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Smith NA, Koeller KL, Clarke JA, Ksepka DT, Mitchell JS, Nabavizadeh A, Ridgley RC, Witmer LM. Convergent evolution in dippers (Aves, Cinclidae): The only wing-propelled diving songbirds. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1563-1591. [PMID: 34813153 PMCID: PMC9298897 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Of the more than 6,000 members of the most speciose avian clade, Passeriformes (perching birds), only the five species of dippers (Cinclidae, Cinclus) use their wings to swim underwater. Among nonpasserine wing‐propelled divers (alcids, diving petrels, penguins, and plotopterids), convergent evolution of morphological characteristics related to this highly derived method of locomotion have been well‐documented, suggesting that the demands of this behavior exert strong selective pressure. However, despite their unique anatomical attributes, dippers have been the focus of comparatively few studies and potential convergence between dippers and nonpasseriform wing‐propelled divers has not been previously examined. In this study, a suite of characteristics that are shared among many wing‐propelled diving birds were identified and the distribution of those characteristics across representatives of all clades of extant and extinct wing‐propelled divers were evaluated to assess convergence. Putatively convergent characteristics were drawn from a relatively wide range of sources including osteology, myology, endocranial anatomy, integument, and ethology. Comparisons reveal that whereas nonpasseriform wing‐propelled divers do in fact share some anatomical characteristics putatively associated with the biomechanics of underwater “flight”, dippers have evolved this highly derived method of locomotion without converging on the majority of concomitant changes observed in other taxa. Changes in the flight musculature and feathers, reduction of the keratin bounded external nares and an increase in subcutaneous fat are shared with other wing‐propelled diving birds, but endocranial anatomy shows no significant shifts and osteological modifications are limited. Muscular and integumentary novelties may precede skeletal and neuroendocranial morphology in the acquisition of this novel locomotory mode, with implications for understanding potential biases in the fossil record of other such transitions. Thus, dippers represent an example of a highly derived and complex behavioral convergence that is not fully associated with the anatomical changes observed in other wing‐propelled divers, perhaps owing to the relative recency of their divergence from nondiving passeriforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adam Smith
- Campbell Geology Museum, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Krista L Koeller
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Mitchell
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University Institute of Technology, Beckley, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ali Nabavizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan C Ridgley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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2
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Lewden A, Nord A, Bonnet B, Chauvet F, Ancel A, McCafferty DJ. Body surface rewarming in fully and partially hypothermic king penguins. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:597-609. [PMID: 32656594 PMCID: PMC7441059 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Penguins face a major thermal transition when returning to land in a hypothermic state after a foraging trip. Uninsulated appendages (flippers and feet) could provide flexible heat exchange during subsequent rewarming. Here, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral vasodilation could be delayed during this recovery stage. To this end, we designed an experiment to examine patterns of surface rewarming in fully hypothermic (the cloaca and peripheral regions (here; flippers, feet and the breast) < 37 °C) and partially hypothermic (cloaca at normothermia ≥ 37 °C, but periphery at hypothermia) king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) when they rewarmed in the laboratory. Both groups rewarmed during the 21 min observation period, but the temperature changes were larger in fully than in partially hypothermic birds. Moreover, we observed a 5 min delay of peripheral temperature in fully compared to partially hypothermic birds, suggesting that this process was impacted by low internal temperature. To investigate whether our laboratory data were applicable to field conditions, we also recorded surface temperatures of free-ranging penguins after they came ashore to the colony. Initial surface temperatures were lower in these birds compared to in those that rewarmed in the laboratory, and changed less over a comparable period of time on land. This could be explained both by environmental conditions and possible handling-induced thermogenesis in the laboratory. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated that appendage vasodilation is flexibly used during rewarming and that recovery may be influenced by both internal temperature and environmental conditions when penguins transition from sea to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lewden
- Département Ecologie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Physiologie et Ethologie, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Andreas Nord
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.,Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, G63 0AW, Scotland, UK
| | - Batshéva Bonnet
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Florent Chauvet
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - André Ancel
- Département Ecologie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Physiologie et Ethologie, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominic J McCafferty
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, G63 0AW, Scotland, UK
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3
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Pan H, Cole TL, Bi X, Fang M, Zhou C, Yang Z, Ksepka DT, Hart T, Bouzat JL, Argilla LS, Bertelsen MF, Boersma PD, Bost CA, Cherel Y, Dann P, Fiddaman SR, Howard P, Labuschagne K, Mattern T, Miller G, Parker P, Phillips RA, Quillfeldt P, Ryan PG, Taylor H, Thompson DR, Young MJ, Ellegaard MR, Gilbert MTP, Sinding MHS, Pacheco G, Shepherd LD, Tennyson AJD, Grosser S, Kay E, Nupen LJ, Ellenberg U, Houston DM, Reeve AH, Johnson K, Masello JF, Stracke T, McKinlay B, Borboroglu PG, Zhang DX, Zhang G. High-coverage genomes to elucidate the evolution of penguins. Gigascience 2020; 8:5571031. [PMID: 31531675 PMCID: PMC6904868 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are a remarkable order of flightless wing-propelled diving seabirds distributed widely across the southern hemisphere. They share a volant common ancestor with Procellariiformes close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (66 million years ago) and subsequently lost the ability to fly but enhanced their diving capabilities. With ∼20 species among 6 genera, penguins range from the tropical Galápagos Islands to the oceanic temperate forests of New Zealand, the rocky coastlines of the sub-Antarctic islands, and the sea ice around Antarctica. To inhabit such diverse and extreme environments, penguins evolved many physiological and morphological adaptations. However, they are also highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, penguins provide an exciting target system for understanding the evolutionary processes of speciation, adaptation, and demography. Genomic data are an emerging resource for addressing questions about such processes. RESULTS Here we present a novel dataset of 19 high-coverage genomes that, together with 2 previously published genomes, encompass all extant penguin species. We also present a well-supported phylogeny to clarify the relationships among penguins. In contrast to recent studies, our results demonstrate that the genus Aptenodytes is basal and sister to all other extant penguin genera, providing intriguing new insights into the adaptation of penguins to Antarctica. As such, our dataset provides a novel resource for understanding the evolutionary history of penguins as a clade, as well as the fine-scale relationships of individual penguin lineages. Against this background, we introduce a major consortium of international scientists dedicated to studying these genomes. Moreover, we highlight emerging issues regarding ensuring legal and respectful indigenous consultation, particularly for genomic data originating from New Zealand Taonga species. CONCLUSIONS We believe that our dataset and project will be important for understanding evolution, increasing cultural heritage and guiding the conservation of this iconic southern hemisphere species assemblage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Pan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theresa L Cole
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, Canterbury 7640, New Zealand.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Xupeng Bi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Miaoquan Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Chengran Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Tom Hart
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Juan L Bouzat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Lisa S Argilla
- The Wildlife Hospital Dunedin, School of Veterinary Nursing, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Dee Boersma
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Dann
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, PO Box 97, Cowes, Phillip Island, Victoria, 3922, Australia
| | - Steven R Fiddaman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Pauline Howard
- Hornby Veterinary Centre, 7 Tower Street, Hornby, Christchurch, Canterbury 8042, New Zealand.,South Island Wildlife Hospital, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Kim Labuschagne
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thomas Mattern
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gary Miller
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Patricia Parker
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter G Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Helen Taylor
- Vet Services Hawkes Bay Ltd, 801 Heretaunga Street, Hastings, New Zealand.,Wairoa Farm Vets, 77 Queen Street, Wairoa 4108, New Zealand
| | - David R Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J Young
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Martin R Ellegaard
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Pacheco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alan J D Tennyson
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie Grosser
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand.,Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emily Kay
- Wildbase, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell St, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Lisa J Nupen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ursula Ellenberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Global Penguin Society, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Houston
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Hart Reeve
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathryn Johnson
- Wildbase, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell St, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Juan F Masello
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stracke
- South Island Wildlife Hospital, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Bruce McKinlay
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pablo García Borboroglu
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Global Penguin Society, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina.,CESIMAR CCT Cenpat-CONICET, Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina
| | - De-Xing Zhang
- Center for Computational and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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4
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Li C, Zhang Y, Li J, Kong L, Hu H, Pan H, Xu L, Deng Y, Li Q, Jin L, Yu H, Chen Y, Liu B, Yang L, Liu S, Zhang Y, Lang Y, Xia J, He W, Shi Q, Subramanian S, Millar CD, Meader S, Rands CM, Fujita MK, Greenwold MJ, Castoe TA, Pollock DD, Gu W, Nam K, Ellegren H, Ho SYW, Burt DW, Ponting CP, Jarvis ED, Gilbert MTP, Yang H, Wang J, Lambert DM, Wang J, Zhang G. Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment. Gigascience 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 25671092 PMCID: PMC4322438 DOI: 10.1186/2047-217x-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri]. RESULTS Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology. CONCLUSIONS Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Li
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yong Zhang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Jianwen Li
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Lesheng Kong
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Haofu Hu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Hailin Pan
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Luohao Xu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yuan Deng
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qiye Li
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lijun Jin
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Hao Yu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yan Chen
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Binghang Liu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Linfeng Yang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Shiping Liu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yongshan Lang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Jinquan Xia
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Weiming He
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qiong Shi
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Sankar Subramanian
- />Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Craig D Millar
- />Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Meader
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Chris M Rands
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Matthew K Fujita
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
- />Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Matthew J Greenwold
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- />Biology Department, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76016 USA
| | - David D Pollock
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Wanjun Gu
- />Research Centre of Learning Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Kiwoong Nam
- />Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- />Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, C.F.Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Ellegren
- />Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon YW Ho
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - David W Burt
- />Department of Genomics and Genetics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- />Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710 USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Huanming Yang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Wang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - David M Lambert
- />Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Jun Wang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- />Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau, 999078 China
- />Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guojie Zhang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DK-2100 Denmark
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5
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KSEPKA DANIELT, BALANOFF AMYM, WALSH STIG, REVAN ARIEL, HO AMY. Evolution of the brain and sensory organs in Sphenisciformes: new data from the stem penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus. Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Thomas DB, Fordyce RE. Biological plasticity in penguin heat-retention structures. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:249-56. [PMID: 22213564 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Insulation and vascular heat-retention mechanisms allow penguins to forage for a prolonged time in water that is much cooler than core body temperature. Wing-based heat retention involves a plexus of humeral arteries and veins, which redirect heat to the body core rather than to the wing periphery. The humeral arterial plexus is described here for Eudyptes and Megadyptes, the only extant penguin genera for which wing vascular anatomy had not previously been reported. The erect-crested (Eudyptes sclateri) and yellow-eyed (Megadyptes antipodes) penguins both have a plexus of three humeral arteries on the ventral surface of the humerus. The wing vascular system shows little variation between erect-crested and yellow-eyed penguins, and is generally conserved across the six extant genera of penguins, with the exception of the humeral arterial plexus. The number of humeral arteries within the plexus demonstrates substantial variation and correlates well with wing surface area. Little penguins (Eudyptula minor) have two humeral arteries and a wing surface area of ∼ 75 cm(2) , whereas emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) have up to 15 humeral arteries and a wing surface area of ∼ 203 cm(2) . Further, the number of humeral arteries has a stronger correlation with wing surface area than with sea water temperature. We propose that thermoregulation has placed the humeral arterial plexus under a strong selection pressure, driving penguins with larger wing surface areas to compensate for heat loss by developing additional humeral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Thomas
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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7
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Thomas DB, Ksepka DT, Fordyce RE. Penguin heat-retention structures evolved in a greenhouse Earth. Biol Lett 2010; 7:461-4. [PMID: 21177693 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Penguins (Sphenisciformes) inhabit some of the most extreme environments on Earth. The 60+ Myr fossil record of penguins spans an interval that witnessed dramatic shifts in Cenozoic ocean temperatures and currents, indicating a long interplay between penguin evolution and environmental change. Perhaps the most celebrated example is the successful Late Cenozoic invasion of glacial environments by crown clade penguins. A major adaptation that allows penguins to forage in cold water is the humeral arterial plexus, a vascular counter-current heat exchanger (CCHE) that limits heat loss through the flipper. Fossil evidence reveals that the humeral plexus arose at least 49 Ma during a 'Greenhouse Earth' interval. The evolution of the CCHE is therefore unrelated to global cooling or development of polar ice sheets, but probably represents an adaptation to foraging in subsurface waters at temperate latitudes. As global climate cooled, the CCHE was key to invasion of thermally more demanding environments associated with Antarctic ice sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Thomas
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Ponganis PJ, Stockard TK, Meir JU, Williams CL, Ponganis KV, Howard R. O2 store management in diving emperor penguins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:217-24. [PMID: 19112140 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.026096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to further define O(2) store utilization during dives and understand the physiological basis of the aerobic dive limit (ADL, dive duration associated with the onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation), emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) were equipped with either a blood partial pressure of oxygen (P(O(2))) recorder or a blood sampler while they were diving at an isolated dive hole in the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Arterial P(O(2)) profiles (57 dives) revealed that (a) pre-dive P(O(2)) was greater than that at rest, (b) P(O(2)) transiently increased during descent and (c) post-dive P(O(2)) reached that at rest in 1.92+/-1.89 min (N=53). Venous P(O(2)) profiles (130 dives) revealed that (a) pre-dive venous P(O(2)) was greater than that at rest prior to 61% of dives, (b) in 90% of dives venous P(O(2)) transiently increased with a mean maximum P(O(2)) of 53+/-18 mmHg and a mean increase in P(O(2)) of 11+/-12 mmHg, (c) in 78% of dives, this peak venous P(O(2)) occurred within the first 3 min, and (d) post-dive venous P(O(2)) reached that at rest within 2.23+/-2.64 min (N=84). Arterial and venous P(O(2)) values in blood samples collected 1-3 min into dives were greater than or near to the respective values at rest. Blood lactate concentration was less than 2 mmol l(-1) as far as 10.5 min into dives, well beyond the known ADL of 5.6 min. Mean arterial and venous P(N(2)) of samples collected at 20-37 m depth were 2.5 times those at the surface, both being 2.1+/-0.7 atmospheres absolute (ATA; N=3 each), and were not significantly different. These findings are consistent with the maintenance of gas exchange during dives (elevated arterial and venous P(O(2)) and P(N(2)) during dives), muscle ischemia during dives (elevated venous P(O(2)), lack of lactate washout into blood during dives), and arterio-venous shunting of blood both during the surface period (venous P(O(2)) greater than that at rest) and during dives (arterialized venous P(O(2)) values during descent, equivalent arterial and venous P(N(2)) values during dives). These three physiological processes contribute to the transfer of the large respiratory O(2) store to the blood during the dive, isolation of muscle metabolism from the circulation during the dive, a decreased rate of blood O(2) depletion during dives, and optimized loading of O(2) stores both before and after dives. The lack of blood O(2) depletion and blood lactate elevation during dives beyond the ADL suggests that active locomotory muscle is the site of tissue lactate accumulation that results in post-dive blood lactate elevation in dives beyond the ADL.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Ponganis
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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