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Morales A, de Boer HJ, Douma JC, Elsen S, Engels S, Glimmerveen T, Sajeev N, Huber M, Luimes M, Luitjens E, Raatjes K, Hsieh C, Teapal J, Wildenbeest T, Jiang Z, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek S, Yin X, Evers J, Anten NPR, van Zanten M, Sasidharan R. Effects of sublethal single, simultaneous and sequential abiotic stresses on phenotypic traits of Arabidopsis thaliana. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac029. [PMID: 35854681 PMCID: PMC9291396 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to abiotic stresses are complex and dynamic, and involve changes in different traits, either as the direct consequence of the stress, or as an active acclimatory response. Abiotic stresses frequently occur simultaneously or in succession, rather than in isolation. Despite this, most studies have focused on a single stress and single or few plant traits. To address this gap, our study comprehensively and categorically quantified the individual and combined effects of three major abiotic stresses associated with climate change (flooding, progressive drought and high temperature) on 12 phenotypic traits related to morphology, development, growth and fitness, at different developmental stages in four Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Combined sublethal stresses were applied either simultaneously (high temperature and drought) or sequentially (flooding followed by drought). In total, we analysed the phenotypic responses of 1782 individuals across these stresses and different developmental stages. Overall, abiotic stresses and their combinations resulted in distinct patterns of effects across the traits analysed, with both quantitative and qualitative differences across accessions. Stress combinations had additive effects on some traits, whereas clear positive and negative interactions were observed for other traits: 9 out of 12 traits for high temperature and drought, 6 out of 12 traits for post-submergence and drought showed significant interactions. In many cases where the stresses interacted, the strength of interactions varied across accessions. Hence, our results indicated a general pattern of response in most phenotypic traits to the different stresses and stress combinations, but it also indicated a natural genetic variation in the strength of these responses. This includes novel results regarding the lack of a response to drought after submergence and a decoupling between leaf number and flowering time after submergence. Overall, our study provides a rich characterization of trait responses of Arabidopsis plants to sublethal abiotic stresses at the phenotypic level and can serve as starting point for further in-depth physiological research and plant modelling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob C Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Elsen
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Engels
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Glimmerveen
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikita Sajeev
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Luimes
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Luitjens
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Raatjes
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chenyun Hsieh
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliane Teapal
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Wildenbeest
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sneh Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Savvides AM, Fotopoulos V. Two Inexpensive and Non-destructive Techniques to Correct for Smaller-Than-Gasket Leaf Area in Gas Exchange Measurements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 29740471 PMCID: PMC5928467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of technology, like the widely-used off-the-shelf portable photosynthesis systems, for the quantification of leaf gas exchange rates and chlorophyll fluorescence offered photosynthesis research a massive boost. Gas exchange parameters in such photosynthesis systems are calculated as gas exchange rates per unit leaf area. In small chambers (<10 cm2), the leaf area used by the system for these calculations is actually the internal gasket area (AG), provided that the leaf covers the entire AG. In this study, we present two inexpensive and non-destructive techniques that can be used to easily quantify the enclosed leaf area (AL) of plant species with leaves of surface area much smaller than the AG, such as that of cereal crops. The AL of the cereal crop species studied has been measured using a standard image-based approach (iAL) and estimated using a leaf width-based approach (wAL). iAL and wAL did not show any significant differences between them in maize, barley, hard and soft wheat. Similar results were obtained when the wAL was tested in comparison with iAL in different positions along the leaf in all species studied. The quantification of AL and the subsequent correction of leaf gas exchange parameters for AL provided a precise quantification of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance especially with decreasing AL. This study provides two practical, inexpensive and non-destructive solutions to researchers dealing with photosynthesis measurements on small-leaf plant species. The image-based technique can be widely used for quantifying AL in many plant species despite their leaf shape. The leaf width-based technique can be securely used for quantifying AL in cereal crop species such as maize, wheat and barley along the leaf. Both techniques can be used for a wide range of gasket shapes and sizes with minor technique-specific adjustments.
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Savvides A, van Ieperen W, Dieleman JA, Marcelis LFM. Phenotypic plasticity to altered apical bud temperature in Cucumis sativus: more leaves-smaller leaves and vice versa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:69-79. [PMID: 27640366 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies investigated temperature effects on leaf initiation and expansion by relating these processes to air temperature or the temperature of a specific organ (e.g. leaf temperature). In reality plant temperature is hardly ever equal to air temperature or spatially uniform. Apical bud temperature (Tbud ), for example, may greatly differ from the temperature of the rest of the plant (Tplant ) dependent on the environment. Recent research in Cucumis sativus showed that Tbud influences leaf initiation independent of Tplant . These findings trigger the question if such spatial temperature differences also influence leaf expansion and plant phenotype. In a 28 day study, we maintained temperature differences between Tbud and Tplant ranging from -7 to +8 °C using a custom-made bud temperature control system. Leaf expansion did not only depend on leaf temperature but also on the difference between bud and leaf temperature. Differences between Tbud and Tplant considerably influenced vertical leaf area distribution over the shoot: increasing Tbud beyond Tplant resulted in more and smaller leaves, while decreasing Tbud below Tplant resulted in less and larger leaves. The trade-off between leaf number and leaf area resulted in phenotypic alterations that cannot be predicted, for example, by crop models, when assuming plant temperature uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Savvides
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke A Dieleman
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fu YH, Liu Y, De Boeck HJ, Menzel A, Nijs I, Peaucelle M, Peñuelas J, Piao S, Janssens IA. Three times greater weight of daytime than of night-time temperature on leaf unfolding phenology in temperate trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:590-597. [PMID: 27376563 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenology of spring leaf unfolding plays a key role in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. The classical concept of heat requirement (growing degree days) for leaf unfolding was developed hundreds of years ago, but this model does not include the recently reported greater importance of daytime than night-time temperature. A manipulative experiment on daytime vs night-time warming with saplings of three species of temperate deciduous trees was conducted and a Bayesian method was applied to explore the different effects of daytime and night-time temperatures on spring phenology. We found that both daytime and night-time warming significantly advanced leaf unfolding, but the sensitivities to increased daytime and night-time temperatures differed significantly. Trees were most sensitive to daytime warming (7.4 ± 0.9, 4.8 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 0.2 d advancement per degree Celsius warming (d °C-1 ) for birch, oak and beech, respectively) and least sensitive to night-time warming (5.5 ± 0.9, 3.3 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.9 d °C-1 ). Interestingly, a Bayesian analysis found that the impact of daytime temperature on leaf unfolding was approximately three times higher than that of night-time temperatures. Night-time global temperature is increasing faster than daytime temperature, so model projections of future spring phenology should incorporate the effects of these different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo H Fu
- Centre of Excellence GCE (Global Change Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Centre of Excellence GCE (Global Change Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans J De Boeck
- Centre of Excellence GCE (Global Change Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Centre of Excellence GCE (Global Change Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Peaucelle
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF -CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 11 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence GCE (Global Change Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Savvides A, Dieleman JA, van Ieperen W, Marcelis LFM. A unique approach to demonstrating that apical bud temperature specifically determines leaf initiation rate in the dicot Cucumis sativus. PLANTA 2016; 243:1071-9. [PMID: 26769623 PMCID: PMC4819741 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Leaf initiation rate is largely determined by the apical bud temperature even when apical bud temperature largely deviates from the temperature of other plant organs. We have long known that the rate of leaf initiation (LIR) is highly sensitive to temperature, but previous studies in dicots have not rigorously demonstrated that apical bud temperature controls LIR independent of other plant organs temperature. Many models assume that apical bud and leaf temperature are the same. In some environments, the temperature of the apical bud, where leaf initiation occurs, may differ by several degrees Celsius from the temperature of other plant organs. In a 28-days study, we maintained temperature differences between the apical bud and the rest of the individual Cucumis sativus plants from -7 to +8 °C by enclosing the apical buds in transparent, temperature-controlled, flow-through, spheres. Our results demonstrate that LIR was completely determined by apical bud temperature independent of other plant organs temperature. These results emphasize the need to measure or model apical bud temperatures in dicots to improve the prediction of crop development rates in simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Savvides
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke A Dieleman
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fu YH, Piao S, Vitasse Y, Zhao H, De Boeck HJ, Liu Q, Yang H, Weber U, Hänninen H, Janssens IA. Increased heat requirement for leaf flushing in temperate woody species over 1980-2012: effects of chilling, precipitation and insolation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2687-2697. [PMID: 25580596 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed large unexplained variation in heat requirement-based phenology models, resulting in large uncertainty when predicting ecosystem carbon and water balance responses to climate variability. Improving our understanding of the heat requirement for spring phenology is thus urgently needed. In this study, we estimated the species-specific heat requirement for leaf flushing of 13 temperate woody species using long-term phenological observations from Europe and North America. The species were defined as early and late flushing species according to the mean date of leaf flushing across all sites. Partial correlation analyses were applied to determine the temporal correlations between heat requirement and chilling accumulation, precipitation and insolation sum during dormancy. We found that the heat requirement for leaf flushing increased by almost 50% over the study period 1980-2012, with an average of 30 heat units per decade. This temporal increase in heat requirement was observed in all species, but was much larger for late than for early flushing species. Consistent with previous studies, we found that the heat requirement negatively correlates with chilling accumulation. Interestingly, after removing the variation induced by chilling accumulation, a predominantly positive partial correlation exists between heat requirement and precipitation sum, and a predominantly negative correlation between heat requirement and insolation sum. This suggests that besides the well-known effect of chilling, the heat requirement for leaf flushing is also influenced by precipitation and insolation sum during dormancy. However, we hypothesize that the observed precipitation and insolation effects might be artefacts attributable to the inappropriate use of air temperature in the heat requirement quantification. Rather than air temperature, meristem temperature is probably the prominent driver of the leaf flushing process, but these data are not available. Further experimental research is thus needed to verify whether insolation and precipitation sums directly affect the heat requirement for leaf flushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo H Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, 100871, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Shilong Piao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, 100871, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Institute of Geography, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
- Snow and Landscape Research, WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Neuchatel, Switzerland
- Group Mountain Ecosystems, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Hongfang Zhao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hans J De Boeck
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Ulrich Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Heikki Hänninen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Li T, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. Quantifying the source-sink balance and carbohydrate content in three tomato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:416. [PMID: 26097485 PMCID: PMC4456573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Supplementary lighting is frequently applied in the winter season for crop production in greenhouses. The effect of supplementary lighting on plant growth depends on the balance between assimilate production in source leaves and the overall capacity of the plants to use assimilates. This study aims at quantifying the source-sink balance and carbohydrate content of three tomato cultivars differing in fruit size, and to investigate to what extent the source/sink ratio correlates with the potential fruit size. Cultivars Komeet (large size), Capricia (medium size), and Sunstream (small size, cherry tomato) were grown from 16 August to 21 November, at similar crop management as in commercial practice. Supplementary lighting (High Pressure Sodium lamps, photosynthetic active radiation at 1 m below lamps was 162 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1); maximum 10 h per day depending on solar irradiance level) was applied from 19 September onward. Source strength was estimated from total plant growth rate using periodic destructive plant harvests in combination with the crop growth model TOMSIM. Sink strength was estimated from potential fruit growth rate which was determined from non-destructively measuring the fruit growth rate at non-limiting assimilate supply, growing only one fruit on each truss. Carbohydrate content in leaves and stems were periodically determined. During the early growth stage, 'Komeet' and 'Capricia' showed sink limitation and 'Sunstream' was close to sink limitation. During this stage reproductive organs had hardly formed or were still small and natural irradiance was high (early September) compared to winter months. Subsequently, during the fully fruiting stage all three cultivars were strongly source-limited as indicated by the low source/sink ratio (average source/sink ratio from 50 days after planting onward was 0.17, 0.22, and 0.33 for 'Komeet,' 'Capricia,' and 'Sunstream,' respectively). This was further confirmed by the fact that pruning half of the fruits hardly influenced net leaf photosynthesis rates. Carbohydrate content in leaves and stems increased linearly with the source/sink ratio. We conclude that during the early growth stage under high irradiance, tomato plants are sink-limited and that the level of sink limitation differs between cultivars but it is not correlated with their potential fruit size. During the fully fruiting stage tomato plants are source-limited and the extent of source limitation of a cultivar is positively correlated with its potential fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, BeijingChina
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
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