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Méheust Y, Delord K, Bonnet-Lebrun AS, Raclot T, Vasseur J, Allain J, Decourteillle V, Bost CA, Barbraud C. Human infrastructures correspond to higher Adélie penguin breeding success and growth rate. Oecologia 2024; 204:675-688. [PMID: 38459994 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities generate increasing disturbance in wildlife especially in extreme environments where species have to cope with rapid environmental changes. In Antarctica, while studies on human disturbance have mostly focused on stress response through physiological and behavioral changes, local variability in population dynamics has been addressed more scarcely. In addition, the mechanisms by which breeding communities are affected around research stations remain unclear. Our study aims at pointing out the fine-scale impact of human infrastructures on the spatial variability in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colonies dynamics. Taking 24 years of population monitoring, we modeled colony breeding success and growth rate in response to both anthropic and land-based environmental variables. Building density around colonies was the second most important variable explaining spatial variability in breeding success after distance from skua nests, the main predators of penguins on land. Building density was positively associated with penguins breeding success. We discuss how buildings may protect penguins from avian predation and environmental conditions. The drivers of colony growth rate included topographical variables and the distance to human infrastructures. A strong correlation between 1-year lagged growth rate and colony breeding success was coherent with the use of public information by penguins to select their initial breeding site. Overall, our study brings new insights about the relative contribution and ecological implications of human presence on the local population dynamics of a sentinel species in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Méheust
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Thierry Raclot
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR7178 CNRS, 69037, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Vasseur
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Jimmy Allain
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Virgil Decourteillle
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Brisson-Curadeau É, Scheffer A, Trathan P, Roquet F, Cotté C, Delord K, Barbraud C, Elliott K, Bost CA. Author Correction: Investigating two consecutive catastrophic breeding seasons in a large king penguin colony. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16692. [PMID: 37794062 PMCID: PMC10550926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Émile Brisson-Curadeau
- UMR 7372‑CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers‑en‑Bois, France.
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte‑Anne‑de‑Bellevue, QC, Canada.
| | - Annette Scheffer
- OKEANOS Centre, University of the Azores, 9901‑862, Horta, Portugal
| | - Phil Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
- National Oceanography Centre, Waterfront Campus European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Fabien Roquet
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cédric Cotté
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN‑IPSL), CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karine Delord
- UMR 7372‑CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers‑en‑Bois, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- UMR 7372‑CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers‑en‑Bois, France
| | - Kyle Elliott
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte‑Anne‑de‑Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Charles-André Bost
- UMR 7372‑CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers‑en‑Bois, France
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Bustamante P, Le Verge T, Bost CA, Brault-Favrou M, Le Corre M, Weimerskirch H, Cherel Y. Mercury contamination in the tropical seabird community from Clipperton Island, eastern Pacific Ocean. Ecotoxicology 2023; 32:1050-1061. [PMID: 37615819 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global problem affecting remote areas of the open ocean, but the bioaccumulation of this neurotoxic pollutant in tropical top predators remains poorly documented. The objective of this study was to determine Hg contamination of the seabird community nesting on Clipperton Island using blood and feathers to investigate short and longer-term contamination, respectively. We examined the significance of various factors (species, sex, feeding habitat [δ13C] and trophic position [δ15N]) on Hg concentrations in six seabird species. Among species, Great Frigatebirds had the highest Hg concentrations in blood and feathers, boobies had intermediate values, and Brown Noddies and Sooty Terns the lowest. At the interspecific level, although δ13C values segregated boobies from frigatebirds and noddies/terns, Hg concentrations were explained by neither δ13C nor δ15N values. At the intraspecific level, both Hg concentrations in blood and feathers show relatively small variations (16-32 and 26-74%, respectively), suggesting that feeding ecology had low seasonal variation among individuals. Despite most species being sexually dimorphic, differences in Hg contamination according to sex was detected only in Brown Boobies during the breeding period. Indeed, female Brown Boobies feed at a higher trophic level and in a different area than males during this period, resulting in higher blood Hg concentrations. The present study also shows that most of the seabirds sampled at Clipperton Island had little or no exposure to Hg toxicity, with 30% in the no risk category and 70% in the low risk category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Thibault Le Verge
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Maud Brault-Favrou
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie), Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS92003, Saint Denis cedex, 997744, La Réunion, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Brisson-Curadeau É, Scheffer A, Trathan P, Roquet F, Cotté C, Delord K, Barbraud C, Elliott K, Bost CA. Investigating two consecutive catastrophic breeding seasons in a large king penguin colony. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12967. [PMID: 37563162 PMCID: PMC10415367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale breeding failures, such as offspring die-offs, can disproportionately impact wildlife populations that are characterized by a few large colonies. However, breeding monitoring-and thus investigations of such die-offs-is especially challenging in species with long reproductive cycles. We investigate two unresolved dramatic breeding failures that occurred in consecutive years (2009 and 2010) in a large king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus colony, a long-lived species with a breeding cycle lasting over a year. Here we found that a single period, winter 2009, was likely responsible for the occurrence of breeding anomalies during both breeding seasons, suggesting that adults experienced poor foraging conditions at sea at that time. Following that unfavorable winter, the 2009 breeding cohort-who were entering the late stage of chick-rearing-immediately experienced high chick mortality. Meanwhile, the 2010 breeding cohort greatly delayed their arrival and egg laying, which would have otherwise started not long after the winter. The 2010 breeding season continued to display anomalies during the incubation and chick-rearing period, such as high abandonment rate, long foraging trips and eventually the death of all chicks in winter 2010. These anomalies could have resulted from either a domino-effect caused by the delayed laying, the continuation of poor foraging conditions, or both. This study provides an example of a large-scale catastrophic breeding failure and highlights the importance of the winter period on phenology and reproduction success for wildlife that breed in few large colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émile Brisson-Curadeau
- UMR 7372-CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
| | - Annette Scheffer
- OKEANOS Centre, University of the Azores, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal
| | - Phil Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
- National Oceanography Centre, Waterfront Campus European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Fabien Roquet
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cédric Cotté
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karine Delord
- UMR 7372-CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- UMR 7372-CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Kyle Elliott
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Charles-André Bost
- UMR 7372-CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle University, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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5
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Fromant A, Arnould JPY, Delord K, Sutton GJ, Carravieri A, Bustamante P, Miskelly CM, Kato A, Brault-Favrou M, Cherel Y, Bost CA. Stage-dependent niche segregation: insights from a multi-dimensional approach of two sympatric sibling seabirds. Oecologia 2022; 199:537-548. [PMID: 35606670 PMCID: PMC9309125 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Niche theory predicts that to reduce competition for the same resource, sympatric ecologically similar species should exploit divergent niches and segregate in one or more dimensions. Seasonal variations in environmental conditions and energy requirements can influence the mechanisms and the degree of niche segregation. However, studies have overlooked the multi-dimensional aspect of niche segregation over the whole annual cycle, and key facets of species co-existence still remain ambiguous. The present study provides insights into the niche use and partitioning of two morphologically and ecologically similar seabirds, the common (CDP, Pelecanoides urinatrix) and the South Georgian diving petrel (SGDP, Pelecanoides georgicus). Using phenology, at-sea distribution, diving behavior and isotopic data (during the incubation, chick-rearing and non-breeding periods), we show that the degree of partitioning was highly stage-dependent. During the breeding season, the greater niche segregation during chick-rearing than incubation supported the hypothesis that resource partitioning increases during energetically demanding periods. During the post breeding period, while species-specific latitudinal differences were expected (species specific water mass preference), CDP and SGDP also migrated in divergent directions. This segregation in migration area may not be only a response to the selective pressure arising from competition avoidance between sympatric species, but instead, could reflect past evolutionary divergence. Such stage-dependent and context-dependent niche segregation demonstrates the importance of integrative approaches combining techniques from different fields, throughout the entire annual cycle, to better understand the co-existence of ecologically similar species. This is particularly relevant in order to fully understand the short and long-term effects of ongoing environmental changes on species distributions and communities.This work demonstrates the need of integrative multi-dimensional approaches combining concepts and techniques from different fields to understand the mechanism and causal factors of niche segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Fromant
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia ,grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Karine Delord
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Grace J. Sutton
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Alice Carravieri
- grid.11698.370000 0001 2169 7335Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- grid.11698.370000 0001 2169 7335Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France ,grid.440891.00000 0001 1931 4817Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Colin M. Miskelly
- grid.488640.60000 0004 0483 4475Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
| | - Akiko Kato
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Maud Brault-Favrou
- grid.11698.370000 0001 2169 7335Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Enstipp MR, Bost CA, Le Bohec C, Chatelain N, Weimerskirch H, Handrich Y. The early life of king penguins: ontogeny of dive capacity and foraging behaviour in an expert diver. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269166. [PMID: 34132335 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The period of emancipation in seabirds, when juveniles change from a terrestrial existence to a life at sea, is associated with many challenges. Apart from finding favourable foraging sites, they have to develop effective prey search patterns and physiological capacities that enable them to capture sufficient prey to meet their energetic needs. Animals that dive to forage, such as king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), need to acquire an adequate breath-hold capacity, allowing them to locate and capture prey at depth. To investigate the ontogeny of their dive capacity and foraging performance, we implanted juvenile king penguins before their first departure to sea and also adult breeders with a data-logger recording pressure and temperature. We found that juvenile king penguins possess a remarkable dive capacity when leaving their natal colony, enabling them to conduct dives in excess of 100 m within their first week at sea. Despite this, juvenile dive/foraging performance, investigated in relation to dive depth, remained below the adult level throughout their first year at sea, probably reflecting physiological limitations as a result of incomplete maturation. A significantly shallower foraging depth of juveniles, particularly during their first 5 months at sea, could also indicate differences in foraging strategy and targeted prey. The initially greater wiggle rate suggests that juveniles fed opportunistically and also targeted different prey from adults and/or that many of the wiggles of juveniles reflect unsuccessful prey-capture attempts, indicating a lower foraging proficiency. After 5 months, this difference disappeared, suggesting sufficient physical maturation and improvement of juvenile foraging skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R Enstipp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, MC 98000, Monaco
| | - Nicolas Chatelain
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Orgeret F, Reisinger RR, Carpenter-Kling T, Keys DZ, Corbeau A, Bost CA, Weimerskirch H, Pistorius PA. Spatial segregation in a sexually dimorphic central place forager: Competitive exclusion or niche divergence? J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2404-2420. [PMID: 34091891 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sexual competition is increasingly recognized as an important selective pressure driving species distributions. However, few studies have investigated the relative importance of interpopulation versus intrapopulation competition in relation to habitat availability and selection. To explain spatial segregation between sexes that often occurs in non-territorial and central place foragers, such as seabirds, two hypotheses are commonly used. The 'competitive exclusion' hypothesis states that dominant individuals should exclude subordinate individuals through direct competition, whereas the 'niche divergence' hypothesis states that segregation occurs due to past competition and habitat specialization. We tested these hypotheses in two populations of an extreme wide-ranging and sexually dimorphic seabird, investigating the relative role of intrapopulation and interpopulation competition in influencing sex-specific distribution and habitat preferences. Using GPS loggers, we tracked 192 wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans during four consecutive years (2016-2019), from two neighbouring populations in the Southern Ocean (Prince Edward and Crozet archipelagos). We simulated pseudo-tracks to create a null spatial distribution and used Kernel Density Estimates (KDE) and Resource Selection Functions (RSF) to distinguish the relative importance of within- versus between-population competition. Kernel Density Estimates showed that only intrapopulation sexual segregation was significant for each monitoring year, and that tracks between the two colonies resulted in greater overlap than expected from the null distribution, especially for the females. RSF confirmed these results and highlighted key at-sea foraging areas, even if the estimated of at-sea densities were extremely low. These differences in selected areas between sites and sexes were, however, associated with high interannual variability in habitat preferences, with no clear specific preferences per site and sex. Our results suggest that even with low at-sea population densities, historic intrapopulation competition in wide-ranging seabirds may have led to sexual dimorphism and niche specialization, favouring the 'niche divergence' hypothesis. In this study, we provide a protocol to study competition within as well as between populations of central place foragers. This is relevant for understanding their distribution patterns and population regulation, which could potentially improve management of threatened populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Orgeret
- Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Ryan R Reisinger
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tegan Carpenter-Kling
- Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick, Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Danielle Z Keys
- Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Alexandre Corbeau
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Pierre A Pistorius
- Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick, Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Fromant A, Bost CA, Bustamante P, Carravieri A, Cherel Y, Delord K, Eizenberg YH, Miskelly CM, Arnould JPY. Temporal and spatial differences in the post-breeding behaviour of a ubiquitous Southern Hemisphere seabird, the common diving petrel. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:200670. [PMID: 33391785 PMCID: PMC7735348 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The non-breeding period plays a major role in seabird survival and population dynamics. However, our understanding of the migratory behaviour, moulting and feeding strategies of non-breeding seabirds is still very limited, especially for small-sized species. The present study investigated the post-breeding behaviour of three distant populations (Kerguelen Archipelago, southeastern Australia, New Zealand) of the common diving petrel (CDP) (Pelecanoides urinatrix), an abundant, widely distributed zooplanktivorous seabird breeding throughout the southern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The timing, geographical destination and activity pattern of birds were quantified through geolocator deployments during the post-breeding migration, while moult pattern of body feathers was investigated using stable isotope analysis. Despite the high energetic cost of flapping flight, all the individuals quickly travelled long distances (greater than approx. 2500 km) after the end of the breeding season, targeting oceanic frontal systems. The three populations, however, clearly diverged spatially (migration pathways and destinations), and temporally (timing and duration) in their post-breeding movements, as well as in their period of moult. Philopatry to distantly separated breeding grounds, different breeding phenologies and distinct post-breeding destinations suggest that the CDP populations have a high potential for isolation, and hence, speciation. These results contribute to improving knowledge of ecological divergence and evolution between populations, and inform the challenges of conserving migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Fromant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Carravieri
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yonina H. Eizenberg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Colin M. Miskelly
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Hindell MA, Reisinger RR, Ropert-Coudert Y, Hückstädt LA, Trathan PN, Bornemann H, Charrassin JB, Chown SL, Costa DP, Danis B, Lea MA, Thompson D, Torres LG, Van de Putte AP, Alderman R, Andrews-Goff V, Arthur B, Ballard G, Bengtson J, Bester MN, Blix AS, Boehme L, Bost CA, Boveng P, Cleeland J, Constantine R, Corney S, Crawford RJM, Dalla Rosa L, de Bruyn PJN, Delord K, Descamps S, Double M, Emmerson L, Fedak M, Friedlaender A, Gales N, Goebel ME, Goetz KT, Guinet C, Goldsworthy SD, Harcourt R, Hinke JT, Jerosch K, Kato A, Kerry KR, Kirkwood R, Kooyman GL, Kovacs KM, Lawton K, Lowther AD, Lydersen C, Lyver PO, Makhado AB, Márquez MEI, McDonald BI, McMahon CR, Muelbert M, Nachtsheim D, Nicholls KW, Nordøy ES, Olmastroni S, Phillips RA, Pistorius P, Plötz J, Pütz K, Ratcliffe N, Ryan PG, Santos M, Southwell C, Staniland I, Takahashi A, Tarroux A, Trivelpiece W, Wakefield E, Weimerskirch H, Wienecke B, Xavier JC, Wotherspoon S, Jonsen ID, Raymond B. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems. Nature 2020; 580:87-92. [PMID: 32238927 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. .,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ryan R Reisinger
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France.,CESAB-FRB, Institut Bouisson Bertrand, Montpellier, France.,LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR7159, Paris, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Horst Bornemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Anton P Van de Putte
- BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachael Alderman
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Virginia Andrews-Goff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben Arthur
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - John Bengtson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | | | | | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Boveng
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaimie Cleeland
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Stuart Corney
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J M Crawford
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luciano Dalla Rosa
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Mike Double
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mike Fedak
- Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nick Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael E Goebel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly T Goetz
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Simon D Goldsworthy
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jefferson T Hinke
- Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Jerosch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Knowles R Kerry
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Roger Kirkwood
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gerald L Kooyman
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kieran Lawton
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Azwianewi B Makhado
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Birgitte I McDonald
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica Muelbert
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Dominik Nachtsheim
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - Keith W Nicholls
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Silvia Olmastroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.,Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Siena, Italy
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Joachim Plötz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter G Ryan
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iain Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Arnaud Tarroux
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wayne Trivelpiece
- Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ewan Wakefield
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Barbara Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - José C Xavier
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ian D Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Raymond
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
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10
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Ropert-Coudert Y, Van de Putte AP, Reisinger RR, Bornemann H, Charrassin JB, Costa DP, Danis B, Hückstädt LA, Jonsen ID, Lea MA, Thompson D, Torres LG, Trathan PN, Wotherspoon S, Ainley DG, Alderman R, Andrews-Goff V, Arthur B, Ballard G, Bengtson J, Bester MN, Blix AS, Boehme L, Bost CA, Boveng P, Cleeland J, Constantine R, Crawford RJM, Dalla Rosa L, Nico de Bruyn PJ, Delord K, Descamps S, Double M, Emmerson L, Fedak M, Friedlaender A, Gales N, Goebel M, Goetz KT, Guinet C, Goldsworthy SD, Harcourt R, Hinke JT, Jerosch K, Kato A, Kerry KR, Kirkwood R, Kooyman GL, Kovacs KM, Lawton K, Lowther AD, Lydersen C, Lyver PO, Makhado AB, Márquez MEI, McDonald BI, McMahon CR, Muelbert M, Nachtsheim D, Nicholls KW, Nordøy ES, Olmastroni S, Phillips RA, Pistorius P, Plötz J, Pütz K, Ratcliffe N, Ryan PG, Santos M, Southwell C, Staniland I, Takahashi A, Tarroux A, Trivelpiece W, Wakefield E, Weimerskirch H, Wienecke B, Xavier JC, Raymond B, Hindell MA. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project. Sci Data 2020; 7:94. [PMID: 32188863 PMCID: PMC7080749 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
| | - Anton P Van de Putte
- BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ryan R Reisinger
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
- CESAB - FRB, 5, rue de l'École de médecine, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Horst Bornemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jean-Benoît Charrassin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University, Paris 06, UMR 7159 CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN-IPSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Bruno Danis
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Marine Biology Lab, Campus du Solbosch - CP160/15 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Ian D Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Hobart, Australia
| | - David Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - David G Ainley
- H.T. Harvey & Associates, 983 University Avenue, Bldg D, Los Gatos, CA, 95032, USA
| | - Rachael Alderman
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Virginia Andrews-Goff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Ben Arthur
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Grant Ballard
- Point Blue Conservation Science, 3820 Cypress Drive, Suite 11, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA
| | - John Bengtson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center/NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., F/AKC3, Seattle, WA, 98115-6349, USA
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Lars Boehme
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Boveng
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center/NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., F/AKC3, Seattle, WA, 98115-6349, USA
| | - Jaimie Cleeland
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Rochelle Constantine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J M Crawford
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012, South Africa
| | - Luciano Dalla Rosa
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-000, Brazil
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Mike Double
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Mike Fedak
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Nick Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Mike Goebel
- Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries, Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kimberly T Goetz
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Simon D Goldsworthy
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, 2 Hamra Avenue, West Beach, SA, 5024, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jefferson T Hinke
- Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries, Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kerstin Jerosch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Knowles R Kerry
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Roger Kirkwood
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Gerald L Kooyman
- Center for Marine Biology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kieran Lawton
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | | | | | - Phil O'B Lyver
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, P.O. Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Azwianewi B Makhado
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012, South Africa
| | - Maria E I Márquez
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo, 1143, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Birgitte I McDonald
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Monica Muelbert
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-000, Brazil
| | - Dominik Nachtsheim
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstraße 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Keith W Nicholls
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Erling S Nordøy
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silvia Olmastroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Joachim Plötz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Am Oste-Hamme-Kanal 10, D-27432, Bremervörde, Germany
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Ryan
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Mercedes Santos
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo, 1143, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Iain Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Arnaud Tarroux
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606 Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wayne Trivelpiece
- Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries, Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ewan Wakefield
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Barbara Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - José C Xavier
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ben Raymond
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia.
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Hobart, Australia.
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia.
| | - Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia.
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Hobart, Australia.
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11
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Pan H, Cole TL, Bi X, Fang M, Zhou C, Yang Z, Ksepka DT, Hart T, Bouzat JL, Argilla LS, Bertelsen MF, Boersma PD, Bost CA, Cherel Y, Dann P, Fiddaman SR, Howard P, Labuschagne K, Mattern T, Miller G, Parker P, Phillips RA, Quillfeldt P, Ryan PG, Taylor H, Thompson DR, Young MJ, Ellegaard MR, Gilbert MTP, Sinding MHS, Pacheco G, Shepherd LD, Tennyson AJD, Grosser S, Kay E, Nupen LJ, Ellenberg U, Houston DM, Reeve AH, Johnson K, Masello JF, Stracke T, McKinlay B, Borboroglu PG, Zhang DX, Zhang G. High-coverage genomes to elucidate the evolution of penguins. Gigascience 2020; 8:5571031. [PMID: 31531675 PMCID: PMC6904868 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are a remarkable order of flightless wing-propelled diving seabirds distributed widely across the southern hemisphere. They share a volant common ancestor with Procellariiformes close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (66 million years ago) and subsequently lost the ability to fly but enhanced their diving capabilities. With ∼20 species among 6 genera, penguins range from the tropical Galápagos Islands to the oceanic temperate forests of New Zealand, the rocky coastlines of the sub-Antarctic islands, and the sea ice around Antarctica. To inhabit such diverse and extreme environments, penguins evolved many physiological and morphological adaptations. However, they are also highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, penguins provide an exciting target system for understanding the evolutionary processes of speciation, adaptation, and demography. Genomic data are an emerging resource for addressing questions about such processes. RESULTS Here we present a novel dataset of 19 high-coverage genomes that, together with 2 previously published genomes, encompass all extant penguin species. We also present a well-supported phylogeny to clarify the relationships among penguins. In contrast to recent studies, our results demonstrate that the genus Aptenodytes is basal and sister to all other extant penguin genera, providing intriguing new insights into the adaptation of penguins to Antarctica. As such, our dataset provides a novel resource for understanding the evolutionary history of penguins as a clade, as well as the fine-scale relationships of individual penguin lineages. Against this background, we introduce a major consortium of international scientists dedicated to studying these genomes. Moreover, we highlight emerging issues regarding ensuring legal and respectful indigenous consultation, particularly for genomic data originating from New Zealand Taonga species. CONCLUSIONS We believe that our dataset and project will be important for understanding evolution, increasing cultural heritage and guiding the conservation of this iconic southern hemisphere species assemblage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Pan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theresa L Cole
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, Canterbury 7640, New Zealand.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Xupeng Bi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Miaoquan Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Chengran Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Tom Hart
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Juan L Bouzat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Lisa S Argilla
- The Wildlife Hospital Dunedin, School of Veterinary Nursing, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Dee Boersma
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Dann
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, PO Box 97, Cowes, Phillip Island, Victoria, 3922, Australia
| | - Steven R Fiddaman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Pauline Howard
- Hornby Veterinary Centre, 7 Tower Street, Hornby, Christchurch, Canterbury 8042, New Zealand.,South Island Wildlife Hospital, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Kim Labuschagne
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thomas Mattern
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gary Miller
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Patricia Parker
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter G Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Helen Taylor
- Vet Services Hawkes Bay Ltd, 801 Heretaunga Street, Hastings, New Zealand.,Wairoa Farm Vets, 77 Queen Street, Wairoa 4108, New Zealand
| | - David R Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J Young
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Martin R Ellegaard
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Pacheco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alan J D Tennyson
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie Grosser
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand.,Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emily Kay
- Wildbase, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell St, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Lisa J Nupen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ursula Ellenberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Global Penguin Society, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Houston
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Hart Reeve
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathryn Johnson
- Wildbase, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell St, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Juan F Masello
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stracke
- South Island Wildlife Hospital, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Bruce McKinlay
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pablo García Borboroglu
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Global Penguin Society, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina.,CESIMAR CCT Cenpat-CONICET, Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina
| | - De-Xing Zhang
- Center for Computational and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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12
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Enstipp MR, Bost CA, Le Bohec C, Bost C, Laesser R, Le Maho Y, Weimerskirch H, Handrich Y. The dive performance of immature king penguins following their annual molt suggests physiological constraints. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/20/jeb208900. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Like all birds, penguins undergo periodic molt, during which they replace old feathers. However, unlike other birds, penguins replace their entire plumage within a short period while fasting ashore. During molt, king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) lose half of their initial body mass, most importantly their insulating subcutaneous fat and half of their pectoral muscle mass. The latter might challenge their capacity to generate and sustain a sufficient mechanical power output to swim to distant food sources and propel themselves to great depth for successful prey capture. To investigate the effects of the annual molt fast on their dive/foraging performance, we studied various dive/foraging parameters and peripheral temperature patterns in immature king penguins across two molt cycles, after birds had spent their first and second year at sea, using implanted data-loggers. We found that the dive/foraging performance of immature king penguins was significantly reduced during post-molt foraging trips. Dive and bottom duration for a given depth were shorter during post-molt and post-dive surface interval duration was longer, reducing overall dive efficiency and underwater foraging time. We attribute this decline to the severe physiological changes that birds undergo during their annual molt. Peripheral temperature patterns differed greatly between pre- and post-molt trips, indicating the loss of the insulating subcutaneous fat layer during molt. Peripheral perfusion, as inferred from peripheral temperature, was restricted to short periods at night during pre-molt but occurred throughout extended periods during post-molt, reflecting the need to rapidly deposit an insulating fat layer during the latter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R. Enstipp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, MC 98000, Monaco
| | - Caroline Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Robin Laesser
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, MC 98000, Monaco
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Clucas GV, Younger JL, Kao D, Emmerson L, Southwell C, Wienecke B, Rogers AD, Bost CA, Miller GD, Polito MJ, Lelliott P, Handley J, Crofts S, Phillips RA, Dunn MJ, Miller KJ, Hart T. Comparative population genomics reveals key barriers to dispersal in Southern Ocean penguins. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4680-4697. [PMID: 30308702 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that determine patterns of species dispersal are important factors in the production and maintenance of biodiversity. Understanding these mechanisms helps to forecast the responses of species to environmental change. Here, we used a comparative framework and genomewide data obtained through RAD-Seq to compare the patterns of connectivity among breeding colonies for five penguin species with shared ancestry, overlapping distributions and differing ecological niches, allowing an examination of the intrinsic and extrinsic barriers governing dispersal patterns. Our findings show that at-sea range and oceanography underlie patterns of dispersal in these penguins. The pelagic niche of emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), king (A. patagonicus), Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins facilitates gene flow over thousands of kilometres. In contrast, the coastal niche of gentoo penguins (P. papua) limits dispersal, resulting in population divergences. Oceanographic fronts also act as dispersal barriers to some extent. We recommend that forecasts of extinction risk incorporate dispersal and that management units are defined by at-sea range and oceanography in species lacking genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma V Clucas
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Jane L Younger
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Damian Kao
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Alex D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR -CNRS 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Gary D Miller
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael J Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Patrick Lelliott
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Handley
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,Marine Apex Predator Research Unit, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Sarah Crofts
- Falklands Conservation, Stanley, Falkland Islands
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Dunn
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen J Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of Western Australia (M096), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tom Hart
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Le Guen C, Kato A, Raymond B, Barbraud C, Beaulieu M, Bost CA, Delord K, MacIntosh AJJ, Meyer X, Raclot T, Sumner M, Takahashi A, Thiebot JB, Ropert-Coudert Y. Reproductive performance and diving behaviour share a common sea-ice concentration optimum in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5304-5317. [PMID: 29957836 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Ocean is currently experiencing major environmental changes, including in sea-ice cover. Such changes strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning and affect the survival and reproduction of predators such as seabirds. These effects are likely mediated by reduced availability of food resources. As such, seabirds are reliable eco-indicators of environmental conditions in the Antarctic region. Here, based on 9 years of sea-ice data, we found that the breeding success of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) reaches a peak at intermediate sea-ice cover (ca. 20%). We further examined the effects of sea-ice conditions on the foraging activity of penguins, measured at multiple scales from individual dives to foraging trips. Analysis of temporal organisation of dives, including fractal and bout analyses, revealed an increasingly consistent behaviour during years with extensive sea-ice cover. The relationship between several dive parameters and sea-ice cover in the foraging area appears to be quadratic. In years of low and high sea-ice cover, individuals adjusted their diving effort by generally diving deeper, more frequently and by resting at the surface between dives for shorter periods of time than in years with intermediate sea-ice cover. Our study therefore suggests that sea-ice cover is likely to affect the reproductive performance of Adélie penguins through its effects on foraging behaviour, as breeding success and most diving parameters share a common optimum. Some years, however, deviated from this general trend, suggesting that other factors (e.g. precipitation during the breeding season) might sometimes become preponderant over the sea-ice effects on breeding and foraging performance. Our study highlights the value of monitoring fitness parameters and individual behaviour concomitantly over the long-term to better characterize optimal environmental conditions and potential resilience of wildlife. Such an approach is crucial if we want to anticipate the effects of environmental change on Antarctic penguin populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Guen
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Ben Raymond
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Oceanographic Museum, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | | | - Xavier Meyer
- CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Raclot
- CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Sumner
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Polar Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
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15
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Enstipp MR, Bost CA, Le Bohec C, Bost C, Le Maho Y, Weimerskirch H, Handrich Y. Apparent changes in body insulation of juvenile king penguins suggest an energetic challenge during their early life at sea. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2666-2678. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Little is known about the early life at sea of marine top predators, like deep-diving king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), although this dispersal phase is probably a critical phase in their life. Apart from finding favourable foraging sites, they have to develop effective prey search patterns as well as physiological capacities that enable them to capture sufficient prey to meet their energetic needs. To investigate the ontogeny of their thermoregulatory responses at sea, we implanted 30 juvenile king penguins and 8 adult breeders with a small data logger that recorded pressure and subcutaneous temperature continuously for up to 2.5 years. We found important changes in the development of peripheral temperature patterns of foraging juvenile king penguins throughout their first year at sea. Peripheral temperature during foraging bouts fell to increasingly lower levels during the first 6 months at sea, after which it stabilized. Most importantly, these changes re-occurred during their second year at sea, after birds had fasted for ∼4 weeks on land during their second moult. Furthermore, similar peripheral temperature patterns were also present in adult birds during foraging trips throughout their breeding cycle. We suggest that rather than being a simple consequence of concurrent changes in dive effort or an indication of a physiological maturation process, these seasonal temperature changes mainly reflect differences in thermal insulation. Heat loss estimates for juveniles at sea were initially high but declined to approximately half after ∼6 months at sea, suggesting that juvenile king penguins face a strong energetic challenge during their early oceanic existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R. Enstipp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, 98000 MC, Monaco
- Laboratoire International Associé (LIA 647 BioSensib – CSM-CNRS-Unistra), 98000 MC, Monaco
| | - Caroline Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, 98000 MC, Monaco
- Laboratoire International Associé (LIA 647 BioSensib – CSM-CNRS-Unistra), 98000 MC, Monaco
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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16
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Camprasse ECM, Cherel Y, Arnould JPY, Hoskins AJ, Bost CA. Combined bio-logging and stable isotopes reveal individual specialisations in a benthic coastal seabird, the Kerguelen shag. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172278. [PMID: 28264057 PMCID: PMC5338780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual specialisations, which involve the repetition of specific behaviours or dietary choices over time, have been suggested to benefit animals by avoiding competition with conspecifics and increasing individual foraging efficiency. Among seabirds, resident and benthic species are thought to be good models to study inter-individual variation as they repetitively exploit the same environment. We investigated foraging behaviour, isotopic niche and diet in the Kerguelen shag Phalacrocorax verrucosus during both the incubation and chick-rearing periods for the same individuals to determine the effect of sex, breeding stage, body mass and morphometrics on mean foraging metrics and their consistency. There were large differences between individuals in foraging behaviour and consistency, with strong individual specialisations in dive depths and heading from the colony. Stable isotopes revealed specialisations in feeding strategies, across multiple temporal scales. Specifically, individuals showed medium term specialisations in feeding strategies during the breeding season, as well as long-term consistency. A clustering analysis revealed 4 different foraging strategies displaying significantly different δ15N values and body masses. There were no sex or stage biases to clusters and individuals in different clusters did not differ in their morphology. Importantly, the results suggest that the different strategies emphasized were related to individual prey preferences rather than intrinsic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie C. M. Camprasse
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d’Etudes Biologique de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, Deux-Sèvres, France
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Hoskins
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d’Etudes Biologique de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, Deux-Sèvres, France
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17
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Abstract
The early life stage of long-lived species is critical to the viability of population, but is poorly understood. Longitudinal studies are needed to test whether juveniles are less efficient foragers than adults as has been hypothesized. We measured changes in the diving behaviour of 17 one-year-old king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus at Crozet Islands (subantartic archipelago) during their first months at sea, using miniaturized tags that transmitted diving activity in real time. We also equipped five non-breeder adults with the same tags for comparison. The data on foraging performance revealed two groups of juveniles. The first group made shallower and shorter dives that may be indicative of early mortality while the second group progressively increased their diving depths and durations, and survived the first months at sea. This surviving group of juveniles required the same recovery durations as adults, but typically performed shallower and shorter dives. There is thereby a relationship between improved diving behaviour and survival in young penguins. This long period of improving diving performance in the juvenile life stage is potentially a critical period for the survival of deep avian divers and may have implications for their ability to adapt to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Orgeret
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chize UMR 7372 du CNRS-Universite de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chize UMR 7372 du CNRS-Universite de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chize UMR 7372 du CNRS-Universite de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Thiebot JB, Bost CA, Dehnhard N, Demongin L, Eens M, Lepoint G, Cherel Y, Poisbleau M. Mates but not sexes differ in migratory niche in a monogamous penguin species. Biol Lett 2016; 11:20150429. [PMID: 26562934 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong pair bonds generally increase fitness in monogamous organisms, but may also underlie the risk of hampering it when re-pairing fails after the winter season. We investigated whether partners would either maintain contact or offset this risk by exploiting sex-specific favourable niches during winter in a migratory monogamous seabird, the southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome. Using light-based geolocation, we show that although the spatial distribution of both sexes largely overlapped, pair-wise mates were located on average 595 ± 260 km (and up to 2500 km) apart during winter. Stable isotope data also indicated a marked overlap between sex-specific isotopic niches (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values) but a segregation of the feeding habitats (δ¹³C values) within pairs. Importantly, the tracked females remained longer (12 days) at sea than males, but all re-mated with their previous partners after winter. Our study provides multiple evidence that migratory species may well demonstrate pair-wise segregation even in the absence of sex-specific winter niches (spatial and isotopic). We suggest that dispersive migration patterns with sex-biased timings may be a sufficient proximal cause for generating such a situation in migratory animals.
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Thiers L, Delord K, Bost CA, Guinet C, Weimerskirch H. Important marine sectors for the top predator community around Kerguelen Archipelago. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bon C, Della Penna A, d’Ovidio F, Y.P. Arnould J, Poupart T, Bost CA. Influence of oceanographic structures on foraging strategies: Macaroni penguins at Crozet Islands. Mov Ecol 2015; 3:32. [PMID: 26396739 PMCID: PMC4578264 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-015-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the open ocean, eddies and associated structures (fronts, filaments) have strong influences on the foraging activities of top-predators through the enhancement and the distribution of marine productivity, zooplankton and fish communities. Investigating how central place foragers, such as penguins, find and use these physical structures is crucial to better understanding their at-sea distribution. In the present study, we compared the travel heading and speed of the world's most abundant penguin, the Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), with the distribution of surface physical structures (large-scale fronts, eddies and filaments). RESULTS The study was performed during December 2012 in the Crozet Archipelago (46.42° S; 51.86° E), South Indian Ocean. Six males at incubation stage were equipped with GPS loggers to get their trajectories. We used Eulerian and Lagrangian methods to locate large-scale fronts, mesoscale eddies (10-100 km) and part of the sub-mesoscale structures (<10 km, filaments) at the surface of the ocean. By comparing the positions of birds and these structures, we show that Macaroni penguins: i) target the sub Antarctic Front; ii) increase their foraging activity within a highly dynamic area, composed of eddy fields and filamentary structures; and iii) travel in the same direction as the predominant currents. CONCLUSIONS We show that penguins adjust their travel speed and movement during their whole trips in relation with the oceanographic structures visited. At a large scale, we hypothesize that Macaroni penguins target the sub Antarctic Front to find profitable patches of their main prey. At finer scale, Macaroni penguin may adopt a horizontal drifting behavior in strong currents, which could be a way to minimize costs of displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Bon
- />Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS - Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Alice Della Penna
- />Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7159, LOCEAN-IPSL, F-75005, Paris, France/Université Paris-Diderot/CSIRO-UTAS Quantitative Marine Science Program, IMAS, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Francesco d’Ovidio
- />Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7159, LOCEAN-IPSL, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - John Y.P. Arnould
- />School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Timothée Poupart
- />Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS - Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- />Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS - Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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21
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Trathan PN, García-Borboroglu P, Boersma D, Bost CA, Crawford RJM, Crossin GT, Cuthbert RJ, Dann P, Davis LS, De La Puente S, Ellenberg U, Lynch HJ, Mattern T, Pütz K, Seddon PJ, Trivelpiece W, Wienecke B. Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:31-41. [PMID: 25102756 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative human impacts across the world's oceans are considerable. We therefore examined a single model taxonomic group, the penguins (Spheniscidae), to explore how marine species and communities might be at risk of decline or extinction in the southern hemisphere. We sought to determine the most important threats to penguins and to suggest means to mitigate these threats. Our review has relevance to other taxonomic groups in the southern hemisphere and in northern latitudes, where human impacts are greater. Our review was based on an expert assessment and literature review of all 18 penguin species; 49 scientists contributed to the process. For each penguin species, we considered their range and distribution, population trends, and main anthropogenic threats over the past approximately 250 years. These threats were harvesting adults for oil, skin, and feathers and as bait for crab and rock lobster fisheries; harvesting of eggs; terrestrial habitat degradation; marine pollution; fisheries bycatch and resource competition; environmental variability and climate change; and toxic algal poisoning and disease. Habitat loss, pollution, and fishing, all factors humans can readily mitigate, remain the primary threats for penguin species. Their future resilience to further climate change impacts will almost certainly depend on addressing current threats to existing habitat degradation on land and at sea. We suggest protection of breeding habitat, linked to the designation of appropriately scaled marine reserves, including in the High Seas, will be critical for the future conservation of penguins. However, large-scale conservation zones are not always practical or politically feasible and other ecosystem-based management methods that include spatial zoning, bycatch mitigation, and robust harvest control must be developed to maintain marine biodiversity and ensure that ecosystem functioning is maintained across a variety of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom.
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22
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Thiebot JB, Cherel Y, Crawford RJM, Makhado AB, Trathan PN, Pinaud D, Bost CA. A space oddity: geographic and specific modulation of migration in Eudyptes penguins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71429. [PMID: 23936507 PMCID: PMC3732226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-breeding migration in land-based marine animals is thought to offset seasonal deterioration in foraging or other important environmental conditions at the breeding site. However the inter-breeding distribution of such animals may reflect not only their optimal habitat, but more subtle influences on an individual’s migration path, including such factors as the intrinsic influence of each locality’s paleoenvironment, thereby influencing animals’ wintering distribution. In this study we investigated the influence of the regional marine environment on the migration patterns of a poorly known, but important seabird group. We studied the inter-breeding migration patterns in three species of Eudyptes penguins (E. chrysolophus, E. filholi and E. moseleyi), the main marine prey consumers amongst the World’s seabirds. Using ultra-miniaturized logging devices (light-based geolocators) and satellite tags, we tracked 87 migrating individuals originating from 4 sites in the southern Indian Ocean (Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands) and modelled their wintering habitat using the MADIFA niche modelling technique. For each site, sympatric species followed a similar compass bearing during migration with consistent species-specific latitudinal shifts. Within each species, individuals breeding on different islands showed contrasting migration patterns but similar winter habitat preferences driven by sea-surface temperatures. Our results show that inter-breeding migration patterns in sibling penguin species depend primarily on the site of origin and secondly on the species. Such site-specific migration bearings, together with similar wintering habitat used by parapatrics, support the hypothesis that migration behaviour is affected by the intrinsic characteristics of each site. The paleo-oceanographic conditions (primarily, sea-surface temperatures) when the populations first colonized each of these sites may have been an important determinant of subsequent migration patterns. Based on previous chronological schemes of taxonomic radiation and geographical expansion of the genus Eudyptes, we propose a simple scenario to depict the chronological onset of contrasting migration patterns within this penguin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, Unité Propre de Recherche 1934 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-bois, France.
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23
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Cook TR, Lescroël A, Cherel Y, Kato A, Bost CA. Can foraging ecology drive the evolution of body size in a diving endotherm? PLoS One 2013; 8:e56297. [PMID: 23409169 PMCID: PMC3567052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a single animal species, different morphs can allow for differential exploitation of foraging niches between populations, while sexual size dimorphism can provide each sex with access to different resources. Despite being potentially important agents of evolution, resource polymorphisms, and the way they operate in wild populations, remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine how trophic factors can select for different body sizes between populations and sexes in a diving endotherm. Dive depth and duration are positively related to body size in diving birds and mammals, a relationship explained by a lower mass-specific metabolic rate and greater oxygen stores in larger individuals. Based on this allometry, we predict that selection for exploiting resources situated at different depths can drive the evolution of body size in species of diving endotherms at the population and sexual level. To test this prediction, we studied the foraging ecology of Blue-eyed Shags, a group of cormorants with male-biased sexual size dimorphism from across the Southern Ocean. We found that mean body mass and relative difference in body mass between sexes varied by up to 77% and 107% between neighbouring colonies, respectively. Birds from colonies with larger individuals dived deeper than birds from colonies with smaller individuals, when accounting for sex. In parallel, males dived further offshore and deeper than females and the sexual difference in dive depth reflected the level of sexual size dimorphism at each colony. We argue that body size in this group of birds is under intense selection for diving to depths of profitable benthic prey patches and that, locally, sexual niche divergence selection can exaggerate the sexual size dimorphism of Blue-eyed Shags initially set up by sexual selection. Our findings suggest that trophic resources can select for important geographic micro-variability in body size between populations and sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée R Cook
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Centre of Excellence (Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
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Péron C, Weimerskirch H, Bost CA. Projected poleward shift of king penguins' (Aptenodytes patagonicus) foraging range at the Crozet Islands, southern Indian Ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2515-23. [PMID: 22378808 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seabird populations of the Southern Ocean have been responding to climate change for the last three decades and demographic models suggest that projected warming will cause dramatic population changes over the next century. Shift in species distribution is likely to be one of the major possible adaptations to changing environmental conditions. Habitat models based on a unique long-term tracking dataset of king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding on the Crozet Islands (southern Indian Ocean) revealed that despite a significant influence of primary productivity and mesoscale activity, sea surface temperature consistently drove penguins' foraging distribution. According to climate models of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the projected warming of surface waters would lead to a gradual southward shift of the more profitable foraging zones, ranging from 25 km per decade for the B1 IPCC scenario to 40 km per decade for the A1B and A2 scenarios. As a consequence, distances travelled by incubating and brooding birds to reach optimal foraging zones associated with the polar front would double by 2100. Such a shift is far beyond the usual foraging range of king penguins breeding and would negatively affect the Crozet population on the long term, unless penguins develop alternative foraging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Péron
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1934, Villiers en Bois, 79360 France.
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25
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Thiebot JB, Cherel Y, Trathan PN, Bost CA. Coexistence of oceanic predators on wintering areas explained by population-scale foraging segregation in space or time. Ecology 2012; 93:122-30. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0385.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Aerial flight and breath-hold diving present conflicting morphological and physiological demands, and hence diving seabirds capable of flight are expected to face evolutionary trade-offs regarding locomotory performances. We tested whether Kerguelen shags Phalacrocorax verrucosus, which are remarkable divers, have poor flight capability using newly developed tags that recorded their flight air speed (the first direct measurement for wild birds) with propeller sensors, flight duration, GPS position and depth during foraging trips. Flight air speed (mean 12.7 m s(-1)) was close to the speed that minimizes power requirement, rather than energy expenditure per distance, when existing aerodynamic models were applied. Flights were short (mean 92 s), with a mean summed duration of only 24 min day(-1). Shags sometimes stayed at the sea surface without diving between flights, even on the way back to the colony, and surface durations increased with the preceding flight durations; these observations suggest that shags rested after flights. Our results indicate that their flight performance is physiologically limited, presumably compromised by their great diving capability (max. depth 94 m, duration 306 s) through their morphological adaptations for diving, including large body mass (enabling a large oxygen store), small flight muscles (to allow for large leg muscles for underwater propulsion) and short wings (to decrease air volume in the feathers and hence buoyancy). The compromise between flight and diving, as well as the local bathymetry, shape the three-dimensional foraging range (<26 km horizontally, <94 m vertically) in this bottom-feeding cormorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Y Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan.
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27
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Hanuise N, Bost CA, Huin W, Auber A, Halsey LG, Handrich Y. Measuring foraging activity in a deep-diving bird: comparing wiggles, oesophageal temperatures and beak-opening angles as proxies of feeding. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:3874-80. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.044057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Quantification of prey consumption by marine predators is key to understanding the organisation of ecosystems. This especially concerns penguins, which are major consumers of southern food webs. As direct observation of their feeding activity is not possible, several indirect methods have been developed that take advantage of miniaturised data logging technology, most commonly: detection of (i) anomalies in diving profiles (wiggles), (ii) drops in oesophageal temperature and (iii) the opening of mouth parts (recorded with a Hall sensor). In the present study, we used these three techniques to compare their validity and obtain information about the feeding activity of two free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). Crucially, and for the first time, two types of beak-opening events were identified. Type A was believed to correspond to failed prey-capture attempts and type B to successful attempts, because, in nearly all cases, only type B was followed by a drop in oesophageal temperature. The number of beak-opening events, oesophageal temperature drops and wiggles per dive were all correlated. However, for a given dive, the number of wiggles and oesophageal temperature drops were lower than the number of beak-opening events. Our results suggest that recording beak opening is a very accurate method for detecting prey ingestions by diving seabirds at a fine scale. However, these advantages are counterbalanced by the difficulty, and hence potential adverse effects, of instrumenting birds with the necessary sensor/magnet, which is in contrast to the less accurate but more practicable methods of measuring dive profiles or, to a lesser extent, oesophageal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hanuise
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC–CNRS UPR 1934, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS-ULP, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC–CNRS UPR 1934, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - William Huin
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC–CNRS UPR 1934, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Arnaud Auber
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS-ULP, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Lewis G. Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London W15 4JD, UK
| | - Yves Handrich
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS-ULP, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
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Weimerskirch H, Le Corre M, Gadenne H, Pinaud D, Kato A, Ropert-Coudert Y, Bost CA. Relationship between reversed sexual dimorphism, breeding investment and foraging ecology in a pelagic seabird, the masked booby. Oecologia 2009; 161:637-49. [PMID: 19544073 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversed sexual dimorphism (RSD) may be related to different roles in breeding investment and/or foraging, but little information is available on foraging ecology. We studied the foraging behaviour and parental investment by male and female masked boobies, a species with RSD, by combining studies of foraging ecology using miniaturised activity and GPS data loggers of nest attendance, with an experimental study where flight costs were increased. Males attended the chick more often than females, but females provided more food to the chick than males. Males and females foraged during similar periods of the day, had similar prey types and sizes, diving depths, durations of foraging trips, foraging zones and ranges. Females spent a smaller proportion of the foraging trip sitting on the water and had higher diving rate than males, suggesting higher foraging effort by females. In females, trip duration correlated with mass at departure, suggesting a flexible investment through control by body mass. The experimental study showed that handicapped females and female partners of handicapped males lost mass compared to control birds, whereas there was no difference for males. These results indicate that the larger female is the main provisioner of the chick in the pair, and regulates breeding effort in relation to its own body mass, whereas males have a fixed investment. The different breeding investment between the sexes is associated with contrasting foraging strategies, but no clear niche differentiation was observed. The larger size of the females may be advantageous for provisioning the chick with large quantities of energy and for flexible breeding effort, while the smaller male invests in territory defence and nest guarding, a crucial task when breeding at high densities. In masked boobies, division of labour appears to be maximal during chick rearin-g-the most energy-demanding period--and may be related to evolution of RSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France.
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29
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Bost CA, Thiebot JB, Pinaud D, Cherel Y, Trathan PN. Where do penguins go during the inter-breeding period? Using geolocation to track the winter dispersion of the macaroni penguin. Biol Lett 2009; 5:473-6. [PMID: 19447814 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although penguins are key marine predators from the Southern Ocean, their migratory behaviour during the inter-nesting period remains widely unknown. Here, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, the winter foraging movements and feeding habits of a penguin species by using geolocation sensors fitted on penguins with a new attachment method. We focused on the macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus at Kerguelen, the single largest consumer of marine prey among all seabirds. Overall, macaroni penguins performed very long winter trips, remaining at sea during approximately six months within the limits of the Southern Ocean. They departed from Kerguelen in an eastward direction and distributed widely, over more than 3.10(6) km(2). The penguins spent most of their time in a previously unrecognized foraging area, i.e. a narrow latitudinal band (47-49 degrees S) within the central Indian Ocean (70-110 degrees E), corresponding oceanographically to the Polar Frontal Zone. There, their blood isotopic niche indicated that macaroni penguins preyed mainly upon crustaceans, but not on Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, which does not occur at these northern latitudes. Such winter information is a crucial step for a better integrative approach for the conservation of this species whose world population is known to be declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UPR 1934 du CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-bois, France.
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Sato K, Sakamoto KQ, Watanuki Y, Takahashi A, Katsumata N, Bost CA, Weimerskirch H. Scaling of soaring seabirds and implications for flight abilities of giant pterosaurs. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5400. [PMID: 19401767 PMCID: PMC2670537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flight ability of animals is restricted by the scaling effects imposed by physical and physiological factors. In comparisons of the power available from muscle and the mechanical power required to fly, it is predicted that the margin between the powers should decrease with body size and that flying animals have a maximum body size. However, predicting the absolute value of this upper limit has proven difficult because wing morphology and flight styles varies among species. Albatrosses and petrels have long, narrow, aerodynamically efficient wings and are considered soaring birds. Here, using animal-borne accelerometers, we show that soaring seabirds have two modes of flapping frequencies under natural conditions: vigorous flapping during takeoff and sporadic flapping during cruising flight. In these species, high and low flapping frequencies were found to scale with body mass (mass(-0.30) and mass(-0.18)) in a manner similar to the predictions from biomechanical flight models (mass(-1/3) and mass(-1/6)). These scaling relationships predicted that the maximum limits on the body size of soaring animals are a body mass of 41 kg and a wingspan of 5.1 m. Albatross-like animals larger than the limit will not be able to flap fast enough to stay aloft under unfavourable wind conditions. Our result therefore casts doubt on the flying ability of large, extinct pterosaurs. The largest extant soarer, the wandering albatross, weighs about 12 kg, which might be a pragmatic limit to maintain a safety margin for sustainable flight and to survive in a variable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsufumi Sato
- International Coastal Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Otsuchi, Iwate, Japan.
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Angelier F, Bost CA, Giraudeau M, Bouteloup G, Dano S, Chastel O. Corticosterone and foraging behavior in a diving seabird: the Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 156:134-44. [PMID: 18221738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because hormones mediate physiological or behavioral responses to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli, they can help us understand how animals adapt their foraging decisions to energetic demands of reproduction. Thus, the hormone corticosterone deserves specific attention because of its influence on metabolism, food intake and locomotor activities. We examined the relationships between baseline corticosterone levels and foraging behavior or mass gain at sea in a diving seabird, the Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae. Data were obtained from free-ranging penguins during the brooding period (Adélie Land, Antarctica) by using satellite transmitters and time-depth-recorders. The birds were weighed and blood sampled before and after a foraging trip (pre-trip and post-trip corticosterone levels, respectively). Penguins with elevated pre-trip corticosterone levels spent less time at sea and stayed closer to the colony than penguins with low pre-trip corticosterone levels. These short trips were associated with a higher foraging effort in terms of diving activity and a lower mass gain at sea than long trips. According to previous studies conducted on seabird species, these results suggest that penguins with elevated pre-trip corticosterone levels might maximize the rate of energy delivery to the chicks at the expense of their body reserves. Moreover, in all birds, corticosterone levels were lower post-foraging than pre-foraging. This decrease could result from either the restoration of body reserves during the foraging trip or from a break in activity at the end of the foraging trip. This study demonstrates for the first time in a diving predator the close relationships linking foraging behavior and baseline corticosterone levels. We suggest that slight elevations in pre-trip corticosterone levels could play a major role in breeding effort by facilitating foraging activity in breeding seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-79360 Villiers en Bois, Deux-Sèvres, France.
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Abstract
Despite increasing evidence that marine predators associate with mesoscale eddies, how these marine features influence foraging movements is still unclear. This study investigates the relationship of at-sea movements of king penguins to mesoscale eddies using oceanographic remote sensing and movement data from 43 individual trips over 4 years. Simultaneous satellite measurements provided information on gradients of sea surface temperature and currents associated with eddies determined from altimetry. Penguins tended to swim rapidly with currents as they travelled towards foraging zones. Swimming speed indicative of foraging occurred within mesoscale fronts and strong currents associated with eddies at the Polar Front. These results demonstrate the importance of mesoscale eddies in directing foraging efforts to allow predators to rapidly get to rich areas where high concentrations of prey are likely to be encountered. When returning to the colony to relieve the incubating partner or to feed the chick, the birds followed a direct and rapid path, seemingly ignoring currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Cotté
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France.
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Weimerskirch H, Pinaud D, Pawlowski F, Bost CA. Does prey capture induce area-restricted search? A fine-scale study using GPS in a marine predator, the wandering albatross. Am Nat 2007; 170:734-43. [PMID: 17926295 DOI: 10.1086/522059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a patchy environment, predators are expected to increase turning rate and start an area-restricted search (ARS) when prey have been encountered, but few empirical data exist for large predators. By using GPS loggers with devices measuring prey capture, we studied how a marine predator adjusts foraging movements at various scales in relation to prey capture. Wandering albatrosses use two tactics, sit and wait and foraging in flight, the former tactic being three times less efficient than the latter. During flight foraging, birds caught large isolated prey and used ARS at scales varying from 5 to 90 km, with large-scale ARS being used only by young animals. Birds did not show strong responses to prey capture at a large scale, few ARS events occurred after prey capture, and birds did not have high rates of prey capture in ARS. Only at small scales did birds increase sinuosity after prey captures for a limited time period, and this occurred only after they had caught a large prey item within an ARS zone. When this species searches over a large scale, the most effective search rule was to follow a nearly straight path. ARS may be used to restrict search to a particular environment where prey capture is more predictable and profitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France.
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Sato K, Watanuki Y, Takahashi A, Miller PJO, Tanaka H, Kawabe R, Ponganis PJ, Handrich Y, Akamatsu T, Watanabe Y, Mitani YO, Costa DP, Bost CA, Aoki K, Amano M, Trathan P, Shapiro A, Naito Y. Stroke frequency, but not swimming speed, is related to body size in free-ranging seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:471-7. [PMID: 17476766 PMCID: PMC1766382 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is obvious, at least qualitatively, that small animals move their locomotory apparatus faster than large animals: small insects move their wings invisibly fast, while large birds flap their wings slowly. However, quantitative observations have been difficult to obtain from free-ranging swimming animals. We surveyed the swimming behaviour of animals ranging from 0.5 kg seabirds to 30 000 kg sperm whales using animal-borne accelerometers. Dominant stroke cycle frequencies of swimming specialist seabirds and marine mammals were proportional to mass−0.29 (R2=0.99, n=17 groups), while propulsive swimming speeds of 1–2 m s−1 were independent of body size. This scaling relationship, obtained from breath-hold divers expected to swim optimally to conserve oxygen, does not agree with recent theoretical predictions for optimal swimming. Seabirds that use their wings for both swimming and flying stroked at a lower frequency than other swimming specialists of the same size, suggesting a morphological trade-off with wing size and stroke frequency representing a compromise. In contrast, foot-propelled diving birds such as shags had similar stroke frequencies as other swimming specialists. These results suggest that muscle characteristics may constrain swimming during cruising travel, with convergence among diving specialists in the proportions and contraction rates of propulsive muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsufumi Sato
- International Coastal Research Centre, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 2-106-1 Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate 028-1102, Japan.
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Sato K, Charrassin JB, Bost CA, Naito Y. Why do macaroni penguins choose shallow body angles that result in longer descent and ascent durations? J Exp Biol 2004; 207:4057-65. [PMID: 15498951 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIt is generally assumed that air-breathing aquatic animals always choose the shortest route to minimize duration for transit between the surface and foraging depth in order to maximize the proportion of time spent foraging. However, empirical data indicate that the body angles of some diving animals are rarely vertical during descent and ascent. Why do they choose shallower body angles that result in longer descent and ascent durations? To investigate this question, we attached acceleration data loggers to eight female macaroni penguins, breeding on the Kerguelen Islands(48°45′–50°00′S,68°45′–70°58′E; South Indian Ocean), to record depth, two-dimensional acceleration (stroke cycle frequency and body angle)and temperature. We investigated how they controlled body angle and allocated their submerged time. The instrumented females performed multiple dives(N=6952) with a mean dive depth for each bird ranging from 24.5±28.5 m to 56.4±75.1 m. Mean body angles during descent and ascent were not vertical. There was large variation in mean descent and ascent angles for a given dive depth, which, in turn, caused large variation in descent and ascent duration. Body angles were significantly correlated with time spent at the bottom-phase of the dive. Birds that spent long periods at the bottom exhibited steep body angles during ascent and subsequent descent. By contrast, they adopted shallow body angles after they had short or no bottom phases. Our results suggest that macaroni penguins stay at the bottom longer after encountering a good prey patch and then travel to the surface at steep body angles. If they do not encounter prey, they discontinue the dive,without staying at the bottom, ascend at shallow body angles and descend at shallow body angles in a subsequent dive. A shallow body angle can increase the horizontal distance covered during a dive, contributing to the move into a more profitable area in the following dive. During the ascent, in particular,macaroni penguins stopped beating their flippers. The buoyantly gliding penguins can move horizontally with minimum stroking effort before reaching the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsufumi Sato
- National Institute of Polar Research, 1-9-10 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8515, Japan.
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Ropert-Coudert Y, Kato A, Baudat J, Bost CA, Le Maho Y, Naito Y. Feeding strategies of free-ranging Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae analysed by multiple data recording. Polar Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s003000100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ropert-Coudert Y, Kato A, Baudat J, Bost CA, Le Maho Y, Naito Y. Time/depth usage of Adélie penguins: an approach based on dive angles. Polar Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s003000100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Charrassin JB, Kato A, Handrich Y, Sato K, Naito Y, Ancel A, Bost CA, Gauthier-Clerc M, Ropert-Coudert Y, Le Maho Y. Feeding behaviour of free-ranging penguins determined by oesophageal temperature. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:151-7. [PMID: 11209884 PMCID: PMC1088584 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea birds play a major role in marine food webs, and it is important to determine when and how much they feed at sea. A major advance has been made by using the drop in stomach temperature after ingestion of ectothermic prey. This method is less sensitive when birds eat small prey or when the stomach is full. Moreover, in diving birds, independently of food ingestion, there are fluctuations in the lower abdominal temperature during the dives. Using oesophageal temperature, we present here a new method for detecting the timing of prey ingestion in free-ranging sea birds, and, to our knowledge, report the first data obtained on king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). In birds ashore, which were hand-fed 2-15 g pieces of fish, all meal ingestions were detected with a sensor in the upper oesophagus. Detection was poorer with sensors at increasing distances from the beak. At sea, slow temperature drops in the upper oesophagus and stomach characterized a diving effect per se. For the upper oesophagus only, abrupt temperature variations were superimposed, therefore indicating prey ingestions. We determined the depths at which these occurred. Combining the changes in oesophageal temperatures of marine predators with their diving pattern opens new perspectives for understanding their foraging strategy, and, after validation with concurrent applications of classical techniques of prey survey, for assessing the distribution of their prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Charrassin
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France.
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Ropert-Coudert Y, Bost CA, Handrich Y, Bevan RM, Butler PJ, Woakes AJ, Le Maho Y. Impact of externally attached loggers on the diving behaviour of the king penguin. Physiol Biochem Zool 2000; 73:438-44. [PMID: 11009397 DOI: 10.1086/317743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The impact of relatively small externally attached time series recorders on some foraging parameters of seabirds was investigated during the austral summer of 1995 by monitoring the diving behaviour of 10 free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) over one foraging trip. Time-depth recorders were implanted in the abdominal cavities of the birds, and half of the animals also had dummy loggers attached on their backs. Although most of the diving behaviour was not significantly affected by the external loggers (P>0.05), the birds with externally attached loggers performed almost twice as many shallow dives, between 0 and 10 m depth, as the birds without external loggers. These shallow dives interrupted more frequently the deep-diving sequences in the case of birds with external loggers (percentage of deep dives followed by deep dives: 46% for birds with implants only vs. 26% for birds with an external attachment). Finally, the distribution pattern of the postdive durations plotted against the hour of the day was more heterogeneous for the birds with an external package. In addition, these penguins had extended surfacing times between two deep dives compared to birds without external attachments (P<0.0001). These results suggest the existence of an extra energy cost induced by externally attached loggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Ecologie et de Physiologie Energétiques, Strasbourg, 67087, France.
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Koudil M, Charrassin JB, Le Maho Y, Bost CA. Seabirds as monitors of upper-ocean thermal structure. King penguins at the Antarctic polar front, east of Kerguelen sector. C R Acad Sci III 2000; 323:377-84. [PMID: 10803349 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)00144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to assess the potential of diving birds to monitor the hydrographic features near the Antarctic polar front. We compared the temperature/depth profiles recorded by instrumented King penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus at Kerguelen Islands (South Indian Ocean) with the oceanographic and remote sensing (satellite) data available for the same area during the same season. The birds were equipped with time/depth/temperature recorders or Argos transmitters. In addition, two birds were instrumented (of which one successfully) both with a time/depth/temperature recorder and an Argos transmitter. King penguins foraged as far as 400 km from the coast, in water masses with a vertical temperature structure characteristic of the region just south of the polar front. The temperature/depth profiles recorded throughout the dives (up to 270 m) revealed a pronounced thermocline. A three-dimensional distribution of water temperature was reconstructed. Comparison with previous hydrographic data shows a high correlation. Instrumented predators may therefore usefully and cheaply complement the database provided by conventional hydrographic surveys and remote sensing, especially in distant and rough areas such as the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koudil
- Centre d'océanologie de Marseille, France
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Charrassin JB, Bost CA, Pütz K, Lage J, Dahier T, Zorn T, Le Maho Y. Foraging strategies of incubating and brooding king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus. Oecologia 1998; 114:194-201. [PMID: 28307932 DOI: 10.1007/s004420050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J-B Charrassin
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France Fax: (33) 3 88 10 69 06; e-mail: , , , , , , FR
| | - C A Bost
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France Fax: (33) 3 88 10 69 06; e-mail: , , , , , , FR
| | - K Pütz
- Institut für Meereskunde, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, , , , , , DE
| | - J Lage
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France Fax: (33) 3 88 10 69 06; e-mail: , , , , , , FR
| | - T Dahier
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France Fax: (33) 3 88 10 69 06; e-mail: , , , , , , FR
| | - T Zorn
- Office National de la Chasse, 85 bis Avenue de Wagram, 75017 Paris, France, , , , , , FR
| | - Y Le Maho
- Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France Fax: (33) 3 88 10 69 06; e-mail: , , , , , , FR
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Abstract
Dive duration in wild king penguins and the energetic cost of swimming in a 30m long swim channel were determined at Ile de la Possession, Crozet Archipelago, using external data loggers and respirometry, respectively. Calibrated electronic data loggers equipped with a pressure sensor were used to determine dive durations: 95% of dives were less than 6 min long and 66% of dives were less than 4 min long. Dive patterns show that king penguins may intersperse long dive durations (4-6.3 min) with short ones (1.5-3 min) and make surface pauses of variable duration between them (0.5-3.5 min), or dive regularly (for up to 5 h) with long dive durations (5 min) and constant interdive surface intervals (1.5 min). The latter indicates that the aerobic dive limits (ADL) of this species could be higher and oxygen consumption lower than previously reported. Assuming that king penguins dive within their aerobic limit, different approaches to the analysis of the data obtained in the swim channel are discussed to derive the ADL. Swimming speeds observed in the channel ranged from 0.9 to 3.4 m s-1. Transport costs were lowest between 1.8 and 2.2 m s-1. Although at 2.2 m s-1 king penguins used only 10.3 Wkg-1 over a dive+surface cycle (minimal transport costs of 4.7 J kg-1 m-1), we speculate that tisse oxygen consumption during submergence may be as low as 0.23 ml O2 kg-1 s-1 (2.1 times standard metabolic rate, SMR) or perhaps lower (which gives an ADL of 4.2 min). During surface phases, oxygen uptake would be increased to at least 1 ml O2kg-1 s-1 (9.3 times SMR). This implies that at least 70% of all dives are aerobic. Potential physiological mechanisms allowing king penguins to partition O2 consumption between submergence and surface periods remain, however, unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Culik
- Abteilung Meereszoologie, Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany
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