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Hindell MA, Reisinger RR, Ropert-Coudert Y, Hückstädt LA, Trathan PN, Bornemann H, Charrassin JB, Chown SL, Costa DP, Danis B, Lea MA, Thompson D, Torres LG, Van de Putte AP, Alderman R, Andrews-Goff V, Arthur B, Ballard G, Bengtson J, Bester MN, Blix AS, Boehme L, Bost CA, Boveng P, Cleeland J, Constantine R, Corney S, Crawford RJM, Dalla Rosa L, de Bruyn PJN, Delord K, Descamps S, Double M, Emmerson L, Fedak M, Friedlaender A, Gales N, Goebel ME, Goetz KT, Guinet C, Goldsworthy SD, Harcourt R, Hinke JT, Jerosch K, Kato A, Kerry KR, Kirkwood R, Kooyman GL, Kovacs KM, Lawton K, Lowther AD, Lydersen C, Lyver PO, Makhado AB, Márquez MEI, McDonald BI, McMahon CR, Muelbert M, Nachtsheim D, Nicholls KW, Nordøy ES, Olmastroni S, Phillips RA, Pistorius P, Plötz J, Pütz K, Ratcliffe N, Ryan PG, Santos M, Southwell C, Staniland I, Takahashi A, Tarroux A, Trivelpiece W, Wakefield E, Weimerskirch H, Wienecke B, Xavier JC, Wotherspoon S, Jonsen ID, Raymond B. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems. Nature 2020; 580:87-92. [PMID: 32238927 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. .,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ryan R Reisinger
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France.,CESAB-FRB, Institut Bouisson Bertrand, Montpellier, France.,LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR7159, Paris, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Horst Bornemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Anton P Van de Putte
- BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachael Alderman
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Virginia Andrews-Goff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben Arthur
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - John Bengtson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | | | | | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Boveng
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaimie Cleeland
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Stuart Corney
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J M Crawford
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luciano Dalla Rosa
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Mike Double
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mike Fedak
- Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nick Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael E Goebel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly T Goetz
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Simon D Goldsworthy
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jefferson T Hinke
- Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Jerosch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Knowles R Kerry
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Roger Kirkwood
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gerald L Kooyman
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kieran Lawton
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Azwianewi B Makhado
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Birgitte I McDonald
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica Muelbert
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Dominik Nachtsheim
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - Keith W Nicholls
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Silvia Olmastroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.,Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Siena, Italy
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Joachim Plötz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter G Ryan
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iain Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Arnaud Tarroux
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wayne Trivelpiece
- Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ewan Wakefield
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Barbara Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - José C Xavier
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ian D Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Raymond
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
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2
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Ropert-Coudert Y, Van de Putte AP, Reisinger RR, Bornemann H, Charrassin JB, Costa DP, Danis B, Hückstädt LA, Jonsen ID, Lea MA, Thompson D, Torres LG, Trathan PN, Wotherspoon S, Ainley DG, Alderman R, Andrews-Goff V, Arthur B, Ballard G, Bengtson J, Bester MN, Blix AS, Boehme L, Bost CA, Boveng P, Cleeland J, Constantine R, Crawford RJM, Dalla Rosa L, Nico de Bruyn PJ, Delord K, Descamps S, Double M, Emmerson L, Fedak M, Friedlaender A, Gales N, Goebel M, Goetz KT, Guinet C, Goldsworthy SD, Harcourt R, Hinke JT, Jerosch K, Kato A, Kerry KR, Kirkwood R, Kooyman GL, Kovacs KM, Lawton K, Lowther AD, Lydersen C, Lyver PO, Makhado AB, Márquez MEI, McDonald BI, McMahon CR, Muelbert M, Nachtsheim D, Nicholls KW, Nordøy ES, Olmastroni S, Phillips RA, Pistorius P, Plötz J, Pütz K, Ratcliffe N, Ryan PG, Santos M, Southwell C, Staniland I, Takahashi A, Tarroux A, Trivelpiece W, Wakefield E, Weimerskirch H, Wienecke B, Xavier JC, Raymond B, Hindell MA. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project. Sci Data 2020; 7:94. [PMID: 32188863 PMCID: PMC7080749 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
| | - Anton P Van de Putte
- BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ryan R Reisinger
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
- CESAB - FRB, 5, rue de l'École de médecine, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Horst Bornemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jean-Benoît Charrassin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University, Paris 06, UMR 7159 CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN-IPSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Bruno Danis
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Marine Biology Lab, Campus du Solbosch - CP160/15 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Ian D Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Hobart, Australia
| | - David Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - David G Ainley
- H.T. Harvey & Associates, 983 University Avenue, Bldg D, Los Gatos, CA, 95032, USA
| | - Rachael Alderman
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Virginia Andrews-Goff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Ben Arthur
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Grant Ballard
- Point Blue Conservation Science, 3820 Cypress Drive, Suite 11, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA
| | - John Bengtson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center/NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., F/AKC3, Seattle, WA, 98115-6349, USA
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Lars Boehme
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Boveng
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center/NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., F/AKC3, Seattle, WA, 98115-6349, USA
| | - Jaimie Cleeland
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Rochelle Constantine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J M Crawford
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012, South Africa
| | - Luciano Dalla Rosa
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-000, Brazil
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Mike Double
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Mike Fedak
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Nick Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Mike Goebel
- Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries, Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kimberly T Goetz
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Simon D Goldsworthy
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, 2 Hamra Avenue, West Beach, SA, 5024, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jefferson T Hinke
- Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries, Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kerstin Jerosch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Knowles R Kerry
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Roger Kirkwood
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Gerald L Kooyman
- Center for Marine Biology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kieran Lawton
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | | | | | - Phil O'B Lyver
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, P.O. Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Azwianewi B Makhado
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012, South Africa
| | - Maria E I Márquez
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo, 1143, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Birgitte I McDonald
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Monica Muelbert
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-000, Brazil
| | - Dominik Nachtsheim
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstraße 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Keith W Nicholls
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Erling S Nordøy
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silvia Olmastroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Joachim Plötz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Am Oste-Hamme-Kanal 10, D-27432, Bremervörde, Germany
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Ryan
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Mercedes Santos
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo, 1143, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Iain Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Arnaud Tarroux
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606 Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wayne Trivelpiece
- Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries, Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ewan Wakefield
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé- La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Barbara Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - José C Xavier
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ben Raymond
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia.
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Hobart, Australia.
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia.
| | - Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia.
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Hobart, Australia.
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