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Nie HY, Ge J, Liu KG, Yue Y, Li H, Lin HG, Yan HF, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang JW, Zhou JL, Cui Y. The effects of microgravity on stem cells and the new insights it brings to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:1-17. [PMID: 38670635 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques may undergo modifications in the future, as life scientists have widely acknowledged the ability of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems to accurately simulate in vivo biology. In recent years, researchers have discovered that microgravity devices can address many challenges associated with 3D cell culture. Stem cells, being pluripotent cells, are regarded as a promising resource for regenerative medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that 3D culture in microgravity devices can effectively guide stem cells towards differentiation and facilitate the formation of functional tissue, thereby exhibiting advantages within the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, We delineate the impact of microgravity on the biological behavior of various types of stem cells, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing these alterations. These findings offer exciting prospects for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Nie
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai-Ge Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Guan Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Wu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Song Y, Soto J, Wong SY, Wu Y, Hoffman T, Akhtar N, Norris S, Chu J, Park H, Kelkhoff DO, Ang CE, Wernig M, Kasko A, Downing TL, Poo MM, Li S. Biphasic regulation of epigenetic state by matrix stiffness during cell reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0639. [PMID: 38354231 PMCID: PMC10866547 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We investigate how matrix stiffness regulates chromatin reorganization and cell reprogramming and find that matrix stiffness acts as a biphasic regulator of epigenetic state and fibroblast-to-neuron conversion efficiency, maximized at an intermediate stiffness of 20 kPa. ATAC sequencing analysis shows the same trend of chromatin accessibility to neuronal genes at these stiffness levels. Concurrently, we observe peak levels of histone acetylation and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity in the nucleus on 20 kPa matrices, and inhibiting HAT activity abolishes matrix stiffness effects. G-actin and cofilin, the cotransporters shuttling HAT into the nucleus, rises with decreasing matrix stiffness; however, reduced importin-9 on soft matrices limits nuclear transport. These two factors result in a biphasic regulation of HAT transport into nucleus, which is directly demonstrated on matrices with dynamically tunable stiffness. Our findings unravel a mechanism of the mechano-epigenetic regulation that is valuable for cell engineering in disease modeling and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sze Yue Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Navied Akhtar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Sam Norris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Julia Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hyungju Park
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, South Korea
| | - Douglas O. Kelkhoff
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cheen Euong Ang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Timothy L. Downing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Mu-ming Poo
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Marr EE, Isenberg BC, Wong JY. Effects of polydimethylsiloxane membrane surface treatments on human uterine smooth muscle cell strain response. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:415-426. [PMID: 37954466 PMCID: PMC10632608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, 1 in 10 infants are born preterm. The majority of neonatal deaths and nearly a third of infant deaths are linked to preterm birth. Preterm birth is initiated when the quiescent state of the uterus ends prematurely, leading to contractions and parturition beginning as early as 32 weeks, though the origins are not well understood. To enable research and discovery of therapeutics with potential to better address preterm birth, the capability to study isolated cell processes of pregnant uterine tissue in vitro is needed. Our development of an in vitro model of the myometrium utilizing human uterine smooth muscle cells (uSMCs) responsible for contractions provides a methodology to examine cellular mechanisms of late-stage pregnancy potentially involved in preterm birth. We discuss culture of uSMCs on a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate functionalized with cationic poly-l-lysine (PLL), followed by extracellular matrix (ECM) protein coating. Previous work exploring uSMC behavior on PDMS substrates have utilized collagen-I coatings, however, we demonstrated the first exploration of human uSMC response to strain on fibronectin-coated flexible membranes, importantly reflecting the significant increase of fibronectin content found in the myometrial ECM during late-stage pregnancy. Using the model we developed, we conducted proof-of-concept studies to investigate the impact of substrate strain on uSMC cell morphology and gene expression. It was found that PLL and varied ECM protein coatings (collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin) altered cell nuclei morphology and density on PDMS substrates. Additionally, varied strain rates applied to uSMC substrates significantly impacted uSMC gene expression of IL-6, a cytokine associated with instances of preterm labor. These results suggest that both surface and mechanical properties of in vitro systems impact primary human uSMC phenotype and offer uSMC culture methodologies that can be utilized to further the understanding of cellular pathways involved in the uterus under mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Marr
- Boston University, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, United States
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Bioengineering Division, United States
| | - Brett C. Isenberg
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Bioengineering Division, United States
| | - Joyce Y. Wong
- Boston University, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, United States
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States
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4
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Josino R, Stimamiglio MA. Bioactive decellularized extracellular matrix-based hydrogel supports human adipose tissue-derived stem cell maintenance and fibrocartilage phenotype. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1304030. [PMID: 38260748 PMCID: PMC10800544 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1304030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue able to tolerate physical stress. However, its capacity for restoration is restricted, and injuries to the cartilage do not recover spontaneously. Interest in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue (hASCs) is growing due to their potential to improve tissue healing and recovery. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based hydrogels combined with hASCs could serve as an interface for studying behavior and differentiation properties in a cartilage microenvironment. In the present study, we described the behavior of hASCs cultured in a commercial dECM MatriXpec™. The structural microtopography of MatriXpec™ was analyzed by scanning electron micrography, and its protein composition was accessed by mass spectrometry. The protein composition of MatriXpec™ is mainly represented by collagen proteins, building its fibrous ultrastructure. hASCs were cultured three-dimensionally (3D) on MatriXpec™ to perform cell viability, growth, and cartilage differentiation analysis. We showed that MatriXpec™ could be loaded with hASCs and that it supports cell maintenance for several days. We observed that the three-dimensional ultrastructure of the biomaterial is composed of nanofibers, and its protein composition reflects the tissue from which it was harvested. Finally, we showed that the molecular cues from the hydrogel are biologically active as these influence cell behavior and differentiation phenotype, increasing the expression of fibrocartilage-related genes such as SOX9, COL1, COL10, and MMP13. MatriXpec™ hydrogel can be used as an interface for 3D hASCs culture studies as it maintains cell viability and supports its differentiation process.
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Wang Z, Servio P, Rey AD. Geometry-structure models for liquid crystal interfaces, drops and membranes: wrinkling, shape selection and dissipative shape evolution. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 38031449 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We review our recent contributions to anisotropic soft matter models for liquid crystal interfaces, drops and membranes, emphasizing validations with experimental and biological data, and with related theory and simulation literature. The presentation aims to illustrate and characterize the rich output and future opportunities of using a methodology based on the liquid crystal-membrane shape equation applied to static and dynamic pattern formation phenomena. The geometry of static and kinetic shapes is usually described with dimensional curvatures that co-mingle shape and curvedness. In this review, we systematically show how the application of a novel decoupled shape-curvedness framework to practical and ubiquitous soft matter phenomena, such as the shape of drops and tactoids and bending of evolving membranes, leads to deeper quantitative insights than when using traditional dimensional mean and Gaussian curvatures. The review focuses only on (1) statics of wrinkling and shape selection in liquid crystal interfaces and membranes; (2) kinetics and dissipative dynamics of shape evolution in membranes; and (3) computational methods for shape selection and shape evolution; due to various limitations other important topics are excluded. Finally, the outlook follows a similar structure. The main results include: (1) single and multiple wavelength corrugations in liquid crystal interfaces appear naturally in the presence of surface splay and bend orientation distortions with scaling laws governed by ratios of anchoring-to-isotropic tension energy; adding membrane elasticity to liquid crystal anchoring generates multiple scales wrinkling as in tulips; drops of liquid crystals encapsulates in membranes can adopt, according to the ratios of anchoring/tension/bending, families of shapes as multilobal, tactoidal, and serrated as observed in biological cells. (2) Mapping the liquid crystal director to a membrane unit normal. The dissipative shape evolution model with irreversible thermodynamics for flows dominated by bending rates, yields new insights. The model explains the kinetic stability of cylinders, while spheres and saddles are attractors. The model also adds to the evolving understanding of outer hair cells in the inner ear. (3) Computational soft matter geometry includes solving shape equations, trajectories on energy and orientation landscapes, and shape-curvedness evolutions on entropy production landscape with efficient numerical methods and adaptive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B2, Canada.
| | - Phillip Servio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B2, Canada.
| | - Alejandro D Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B2, Canada.
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6
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Dekky B, Azar F, Bonnier D, Monseur C, Kalebić C, Arpigny E, Colige A, Legagneux V, Théret N. ADAMTS12 is a stromal modulator in chronic liver disease. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23237. [PMID: 37819632 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200692rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adamalysins, a family of metalloproteinases containing a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), belong to the matrisome and play important roles in various biological and pathological processes, such as development, immunity and cancer. Using a liver cancer dataset from the International Cancer Genome Consortium, we developed an extensive in silico screening that identified a cluster of adamalysins co-expressed in livers from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Within this cluster, ADAMTS12 expression was highly associated with recurrence risk and poorly differentiated HCC signatures. We showed that ADAMTS12 was expressed in the stromal cells of the tumor and adjacent fibrotic tissues of HCC patients, and more specifically in activated stellate cells. Using a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, we showed that Adamts12 was strongly and transiently expressed after a 24 h acute treatment, and that fibrosis was exacerbated in Adamts12-null mice submitted to carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury. Using the HSC-derived LX-2 cell line, we showed that silencing of ADAMTS12 resulted in profound changes of the gene expression program. In particular, genes previously reported to be induced upon HSC activation, such as PAI-1, were mostly down-regulated following ADAMTS12 knock-down. The phenotype of these cells was changed to a less differentiated state, showing an altered actin network and decreased nuclear spreading. These phenotypic changes, together with the down-regulation of PAI-1, were offset by TGF-β treatment. The present study thus identifies ADAMTS12 as a modulator of HSC differentiation, and a new player in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassil Dekky
- University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Fida Azar
- University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Bonnier
- University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monseur
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Chiara Kalebić
- University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Esther Arpigny
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Alain Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Théret
- University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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7
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Chen J. Current advances in anisotropic structures for enhanced osteogenesis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113566. [PMID: 37797464 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects are a challenge to healthcare systems, as the aging population experiences an increase in bone defects. Despite the development of biomaterials for bone fillers and scaffolds, there is still an unmet need for a bone-mimetic material. Cortical bone is highly anisotropic and displays a biological liquid crystalline (LC) arrangement, giving it exceptional mechanical properties and a distinctive microenvironment. However, the biofunctions, cell-tissue interactions, and molecular mechanisms of cortical bone anisotropic structure are not well understood. Incorporating anisotropic structures in bone-facilitated scaffolds has been recognised as essential for better outcomes. Various approaches have been used to create anisotropic micro/nanostructures, but biomimetic bone anisotropic structures are still in the early stages of development. Most scaffolds lack features at the nanoscale, and there is no comprehensive evaluation of molecular mechanisms or characterisation of calcium secretion. This manuscript provides a review of the latest development of anisotropic designs for osteogenesis and discusses current findings on cell-anisotropic structure interactions. It also emphasises the need for further research. Filling knowledge gaps will enable the fabrication of scaffolds for improved and more controllable bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishizhan Chen
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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8
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Nguyen PK, Hall K, Holt I, Kuo CK. Recombinant lysyl oxidase effects on embryonic tendon cell phenotype and behavior. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2175-2185. [PMID: 37365857 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays an important role in the elaboration of tendon mechanical properties during embryonic development by mediating enzymatic collagen crosslinking. We previously showed recombinant LOX (rLOX) treatment of developing tendon significantly increased LOX-mediated collagen crosslink density to enhance tendon mechanical properties at different stages of tissue formation. Working toward the future development of rLOX-based therapeutic strategies to enhance mechanical properties of tendons that are compromised, such as after injury or due to abnormal development, this study characterized the direct effects of rLOX treatment on embryonic tendon cells from different stages of tissue formation. Tendon cell morphology, proliferation rate, proliferative capacity, and metabolic activity were not affected by rLOX treatment. Tenogenic phenotype was stable with rLOX treatment, reflected by no change in cell morphology or tendon marker messenger RNA (mRNA) levels assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Collagen mRNA levels also remained constant. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression levels were downregulated in later stage tendon cells, but not in earlier stage cells, whereas enzyme activity levels were undetected. Bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) expression was upregulated in earlier stage tendon cells, but not in later stage cells. Furthermore, BMP-1 activity was unchanged when intracellular LOX enzyme activity levels were upregulated in both stage cells, suggesting exogenous rLOX may have entered the cells. Based on our data, rLOX treatment had minimal effects on tendon cell phenotype and behaviors. These findings will inform future development of LOX-focused treatments to enhance tendon mechanical properties without adverse effects on tendon cell phenotype and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Hall
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Iverson Holt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Rabeling A, Goolam M. Cerebral organoids as an in vitro model to study autism spectrum disorders. Gene Ther 2023; 30:659-669. [PMID: 35790793 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a set of disorders characterised by social and communication deficits caused by numerous genetic lesions affecting brain development. Progress in ASD research has been hampered by the lack of appropriate models, as both 2D cell culture as well as animal models cannot fully recapitulate the developing human brain or the pathogenesis of ASD. Recently, cerebral organoids have been developed to provide a more accurate, 3D in vitro model of human brain development. Cerebral organoids have been shown to recapitulate the foetal brain gene expression profile, transcriptome, epigenome, as well as disease dynamics of both idiopathic and syndromic ASDs. They are thus an excellent tool to investigate development of foetal stage ASDs, as well as interventions that can reverse or rescue the altered phenotypes observed. In this review, we discuss the development of cerebral organoids, their recent applications in the study of both syndromic and idiopathic ASDs, their use as an ASD drug development platform, as well as limitations of their use in ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Rabeling
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Mubeen Goolam
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
- UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
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10
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Cui Y, Wang J, Tian Y, Fan Y, Li S, Wang G, Peng C, Liu H, Wu D. Functionalized Decellularized Bone Matrix Promotes Bone Regeneration by Releasing Osteogenic Peptides. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4953-4968. [PMID: 37478342 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The decellularized bone matrix (DCB) provides a promising bone substitute for the treatment of bone defects because of its similar biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical properties to normal bone tissue. However, the decellularized procedure also greatly reduced its osteogenic induction activity. In this study, peptides derived from the knuckle epitope of bone morphogenetic protein-2 were incorporated into the thermo-sensitive hydrogel poloxamer 407, and the peptide-loaded hydrogel was then filled into the pores of DCB to construct a functionalized scaffold with enhanced osteogenesis. In vitro studies have shown that the functionalized DCB scaffold possessed appropriate mechanical properties and biocompatibility and exhibited a sustained release profile of osteogenic peptide. These performances critically facilitated cell proliferation and cell spreading of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and upregulated the expression of osteogenic-related genes by activating the Smad/Runx2 signaling pathway, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that the functionalized DCB scaffold accelerated the repair of critical radial defects in rabbits without inducing excessive graft-related inflammatory responses. These results suggest a clinically meaningful strategy for the treatment of large segmental bone defects, and the prepared osteogenic peptide modified composite DCB scaffold has great application potential for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Cui
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Tian
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Yi Fan
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Shaorong Li
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Gan Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Chuangang Peng
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
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11
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Macromolecular crowding regulates matrix composition and gene expression in human gingival fibroblast cultures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2047. [PMID: 36739306 PMCID: PMC9899282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard cell cultures are performed in aqueous media with a low macromolecule concentration compared to tissue microenvironment. In macromolecular crowding (MMC) experiments, synthetic polymeric crowders are added into cell culture media to better mimic macromolecule concentrations found in vivo. However, their effect on cultured cells is incompletely understood and appears context-dependent. Here we show using human gingival fibroblasts, a cell type associated with fast and scarless wound healing, that MMC (standard medium supplemented with Ficoll 70/400) potently modulates fibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition compared to standard culture media (nMMC) over time. MMC significantly reduced cell numbers, but increased accumulation of collagen I, cellular fibronectin, and tenascin C, while suppressing level of SPARC (Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich). Out of the 75 wound healing and ECM related genes studied, MMC significantly modulated expression of 25 genes compared to nMMC condition. MMC also suppressed myofibroblast markers and promoted deposition of basement membrane molecules collagen IV, laminin 1, and expression of LAMB3 (Laminin Subunit Beta 3) gene. In cell-derived matrices produced by a novel decellularization protocol, the altered molecular composition of MMC matrices was replicated. Thus, MMC may improve cell culture models for research and provide novel approaches for regenerative therapy.
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12
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Zhang B, Powers JD, McCulloch AD, Chi NC. Nuclear mechanosignaling in striated muscle diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1126111. [PMID: 36960155 PMCID: PMC10027932 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1126111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosignaling describes processes by which biomechanical stimuli are transduced into cellular responses. External biophysical forces can be transmitted via structural protein networks that span from the cellular membrane to the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, where they can regulate gene expression through a series of biomechanical and/or biochemical mechanosensitive mechanisms, including chromatin remodeling, translocation of transcriptional regulators, and epigenetic factors. Striated muscle cells, including cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, utilize these nuclear mechanosignaling mechanisms to respond to changes in their intracellular and extracellular mechanical environment and mediate gene expression and cell remodeling. In this brief review, we highlight and discuss recent experimental work focused on the pathway of biomechanical stimulus propagation at the nucleus-cytoskeleton interface of striated muscles, and the mechanisms by which these pathways regulate gene regulation, muscle structure, and function. Furthermore, we discuss nuclear protein mutations that affect mechanosignaling function in human and animal models of cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, current open questions and future challenges in investigating striated muscle nuclear mechanosignaling are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joseph D. Powers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrew D. McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Neil C. Chi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Neil C. Chi,
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13
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Current Advances in 3D Dynamic Cell Culture Systems. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120829. [PMID: 36547353 PMCID: PMC9778081 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods have a long history of mimicking in vivo cell growth. However, these methods cannot fully represent physiological conditions, which lack two major indexes of the in vivo environment; one is a three-dimensional 3D cell environment, and the other is mechanical stimulation; therefore, they are incapable of replicating the essential cellular communications between cell to cell, cell to the extracellular matrix, and cellular responses to dynamic mechanical stimulation in a physiological condition of body movement and blood flow. To solve these problems and challenges, 3D cell carriers have been gradually developed to provide a 3D matrix-like structure for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and communication in static and dynamic culture conditions. 3D cell carriers in dynamic culture systems could primarily provide different mechanical stimulations which further mimic the real in vivo microenvironment. In this review, the current advances in 3D dynamic cell culture approaches have been introduced, with their advantages and disadvantages being discussed in comparison to traditional 2D cell culture in static conditions.
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14
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Molley TG, Hung TT, Kilian KA. Cell-Laden Gradient Microgel Suspensions for Spatial Control of Differentiation During Biofabrication. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201122. [PMID: 35866537 PMCID: PMC9780160 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During tissue development, stem and progenitor cells form functional tissue with high cellular diversity and intricate micro- and macro-architecture. Current approaches have attempted to replicate this process with materials cues or through spontaneous cell self-organization. However, cell-directed and materials-directed organization are required simultaneously to achieve biomimetic structure and function. Here, it is shown how integrating live adipose derived stem cells with gradient microgel suspensions steers divergent differentiation outcomes. Microgel matrices composed of small particles are found to promote adipogenic differentiation, while larger particles fostered increased cell spreading and osteogenic differentiation. Tuning the matrix formulation demonstrates that early cell adhesion and spreading dictate differentiation outcome. Combining small and large microgels into gradients spatially directs proliferation and differentiation over time. After 21 days of culture, osteogenic conditions foster significant mineralization within the individual microgels, thereby providing cell-directed changes in composition and mechanics within the gradient porous scaffold. Freeform printing of high-density cell suspensions is performed across these gradients to demonstrate the potential for hierarchical tissue biofabrication. Interstitial porosity influences cell expansion from the print and microgel size guides spatial differentiation, thereby providing scope to fabricate tissue gradients at multiple scales through integrated and printed cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Molley
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tzong-Tyng Hung
- Biological Resources Imaging Laboratory, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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15
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Zommiti M, Connil N, Tahrioui A, Groboillot A, Barbey C, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Lesouhaitier O, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ. Organs-on-Chips Platforms Are Everywhere: A Zoom on Biomedical Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:646. [PMID: 36354557 PMCID: PMC9687856 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, conventional in vitro culture systems and animal models have been used to study physiology, nutrient or drug metabolisms including mechanical and physiopathological aspects. However, there is an urgent need for Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) and more sophisticated platforms and devices to approach the real complexity of human physiology and provide reliable extrapolations for clinical investigations and personalized medicine. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC), also known as a microphysiological system, is a state-of-the-art microfluidic cell culture technology that sums up cells or tissue-to-tissue interfaces, fluid flows, mechanical cues, and organ-level physiology, and it has been developed to fill the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology. The wide range of OOC platforms involves the miniaturization of cell culture systems and enables a variety of novel experimental techniques. These range from modeling the independent effects of biophysical forces on cells to screening novel drugs in multi-organ microphysiological systems, all within microscale devices. As in living biosystems, the development of vascular structure is the salient feature common to almost all organ-on-a-chip platforms. Herein, we provide a snapshot of this fast-evolving sophisticated technology. We will review cutting-edge developments and advances in the OOC realm, discussing current applications in the biomedical field with a detailed description of how this technology has enabled the reconstruction of complex multi-scale and multifunctional matrices and platforms (at the cellular and tissular levels) leading to an acute understanding of the physiopathological features of human ailments and infections in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zommiti
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
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16
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Kalukula Y, Stephens AD, Lammerding J, Gabriele S. Mechanics and functional consequences of nuclear deformations. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:583-602. [PMID: 35513718 PMCID: PMC9902167 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the home of cellular genetic information, the nucleus has a critical role in determining cell fate and function in response to various signals and stimuli. In addition to biochemical inputs, the nucleus is constantly exposed to intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical forces that trigger dynamic changes in nuclear structure and morphology. Emerging data suggest that the physical deformation of the nucleus modulates many cellular and nuclear functions. These functions have long been considered to be downstream of cytoplasmic signalling pathways and dictated by gene expression. In this Review, we discuss an emerging perspective on the mechanoregulation of the nucleus that considers the physical connections from chromatin to nuclear lamina and cytoskeletal filaments as a single mechanical unit. We describe key mechanisms of nuclear deformations in time and space and provide a critical review of the structural and functional adaptive responses of the nucleus to deformations. We then consider the contribution of nuclear deformations to the regulation of important cellular functions, including muscle contraction, cell migration and human disease pathogenesis. Collectively, these emerging insights shed new light on the dynamics of nuclear deformations and their roles in cellular mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohalie Kalukula
- University of Mons, Soft Matter and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, Place du Parc, 20 B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- University of Mons, Soft Matter and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, Place du Parc, 20 B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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17
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Mishra S, Levy DL. Nuclear F-actin and Lamin A antagonistically modulate nuclear shape. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275607. [PMID: 35665815 PMCID: PMC9377710 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear shape influences cell migration, gene expression and cell cycle progression, and is altered in disease states like laminopathies and cancer. What factors and forces determine nuclear shape? We find that nuclei assembled in Xenopus egg extracts in the presence of dynamic F-actin exhibit a striking bilobed nuclear morphology with distinct membrane compositions in the two lobes and accumulation of F-actin at the inner nuclear envelope. The addition of Lamin A (encoded by lmna), which is absent from Xenopus eggs, results in rounder nuclei, suggesting that opposing nuclear F-actin and Lamin A forces contribute to the regulation of nuclear shape. Nuclear F-actin also promotes altered nuclear shape in Lamin A-knockdown HeLa cells and, in both systems, abnormal nuclear shape is driven by formins and not Arp2/3 or myosin. Although the underlying mechanisms might differ in Xenopus and HeLa cells, we propose that nuclear F-actin filaments nucleated by formins impart outward forces that lead to altered nuclear morphology unless Lamin A is present. Targeting nuclear actin dynamics might represent a novel approach to rescuing disease-associated defects in nuclear shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Daniel L. Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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18
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Journey of organ on a chip technology and its role in future healthcare scenario. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 9. [PMCID: PMC9000345 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2022.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Organ on a chip refers to microengineered biomimetic system which reflects structural and functional characteristics of human tissue. It involves biomaterial technology, cell biology and engineering combined together in a miniaturized platform. Several models using different organs such as lungs on a chip, liver on a chip, kidney on a chip, heart on a chip, intestine on a chip and skin on a chip have been successfully developed. Food and Drug administration (FDA) has also shown confidence in this technology and has partnered with industries/institutes which are working with this technology. In this review, the concepts and applications of Organ on a chip model in different scientific domains including disease model development, drug screening, toxicology, pathogenesis study, efficacy testing and virology is discussed. It is envisaged that amalgamation of various organs on chip modules into a unified body on chip device is of utmost importance for diagnosis and treatment, especially considering the complications due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It is expected that the market demand for developing organ on chip devices to skyrocket in the near future.
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19
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Razin SV, Ulianov SV. Genome-Directed Cell Nucleus Assembly. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050708. [PMID: 35625436 PMCID: PMC9138775 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Speckles and other nuclear bodies, the nucleolus and perinucleolar zone, transcription/replication factories and the lamina-associated compartment, serve as a structural basis for various genomic functions. In turn, genome activity and specific chromatin 3D organization directly impact the integrity of intranuclear assemblies, initiating/facilitating their formation and dictating their composition. Thus, the large-scale nucleus structure and genome activity mutually influence each other. The cell nucleus is frequently considered a compartment in which the genome is placed to protect it from external forces. Here, we discuss the evidence demonstrating that the cell nucleus should be considered, rather, as structure built around the folded genome. Decondensing chromosomes provide a scaffold for the assembly of the nuclear envelope after mitosis, whereas genome activity directs the assembly of various nuclear compartments, including nucleolus, speckles and transcription factories. Abstract The cell nucleus is frequently considered a cage in which the genome is placed to protect it from various external factors. Inside the nucleus, many functional compartments have been identified that are directly or indirectly involved in implementing genomic DNA’s genetic functions. For many years, it was assumed that these compartments are assembled on a proteinaceous scaffold (nuclear matrix), which provides a structural milieu for nuclear compartmentalization and genome folding while simultaneously offering some rigidity to the cell nucleus. The results of research in recent years have made it possible to consider the cell nucleus from a different angle. From the “box” in which the genome is placed, the nucleus has become a kind of mobile exoskeleton, which is formed around the packaged genome, under the influence of transcription and other processes directly related to the genome activity. In this review, we summarize the main arguments in favor of this point of view by analyzing the mechanisms that mediate cell nucleus assembly and support its resistance to mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sergey V. Ulianov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Iberite F, Gruppioni E, Ricotti L. Skeletal muscle differentiation of human iPSCs meets bioengineering strategies: perspectives and challenges. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:23. [PMID: 35393412 PMCID: PMC8991236 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle repairs itself following small injuries, genetic diseases or severe damages may hamper its ability to do so. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can generate myogenic progenitors, but their use in combination with bioengineering strategies to modulate their phenotype has not been sufficiently investigated. This review highlights the potential of this combination aimed at pushing the boundaries of skeletal muscle tissue engineering. First, the overall organization and the key steps in the myogenic process occurring in vivo are described. Second, transgenic and non-transgenic approaches for the myogenic induction of human iPSCs are compared. Third, technologies to provide cells with biophysical stimuli, biomaterial cues, and biofabrication strategies are discussed in terms of recreating a biomimetic environment and thus helping to engineer a myogenic phenotype. The embryonic development process and the pro-myogenic role of the muscle-resident cell populations in co-cultures are also described, highlighting the possible clinical applications of iPSCs in the skeletal muscle tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Iberite
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa (PI), Italy. .,Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa (PI), Italy.
| | - Emanuele Gruppioni
- Centro Protesi INAIL, Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro, 40054, Vigorso di Budrio (BO), Italy
| | - Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa (PI), Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa (PI), Italy
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21
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Lan Y, Huang N, Fu Y, Liu K, Zhang H, Li Y, Yang S. Morphology-Based Deep Learning Approach for Predicting Osteogenic Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:802794. [PMID: 35155409 PMCID: PMC8830423 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.802794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early, high-throughput, and accurate recognition of osteogenic differentiation of stem cells is urgently required in stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. In this study, we established an automatic deep learning algorithm, i.e., osteogenic convolutional neural network (OCNN), to quantitatively measure the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). rBMSCs stained with F-actin and DAPI during early differentiation (day 0, 1, 4, and 7) were captured using laser confocal scanning microscopy to train OCNN. As a result, OCNN successfully distinguished differentiated cells at a very early stage (24 h) with a high area under the curve (AUC) (0.94 ± 0.04) and correlated with conventional biochemical markers. Meanwhile, OCNN exhibited better prediction performance compared with the single morphological parameters and support vector machine. Furthermore, OCNN successfully predicted the dose-dependent effects of small-molecule osteogenic drugs and a cytokine. OCNN-based online learning models can further recognize the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs cultured on several material surfaces. Hence, this study initially demonstrated the foreground of OCNN in osteogenic drug and biomaterial screening for next-generation tissue engineering and stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Lan
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Nannan Huang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiru Fu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Kehao Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhou Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuzhou Li, ; Sheng Yang,
| | - Sheng Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuzhou Li, ; Sheng Yang,
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22
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Progulske-Fox A, Chukkapalli SS, Getachew H, Dunn WA, Oliver JD. VBNC, previously unrecognized in the life cycle of Porphyromonas gingivalis?. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:1952838. [PMID: 35035782 PMCID: PMC8759725 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1952838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are exposed to stresses during their growth and multiplication in their ecological systems to which they respond in multiple ways as expert survivalists. One such response mechanism is to convert to a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state. As the name indicates, bacteria in the VBNC state have lost their ability to grow on routine growth medium. A large number of bacteria including many pathogenic species have been reported to be able to enter a VBNC state. VBNC differs from culturable cells in various physiological properties which may result in changes in chemical resistance, adhesion, cellular morphology, metabolism, gene expression, membrane and cell wall composition and/or virulence. The ability of VBNC bacteria to return to the culturable state or resuscitate, when the stressor is removed poses a considerable threat to public health. There have been few publications that overtly describe the ability of oral pathogenic species to enter the VBNC state. However, the presence of VBNCs among oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis in human chronic infections may be an important virulence factor and have severe implications for therapy. In this review, we intend to i) define and summarize the significance of the VBNC state in general and ii) discuss the VBNC state of oral bacteria with regard to P. gingivalis. Future studies focused on this phenomenon of intraoral VBNC would provide novel molecular insights on the virulence and persistence of oral pathogens during chronic infections and identify potential novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S S Chukkapalli
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H Getachew
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - W A Dunn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J D Oliver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
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23
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From Spheroids to Organoids: The Next Generation of Model Systems of Human Cardiac Regeneration in a Dish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413180. [PMID: 34947977 PMCID: PMC8708686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are tiny, self-organized, three-dimensional tissue cultures that are derived from the differentiation of stem cells. The growing interest in the use of organoids arises from their ability to mimic the biology and physiology of specific tissue structures in vitro. Organoids indeed represent promising systems for the in vitro modeling of tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, drug therapy testing, toxicology screening, and disease modeling. Although 2D cell cultures have been used for more than 50 years, even for their simplicity and low-cost maintenance, recent years have witnessed a steep rise in the availability of organoid model systems. Exploiting the ability of cells to re-aggregate and reconstruct the original architecture of an organ makes it possible to overcome many limitations of 2D cell culture systems. In vitro replication of the cellular micro-environment of a specific tissue leads to reproducing the molecular, biochemical, and biomechanical mechanisms that directly influence cell behavior and fate within that specific tissue. Lineage-specific self-organizing organoids have now been generated for many organs. Currently, growing cardiac organoid (cardioids) from pluripotent stem cells and cardiac stem/progenitor cells remains an open challenge due to the complexity of the spreading, differentiation, and migration of cardiac muscle and vascular layers. Here, we summarize the evolution of biological model systems from the generation of 2D spheroids to 3D organoids by focusing on the generation of cardioids based on the currently available laboratory technologies and outline their high potential for cardiovascular research.
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24
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Atat OE, Farzaneh Z, Pourhamzeh M, Taki F, Abi-Habib R, Vosough M, El-Sibai M. 3D modeling in cancer studies. Hum Cell 2021; 35:23-36. [PMID: 34761350 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contributes significantly to tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to chemotherapy. Much of our understanding of the tumor and its microenvironment is developed using various methods of cell culture. Throughout the last two decades, research has increasingly shown that 3D cell culture systems can remarkably recapitulate the complexity of tumor architecture and physiology compared to traditional 2D models. Unlike the flat culture system, these novel models enabled more cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. By mimicking in vivo microenvironment, 3D culture systems promise to become accurate tools ready to be used in diagnosis, drug screening, and personalized medicine. In this review, we discussed the importance of 3D culture in simulating the tumor microenvironment and focused on the effects of cancer cell-microenvironment interactions on cancer behavior, resistance, proliferation, and metastasis. Finally, we assessed the role of 3D cell culture systems in the contexts of drug screening. 2D culture system is used to study cancer cell growth, progression, behavior, and drug response. It provides contact between cells and supports paracrine crosstalk between host cells and cancer cells. However, this system fails to simulate the architecture and the physiological aspects of in vivo tumor microenvironment due to the absence of cell-cell/ cell-ECM interactions as well as unlimited access to O2 and nutrients, and the absence of tumor heterogeneity. Recently advanced research has led researchers to generate 3D culture system that can better recapitulate the in vivo environment by providing hypoxic medium, facilitating cell-cell and cell-ECM, interactions, and recapitulating heterogeneity of the tumor. Several approaches are used to maintain and expand cancer cells in 3D culture systems such as tumor spheroids (cell aggregate that mimics the in vivo growth of tumor cells), scaffold-based approaches, bioreactors, microfluidic derives, and organoids. 3D systems are currently used for disease modeling and pre-clinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahra Farzaneh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatima Taki
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Abi-Habib
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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25
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Balakrishnan S, Raju SR, Barua A, Pradeep RP, Ananthasuresh GK. Two nondimensional parameters for characterizing the nuclear morphology. Biophys J 2021; 120:4698-4709. [PMID: 34624272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear morphology is an important indicator of cell function. It is regulated by a variety of factors such as the osmotic pressure difference between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, cytoskeletal forces, elasticity of the nuclear envelope and chromosomes. Nucleus shape and size are typically quantified using multiple geometrical quantities that are not necessarily independent of one another. This interdependence makes it difficult to decipher the implications of changes in nuclear morphology. We resolved this by analyzing nucleus shapes of populations for multiple cell lines using a mechanics-based model. We deduced two independent nondimensional parameters, namely, flatness index and isometric scale factor. We show that nuclei in a cell population have similar flatness but variable scale factor. Furthermore, nuclei of different cell lines segregate according to flatness. Cellular perturbations using biochemical and biomechanical techniques suggest that the flatness index correlates with actin tension and the scale factor anticorrelates with elastic modulus of nuclear envelope. We argue that nuclear morphology measures such as volume, projected area, height etc., are subsumed by flatness and scale factor, which can unambiguously characterize nuclear morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shilpa R Raju
- Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anwesha Barua
- BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Reshma P Pradeep
- School of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Gondi Kondaiah Ananthasuresh
- Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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26
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Mohanta TK, Mishra AK, Al-Harrasi A. The 3D Genome: From Structure to Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11585. [PMID: 34769016 PMCID: PMC8584255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome is the most functional part of a cell, and genomic contents are organized in a compact three-dimensional (3D) structure. The genome contains millions of nucleotide bases organized in its proper frame. Rapid development in genome sequencing and advanced microscopy techniques have enabled us to understand the 3D spatial organization of the genome. Chromosome capture methods using a ligation approach and the visualization tool of a 3D genome browser have facilitated detailed exploration of the genome. Topologically associated domains (TADs), lamin-associated domains, CCCTC-binding factor domains, cohesin, and chromatin structures are the prominent identified components that encode the 3D structure of the genome. Although TADs are the major contributors to 3D genome organization, they are absent in Arabidopsis. However, a few research groups have reported the presence of TAD-like structures in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; or
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
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27
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Williamson PM, Freedman BR, Kwok N, Beeram I, Pennings J, Johnson J, Hamparian D, Cohen E, Galloway JL, Ramappa AJ, DeAngelis JP, Nazarian A. Tendinopathy and tendon material response to load: What we can learn from small animal studies. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:43-56. [PMID: 34325074 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a debilitating disease that causes as much as 30% of all musculoskeletal consultations. Existing treatments for tendinopathy have variable efficacy, possibly due to incomplete characterization of the underlying pathophysiology. Mechanical load can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on tendon, as the overall tendon response depends on the degree, frequency, timing, and magnitude of the load. The clinical continuum model of tendinopathy offers insight into the late stages of tendinopathy, but it does not capture the subclinical tendinopathic changes that begin before pain or loss of function. Small animal models that use high tendon loading to mimic human tendinopathy may be able to fill this knowledge gap. The goal of this review is to summarize the insights from in-vivo animal studies of mechanically-induced tendinopathy and higher loading regimens into the mechanical, microstructural, and biological features that help characterize the continuum between normal tendon and tendinopathy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review summarizes the insights gained from in-vivo animal studies of mechanically-induced tendinopathy by evaluating the effect high loading regimens have on the mechanical, structural, and biological features of tendinopathy. A better understanding of the interplay between these realms could lead to improved patient management, especially in the presence of painful tendon.
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28
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Rabionet M, Polonio-Alcalá E, Relat J, Yeste M, Sims-Mourtada J, Kloxin AM, Planas M, Feliu L, Ciurana J, Puig T. Fatty acid synthase as a feasible biomarker for triple negative breast cancer stem cell subpopulation cultured on electrospun scaffolds. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100155. [PMID: 34841239 PMCID: PMC8606546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which presents an aggressive profile and poor prognosis. Recent studies noticed the feasibility of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a small population responsible for tumor initiation and relapse, to become a novel target for TNBC treatments. However, new cell culture supports need to be standardized since traditional two-dimensional (2D) surfaces do not maintain the stemness state of cells. Hence, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds represent an alternative to study in vitro cell behavior without inducing cell differentiation. In this work, electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds were used to enrich BCSC subpopulation of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells, confirmed by the upregulation of several stemness markers and the existence of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition within 3D culture. Moreover, 3D-cultured cells displayed a shift from MAPK to PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, accompanied by an enhanced EGFR and HER2 activation, especially at early cell culture times. Lastly, the fatty acid synthase (FASN), a lipogenic enzyme overexpressed in several carcinomas, was found to be hyperactivated in stemness-enriched samples. Its pharmacological inhibition led to stemness diminishment, overcoming the BCSC expansion achieved in 3D culture. Therefore, FASN may represent a novel target for BCSC niche in TNBC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rabionet
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Emma Polonio-Alcalá
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc, Newark, DE, USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
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29
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Oltean A, Taber LA. A Chemomechanical Model for Regulation of Contractility in the Embryonic Brain Tube. JOURNAL OF ELASTICITY 2021; 145:77-98. [PMID: 35400797 PMCID: PMC8993162 DOI: 10.1007/s10659-020-09811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is regulated by genetic, biochemical, and biomechanical factors, but the feedback controlling the interactions between these factors remains poorly understood. A previous study has found that compressing the brain tube of the early chick embryo induces changes in contractility and nuclear shape in the neuroepithelial wall. Assuming this response involves mechanical feedback, we use experiments and computational modeling to investigate a hypothetical mechanism behind the observed behavior. First, we measured nuclear circularity in embryonic chick brains subjected to transverse compression. Immediately after loading, the circularity varied regionally and appeared to reflect the local state of stress in the wall. After three hours of culture with sustained compression, however, the nuclei became rounder. Exposure to a gap junction blocker inhibited this response, suggesting that it requires intercellular diffusion of a biochemical signal. We speculate that the signal regulates the contraction that occurs near the lumen, altering stress distributions and nuclear geometry throughout the wall. Simulating compression using a chemomechanical finite-element model based on this idea shows that our hypothesis is consistent with most of the experimental data. This work provides a foundation for future investigations of chemomechanical feedback in epithelia during embryonic development.
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30
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Colombo M, Alkali IM, Prochowska S, Luvoni GC. Fighting Like Cats and Dogs: Challenges in Domestic Carnivore Oocyte Development and Promises of Innovative Culture Systems. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2135. [PMID: 34359262 PMCID: PMC8300176 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro embryo production in cats and dogs still presents some challenges, and it needs to be optimized to transfer efficient protocols to related wild, endangered species. While the chemical composition of culture media has been the focus of several studies, the importance of culture substrates for oocyte and embryo culture has often been neglected. Traditional in vitro systems, i.e., two-dimensional cultures, do not resemble the physiological environments where cells develop, and they may cause morphological and functional alterations to oocytes and embryos. More modern three-dimensional and microfluidic culture system better mimic the structure and the stimuli found in in vivo conditions, and they could better support the development of oocytes and embryos in vitro, as well as the maintenance of more physiological behaviors. This review describes the different culture systems tested for domestic carnivore reproductive cells along the years, and it summarizes their effects on cultured cells with the purpose of analyzing innovative options to improve in vitro embryo production outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare “Carlo Cantoni”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (I.M.A.); (G.C.L.)
| | - Isa Mohammed Alkali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare “Carlo Cantoni”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (I.M.A.); (G.C.L.)
| | - Sylwia Prochowska
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Gaia Cecilia Luvoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare “Carlo Cantoni”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (I.M.A.); (G.C.L.)
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31
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Zhang D, Zhang R, Song X, Yan KC, Liang H. Uniaxial Cyclic Stretching Promotes Chromatin Accessibility of Gene Loci Associated With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Morphogenesis and Osteogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664545. [PMID: 34307349 PMCID: PMC8294092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that uniaxial cyclic stretching (UCS) induces differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts in vitro. It is also known that interactions between cells and external forces occur at various aspects including cell–matrix, cytoskeleton, nucleus membrane, and chromatin. However, changes in chromatin landscape during this process are still not clear. The present study was aimed to determine changes of chromatin accessibility under cyclic stretch. The influence of cyclic stretching on the morphology, proliferation, and differentiation of hMSCs was characterized. Changes of open chromatin sites were determined by assay for transposase accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq). Our results showed that UCS induced cell reorientation and actin stress fibers realignment, and in turn caused nuclear reorientation and deformation. Compared with unstrained group, the expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic marker genes were the highest in group of 1 Hz + 8% strain; this condition also led to lower cell proliferation rate. Furthermore, there were 2022 gene loci with upregulated chromatin accessibility in 1 Hz + 8% groups based on the analysis of chromatin accessibility. These genes are associated with regulation of cell morphogenesis, cell–substrate adhesion, and ossification. Signaling pathways involved in osteogenic differentiation were found in up-regulated GO biological processes. These findings demonstrated that UCS increased the openness of gene loci associated with regulation of cell morphogenesis and osteogenesis as well as the corresponding transcription activities. Moreover, the findings also connect the changes in chromatin accessibility with cell reorientation, nuclear reorientation, and deformation. Our study may provide reference for directed differentiation of stem cells induced by mechanical microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Karen Chang Yan
- Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyi Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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32
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Ross JA, Stroud MJ. THE NUCLEUS: Mechanosensing in cardiac disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 137:106035. [PMID: 34242685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus provides a physical and selective chemical boundary to segregate the genome from the cytoplasm. The contents of the nucleus are surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which acts as a hub of mechanosensation, transducing forces from the external cytoskeleton to the nucleus, thus impacting on nuclear morphology, genome organisation, gene transcription and signalling pathways. Muscle tissues such as the heart are unique in that they actively generate large contractile forces, resulting in a distinctive mechanical environment which impacts nuclear properties, function and mechanosensing. In light of this, mutations that affect the function of the nuclear envelope (collectively known as nuclear envelopathies and laminopathies) disproportionately result in striated muscle diseases, which include dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. Here we review the nucleus and its role in mechanotransduction, as well as associated defects that lead to cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Ross
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Stroud
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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33
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Ma Z, Wang Q, Xie W, Ye W, Zhong L, Huge J, Wang Y. Performance of
3D
printed
PCL
/
PLGA
/
HA
biological bone tissue engineering scaffold. POLYMER COMPOSITES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pc.26081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ma
- School of Engineering Huzhou University Huzhou China
| | - Qifan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Wenjia Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenjie Ye
- School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang China
| | - Linna Zhong
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jile Huge
- School of Science Huzhou University Huzhou China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics Ningbo University Ningbo China
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34
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Amiad-Pavlov D, Lorber D, Bajpai G, Reuveny A, Roncato F, Alon R, Safran S, Volk T. Live imaging of chromatin distribution reveals novel principles of nuclear architecture and chromatin compartmentalization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabf6251. [PMID: 34078602 PMCID: PMC8172175 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Live imaging of chromatin in an intact organism reveals a novel mode of mesoscale chromatin organization at nuclear periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Amiad-Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Lorber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gaurav Bajpai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adriana Reuveny
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francesco Roncato
- Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Samuel Safran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Talila Volk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Brighi C, Salaris F, Soloperto A, Cordella F, Ghirga S, de Turris V, Rosito M, Porceddu PF, D’Antoni C, Reggiani A, Rosa A, Di Angelantonio S. Novel fragile X syndrome 2D and 3D brain models based on human isogenic FMRP-KO iPSCs. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:498. [PMID: 33993189 PMCID: PMC8124071 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by intellectual disability and sensory deficits, caused by epigenetic silencing of the FMR1 gene and subsequent loss of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Delays in synaptic and neuronal development in the cortex have been reported in FXS mouse models; however, the main goal of translating lab research into pharmacological treatments in clinical trials has been so far largely unsuccessful, leaving FXS a still incurable disease. Here, we generated 2D and 3D in vitro human FXS model systems based on isogenic FMR1 knock-out mutant and wild-type human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Phenotypical and functional characterization of cortical neurons derived from FMRP-deficient hiPSCs display altered gene expression and impaired differentiation when compared with the healthy counterpart. FXS cortical cultures show an increased number of GFAP positive cells, likely astrocytes, increased spontaneous network activity, and depolarizing GABAergic transmission. Cortical brain organoid models show an increased number of glial cells, and bigger organoid size. Our findings demonstrate that FMRP is required to correctly support neuronal and glial cell proliferation, and to set the correct excitation/inhibition ratio in human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brighi
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Salaris
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soloperto
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirga
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria de Turris
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosito
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Francesca Porceddu
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907D3 Validation Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara D’Antoni
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907D3 Validation Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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36
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Thilagam R, Gnanamani A. Preparation, characterization and cell response studies on bioconjugated 3D protein hydrogels with wide-range stiffness: An approach on cell therapy and cell storage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111843. [PMID: 34022701 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study emphasizes the preparation and characterization of bioconjugated keratin-gelatin (KG) 3D hydrogels with wide-range stiffness to study cell response for cell therapy and cell storage applications. In brief, human hair keratin and bovine gelatin at different ratios bioconjugated using EDC/NHS provide five hydrogels (KG-1, KG-2.5, KG -5, KG-7.5 and KG-9) with modulus ranging from 0.9 ± 0.1 to 10.9 ± 0.4 kPa. Based on swelling, stability, porosity, and degradation parameters KG-5 and KG-9 are employed to assess the human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell response, cell delivery and cell storage respectively. Characterization studies revealed the concentration of keratin determines the modulus/stiffness of the hydrogels, whereas gelatin concentration plays a vital role in porosity, swelling percentage, and degradation properties. HDF cell behaviour in the chosen hydrogels assessed based on cell adhesion, cell proliferation, PCNA expression, MTT assay, and DNA quantification. We observed the best cell behaviour in KG-5 hydrogels than in the KG-9 matrix. In cell storage and cell delivery studies, the KG-9 matrix displayed promising results. Thus, the present study concludes bioconjugated keratin-gelatin 3D hydrogel with modulus below 3.0 kPa facilitates the proliferation of HDFs, whereas matrix above 10 kPa modulus supports cell storage and cell recovery. The observations of the present study suggest the suitability of bioconjugated fibrous protein 3D hydrogel for cell therapy and cell storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thilagam
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 20, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Gnanamani
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 20, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bajpai G, Amiad Pavlov D, Lorber D, Volk T, Safran S. Mesoscale phase separation of chromatin in the nucleus. eLife 2021; 10:e63976. [PMID: 33942717 PMCID: PMC8139833 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact-organism imaging of Drosophila larvae reveals and quantifies chromatin-aqueous phase separation. The chromatin can be organized near the lamina layer of the nuclear envelope, conventionally fill the nucleus, be organized centrally, or as a wetting droplet. These transitions are controlled by changes in nuclear volume and the interaction of chromatin with the lamina (part of the nuclear envelope) at the nuclear periphery. Using a simple polymeric model that includes the key features of chromatin self-attraction and its binding to the lamina, we demonstrate theoretically that it is the competition of these two effects that determines the mode of chromatin distribution. The qualitative trends as well as the composition profiles obtained in our simulations compare well with the observed intact-organism imaging and quantification. Since the simulations contain only a small number of physical variables we can identify the generic mechanisms underlying the changes in the observed phase separations.
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Stewart L, Turner NA. Channelling the Force to Reprogram the Matrix: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:990. [PMID: 33922466 PMCID: PMC8145896 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in preserving myocardial function and integrity of the heart tissue after injury, but also contribute to future susceptibility to heart failure. CF sense changes to the cardiac environment through chemical and mechanical cues that trigger changes in cellular function. In recent years, mechanosensitive ion channels have been implicated as key modulators of a range of CF functions that are important to fibrotic cardiac remodelling, including cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix turnover and paracrine signalling. To date, seven mechanosensitive ion channels are known to be functional in CF: the cation non-selective channels TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV4 and Piezo1, and the potassium-selective channels TREK-1 and KATP. This review will outline current knowledge of these mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, discuss evidence of the mechanosensitivity of each channel, and detail the role that each channel plays in cardiac remodelling. By better understanding the role of mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, it is hoped that therapies may be developed for reducing pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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Reynolds N, McEvoy E, Ghosh S, Panadero Pérez JA, Neu CP, McGarry P. Image-derived modeling of nucleus strain amplification associated with chromatin heterogeneity. Biophys J 2021; 120:1323-1332. [PMID: 33675762 PMCID: PMC8105730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the critical role of cell nuclei in gene expression and DNA replication, they also have a significant influence on cell mechanosensation and migration. Nuclear stiffness can impact force transmission and, furthermore, act as a physical barrier to translocation across tight spaces. As such, it is of wide interest to accurately characterize nucleus mechanical behavior. In this study, we present a computational investigation of the in situ deformation of a heterogeneous chondrocyte nucleus. A methodology is developed to accurately reconstruct a three-dimensional finite-element model of a cell nucleus from confocal microscopy. By incorporating the reconstructed nucleus into a chondrocyte model embedded in pericellular and extracellular matrix, we explore the relationship between spatially heterogeneous nuclear DNA content, shear stiffness, and resultant shear strain. We simulate an externally applied extracellular matrix shear deformation and compute intranuclear strain distributions, which are directly compared with corresponding experimentally measured distributions. Simulations suggest that the mechanical behavior of the nucleus is highly heterogeneous, with a nonlinear relationship between experimentally measured grayscale values and corresponding local shear moduli (μn). Three distinct phases are identified within the nucleus: a low-stiffness mRNA-rich interchromatin phase (0.17 kPa ≤ μn ≤ 0.63 kPa), an intermediate-stiffness euchromatin phase (1.48 kPa ≤ μn ≤ 2.7 kPa), and a high-stiffness heterochromatin phase (3.58 kPa ≤ μn ≤ 4.0 kPa). Our simulations also indicate that disruption of the nuclear envelope associated with lamin A/C depletion significantly increases nuclear strain in regions of low DNA concentration. We further investigate a phenotypic shift of chondrocytes to fibroblast-like cells, a signature for osteoarthritic cartilage, by increasing the contractility of the actin cytoskeleton to a level associated with fibroblasts. Peak nucleus strains increase by 35% compared to control, with the nucleus becoming more ellipsoidal. Our findings may have broad implications for current understanding of how local DNA concentrations and associated strain amplification can impact cell mechanotransduction and drive cell behavior in development, migration, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Reynolds
- Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoin McEvoy
- Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Soham Ghosh
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Corey P Neu
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Patrick McGarry
- Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Borrego-González S, de la Cerda B, Díaz-Corrales FJ, Díaz-Cuenca A. Nanofibrous Matrix of Defined Composition Sustains Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3035-3040. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Borrego-González
- Materials Science Institute of Seville (ICMS), Joint CSIC-University of Seville Center, C/Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, Seville 41092, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Berta de la Cerda
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Díaz-Corrales
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Díaz-Cuenca
- Materials Science Institute of Seville (ICMS), Joint CSIC-University of Seville Center, C/Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, Seville 41092, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
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41
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Wong KU, Zhang A, Akhavan B, Bilek MM, Yeo GC. Biomimetic Culture Strategies for the Clinical Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 33599471 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) typically require significant ex vivo expansion to achieve the high cell numbers required for research and clinical applications. However, conventional MSC culture on planar (2D) plastic surfaces has been shown to induce MSC senescence and decrease cell functionality over long-term proliferation, and usually, it has a high labor requirement, a high usage of reagents, and therefore, a high cost. In this Review, we describe current MSC-based therapeutic strategies and outline the important factors that need to be considered when developing next-generation cell expansion platforms. To retain the functional value of expanded MSCs, ex vivo culture systems should ideally recapitulate the components of the native stem cell microenvironment, which include soluble cues, resident cells, and the extracellular matrix substrate. We review the interplay between these stem cell niche components and their biological roles in governing MSC phenotype and functionality. We discuss current biomimetic strategies of incorporating biochemical and biophysical cues in MSC culture platforms to grow clinically relevant cell numbers while preserving cell potency and stemness. This Review summarizes the current state of MSC expansion technologies and the challenges that still need to be overcome for MSC clinical applications to be feasible and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Un Wong
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anyu Zhang
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Behnam Akhavan
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela M Bilek
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Giselle C Yeo
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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42
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Jabre S, Hleihel W, Coirault C. Nuclear Mechanotransduction in Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020318. [PMID: 33557157 PMCID: PMC7913907 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is composed of multinucleated, mature muscle cells (myofibers) responsible for contraction, and a resident pool of mononucleated muscle cell precursors (MCPs), that are maintained in a quiescent state in homeostatic conditions. Skeletal muscle is remarkable in its ability to adapt to mechanical constraints, a property referred as muscle plasticity and mediated by both MCPs and myofibers. An emerging body of literature supports the notion that muscle plasticity is critically dependent upon nuclear mechanotransduction, which is transduction of exterior physical forces into the nucleus to generate a biological response. Mechanical loading induces nuclear deformation, changes in the nuclear lamina organization, chromatin condensation state, and cell signaling, which ultimately impacts myogenic cell fate decisions. This review summarizes contemporary insights into the mechanisms underlying nuclear force transmission in MCPs and myofibers. We discuss how the cytoskeleton and nuclear reorganizations during myogenic differentiation may affect force transmission and nuclear mechanotransduction. We also discuss how to apply these findings in the context of muscular disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in knowledge and opportunities for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saline Jabre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-974 and Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kasik (USEK), Jounieh 446, Lebanon;
| | - Walid Hleihel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kasik (USEK), Jounieh 446, Lebanon;
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh 446, Lebanon
| | - Catherine Coirault
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-974 and Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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43
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Previdi A, Piazzoni C, Borghi F, Schulte C, Lorenzelli L, Giacomozzi F, Bucciarelli A, Malgaroli A, Lamanna J, Moro A, Racchetti G, Podestà A, Lenardi C, Milani P. Micropatterning of Substrates for the Culture of Cell Networks by Stencil-Assisted Additive Nanofabrication. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12010094. [PMID: 33477416 PMCID: PMC7829752 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of in vitro neuronal cell networks where cells are chemically or electrically connected to form functional circuits with useful properties is of great interest. Standard cell culture substrates provide ensembles of cells that scarcely reproduce physiological structures since their spatial organization and connectivity cannot be controlled. Supersonic Cluster Beam Deposition (SCBD) has been used as an effective additive method for the large-scale fabrication of interfaces with extracellular matrix-mimicking surface nanotopography and reproducible morphological properties for cell culture. Due to the high collimation of SCBD, it is possible to exploit stencil masks for the fabrication of patterned films and reproduce features as small as tens of micrometers. Here, we present a protocol to fabricate micropatterned cell culture substrates based on the deposition of nanostructured cluster-assembled zirconia films by stencil-assisted SCBD. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by the fabrication of micrometric patterns able to confine primary astrocytes. Calcium waves propagating in the astrocyte networks are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Previdi
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Francesca Borghi
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Carsten Schulte
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Leandro Lorenzelli
- Center for Materials and Microsystems (CMM), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy; (L.L.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Flavio Giacomozzi
- Center for Materials and Microsystems (CMM), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy; (L.L.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessio Bucciarelli
- Center for Materials and Microsystems (CMM), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy; (L.L.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.M.); (J.L.); (A.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.M.); (J.L.); (A.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Andrea Moro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.M.); (J.L.); (A.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Gabriella Racchetti
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.M.); (J.L.); (A.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Paolo Milani
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.); (A.P.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In vitro epithelial models are valuable tools for both academic and industrial laboratories to investigate tissue physiology and disease. Epithelial tissues comprise the surface epithelium, basement membrane, and underlying supporting stromal cells. There are various types of epithelial tissue and they have a diverse and intricate architecture in vivo, which cannot be successfully recapitulated using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Tissue engineering strategies can be applied to bioengineer the organized, multilayered, and multicellular structure of epithelial tissues in vitro. Alvetex® is a porous, polystyrene scaffold that enables fibroblasts to synthesize a complex network of endogenous, humanized extracellular matrix proteins. This creates a physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) subepithelial microenvironment, enriched with mechanical and chemical cues, which supports the organization and differentiation of epithelial cells. Such technology has been used to bioengineer different epithelial architectures in vitro, including the simple, columnar structure of the intestine and the stratified, squamous, and keratinized structure of skin. Epithelial tissue models provide a useful platform for fundamental and translational research, with multifaceted applications including disease modeling, drug discovery, and product development.
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Goto C, Hara-Nishimura I, Tamura K. Regulation and Physiological Significance of the Nuclear Shape in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:673905. [PMID: 34177991 PMCID: PMC8222917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The shape of plant nuclei varies among different species, tissues, and cell types. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, nuclei in meristems and guard cells are nearly spherical, whereas those of epidermal cells in differentiated tissues are elongated spindle-shaped. The vegetative nuclei in pollen grains are irregularly shaped in angiosperms. In the past few decades, it has been revealed that several nuclear envelope (NE) proteins play the main role in the regulation of the nuclear shape in plants. Some plant NE proteins that regulate nuclear shape are also involved in nuclear or cellular functions, such as nuclear migration, maintenance of chromatin structure, gene expression, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling, plant growth, reproduction, and plant immunity. The shape of the nucleus has been assessed both by labeling internal components (for instance chromatin) and by labeling membranes, including the NE or endoplasmic reticulum in interphase cells and viral-infected cells of plants. Changes in NE are correlated with the formation of invaginations of the NE, collectively called the nucleoplasmic reticulum. In this review, what is known and what is unknown about nuclear shape determination are presented, and the physiological significance of the control of the nuclear shape in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Tamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kentaro Tamura,
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46
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Harding P, Cunha DL, Moosajee M. Animal and cellular models of microphthalmia. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:2633004021997447. [PMID: 37181112 PMCID: PMC10032472 DOI: 10.1177/2633004021997447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia is a rare developmental eye disorder affecting 1 in 7000 births. It is defined as a small (axial length ⩾2 standard deviations below the age-adjusted mean) underdeveloped eye, caused by disruption of ocular development through genetic or environmental factors in the first trimester of pregnancy. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity exists amongst patients with varying levels of severity, and associated ocular and systemic features. Up to 11% of blind children are reported to have microphthalmia, yet currently no treatments are available. By identifying the aetiology of microphthalmia and understanding how the mechanisms of eye development are disrupted, we can gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis. Animal models, mainly mouse, zebrafish and Xenopus, have provided extensive information on the genetic regulation of oculogenesis, and how perturbation of these pathways leads to microphthalmia. However, differences exist between species, hence cellular models, such as patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) optic vesicles, are now being used to provide greater insights into the human disease process. Progress in 3D cellular modelling techniques has enhanced the ability of researchers to study interactions of different cell types during eye development. Through improved molecular knowledge of microphthalmia, preventative or postnatal therapies may be developed, together with establishing genotype-phenotype correlations in order to provide patients with the appropriate prognosis, multidisciplinary care and informed genetic counselling. This review summarises some key discoveries from animal and cellular models of microphthalmia and discusses how innovative new models can be used to further our understanding in the future. Plain language summary Animal and Cellular Models of the Eye Disorder, Microphthalmia (Small Eye) Microphthalmia, meaning a small, underdeveloped eye, is a rare disorder that children are born with. Genetic changes or variations in the environment during the first 3 months of pregnancy can disrupt early development of the eye, resulting in microphthalmia. Up to 11% of blind children have microphthalmia, yet currently no treatments are available. By understanding the genes necessary for eye development, we can determine how disruption by genetic changes or environmental factors can cause this condition. This helps us understand why microphthalmia occurs, and ensure patients are provided with the appropriate clinical care and genetic counselling advice. Additionally, by understanding the causes of microphthalmia, researchers can develop treatments to prevent or reduce the severity of this condition. Animal models, particularly mice, zebrafish and frogs, which can also develop small eyes due to the same genetic/environmental changes, have helped us understand the genes which are important for eye development and can cause birth eye defects when disrupted. Studying a patient's own cells grown in the laboratory can further help researchers understand how changes in genes affect their function. Both animal and cellular models can be used to develop and test new drugs, which could provide treatment options for patients living with microphthalmia. This review summarises the key discoveries from animal and cellular models of microphthalmia and discusses how innovative new models can be used to further our understanding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath
Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Serra-Marques A, Houtekamer R, Hintzen D, Canty JT, Yildiz A, Dumont S. The mitotic protein NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in nuclear formation and mechanics. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202004202. [PMID: 33044554 PMCID: PMC7555356 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells typically form a single, round nucleus after mitosis, and failures to do so can compromise genomic integrity. How mammalian cells form such a nucleus remains incompletely understood. NuMA is a spindle protein whose disruption results in nuclear fragmentation. What role NuMA plays in nuclear integrity, and whether its perceived role stems from its spindle function, are unclear. Here, we use live imaging to demonstrate that NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in forming a single, round nucleus. NuMA keeps the decondensing chromosome mass compact at mitotic exit and promotes a mechanically robust nucleus. NuMA's C terminus binds DNA in vitro and chromosomes in interphase, while its coiled-coil acts as a central regulatory and structural element: it prevents NuMA from binding chromosomes at mitosis, regulates its nuclear mobility, and is essential for nuclear formation. Thus, NuMA plays a structural role over the cell cycle, building and maintaining the spindle and nucleus, two of the cell's largest structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serra-Marques
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronja Houtekamer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dorine Hintzen
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John T. Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
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48
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Rashidi N, Pant AD, Salinas SD, Shah M, Thomas VS, Zhang G, Dorairaj S, Amini R. Iris stromal cell nuclei deform to more elongated shapes during pharmacologically-induced miosis and mydriasis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108373. [PMID: 33253707 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear shape alteration in ocular tissues, which can be used as a metric for overall cell deformation, may also lead to changes in gene expression and protein synthesis that could affect the biomechanics of the tissue extracellular matrix. The biomechanics of iris tissue is of particular interest in the study of primary angle-closure glaucoma. As the first step towards understanding the mutual role of the biomechanics and deformation of the iris on the activity of its constituent stromal cells, we conducted an ex-vivo study in freshly excised porcine eyes. Iris deformation was achieved by activating the constituent smooth muscles of the iris. Pupillary responses were initiated by inducing miosis and mydriasis, and the irides were placed in a fixative, bisected, and sliced into thin sections in a nasal and temporal horizontal orientation. The tissue sections were stained with DAPI for nucleus, and z-stacks were acquired using confocal microscopy. Images were analyzed to determine the nuclear aspect ratio (NAR) using both three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the nuclear surfaces as well as projections of the same 3D reconstruction into flat two-dimensional (2D) shapes. We observed that regardless of the calculation method (i.e., one that employed 3D surface reconstructions versus one that employed 2D projected images) the NAR increased in both the miosis group and the mydriasis group. Three-dimensional quantifications showed that NAR increased from 2.52 ± 0.96 in control group to 2.80 ± 0.81 and 2.74 ± 0.94 in the mydriasis and miosis groups, respectively. Notwithstanding the relative convenience in calculating the NAR using the 2D projected images, the 3D reconstructions were found to generate more physiologically realistic values and, thus, can be used in the development of future computational models to study primary angle-closure glaucoma. Since the iris undergoes large deformations in response to ambient light, this study suggests that the iris stromal cells are subjected to a biomechanically active micro-environment during their in-vivo physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rashidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Anup D Pant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Samuel D Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mickey Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Vineet S Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Syril Dorairaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rouzbeh Amini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Roig-Rosello E, Rousselle P. The Human Epidermal Basement Membrane: A Shaped and Cell Instructive Platform That Aging Slowly Alters. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121607. [PMID: 33260936 PMCID: PMC7760980 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important functions of skin is to act as a protective barrier. To fulfill this role, the structural integrity of the skin depends on the dermal-epidermal junction—a complex network of extracellular matrix macromolecules that connect the outer epidermal layer to the underlying dermis. This junction provides both a structural support to keratinocytes and a specific niche that mediates signals influencing their behavior. It displays a distinctive microarchitecture characterized by an undulating pattern, strengthening dermal-epidermal connectivity and crosstalk. The optimal stiffness arising from the overall molecular organization, together with characteristic anchoring complexes, keeps the dermis and epidermis layers extremely well connected and capable of proper epidermal renewal and regeneration. Due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, a large number of structural and biological changes accompany skin aging. These changes progressively weaken the dermal–epidermal junction substructure and affect its functions, contributing to the gradual decline in overall skin physiology. Most changes involve reduced turnover or altered enzymatic or non-enzymatic post-translational modifications, compromising the mechanical properties of matrix components and cells. This review combines recent and older data on organization of the dermal-epidermal junction, its mechanical properties and role in mechanotransduction, its involvement in regeneration, and its fate during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Roig-Rosello
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS-Université Lyon 1, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France;
- Roger Gallet SAS, 4 rue Euler, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS-Université Lyon 1, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-472-72-26-39
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Shear Stress Modulates Osteoblast Cell and Nucleus Morphology and Volume. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218361. [PMID: 33171812 PMCID: PMC7664694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading preserves bone mass and function—yet, little is known about the cell biological basis behind this preservation. For example, cell and nucleus morphology are critically important for cell function, but how these morphological characteristics are affected by the physiological mechanical loading of bone cells is under-investigated. This study aims to determine the effects of fluid shear stress on cell and nucleus morphology and volume of osteoblasts, and how these effects relate to changes in actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion formation. Mouse calvaria 3T3-E1 (MC3T3-E1) osteoblasts were treated with or without 1 h pulsating fluid flow (PFF). Live-cell imaging was performed every 10 min during PFF and immediately after PFF. Cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesions were visualized, and gene and protein expression quantified. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphometric analyses were made using MeasureStack and medical imaging interaction toolkit (MITK) software. 2D-images revealed that 1 h PFF changed cell morphology from polygonal to triangular, and nucleus morphology from round to ellipsoid. PFF also reduced cell surface area (0.3-fold), cell volume (0.3-fold), and nucleus volume (0.2-fold). During PFF, the live-cell volume gradually decreased from 6000 to 3000 µm3. After PFF, α-tubulin orientation was more disorganized, but F-actin fluorescence intensity was enhanced, particularly around the nucleus. 3D-images obtained from Z-stacks indicated that PFF increased F-actin fluorescence signal distribution around the nucleus in the XZ and YZ direction (2.3-fold). PFF increased protein expression of phospho-paxillin (2.0-fold) and integrin-α5 (2.8-fold), but did not increase mRNA expression of paxillin-a (PXNA), paxillin-b (PXNB), integrin-α5 (ITGA51), or α-tubulin protein expression. In conclusion, PFF induced substantial changes in osteoblast cytoskeleton, as well as cell and nucleus morphology and volume, which was accompanied by elevated gene and protein expression of adhesion and structural proteins. More insights into the mechanisms whereby mechanical cues drive morphological changes in bone cells, and thereby, possibly in bone cell behavior, will aid the guidance of clinical treatment, particularly in the field of orthodontics, (oral) implantology, and orthopedics.
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