence similarity from S. pneumoniae and S. porcinus were unable to substitute indicating substrate specificity of the GAS MFS gene. These findings demonstrate novel associations between expression of a transmembrane transporter and virulence factor expression and aminoglycoside transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Reid V. Wilkening
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kate M. Rahbari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J. Federle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hirose Y, Kolesinski P, Hiraoka M, Uchiyama S, Zurich RH, Kumaraswamy M, Bjanes E, Ghosh P, Kawabata S, Nizet V. Contribution of Streptococcus pyogenes M87 protein to innate immune resistance and virulence. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105636. [PMID: 35724830 PMCID: PMC9878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a pre-eminent human pathogen, and classified by the hypervariable sequence of the emm gene encoding the cell surface M protein. Among a diversity of M/emm types, the prevalence of the M/emm87 strain has been steadily increasing in invasive S. pyogenes infections. Although M protein is the major virulence factor for globally disseminated M/emm1 strain, it is unclear if or how the corresponding M protein of M/emm87 strain (M87 protein) functions as a virulence factor. Here, we use targeted mutagenesis to show that the M87 protein contributes to bacterial resistance to neutrophil and whole blood killing and promotes the release of mature IL-1β from macrophages. While deletion of emm87 did not influence epithelial cell adherence and nasal colonization, it significantly reduced S. pyogenes-induced mortality and bacterial loads in a murine systemic infection model. Our data suggest that emm87 is involved in pathogenesis by modulating the interaction between S. pyogenes and innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Piotr Kolesinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Masanobu Hiraoka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 6418509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Raymond H. Zurich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Monika Kumaraswamy
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,Infectious Diseases Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Elisabet Bjanes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan,Correspondence: Victor Nizet, , TEL: +18585347408, Shigetada Kawabata, , TEL: +81668792896
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,Correspondence: Victor Nizet, , TEL: +18585347408, Shigetada Kawabata, , TEL: +81668792896
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Vassilaki N, Papadimitriou K, Ioannidis A, Papandreou NC, Milona RS, Iconomidou VA, Chatzipanagiotou S. SARS-CoV-2 Amino Acid Mutations Detection in Greek Patients Infected in the First Wave of the Pandemic. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071430. [PMID: 35889149 PMCID: PMC9322066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel virus that belongs to the Coronoviridae family, emerged in December 2019, causing the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Unlike previous SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks, this virus has a higher transmissibility rate, albeit a lower case fatality rate, which results in accumulation of a significant number of mutations and a faster evolution rate. Genomic studies on the mutation rate of the virus, as well as the identification of mutations that prevail and their impact on disease severity, are of great importance for pandemic surveillance and vaccine and drug development. Here, we aim to identify mutations on the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome and their effect on the proteins they are located in, in Greek patients infected in the first wave of the pandemic. To this end, we perform SARS-CoV-2 amplicon-based NGS sequencing on nasopharyngeal swab samples from Greek patients and bioinformatic analysis of the results. Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered genetically stable, we discover a variety of mutations on the viral genome. In detail, 18 mutations are detected in total on 10 SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The mutations are located on ORF1ab, S protein, M protein, ORF3a and ORF7a. Sixteen are also detected in patients from other regions around the world, and two are identified for the first time in the present study. Most of them result in amino acid substitutions. These substitutions are analyzed using computational tools, and the results indicate minor or major impact on the proteins’ structural stability, which could probably affect viral transmissibility and pathogenesis. The correlation of these variations with the viral load levels is examined, and their implication for disease severity and the biology of the virus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece; (N.V.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sehi Area, 22100 Tripoli, Greece;
| | - Nikos C. Papandreou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (N.C.P.); (V.A.I.)
| | - Raphaela S. Milona
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece; (N.V.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Vassiliki A. Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (N.C.P.); (V.A.I.)
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Medical Biopathology, Eginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72–74 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Zambalde ÉP, Pavan ICB, Mancini MCS, Severino MB, Scudero OB, Morelli AP, Amorim MR, Bispo-dos-Santos K, Góis MM, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Parise PL, Mauad T, Dolhnikoff M, Saldiva PHN, Marques-Souza H, Proenca-Modena JL, Ventura AM, Simabuco FM. Characterization of the Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Membrane Protein (M) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:849017. [PMID: 35677658 PMCID: PMC9168989 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.849017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging virus from the Coronaviridae family and is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we explored the previously reported SARS-CoV-2 structural membrane protein (M) interaction with human Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). The M protein is responsible for maintaining virion shape, and PCNA is a marker of DNA damage which is essential for DNA replication and repair. We validated the M-PCNA interaction through immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization, and PLA (Proximity Ligation Assay). In cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 or transfected with M protein, using immunofluorescence and cell fractioning, we documented a reallocation of PCNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the increase of PCNA and γH2AX (another DNA damage marker) expression. We also observed an increase in PCNA and γH2AX expression in the lung of a COVID-19 patient by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the inhibition of PCNA translocation by PCNA I1 and Verdinexor led to a reduction of plaque formation in an in vitro assay. We, therefore, propose that the transport of PCNA to the cytoplasm and its association with M could be a virus strategy to manipulate cell functions and may be considered a target for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Pereira Zambalde
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Laboratory of Signaling Mechanisms, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Camargo Silva Mancini
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Matheus Brandemarte Severino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Orlando Bonito Scudero
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Morelli
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Mariene Ribeiro Amorim
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Bispo-dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Marcela Góis
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Toledo-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pierina Lorencini Parise
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- São Paulo University Medical School, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- São Paulo University Medical School, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
- Hub of Global Health (HGH), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
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Fernandes MF, Chan JZ, Hung CCJ, Tomczewski MV, Duncan RE. Effect of cannabidiol on apoptosis and cellular interferon and interferon-stimulated gene responses to the SARS-CoV-2 genes ORF8, ORF10 and M protein. Life Sci 2022;:120624. [PMID: 35568225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study effects on cellular innate immune responses to ORF8, ORF10, and Membrane protein (M protein) from the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19, in combination with cannabidiol (CBD). MAIN METHODS HEK293 cells transfected with plasmids expressing control vector, ORF8, ORF10, or M protein were assayed for cell number and markers of apoptosis at 24 h, and interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression at 14 h, with or without CBD. Cells transfected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) were also studied as a general model of RNA-type viral infection. KEY FINDINGS Reduced cell number and increased early and late apoptosis were found when expression of viral genes was combined with 1-2 μM CBD treatment, but not in control-transfected cells treated with CBD, or in cells expressing viral genes but treated only with vehicle. In cells expressing viral genes, CBD augmented expression of IFNγ, IFNλ1 and IFNλ2/3, as well as the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family members OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OASL. CBD also augmented expression of these genes in control cells not expressing viral genes, but without enhancing apoptosis. CBD similarly enhanced the cellular anti-viral response to Poly (I:C). SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate a poor ability of HEK293 cells to respond to SARS-CoV-2 genes alone, but an augmented innate anti-viral response to these genes in the presence of CBD. Thus, CBD may prime components of the innate immune system, increasing readiness to respond to RNA-type viral infection without activating apoptosis, and could be studied for potential in prophylaxis.
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27
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Kolesinski P, Wang KC, Hirose Y, Nizet V, Ghosh P. An M protein coiled coil unfurls and exposes its hydrophobic core to capture LL-37. eLife 2022; 11:77989. [PMID: 35726694 PMCID: PMC9212996 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated, coiled-coil M proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) disable human immunity through interaction with select proteins. However, coiled coils lack features typical of protein-protein interaction sites, and it is therefore challenging to understand how M proteins achieve specific binding, for example, with the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, leading to its neutralization. The crystal structure of a complex of LL-37 with M87 protein, an antigenic M protein variant from a strain that is an emerging threat, revealed a novel interaction mode. The M87 coiled coil unfurled and asymmetrically exposed its hydrophobic core to capture LL-37. A single LL-37 molecule was bound by M87 in the crystal, but in solution additional LL-37 molecules were recruited, consistent with a 'protein trap' neutralization mechanism. The interaction mode visualized crystallographically was verified to contribute significantly to LL-37 resistance in an M87 Strep A strain and was identified to be conserved in a number of other M protein types that are prevalent in human populations. Our results provide specific detail for therapeutic inhibition of LL-37 neutralization by M proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kolesinski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Kuei-Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
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28
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Xie X, Li R, Lu Y, Li X, Kuang P, Wang C, Tong N, Lü Q. Not the final diagnosis: from Addison's disease to POEMS syndrome: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211066239. [PMID: 34932395 PMCID: PMC8826110 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211066239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 47-year-old male patient with pigmentation of the head, face and hands, who was initially diagnosed as having primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). Laboratory testing, imaging and physical examination revealed subclinical hypothyroidism, high circulating prolactin and oestradiol concentrations, gynaecomastia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and weakness of both lower limbs. These findings led us to consider whether a single or multiple diseases were present in this patient. Indeed, Addison's disease can represent one aspect of a wider systemic disease. Therefore, we performed further examinations, and found high serum M protein (5.1%) and vascular endothelial growth factor [1005.30 pg/mL (normal range 0 to 142 pg/mL)] concentrations. As a consequence, we diagnosed polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. Consequently, when a single disease cannot fully explain the multiple symptoms and signs of one patient, clinicians should consider the possibility of the presence of a wider syndrome and undertake more detailed diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxia Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Pu Kuang
- Department of Haematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingguo Lü
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Zhu L, Li X, Xu H, Fu L, Gao GF, Liu W, Zhao L, Wang X, Jiang W, Fang M. Multiple RNA virus matrix proteins interact with SLD5 to manipulate host cell cycle. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34882534 PMCID: PMC8744269 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein of many enveloped RNA viruses regulates multiple stages of viral life cycle and has the characteristics of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. We have previously demonstrated that matrix protein 1 (M1) of an RNA virus, influenza virus, blocks host cell cycle progression by interacting with SLD5, a member of the GINS complex, which is required for normal cell cycle progression. In this study, we found that M protein of several other RNA viruses, including VSV, SeV and HIV, interacted with SLD5. Furthermore, VSV/SeV infection and M protein of VSV/SeV/HIV induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Importantly, overexpression of SLD5 partially rescued the cell cycle arrest by VSV/SeV infection and VSV M protein. In addition, SLD5 suppressed VSV replication in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced type Ⅰ interferon signalling. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting SLD5 by M protein might be a common strategy used by multiple enveloped RNA viruses to block host cell cycle. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights for virus to manipulate cell cycle progression by hijacking host replication factor SLD5 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Henan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Zhao J, Zhang R, Zhu L, Deng H, Li F, Xu L, Huan J, Sun X, Xu Z. Establishment of a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies against PRRSV M protein. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:355. [PMID: 34798885 PMCID: PMC8602981 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting the swine industry globally. Evaluation of antibody responses and neutralizing antibody titers is the most effective method for vaccine evaluation. In this study, the B cell line epitopes of PRRSV M protein were predicted, and two peptide ELISA assays were established (M-A110-129 ELISA, M-A148-174 ELISA) to detect antibodies against PRRSV M protein. Field serum samples collected from pig farms were used to validate the peptide ELISA and compare it with an indirect immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of M-A110-129 ELISA and M-A148-174 ELISA were (111/125) 88.80%, (69/70) 98.57% and (122/125) 97.60%, (70/70) 100%, relative to indirect immunofluorescence assay. This peptide ELISA could detect antibodies against different genotypes of PRRSV including type 1 PRRSV, classical PRRSV, HP-PRRSV, and NADC30 like PRRSV, but not antibodies against other common swine viruses. The results of ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the M-A110-129 ELISA and M-A148-174 ELISA were 0.967 and 0.996, respectively. Compared the concordance of results using two peptide ELISA assays, the IDEXX PRRSV X3 Ab ELISA and a virus neutralization test, were assessed using a series of 147 sera from pigs vaccinated with the NADC30-like PRRSV inactivated vaccine. The M-A148-174 ELISA had the best consistency, with a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.8772. The concordance rates of the Hipra PRRSV ELISA kit, M-A110-129 ELISA and M-A148-174 ELISA in the field seropositive detection results were 91.08, 86.32 and 95.35%, relative to indirect immunofluorescence assay. CONCLUSIONS In summary, compared with M-A110-129 ELISA, the PRRSV M-A148-174 ELISA is of value for detecting antibodies against PRRSV and the evaluation of the NADC30-like PRRSV inactivated vaccine, but the advantage is insufficient in serological early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rubo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fengqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianbo Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Barh D, Tiwari S, Gabriel Rodrigues Gomes L, Weener ME, Alzahrani KJ, Alsharif KF, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, Lundstrom K, Hassan SS, Serrano-Aroca Á, Takayama K, Ghosh P, Redwan EM, Silva Andrade B, Soares SDC, Azevedo V, Uversky VN. Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Rare Anti-Tumor Immune Response by SARS-CoV-2 in Isolated Cases of Lymphomas. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101927. [PMID: 34696358 PMCID: PMC8539762 DOI: 10.3390/v13101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two cases of complete remission of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) after SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported. However, the precise molecular mechanism of this rare event is yet to be understood. Here, we hypothesize a potential anti-tumor immune response of SARS-CoV-2 and based on a computational approach show that: (i) SARS-CoV-2 Spike-RBD may bind to the extracellular domains of CD15, CD27, CD45, and CD152 receptors of cHL or FL and may directly inhibit cell proliferation. (ii) Alternately, upon internalization after binding to these CD molecules, the SARS-CoV-2 membrane (M) protein and ORF3a may bind to gamma-tubulin complex component 3 (GCP3) at its tubulin gamma-1 chain (TUBG1) binding site. (iii) The M protein may also interact with TUBG1, blocking its binding to GCP3. (iv) Both the M and ORF3a proteins may render the GCP2-GCP3 lateral binding where the M protein possibly interacts with GCP2 at its GCP3 binding site and the ORF3a protein to GCP3 at its GCP2 interacting residues. (v) Interactions of the M and ORF3a proteins with these gamma-tubulin ring complex components potentially block the initial process of microtubule nucleation, leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. (vi) The Spike-RBD may also interact with and block PD-1 signaling similar to pembrolizumab and nivolumab- like monoclonal antibodies and may induce B-cell apoptosis and remission. (vii) Finally, the TRADD interacting “PVQLSY” motif of Epstein-Barr virus LMP-1, that is responsible for NF-kB mediated oncogenesis, potentially interacts with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, NSP7, NSP10, and spike (S) proteins, and may inhibit the LMP-1 mediated cell proliferation. Taken together, our results suggest a possible therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.T.); (L.G.R.G.); (V.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.T.); (L.G.R.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Lucas Gabriel Rodrigues Gomes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.T.); (L.G.R.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Marianna E. Weener
- Clinical Research Center, Oftalmic, CRO, 119334 Bardina Str. 22/4, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (K.F.A.)
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (K.F.A.)
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK;
| | | | - Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur 721140, West Bengal, India;
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulazizi University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Jequié 45206-190, Brazil;
| | - Siomar de Castro Soares
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil;
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.T.); (L.G.R.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Faizan U, Sana MK, Farooqi MS, Hashmi H. Efficacy and Safety of Regimens Used for the Treatment of POEMS Syndrome- A Systematic Review. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2021; 22:e26-e33. [PMID: 34507924 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy/edema, monoclonal plasma protein [M protein], and skin changes) is a rare paraneoplastic disorder associated with underlying plasma cell neoplasia. Although limited-stage disease can be treated with radiotherapy, treatment for the more advanced disease remains unclear. The most commonly used therapies for POEMS syndrome include alkylators and steroids, high-dose chemotherapy with autologos stem cell transplantation, lenalidomide, and bortezomib. In general, patients tend to have excellent prognosis if the diagnosis is made early and appropriate therapy is used. Here we present a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of treatment regimens used to treat POEMS syndrome in the adult population. Combinations of immunomodulatory agents with corticosteroids were most frequently utilized regimens with durable hematological and neurological responses. Combinations of proteasome inhibitors and alkylating agents with corticosteroids, although less frequently utilized, appear to have reasonable safety and efficacy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unaiza Faizan
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khawar Sana
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hamza Hashmi
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Aldaais EA, Yegnaswamy S, Albahrani F, Alsowaiket F, Alramadan S. Sequence and structural analysis of COVID-19 E and M proteins with MERS virus E and M proteins-A comparative study. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101023. [PMID: 34013072 PMCID: PMC8120451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS in 2003, MERS in 2012, and now COVID-19 in 2019 has demonstrated that Coronaviruses are capable of causing primary lethal infections in humans, and the pandemic is now a global concern. The COVID-19 belongs to the beta coronavirus family encoding 29 proteins, of which four are structural, the Spike, Membrane, Envelope, and Nucleocapsid proteins. Here we have analyzed and compared the Membrane (M) and Envelope (E) proteins of COVID-19 and MERS with SARS and Bat viruses. The sequence analysis of conserved regions of both E and M proteins revealed that many regions of COVID-19 are similar to Bat and SARS viruses while the MERS virus showed variations. The essential binding motifs found in SARS appeared in COVID-19. Besides, the M protein of COVID-19 showed a distinct serine phosphorylation site in the C-terminal domain, which looked like a catalytic triad seen in serine proteases. A Dileucine motif occurred many times in the sequence of the M protein of all the four viruses compared. Concerning the structural part, the COVID-19 E protein showed more similarity to Bat while MERS shared similarity with the SARS virus. The M protein of both COVID-19 and MERS displayed variations in the structure. The interaction between M and E proteins was also studied to know the additional binding regions. Our study highlights the critical motifs and structural regions to be considered for further research to design better inhibitors for the infection caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtisam A. Aldaais
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 2435, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subha Yegnaswamy
- Aldaais Research Group, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 2435, 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Albahrani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 2435, 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Alsowaiket
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 2435, 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Alramadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 2435, 31451, Saudi Arabia
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Ueda H, Yamakawa N, Takeuchi K. Amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 matrix protein are important for virion and virus-like particle release. Virology 2021; 561:17-27. [PMID: 34130198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxovirus matrix (M) proteins are key drivers of virus particle assembly and budding at the plasma membrane. To identify regions important for the M protein function, we generated a series of deletion mutants of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) M protein. We found that M proteins lacking 10 amino acids in the amino-terminal end (ΔN10) or 4 amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal end (ΔC4) did not support M-deficient BPIV3 virion release and M protein-induced virus-like particle (VLP) release. Both ΔN10 and ΔC4 retained M protein-M protein and M protein-nucleocapsid (N) protein interactions. However, neither was transported to the plasma membrane. Our results indicate that both amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends of the BPIV3 M protein are essential for M protein transport to the plasma membrane, where it facilitates virion and VLP release.
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McMillan DJ, Rafeek RAM, Norton RE, Good MF, Sriprakash KS, Ketheesan N. In Search of the Holy Grail: A Specific Diagnostic Test for Rheumatic Fever. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:674805. [PMID: 34055941 PMCID: PMC8160110 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.674805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease (ARF/RHD) relies on a battery of clinical observations aided by technologically advanced diagnostic tools and non-specific laboratory tests. The laboratory-based assays fall into two categories: those that (1) detect "evidence of preceding streptococcal infections" (ASOT, anti-DNAse B, isolation of the Group A Streptococcus from a throat swab) and (2) those that detect an ongoing inflammatory process (ESR and CRP). These laboratory tests are positive during any streptococcal infection and are non-specific for the diagnosis of ARF/RHD. Over the last few decades, we have accumulated considerable knowledge about streptococcal biology and the immunopathological mechanisms that contribute to the development, progression and exacerbation of ARF/RHD. Although our knowledge is incomplete and many more years will be devoted to understanding the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the spectrum of clinical manifestations of ARF/RHD, in this commentary we contend that there is sufficient understanding of the disease process that using currently available technologies it is possible to identify pathogen associated peptides and develop a specific test for ARF/RHD. It is our view that with collaboration and sharing of well-characterised serial blood samples from patients with ARF/RHD from different regions, antibody array technology and/or T-cell tetramers could be used to identify streptococcal peptides specific to ARF/RHD. The availability of an appropriate animal model for this uniquely human disease can further facilitate the determination as to whether these peptides are pathognomonic. Identification of such peptides will also facilitate testing of potential anti-streptococcal vaccines for safety and avoid potential candidates that may pre-dispose potential vaccine recipients to adverse outcomes. Such peptides can also be readily incorporated into a universally affordable point of care device for both primary and tertiary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. McMillan
- School of Science and Technology, Engineering and Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Rukshan A. M. Rafeek
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert E. Norton
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville University Hospital, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael F. Good
- Laboratory of Vaccines for the Developing World, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kadaba S. Sriprakash
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Kumra Ahnlide V, de Neergaard T, Sundwall M, Ambjörnsson T, Nordenfelt P. A Predictive Model of Antibody Binding in the Presence of IgG-Interacting Bacterial Surface Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629103. [PMID: 33828549 PMCID: PMC8019711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria can interfere with how antibodies bind to their surfaces. This bacterial antibody targeting makes it challenging to predict the immunological function of bacteria-associated antibodies. The M and M-like proteins of group A streptococci (GAS) exhibit IgGFc-binding regions, which they use to reverse IgG binding orientation depending on the host environment. Unraveling the mechanism behind these binding characteristics may identify conditions under which bound IgG can drive an efficient immune response. Here, we have developed a biophysical model for describing these complex protein-antibody interactions. We show how the model can be used as a tool for studying the binding behavior of various IgG samples to M protein by performing in silico simulations and correlating this data with experimental measurements. Besides its use for mechanistic understanding, this model could potentially be used as a tool to aid in the development of antibody treatments. We illustrate this by simulating how IgG binding to GAS in serum is altered as specified amounts of monoclonal or pooled IgG is added. Phagocytosis experiments link this altered antibody binding to a physiological function and demonstrate that it is possible to predict the effect of an IgG treatment with our model. Our study gives a mechanistic understanding of bacterial antibody targeting and provides a tool for predicting the effect of antibody treatments in the presence of bacteria with IgG-modulating surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Sundwall
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Ambjörnsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a Gram-positive human-exclusive pathogen, responsible for more than 500 000 deaths annually worldwide. Upon infection, GAS commonly triggers mild symptoms such as pharyngitis, pyoderma and fever. However, recurrent infections or prolonged exposure to GAS might lead to life-threatening conditions. Necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and post-immune mediated diseases, such as poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, contribute to very high mortality rates in non-industrialized countries. Though an initial reduction in GAS infections was observed in high-income countries, global outbreaks of GAS, causing rheumatic fever and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, have been reported over the last decade. At the same time, our understanding of GAS pathogenesis and transmission has vastly increased, with detailed insight into the various stages of infection, beginning with adhesion, colonization and evasion of the host immune system. Despite deeper knowledge of the impact of GAS on the human body, the development of a successful vaccine for prophylaxis of GAS remains outstanding. In this review, we discuss the challenges involved in identifying a universal GAS vaccine and describe several potential vaccine candidates that we believe warrant pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Ajay Castro
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Helge C. Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Alharbi SN, Alrefaei AF. Comparison of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) M protein with its counterparts of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV species. J King Saud Univ Sci 2021; 33:101335. [PMID: 33432259 PMCID: PMC7787911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses M proteins are well-represented in the major protein component of the viral envelope. During the viral assembly, they play an important role by association with all other viral structural proteins. Despite their crucial functions, very little information regarding the structures and functions of M proteins is available. Here we utilize bioinformatic tools from available sequences and 3D structures of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV2, and MERS-CoV M proteins in order to predict potential B-cell epitopes and assessing antibody binding affinity. Such study aims to aid finding more effective vaccines and recognize neutralizing antibodies. we found some rather exciting differences between SARS-COV-2, SARS-Cov and MERS-CoV M proteins. Two SARS-CoV-2 peptides with significant antigen presentation scores for human cell surface proteins have been identified. The results reveal that N-terminal domains of M proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are translocated (outside) whereas it is inside (cytoplasmic side) in MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Nafea Alharbi
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, King Saud University, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Spencer JA, Penfound T, Salehi S, Aranha MP, Wade LE, Agarwal R, Smith JC, Dale JB, Baudry J. Cross-reactive immunogenicity of group A streptococcal vaccines designed using a recurrent neural network to identify conserved M protein linear epitopes. Vaccine 2021; 39:1773-1779. [PMID: 33642159 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The M protein of group A streptococci (Strep A) is a major virulence determinant and protective antigen. The N-terminal sequence of the protein defines the more than 200 M types of Strep A and also contains epitopes that elicit opsonic antibodies, some of which cross-react with heterologous M types. Current efforts to develop broadly protective M protein-based vaccines are directed at identifying potential cross-protective epitopes located in the N-terminal regions of cluster-related M proteins for use as vaccine antigens. In this study, we have used a comprehensive approach using the recurrent neural network ABCpred and IEDB epitope conservancy analysis tools to predict 16 residue linear B-cell epitopes from 117 clinically relevant M types of Strep A (~88% of global Strep A infections). To examine the immunogenicity of these epitope-based vaccines, nine peptides that together shared ≥60% sequence identity with 37 heterologous M proteins were incorporated into two recombinant hybrid protein vaccines, in which the epitopes were repeated 2 or 3 times, respectively. The combined immune responses of immunized rabbits showed that the vaccines elicited significant levels of antibodies against all nine vaccine epitopes present in homologous N-terminal 1-50 amino acid synthetic M peptides, as well as cross-reactive antibodies against 16 of 37 heterologous M peptides predicted to contain similar epitopes. The epitope-specificity of the cross-reactive antibodies was confirmed by ELISA inhibition assays and functional opsonic activity was assayed in HL-60-based bactericidal assays. The results provide important information for the future design of broadly protective M protein-based Strep A vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, United States
| | - Tom Penfound
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Michelle P Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Lauren E Wade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Rupesh Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, United States.
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Cornax I, Zulk J, Olson J, Fulde M, Nizet V, Patras KA. Novel Models of Streptococcus canis Colonization and Disease Reveal Modest Contributions of M-Like (SCM) Protein. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010183. [PMID: 33467030 PMCID: PMC7829700 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is a common colonizing bacterium of the urogenital tract of cats and dogs that can also cause invasive disease in these animal populations and in humans. Although the virulence mechanisms of S. canis are not well-characterized, an M-like protein, SCM, has recently identified been as a potential virulence factor. SCM is a surface-associated protein that binds to host plasminogen and IgGs suggesting its possible importance in host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we developed in vitro and ex vivo blood component models and murine models of S. canis vaginal colonization, systemic infection, and dermal infection to compare the virulence potential of the zoonotic S. canis vaginal isolate G361 and its isogenic SCM-deficient mutant (G361∆scm). We found that while S. canis establishes vaginal colonization and causes invasive disease in vivo, the contribution of the SCM protein to virulence phenotypes in these models is modest. We conclude that SCM is dispensable for invasive disease in murine models and for resistance to human blood components ex vivo, but may contribute to mucosal persistence, highlighting a potential contribution to the recently appreciated genetic diversity of SCM across strains and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Cornax
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (I.C.); (J.O.); (V.N.)
| | - Jacob Zulk
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joshua Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (I.C.); (J.O.); (V.N.)
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (I.C.); (J.O.); (V.N.)
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Velusamy S, Jordak K, Kupor M, Chochua S, McGee L, Beall B. Sequential Quadriplex Real-Time PCR for Identifying 20 Common emm Types of Group A Streptococcus. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 59:e01764-20. [PMID: 33087429 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01764-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a sequential quadriplex real-time PCR-based method for rapid identification of 20 emm types commonly found in invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) strains recovered through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Active Bacterial Core surveillance. Each emm real-time PCR assay showed high specificity and accurately identified the respective target emm type, including emm subtypes in the United States. We developed a sequential quadriplex real-time PCR-based method for rapid identification of 20 emm types commonly found in invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) strains recovered through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Active Bacterial Core surveillance. Each emm real-time PCR assay showed high specificity and accurately identified the respective target emm type, including emm subtypes in the United States. Furthermore, this method is useful for rapid typing of GAS isolates and culture-negative specimens during outbreak investigations.
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Vanwalscappel B, Haddad JG, Almokdad R, Decotter J, Gadea G, Desprès P. Zika M Oligopeptide ZAMP Confers Cell Death-Promoting Capability to a Soluble Tumor-Associated Antigen through Caspase-3/7 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9578. [PMID: 33339164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus of medical concern associated with neurological disorders. ZIKV utilizes apoptosis as a mechanism of cell killing. The structural M protein may play a role in flavivirus-induced apoptosis. The death-promoting capability of M has been restricted to an oligopeptide representing the residues M-32/40. Here, we evaluated the apoptosis inducing ability of the residues M-31/41 of ZIKV. The ZIKV M oligopeptide was associated to a soluble form of GFP (sGFP) and the resulting sGFP-M31/41 construct was assessed in Huh7 cells. Expression of sGFP-M31/41 can trigger apoptosis in Huh7 cells through caspase-3/7 activation. The translocation of sGFP-M31/41 in the endoplasmic reticulum was a prerequisite for apoptosis induction. The residues M-33/35/38 may play a critical role in the death-promoting activity of sGFP-M31/41. The effect of ZIKV M oligopeptide defined as ZAMP (for Zika Apoptosis M Peptide) on expression of a tumor-associated antigen was assayed on megakaryocyte-potentiating factor (MPF). Expression of MPF-ZAMP construct resulted in caspase-associated apoptosis activation in A549 and Huh7 cells. ZIKV has been proposed as an oncolytic virus for cancer therapy. The ability of the Zika M oligopeptide to confer death-promoting capability to MPF opens up attractive perspectives for ZAMP as an innovative anticancer agent.
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Dooley LM, Ahmad TB, Pandey M, Good MF, Kotiw M. Rheumatic heart disease: A review of the current status of global research activity. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 20:102740. [PMID: 33333234 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a serious and long-term consequence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), an autoimmune sequela of a mucosal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, Strep A). The pathogenesis of ARF and RHD is complex and not fully understood but involves host and bacterial factors, molecular mimicry, and aberrant host innate and adaptive immune responses that result in loss of self-tolerance and subsequent cross-reactivity with host tissues. RHD is entirely preventable yet claims an estimated 320 000 lives annually. The major burden of disease is carried by developing nations and Indigenous populations within developed nations, including Australia. This review will focus on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of ARF and RHD in Australia, where: streptococcal pyoderma, rather than streptococcal pharyngitis, and Group C and Group G Streptococcus, have been implicated as antecedents to ARF; the rates of RHD in remote Indigenous communities are persistently among the highest in the world; government register-based programs coordinate disease screening and delivery of prophylaxis with variable success; and researchers are making significant progress in the development of a broad-spectrum vaccine against Strep A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Dooley
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tarek B Ahmad
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Manisha Pandey
- The Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michael F Good
- The Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michael Kotiw
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
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Ouzounis CA. A recent origin of Orf3a from M protein across the coronavirus lineage arising by sharp divergence. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:4093-4102. [PMID: 33363705 PMCID: PMC7749296 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic, encodes a number of accessory genes. The longest accessory gene, Orf3a, plays important roles in the virus lifecycle indicated by experimental findings, known polymorphisms, its evolutionary trajectory and a distinct three-dimensional fold. Here we show that supervised, sensitive database searches with Orf3a detect weak, yet significant and highly specific similarities to the M proteins of coronaviruses. The similarity profiles can be used to derive low-resolution three-dimensional models for M proteins based on Orf3a as a structural template. The models also explain the emergence of Orf3a from M proteins and suggest a recent origin across the coronavirus lineage, enunciated by its restricted phylogenetic distribution. This study provides evidence for the common origin of M and Orf3a families and proposes for the first time a working model for the structure of the universally distributed M proteins in coronaviruses, consistent with the properties of both protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos A. Ouzounis
- Biological Computation & Process Laboratory (BCPL), Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), PO Box 361, GR-57001 Thessalonica, Greece
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Gong Y, Chen T, Feng N, Meng X, Sun W, Wang T, Zhao Y, Yang S, Song X, Li W, Dong H, Wang H, He H, Wang J, Zhang L, Gao Y, Xia X. A highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus-based vaccine against canine distemper virus constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108920. [PMID: 33197867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of canine distemper (CD), which is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting wild and domestic carnivores. Vaccination represents an effective approach to prevent CDV infection among domestic carnivores. Canarypox-vectored recombinant CD vaccines (such as Recombitek CDV, PureVax Ferret Distemper, and Merial) with the CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) genes can induce a potent immune response in dogs and ferrets. However, the vaccine's effectiveness varies with the species. In the current study, we developed a highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus termed as "ALVAC-CDV-M-F-H/C5-" that contained CDV virus-like particles (VLPs) by using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, which enabled concurrent expression of the matrix (M), H, and F genes. The recombinant strain provided faster seroconversion than the parent strain among minks as well as provided higher rates of antibody positivity than the parent strain among foxes and minks even before the administration of a second booster vaccination. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied for the rapid and efficient modification of the ALVAC-CDV-F-H genome and also that a high-dose new recombinant strain that produces CDV VLPs may present good outcomes in the prevention of CD among foxes and minks.
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Salie T, Engel K, Moloi A, Muhamed B, Dale JB, Engel ME. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Group A Streptococcal emm Clusters in Africa To Inform Vaccine Development. mSphere 2020; 5:e00429-20. [PMID: 32669471 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00429-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vaccine coverage is of grave public health concern, particularly in developing countries where epidemiological data are often absent. To inform vaccine development for group A Streptococcus (GAS), we report on the epidemiology of the M protein emm clusters from GAS infections in Africa, where GAS-related illnesses and their sequelae, including rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, are of a high burden. This first report of emm clusters across the continent indicates a high probably of coverage by the M protein-based vaccine currently undergoing testing were an emm-cluster based approach to be used. An emm-cluster based system was proposed as a standard typing scheme to facilitate and enhance future studies of group A Streptococcus (GAS) epidemiological surveillance, M protein function, and vaccine development strategies. We provide an evidence-based distribution of GAS emm clusters in Africa and assess the potential coverage of the new 30-valent vaccine in terms of an emm cluster-based approach. Two reviewers independently assessed studies retrieved from a comprehensive search and extracted relevant data. Meta-analyses were performed (random-effects model) to aggregate emm cluster prevalence estimates. Eight studies (n = 1,595 isolates) revealed the predominant emm clusters as E6 (18%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.6% to 24.0%), followed by E3 (14%; 95% CI, 11.2% to 17.4%) and E4 (13%; 95% CI, 9.5% to 16.0%). There was negligible variation in emm clusters with regard to regions, age, and socioeconomic status across the continent. Considering an emm cluster-based vaccine strategy, which assumes cross-protection within clusters, the 30-valent vaccine currently in clinical development would provide hypothetical coverage to 80.3% of isolates in Africa. This systematic review indicates the most predominant GAS emm cluster in Africa is E6 followed by E3, E4, and D4. The current 30-valent vaccine would provide considerable coverage across the diversity of emm cluster types in Africa. Future efforts could be directed toward estimating the overall potential coverage of the new 30-valent vaccine based on cross-opsonization studies with representative panels of GAS isolates from populations at highest risk for GAS diseases. IMPORTANCE Low vaccine coverage is of grave public health concern, particularly in developing countries where epidemiological data are often absent. To inform vaccine development for group A Streptococcus (GAS), we report on the epidemiology of the M protein emm clusters from GAS infections in Africa, where GAS-related illnesses and their sequelae, including rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, are of a high burden. This first report of emm clusters across the continent indicates a high probably of coverage by the M protein-based vaccine currently undergoing testing were an emm-cluster based approach to be used.
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Abstract
As the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 caused coronavirus disease 2019 cases in the United States, the initial test was developed and performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As the number of cases increased, the demand for tests multiplied, leading the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to use the Emergency Utilization Authorization to allow clinical and commercial laboratories to develop tests to detect the presence of the virus. Many nucleic acid tests based on RT-PCR were developed, each with different techniques, specifications, and turnaround time. As the illnesses turned into a pandemic, testing became more crucial. The test supply became inadequate to meet the need and so it had to be prioritized according to guidance. For surveillance, the need for serologic tests emerged. Here, we review the timeline of test development, the turnaround times, and the various approved tests, and compare them as regards the genes they detect. We concentrate on the point-of-care tests and discuss the basis for new serologic tests. We discuss the testing guidance for prioritization and their application in a hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ward
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew Lindsley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Josh Courter
- Division of Pharmacy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amal Assa'ad
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Indraratna A, De Oliveira DMP, Hartley-Tassell LE, Day CJ, Walker MJ, Jennings MP, Sanderson-Smith ML. Investigation of Group A Streptococcal Interactions with Host Glycan Structures Using High-Throughput Techniques: Glycan Microarray Analysis Using Recombinant Protein and Whole Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2136:145-51. [PMID: 32430818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Glycans, also known as carbohydrates, are abundant upon cell surfaces, where they often mediate host-pathogen interactions. The specific recognition of host glycans by pathogenic lectins is an important process that allows the adherence of bacteria to the host epithelial surface in many species, including Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Glycan microarrays present a sensitive, high-throughput approach for identifying novel lectin-glycan interactions and can be applied in the context of whole bacteria or purified bacterial proteins.
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49
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Smeesters PR, Botteaux A. The emm-Cluster Typing System. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2136:25-31. [PMID: 32430811 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
emm-cluster typing system allows to classify most Streptococcus pyogenes variants into 48 different emm clusters. The system correlates nicely with the host serum binding capacities of the M proteins and has been used in epidemiological surveys, strain selection, and vaccine development. Here we describe the allocation of the emm cluster based on the emm-typing defining region.
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50
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Dai C, Khalil ZG, Hussein WM, Yang J, Wang X, Zhao L, Capon RJ, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Opsonic Activity of Conservative Versus Variable Regions of the Group A Streptococcus M Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020210. [PMID: 32392777 PMCID: PMC7349123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and GAS-associated infections are a global challenge, with no licensed GAS vaccine on the market. The GAS M protein is a critical virulence factor in the fight against GAS infection, and it has been a primary target for GAS vaccine development. Measuring functional opsonic antibodies against GAS is an important component in the clinical development path for effective vaccines. In this study, we compared the opsonic activity of two synthetic, self-adjuvanting subunit vaccines containing either the J8- or 88/30-epitope in Swiss outbred mice using intranasal administration. Following primary immunization and three boosts, sera were assessed for IgG activity using ELISA, and opsonization activity against seven randomly selected clinical isolates of GAS was measured. Vaccine constructs containing the conservative J8-epitope showed significant opsonic activity against six out of the seven GAS clinical isolates, while the vaccine containing the variable 88/30-epitope did not show any significant opsonic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
| | - Jieru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
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