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Hejazian SM, Pirmoradi S, Zununi Vahed S, Kumar Roy R, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM. An update on Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterases; From Bacteria to Human. Protein J 2024; 43:187-199. [PMID: 38491249 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of deacylated glycerophospholipids into sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and alcohol is facilitated by evolutionarily conserved proteins known as glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). These proteins are crucial for the pathogenicity of bacteria and for bioremediation processes aimed at degrading organophosphorus esters that pose a hazard to both humans and the environment. Additionally, GDPDs are enzymes that respond to multiple nutrients and could potentially serve as candidate genes for addressing deficiencies in zinc, iron, potassium, and especially phosphate in important plants like rice. In mammals, glycerophosphodiesterases (GDEs) play a role in regulating osmolytes, facilitating the biosynthesis of anandamine, contributing to the development of skeletal muscle, promoting the differentiation of neurons and osteoblasts, and influencing pathological states. Due to their capacity to enhance a plant's ability to tolerate various nutrient deficiencies and their potential as pharmaceutical targets in humans, GDPDs have received increased attention in recent times. This review provides an overview of the functions of GDPD families as vital and resilient enzymes that regulate various pathways in bacteria, plants, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Pirmoradi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Mahdi Hosseiniyan Khatibi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Wang C, Cheng H, Xu W, Xue J, Hua X, Tong G, Ma X, Yang C, Lan X, Shen SY, Yang Z, Huang J, Cheng Y. Arabidopsis pollen-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase-like genes are essential for pollen tube tip growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2001-2017. [PMID: 37014030 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen tube growth is critical for double fertilization and seed formation. Many of the factors involved in pollen tube tip growth are unknown. Here, we report the roles of pollen-specific GLYCEROPHOSPHODIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE-LIKE (GDPD-LIKE) genes in pollen tube tip growth. Arabidopsis thaliana GDPD-LIKE6 (AtGDPDL6) and AtGDPDL7 were specifically expressed in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-AtGDPDL6 and GFP-AtGDPDL7 fusion proteins were enriched at the plasma membrane at the apex of forming pollen tubes. Atgdpdl6 Atgdpdl7 double mutants displayed severe sterility that was rescued by genetic complementation with AtGDPDL6 or AtGDPDL7. This sterility was associated with defective male gametophytic transmission. Atgdpdl6 Atgdpdl7 pollen tubes burst immediately after initiation of pollen germination in vitro and in vivo, consistent with the thin and fragile walls in their tips. Cellulose deposition was greatly reduced along the mutant pollen tube tip walls, and the localization of pollen-specific CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 (CSLD1) and CSLD4 was impaired to the apex of mutant pollen tubes. A rice pollen-specific GDPD-LIKE protein also contributed to pollen tube tip growth, suggesting that members of this family have conserved functions in angiosperms. Thus, pollen-specific GDPD-LIKEs mediate pollen tube tip growth, possibly by modulating cellulose deposition in pollen tube walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jingshi Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xinguo Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Guimin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xingguo Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shi-Yi Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhongnan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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3
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Kitakaze K, Ali H, Kimoto R, Takenouchi Y, Ishimaru H, Yamashita A, Ueda N, Tanaka T, Okamoto Y, Tsuboi K. GDE7 produces cyclic phosphatidic acid in the ER lumen functioning as a lysophospholipid mediator. Commun Biol 2023; 6:524. [PMID: 37193762 PMCID: PMC10188492 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a lipid mediator, which regulates adipogenic differentiation and glucose homeostasis by suppressing nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Glycerophosphodiesterase 7 (GDE7) is a Ca2+-dependent lysophospholipase D that localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Although mouse GDE7 catalyzes cPA production in a cell-free system, it is unknown whether GDE7 generates cPA in living cells. Here, we demonstrate that human GDE7 possesses cPA-producing activity in living cells as well as in a cell-free system. Furthermore, the active site of human GDE7 is directed towards the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutagenesis revealed that amino acid residues F227 and Y238 are important for catalytic activity. GDE7 suppresses the PPARγ pathway in human mammary MCF-7 and mouse preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting that cPA functions as an intracellular lipid mediator. These findings lead to a better understanding of the biological role of GDE7 and its product, cPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kitakaze
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Raiki Kimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ishimaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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4
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Laqtom NN, Dong W, Medoh UN, Cangelosi AL, Dharamdasani V, Chan SH, Kunchok T, Lewis CA, Heinze I, Tang R, Grimm C, Dang Do AN, Porter FD, Ori A, Sabatini DM, Abu-Remaileh M. CLN3 is required for the clearance of glycerophosphodiesters from lysosomes. Nature 2022; 609:1005-1011. [PMID: 36131016 PMCID: PMC10510443 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have many roles, including degrading macromolecules and signalling to the nucleus1. Lysosomal dysfunction occurs in various human conditions, such as common neurodegenerative diseases and monogenic lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs)2-4. For most LSDs, the causal genes have been identified but, in some, the function of the implicated gene is unknown, in part because lysosomes occupy a small fraction of the cellular volume so that changes in lysosomal contents are difficult to detect. Here we develop the LysoTag mouse for the tissue-specific isolation of intact lysosomes that are compatible with the multimodal profiling of their contents. We used the LysoTag mouse to study CLN3, a lysosomal transmembrane protein with an unknown function. In children, the loss of CLN3 causes juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease), a lethal neurodegenerative LSD. Untargeted metabolite profiling of lysosomes from the brains of mice lacking CLN3 revealed a massive accumulation of glycerophosphodiesters (GPDs)-the end products of glycerophospholipid catabolism. GPDs also accumulate in the lysosomes of CLN3-deficient cultured cells and we show that CLN3 is required for their lysosomal egress. Loss of CLN3 also disrupts glycerophospholipid catabolism in the lysosome. Finally, we found elevated levels of glycerophosphoinositol in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Batten disease, suggesting the potential use of glycerophosphoinositol as a disease biomarker. Our results show that CLN3 is required for the lysosomal clearance of GPDs and reveal Batten disease as a neurodegenerative LSD with a defect in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf N Laqtom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uche N Medoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Cangelosi
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ivonne Heinze
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - An N Dang Do
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Untargeted metabolomics reveals sex-specific differences in lipid metabolism of adult rats exposed to dexamethasone in utero. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20342. [PMID: 34645877 PMCID: PMC8514544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress through glucocorticoid (GC) exposure leads to an increased risk of developing diseases such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and hypertension in adulthood. We have previously shown that administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (Dex), to pregnant Wistar-Kyoto dams produces offspring with elevated blood pressures and disrupted circadian rhythm signaling. Given the link between stress, circadian rhythms and metabolism, we performed an untargeted metabolomic screen on the livers of offspring to assess potential changes induced by prenatal Dex exposure. This metabolomic analysis highlighted 18 significantly dysregulated metabolites in females and 12 in males. Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 highlighted key pathway-level metabolic differences: glycerophospholipid metabolism, purine metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of several lipid metabolism genes in females while males showed no dysregulation. Triglyceride concentrations were also found to be significantly elevated in female offspring exposed to Dex in utero, which may contribute to lipid metabolism activation. This study is the first to conduct an untargeted metabolic profile of liver from GC exposed offspring. Corroborating metabolic, gene expression and lipid profiling results demonstrates significant sex-specific lipid metabolic differences underlying the programming of hepatic metabolism.
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6
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The rise and fall of anandamide: processes that control synthesis, degradation, and storage. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2753-2775. [PMID: 33713246 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide is an endocannabinoid derived from arachidonic acid-containing membrane lipids and has numerous biological functions. Its effects are primarily mediated by the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, and the vanilloid TRPV1 receptor. Anandamide is known to be involved in sleeping and eating patterns as well as pleasure enhancement and pain relief. This manuscript provides a review of anandamide synthesis, degradation, and storage and hence the homeostasis of the anandamide signaling system.
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7
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Campos AM, Nuzzo G, Varone A, Italiani P, Boraschi D, Corda D, Fontana A. Direct LC-MS/MS Analysis of Extra- and Intracellular Glycerophosphoinositol in Model Cancer Cell Lines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646681. [PMID: 33737939 PMCID: PMC7960645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphoinositols (GPIs) are water-soluble bioactive phospholipid derivatives of increasing interest as intracellular and paracrine mediators of eukaryotic cell functions. The most representative compound of the family is glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns), an ubiquitous component of mammalian cells that participates in cell proliferation, cell survival and cell response to stimuli. Levels and activity of this compound vary among cell types and deciphering these functions requires accurate measurements in in vitro and in vivo models. The conventional approaches for the analysis of GroPIns pose several issues in terms of sensitivity and product resolution, especially when the product is in the extracellular milieu. Here we present an UPLC-MS study for the quantitative analysis of this lipid derivative in cells and, for the first time, culture supernatants. The method is based on a solid-phase extraction that allows for fast desalting and analyte concentration. The robustness of the procedure was tested on the simultaneous measurements of intra- and extracellular levels of GroPIns in a number of human cell lines where it has been shown that the non-transformed cells are characterized by high extracellular level of GroPIns, whereas the tumor cells tended to have higher intracellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Campos
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Naples, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Varone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Naples, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Naples, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Department of Biomedical Sciences Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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8
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Tsutsumi T, Matsuda R, Morito K, Kawabata K, Yokota M, Nikawadori M, Inoue-Fujiwara M, Kawashima S, Hidaka M, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki N, Tanaka T, Shinohara Y, Nishi H, Tokumura A. Identification of human glycerophosphodiesterase 3 as an ecto phospholipase C that converts the G protein-coupled receptor 55 agonist lysophosphatidylinositol to bioactive monoacylglycerols in cultured mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158761. [PMID: 32629025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A family of glycerol-based lysolipid mediators comprises lysophosphatidic acid as a representative phospholipidic member but also a monoacylglycerol as a non-phosphorus-containing member. These critical lysolipid mediators are known to be produced from different lysophospholipids by actions of lysophospholipases C and D in mammals. Some members of the glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) family have attracted recent attention due to their phospholipid-metabolizing activity. In this study, we found selective depletion of lysophosphatidylinositol among lysophospholipids in the culture medium of COS-7 cells transfected with a vector containing glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDPD2, GDE3). Thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of lipids extracted from GDE3-transfected COS-7 cells exposed to fluorescent analogs of phosphatidylinositol (PI) revealed that GDE3 acted as an ecto-type lysophospholipase C preferring endogenous lysophosphatidylinositol and PI having a long-chain acyl and a short-chain acyl group rather than endogenous PI and its fluorescent analog having two long chain acyl groups. In MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with an osteogenic or mitogenic medium, mRNA expression of GDE3 was increased by culturing in 10% fetal bovine serum for several days, concomitant with increased activity of ecto-lysophospholipase C, converting arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol, a physiological agonist of G protein-coupled receptor 55, to arachidonoylglycerol, a physiological agonist of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2. We suggest that GDE3 acts as an ecto-lysophospholipase C, by switching signaling from lysophosphatidylinositol to that from arachidonoylglycerol in an opposite direction in mouse bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshinomachi, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Risa Matsuda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawabata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Miho Yokota
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Miki Nikawadori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue-Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawashima
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramotocho 3, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hidaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Takenori Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramotocho 3, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramotocho 3, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan.
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9
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Characterization of glycerophosphodiesterase 4-interacting molecules Gαq/11 and Gβ, which mediate cellular lysophospholipase D activity. Biochem J 2020; 476:3721-3736. [PMID: 31794025 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously purified lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD), which hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), from rat brain and identified the heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gβ1 in the lysoPLD active fractions. Tag-affinity purified Gαq exhibits lysoPLD activity but a mutant that affected cellular localization or interaction with the Gβ subunit reduced lysoPLD activity. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that active lysoPLD is a much higher molecular mass complex than is heterotrimeric G protein, suggesting the presence of other components. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of lysoPLD purified from rat brain identified glycerophosphodiesterase 4 (GDE4), recently reported as lysoPLD, in the same fraction as G proteins. The overexpressed and tag-purified Gαq fractions, which exhibit lysoPLD activity, contained GDE4. Exogenously expressed GDE4 was co-immunoprecipitated with endogenous Gαq and Gβ and exhibited high lysoPLD activity. The results of confocal microscopy and cell fractionation experiments indicated that exogenously expressed GDE4 in cells mainly localized at the endoplasmic reticulum and partially co-localized with Gαq protein at the plasma membrane. Proteinase K protection assay results suggested that the catalytic domain of GDE4 faces the lumen/extracellular space. Mutations at the conserved amino acids in the C-terminus cytoplasmic regions amongst GDE1, 4 and 7, dramatically suppressed GDE4 enzyme activities. When both the Gαq and Gα11 genes in Neuro2A cells were disrupted using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, endogenous lysoPLD activity was partially reduced but rescued by overexpression of Gαq. These results suggest that GDE4 is a new effector of G protein signaling that produces bioactive phospholipid LPA and/or modulates membrane homeostasis.
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10
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Key CCC, Bishop AC, Wang X, Zhao Q, Chen GY, Quinn MA, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Parks JS. Human GDPD3 overexpression promotes liver steatosis by increasing lysophosphatidic acid production and fatty acid uptake. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1075-1086. [PMID: 32430316 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycerol phosphate pathway produces more than 90% of the liver triacylglycerol (TAG). LysoPA, an intermediate in this pathway, is produced by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (GDPD3), whose gene was recently cloned, contains lysophospholipase D activity, which produces LysoPA from lysophospholipids. Whether human GDPD3 plays a role in hepatic TAG homeostasis is unknown. We hypothesized that human GDPD3 increases LysoPA production and availability in the glycerol phosphate pathway, promoting TAG biosynthesis. To test our hypothesis, we infected C57BL/6J mice with adeno-associated virus encoding a hepatocyte-specific albumin promoter that drives GFP (control) or FLAG-tagged human GDPD3 overexpression and fed the mice chow or a Western diet to induce hepatosteatosis. Hepatic human GDPD3 overexpression induced LysoPA production and increased FA uptake and incorporation into TAG in mouse hepatocytes and livers, ultimately exacerbating Western diet-induced liver steatosis. Our results also showed that individuals with hepatic steatosis have increased GDPD3 mRNA levels compared with individuals without steatosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that upregulation of GDPD3 expression may play a key role in hepatic TAG accumulation and may represent a molecular target for managing hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi C Key
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. mailto:
| | - Andrew C Bishop
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - John S Parks
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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11
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Shen Q, Lu C, Yang H, Ge MX, Xia WX, Kong QP, Li GH, Gu YH. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1 (GDE1) acts as a potential tumor suppressor and is a novel therapeutic target for non-mucin-producing colon adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8421. [PMID: 32095326 PMCID: PMC7020812 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) represents a major public health issue due to its high incidence and mortality. As different histological subtypes of COAD are related to various survival outcomes and different therapies, finding specific targets and treatments for different subtypes is one of the major demands of individual disease therapy. Interestingly, as these different subtypes show distinct metabolic profiles, it may be possible to find specific targets related to histological typing by targeting COAD metabolism. In this study, the differential expression patterns of metabolism-related genes between COAD (n = 289) and adjacent normal tissue (n = 41) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. We then used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to further identify metabolism-related gene connections. To determine the critical genes related to COAD metabolism, we obtained 2,114 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 12 modules. Among them, we found the hub module to be significantly associated with histological typing, including non-mucin-producing colon adenocarcinoma and mucin-producing colon adenocarcinoma. Combining survival analysis, we identified glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1 (GDE1) as the most significant gene associated with histological typing and prognosis. This gene displayed significantly lower expression in COAD compared with normal tissues and was significantly correlated with the prognosis of non-mucin-producing colon adenocarcinoma (p = 0.0017). Taken together, our study showed that GDE1 exhibits considerable potential as a novel therapeutic target for non-mucin-producing colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Yang
- The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Xia Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wang-Xiao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gong-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Hong Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Anaokar S, Kodali R, Jonik B, Renne MF, Brouwers JFHM, Lager I, de Kroon AIPM, Patton-Vogt J. The glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1 is part of a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-remodeling pathway that alters PC species in yeast. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1189-1201. [PMID: 30514764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase B-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) results in the formation of free fatty acids and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPC can be reacylated by the glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1, which produces lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and LPC can be converted to PC by the lysophospholipid acyltransferase Ale1. Here, we further characterized the regulation and function of this distinct PC deacylation/reacylation pathway in yeast. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that Gpc1 and Ale1 are the major cellular GPC and LPC acyltransferases, respectively. Importantly, we report that Gpc1 activity affects the PC species profile. Loss of Gpc1 decreased the levels of monounsaturated PC species and increased those of diunsaturated PC species, whereas Gpc1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Of note, Gpc1 loss did not significantly affect phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine profiles. Our results indicate that Gpc1 is involved in postsynthetic PC remodeling that produces more saturated PC species. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that GPC1 mRNA abundance is regulated coordinately with PC biosynthetic pathways. Inositol availability, which regulates several phospholipid biosynthetic genes, down-regulated GPC1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels and, as expected, decreased levels of monounsaturated PC species. Finally, loss of GPC1 decreased stationary phase viability in inositol-free medium. These results indicate that Gpc1 is part of a postsynthetic PC deacylation/reacylation remodeling pathway (PC-DRP) that alters the PC species profile, is regulated in coordination with other major lipid biosynthetic pathways, and affects yeast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Anaokar
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Ravindra Kodali
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Benjamin Jonik
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Mike F Renne
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F H M Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anton I P M de Kroon
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Patton-Vogt
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282.
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13
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Uyama T, Tsuboi K, Ueda N. An involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase family proteins in peroxisome regulation and plasmalogen metabolism. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2745-2760. [PMID: 28796890 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The H-Ras-like suppressor (HRASLS) is a protein family consisting of five members in humans. Despite their discovery as tumor suppressors, we demonstrated that all these proteins are phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes, such as phospholipase (PL) A1 /A2 and acyltransferase. We thus proposed to rename HRASLS1-5 as PLA/acyltransferase (PLAAT)-1-5. Notably, PLAATs exhibit N-acyltransferase activity to biosynthesize N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids, including N-acyl-plasmalogen, which serve as precursors of bioactive N-acylethanolamines. Furthermore, the overexpression of PLAAT-3 in animal cells causes disappearance of peroxisomes and a remarkable reduction in plasmalogen levels. This finding might be related to the inhibitory effect of PLAAT-3 on the chaperone activity of the peroxin PEX19. In this article, we will review our recent findings about PLAAT proteins, with special reference to their roles in peroxisome biogenesis and plasmalogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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14
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Mammalian enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1546-1561. [PMID: 28843504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are ethanolamides of long-chain fatty acids, including palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide and anandamide. In animal tissues, NAEs are biosynthesized from membrane phospholipids. The classical "transacylation-phosphodiesterase" pathway proceeds via N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), which involves the actions of two enzymes, NAPE-generating Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase (Ca-NAT) and NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Recent identification of Ca-NAT as Ɛ isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 enabled the further molecular biological approaches toward this enzyme. In addition, Ca2+-independent NAPE formation was shown to occur by N-acyltransferase activity of a group of proteins named phospholipase A/acyltransferases (PLAAT)-1-5. The analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice confirmed that NAEs can be produced through multi-step pathways bypassing NAPE-PLD. The NAPE-PLD-independent pathways involved three members of the glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) family (GDE1, GDE4 and GDE7) as well as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein (ABHD)4. In this review article, we will focus on recent progress made and latest insights in the enzymes involved in NAE synthesis and their further characterization.
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15
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Cheng M, Bhujwalla ZM, Glunde K. Targeting Phospholipid Metabolism in Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:266. [PMID: 28083512 PMCID: PMC5187387 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cancers tested so far display abnormal choline and ethanolamine phospholipid metabolism, which has been detected with numerous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) approaches in cells, animal models of cancer, as well as the tumors of cancer patients. Since the discovery of this metabolic hallmark of cancer, many studies have been performed to elucidate the molecular origins of deregulated choline metabolism, to identify targets for cancer treatment, and to develop MRS approaches that detect choline and ethanolamine compounds for clinical use in diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Several enzymes in choline, and recently also ethanolamine, phospholipid metabolism have been identified, and their evaluation has shown that they are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Several already established enzymes as well as a number of emerging enzymes in phospholipid metabolism can be used as treatment targets for anticancer therapy, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the current knowledge of established and relatively novel targets in phospholipid metabolism of cancer, covering choline kinase α, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, sphingomyelinases, choline transporters, glycerophosphodiesterases, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and ethanolamine kinase. These enzymes are discussed in terms of their roles in oncogenic transformation, tumor progression, and crucial cancer cell properties such as fast proliferation, migration, and invasion. Their potential as treatment targets are evaluated based on the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Cheng
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Hussain Z, Yamashita R, Okamoto Y, Uyama T, Yamazaki N, Tanaka T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Calcium-dependent generation of N-acylethanolamines and lysophosphatidic acids by glycerophosphodiesterase GDE7. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1881-1892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Wang F, Lai L, Liu Y, Yang B, Wang Y. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase from Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638 That Possesses Lysophospholipase D Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060831. [PMID: 27248999 PMCID: PMC4926365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPD) are enzymes which degrade various glycerophosphodiesters to produce glycerol-3-phosphate and the corresponding alcohol moiety. Apart from this, a very interesting finding is that this enzyme could be used in the degradation of toxic organophosphorus esters, which has resulted in much attention on the biochemical and application research of GDPDs. In the present study, a novel GDPD from Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638 (pfGDPD) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. This enzyme hydrolyzed bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate, one substrate analogue of organophosphorus diester, with an optimal reaction temperature 55 °C and pH 8.5. The activity of pfGDPD was strongly dependent on existing of bivalent cations. It was strongly stimulated by Mn(2+) ions, next was Co(2+) and Ni(2+) ions. Further investigations were conducted on its substrate selectivity towards different phospholipids. The results indicated that except of glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), this enzyme also possessed lysophospholipase D activity toward both sn1-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-LPC) and sn2-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-LPC). Higher activity was found for 1-LPC than 2-LPC; however, no hydrolytic activity was found for phosphatidylcholine (PC). Molecular docking based on the 3D-modeled structure of pfGDPD was conducted in order to provide a structural foundation for the substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Linhui Lai
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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18
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Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y, Rahman IAS, Uyama T, Inoue T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 as a novel lysophospholipase D: a possible involvement in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:537-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Ohshima N, Kudo T, Yamashita Y, Mariggiò S, Araki M, Honda A, Nagano T, Isaji C, Kato N, Corda D, Izumi T, Yanaka N. New members of the mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase family: GDE4 and GDE7 produce lysophosphatidic acid by lysophospholipase D activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4260-71. [PMID: 25528375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The known mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-PDEs) hydrolyze glycerophosphodiesters. In this study, two novel members of the mammalian GP-PDE family, GDE4 and GDE7, were isolated, and the molecular basis of mammalian GP-PDEs was further explored. The GDE4 and GDE7 sequences are highly homologous and evolutionarily close. GDE4 is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, spermatids, and macrophages, whereas GDE7 is particularly expressed in gastro-esophageal epithelial cells. Unlike other mammalian GP-PDEs, GDE4 and GDE7 cannot hydrolyze either glycerophosphoinositol or glycerophosphocholine. Unexpectedly, both GDE4 and GDE7 show a lysophospholipase D activity toward lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). We purified the recombinant GDE4 and GDE7 proteins and show that these enzymes can hydrolyze lyso-PC to produce lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Further characterization of purified recombinant GDE4 showed that it can also convert lyso-platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; lyso-PAF) to alkyl-LPA. These data contribute to our current understanding of mammalian GP-PDEs and of their physiological roles via the control of lyso-PC and lyso-PAF metabolism in gastrointestinal epithelial cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Ohshima
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kudo
- the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8511, Japan, and
| | - Yosuke Yamashita
- the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8511, Japan, and
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- the Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mari Araki
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayako Honda
- the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8511, Japan, and
| | - Tomomi Nagano
- the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8511, Japan, and
| | - Chiaki Isaji
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8511, Japan, and
| | - Daniela Corda
- the Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Takashi Izumi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanaka
- the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8511, Japan, and
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20
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Surlow BA, Cooley BM, Needham PG, Brodsky JL, Patton-Vogt J. Loss of Ypk1, the yeast homolog to the human serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase, accelerates phospholipase B1-mediated phosphatidylcholine deacylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31591-604. [PMID: 25258318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ypk1, the yeast homolog of the human serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (Sgk1), affects diverse cellular activities, including sphingolipid homeostasis. We now report that Ypk1 also impacts the turnover of the major phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC). Pulse-chase radiolabeling reveals that a ypk1Δ mutant exhibits increased PC deacylation and glycerophosphocholine production compared with wild type yeast. Deletion of PLB1, a gene encoding a B-type phospholipase that hydrolyzes PC, in a ypk1Δ mutant curtails the increased PC deacylation. In contrast to previous data, we find that Plb1 resides in the ER and in the medium. Consistent with a link between Ypk1 and Plb1, the levels of both Plb1 protein and PLB1 message are elevated in a ypk1Δ strain compared with wild type yeast. Furthermore, deletion of PLB1 in a ypk1Δ mutant exacerbates phenotypes associated with loss of YPK1, including slowed growth and sensitivity to cell wall perturbation, suggesting that increased Plb1 activity buffers against the loss of Ypk1. Because Plb1 lacks a consensus phosphorylation site for Ypk1, we probed other processes under the control of Ypk1 that might be linked to PC turnover. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by the drug myriocin or through utilization of a lcb1-100 mutant results in increased PLB1 expression. Furthermore, we discovered that the increase in PLB1 expression observed upon inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis or loss of Ypk1 is under the control of the Crz1 transcription factor. Taken together, these results suggest a functional interaction between Ypk1 and Plb1 in which altered sphingolipid metabolism up-regulates PLB1 expression via Crz1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Surlow
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282 and
| | - Benjamin M Cooley
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282 and
| | - Patrick G Needham
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Jana Patton-Vogt
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282 and
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21
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Abstract
Bacterial glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-PDEs), GlpQ and UgpQ, are well-characterized periplasmic and cytosolic proteins that play critical roles in the hydrolysis of deacylated glycerophospholipids to glycerol phosphate and alcohol, which are utilized as major sources of carbon and phosphate. In contrast, two novel mammalian GP-PDEs, GDE1/MIR16 and GDE3, were recently identified, and were shown to be involved in several physiological functions. GDE1/MIR16 was identified as a membrane protein interacting with RGS16, a regulator of G protein signaling, and found to hydrolyze glycerophosphoinositol preferentially. We have found that expression of GDE3 is significantly up-regulated during osteoblast differentiation and is involved in morphological changes of cells. Furthermore, five mammalian GP-PDEs were virtually identified, and very recent studies indicate that retinoic acid-induced expression of GDE2 plays essential roles in neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Thus mammalian GP-PDEs are likely to be important in controlling numerous cellular events, indicating that the GP-PDE superfamily in mammals might be a pharmacological target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yanaka
- Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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22
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Uyama T, Ueda N. New players in the fatty acyl ethanolamide metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:1-10. [PMID: 24747663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl ethanolamides represent a class of endogenous bioactive lipid molecules and are generally referred to as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). NAEs include palmitoylethanolamide (anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance), oleoylethanolamide (anorexic substance), and anandamide (endocannabinoid). The endogenous levels of NAEs are mainly regulated by enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation. In mammalian tissues, the major biosynthetic pathway starts from glycerophospholipids and is composed of two enzyme reactions. The first step is N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids catalyzed by Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and the second step is the release of NAEs from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase plays the central role. However, recent studies strongly suggest the involvement of other enzymes in the NAE metabolism. These enzymes include members of the HRAS-like suppressor family (also called phospholipase A/acyltransferase family), which were originally discovered as tumor suppressors but can function as Ca(2+)-independent NAPE-forming N-acyltransferases; multiple enzymes involved in the NAPE-PLD-independent multi-step pathways to generate NAE from NAPE, which came to light by the analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice; and a lysosomal NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase as a second NAE hydrolase. These newly recognized enzymes may become the targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Here, we focus on recent enzymological findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Ara Sonia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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23
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Corda D, Mosca MG, Ohshima N, Grauso L, Yanaka N, Mariggiò S. The emerging physiological roles of the glycerophosphodiesterase family. FEBS J 2014; 281:998-1016. [PMID: 24373430 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases are evolutionarily conserved proteins that have been linked to several patho/physiological functions, comprising bacterial pathogenicity and mammalian cell proliferation or differentiation. The bacterial enzymes do not show preferential substrate selectivities among the glycerophosphodiesters, and they are mainly dedicated to glycerophosphodiester hydrolysis, producing glycerophosphate and alcohols as the building blocks that are required for bacterial biosynthetic pathways. In some cases, this enzymatic activity has been demonstrated to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity, such as with Hemophilus influenzae. Mammalian glyerophosphodiesterases have high substrate specificities, even if the number of potential physiological substrates is continuously increasing. Some of these mammalian enzymes have been directly linked to cell differentiation, such as GDE2, which triggers motor neuron differentiation, and GDE3, the enzymatic activity of which is necessary and sufficient to induce osteoblast differentiation. Instead, GDE5 has been shown to inhibit skeletal muscle development independent of its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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24
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Patrussi L, Mariggiò S, Corda D, Baldari CT. The glycerophosphoinositols: from lipid metabolites to modulators of T-cell signaling. Front Immunol 2013; 4:213. [PMID: 23908653 PMCID: PMC3725514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphoinositols (GPIs) are bioactive, diffusible phosphoinositide metabolites of phospholipase A2 that act both intracellularly and in a paracrine fashion following their uptake by specific transporters. The most representative compound, glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns), is a ubiquitous component of eukaryotic cells that participates in central processes, including cell proliferation and survival. Moreover, glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate (GroPIns4P) controls actin dynamics in several cell systems by regulating Rho GTPases. Recently, immune cells have emerged as targets of the biological activities of the GPIs. We have shown that exogenous GroPIns4P enhances CXCL12-induced T-cell chemotaxis through activation of the kinase Lck in a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner. While highlighting the potential of GroPIns4P as an immunomodulator, this finding raises questions on the role of endogenously produced GroPIns4P as well as of other GPIs in the regulation of the adaptive immune responses under homeostatic and pathological settings. Here we will summarize our current understanding of the biological activities of the GPIs, with a focus on lymphocytes, highlighting open questions and potential developments in this promising new area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena Siena Italy
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25
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Ridgway ND. The role of phosphatidylcholine and choline metabolites to cell proliferation and survival. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:20-38. [PMID: 23350810 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.735643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reorganization of metabolic pathways in cancer facilitates the flux of carbon and reducing equivalents into anabolic pathways at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation. This provides rapidly dividing cells with the necessary precursors for membrane, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. A fundamental metabolic perturbation in cancer is the enhanced synthesis of fatty acids by channeling glucose and/or glutamine into cytosolic acetyl-CoA and upregulation of key biosynthetic genes. This lipogenic phenotype also extends to the production of complex lipids involved in membrane synthesis and lipid-based signaling. Cancer cells display sensitivity to ablation of fatty acid synthesis possibly as a result of diminished capacity to synthesize complex lipids involved in signaling or growth pathways. Evidence has accrued that phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component of eukaryotic membranes, as well as choline metabolites derived from its synthesis and catabolism, contribute to both proliferative growth and programmed cell death. This review will detail our current understanding of how coordinated changes in substrate availability, gene expression and enzyme activity lead to altered phosphatidylcholine synthesis in cancer, and how these changes contribute directly or indirectly to malignant growth. Conversely, apoptosis targets key steps in phosphatidylcholine synthesis and degradation that are linked to disruption of cell cycle regulation, reinforcing the central role that phosphatidylcholine and its metabolites in determining cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale D Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada.
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26
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Damm A, Lautz K, Kufer TA. Roles of NLRP10 in innate and adaptive immunity. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:516-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Uyama T. Metabolism of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines: canonical and alternative pathways. FEBS J 2013; 280:1874-94. [PMID: 23425575 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Two arachidonic acid derivatives, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are considered to be physiologically important endocannabinoids. In the known metabolic pathway in mammals, anandamide and other bioactive N-acylethanolamines, such as palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide, are biosynthesized from glycerophospholipids by a combination of Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D, and are degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase. However, recent studies have shown the involvement of other enzymes and pathways, which include the members of the tumor suppressor HRASLS family (the phospholipase A/acyltransferase family) functioning as Ca(2+)-independent N-acyltransferases, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipaseD-independent multistep pathways via N-acylated lysophospholipid, and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme that preferentially hydrolyzes palmitoylethanolamide. Although their physiological significance is poorly understood, these new enzymes/pathways may serve as novel targets for the development of therapeutic drugs. For example, selective N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors are expected to be new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. In this minireview, we focus on advances in the understanding of these enzymes/pathways. In addition, recent findings on 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
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28
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Park S, Lee C, Sabharwal P, Zhang M, Meyers CLF, Sockanathan S. GDE2 promotes neurogenesis by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor cleavage of RECK. Science 2013; 339:324-8. [PMID: 23329048 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The six-transmembrane protein glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2) induces spinal motor neuron differentiation by inhibiting Notch signaling in adjacent motor neuron progenitors. GDE2 function requires activity of its extracellular domain that shares homology with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). GDPDs metabolize glycerophosphodiesters into glycerol-3-phosphate and corresponding alcohols, but whether GDE2 inhibits Notch signaling by this mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that GDE2, unlike classical GDPDs, cleaves glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. GDE2 GDPD activity inactivates the Notch activator RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) by releasing it from the membrane through GPI-anchor cleavage. RECK release disinhibits ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) protease-dependent shedding of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1), leading to Notch inactivation. This study identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism to initiate neurogenesis that involves GDE2-mediated surface cleavage of GPI-anchored targets to inhibit Dll1-Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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29
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Denloye T, Dalal S, Klemba M. Characterization of a glycerophosphodiesterase with an unusual tripartite distribution and an important role in the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:29-37. [PMID: 23000576 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Catabolism of glycerophospholipids during the rapid growth of the asexual intraerythrocytic malaria parasite may contribute to membrane recycling and the acquisition of lipid biosynthetic precursors from the host. To better understand the scope of lipid catabolism in Plasmodium falciparum, we have characterized a malarial homolog of bacterial glycerophosphodiesterases. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophosphodiesterases that are generated by phospholipase-catalyzed removal of the two acyl groups from glycerophospholipids. The P. falciparum glycerophosphodiesterase (PfGDPD) exhibits an unusual tripartite distribution during the asexual blood stage with pools of enzyme in the parasitophorous vacuole, food vacuole and cytosol. Efforts to disrupt the chromosomal PfGDPD coding sequence were unsuccessful, which implies that the enzyme is important for efficient parasite growth. Tagging of the endogenous pool of PfGDPD with a conditional aggregation domain partially perturbed the distribution of the enzyme in the parasitophorous vacuole but had no discernable effect on growth in culture. Kinetic characterization of the hydrolysis of glycerophosphocholine by recombinant PfGDPD, an Mg(2+)-dependent enzyme, yielded steady-state parameters that were comparable to those of a homologous bacterial glycerophosphodiesterase. Together, these results suggest a physiological role for PfGDPD in glycerophospholipid catabolism in multiple subcellular compartments. Possibilities for what this role might be are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilola Denloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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30
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Eisenbarth SC, Williams A, Colegio OR, Meng H, Strowig T, Rongvaux A, Henao-Mejia J, Thaiss CA, Joly S, Gonzalez D, Xu L, Zenewicz LA, Haberman AM, Elinav E, Kleinstein SH, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA. NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells. Nature 2012; 484:510-3. [PMID: 22538615 PMCID: PMC3340615 DOI: 10.1038/nature11012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors; NOD-like receptors) are a class of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that respond to host perturbation from either infectious agents or cellular stress. The function of most NLR family members has not been characterized and their role in instructing adaptive immune responses remains unclear. NLRP10 (also known as PYNOD, NALP10, PAN5 and NOD8) is the only NLR lacking the putative ligand-binding leucine-rich-repeat domain, and has been postulated to be a negative regulator of other NLR members, including NLRP3 (refs 4-6). We did not find evidence that NLRP10 functions through an inflammasome to regulate caspase-1 activity nor that it regulates other inflammasomes. Instead, Nlrp10(-/-) mice had a profound defect in helper T-cell-driven immune responses to a diverse array of adjuvants, including lipopolysaccharide, aluminium hydroxide and complete Freund's adjuvant. Adaptive immunity was impaired in the absence of NLRP10 because of a dendritic cell (DC) intrinsic defect in emigration from inflamed tissues, whereas upregulation of DC costimulatory molecules and chemotaxis to CCR7-dependent and -independent ligands remained intact. The loss of antigen transport to the draining lymph nodes by a subset of migratory DCs resulted in an almost absolute loss in naive CD4(+) T-cell priming, highlighting the critical link between diverse innate immune stimulation, NLRP10 activity and the immune function of mature DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Oscar R. Colegio
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hailong Meng
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sophie Joly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lauren A. Zenewicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ann M. Haberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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31
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Abstract
Interest in the glycerophosphoinositols has been increasing recently, on the basis of their biological activities. The cellular metabolism of these water-soluble bioactive phosphoinositide metabolites has been clarified, with the identification of the specific enzyme involved in their synthesis, PLA2IVα (phospholipase A2 IVα), and the definition of their phosphodiesterase-based catabolism, and thus inactivation. The functional roles and mechanisms of action of these compounds have been investigated in different cellular contexts. This has led to their definition in the control of various cell functions, such as cell proliferation in the thyroid and actin cytoskeleton organization in fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Roles for the glycerophosphoinositols in immune and inflammatory responses are also being defined. In addition to these physiological functions, the glycerophosphoinositols have potential anti-metastatic activities that should lead to their pharmacological exploitation.
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32
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Zhao B, Dahlbeck D, Krasileva KV, Fong RW, Staskawicz BJ. Computational and biochemical analysis of the Xanthomonas effector AvrBs2 and its role in the modulation of Xanthomonas type three effector delivery. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002408. [PMID: 22144898 PMCID: PMC3228805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors of the bacterial type III secretion system provide invaluable molecular probes to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant immunity and pathogen virulence. In this report, we focus on the AvrBs2 effector protein from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. Employing homology-based structural analysis, we generate a three-dimensional structural model for the AvrBs2 protein and identify catalytic sites in its putative glycerolphosphodiesterase domain (GDE). We demonstrate that the identified catalytic region of AvrBs2 was able to functionally replace the GDE catalytic site of the bacterial glycerophosphodiesterase BhGlpQ cloned from Borrelia hermsii and is required for AvrBs2 virulence. Mutations in the GDE catalytic domain did not disrupt the recognition of AvrBs2 by the cognate plant resistance gene Bs2. In addition, AvrBs2 activation of Bs2 suppressed subsequent delivery of other Xanthomonas type III effectors into the host plant cells. Investigation of the mechanism underlying this modulation of the type III secretion system may offer new strategies to generate broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial pathogens. The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease of pepper and tomato. This pathogen is capable of delivering more than 28 effector proteins to plant cells via the type three secretion and translocation system (TTSS). The AvrBs2 protein is a TTSS effector of Xe with a significant virulence contribution that depends on a conserved glycerolphosphodiesterase (GDE) domain. Additionally, activation of the resistance protein Bs2 by AvrBs2 modulates the TTSS of Xe and suppresses the subsequent delivery of TTSS effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Douglas Dahlbeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ksenia V. Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Fong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Yip SHC, Foo JL, Schenk G, Gahan LR, Carr PD, Ollis DL. Directed evolution combined with rational design increases activity of GpdQ toward a non-physiological substrate and alters the oligomeric structure of the enzyme. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:861-72. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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34
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Cheng L, Bucciarelli B, Liu J, Zinn K, Miller S, Patton-Vogt J, Allan D, Shen J, Vance CP. White lupin cluster root acclimation to phosphorus deficiency and root hair development involve unique glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1131-48. [PMID: 21464471 PMCID: PMC3135957 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
White lupin (Lupinus albus) is a legume that is very efficient in accessing unavailable phosphorus (Pi). It develops short, densely clustered tertiary lateral roots (cluster/proteoid roots) in response to Pi limitation. In this report, we characterize two glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GPX-PDE) genes (GPX-PDE1 and GPX-PDE2) from white lupin and propose a role for these two GPX-PDEs in root hair growth and development and in a Pi stress-induced phospholipid degradation pathway in cluster roots. Both GPX-PDE1 and GPX-PDE2 are highly expressed in Pi-deficient cluster roots, particularly in root hairs, epidermal cells, and vascular bundles. Expression of both genes is a function of both Pi availability and photosynthate. GPX-PDE1 Pi deficiency-induced expression is attenuated as photosynthate is deprived, while that of GPX-PDE2 is strikingly enhanced. Yeast complementation assays and in vitro enzyme assays revealed that GPX-PDE1 shows catalytic activity with glycerophosphocholine while GPX-PDE2 shows highest activity with glycerophosphoinositol. Cell-free protein extracts from Pi-deficient cluster roots display GPX-PDE enzyme activity for both glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoinositol. Knockdown of expression of GPX-PDE through RNA interference resulted in impaired root hair development and density. We propose that white lupin GPX-PDE1 and GPX-PDE2 are involved in the acclimation to Pi limitation by enhancing glycerophosphodiester degradation and mediating root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carroll P. Vance
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China (L.C., J.S.); Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics (L.C., B.B., J.L., S.M., C.P.V.) and Department of Soil, Water, and Climate (J.L., K.Z., D.A.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (B.B., S.M., C.P.V.); Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282 (J.P.-V.)
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35
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Cheng Y, Zhou W, El Sheery NI, Peters C, Li M, Wang X, Huang J. Characterization of the Arabidopsis glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) family reveals a role of the plastid-localized AtGDPD1 in maintaining cellular phosphate homeostasis under phosphate starvation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:781-95. [PMID: 21323773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD), which hydrolyzes glycerophosphodiesters into sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P) and the corresponding alcohols, plays an important role in various physiological processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, little is known about the physiological significance of GDPD in plants. Here, we characterized the Arabidopsis GDPD family that can be classified into canonical GDPD (AtGDPD1-6) and GDPD-like (AtGDPDL1-7) subfamilies. In vitro analysis of enzymatic activities showed that AtGDPD1 and AtGDPDL1 hydrolyzed glycerolphosphoglycerol, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine, but the maximum activity of AtGDPD1 was much higher than that of AtGDPDL1 under our assay conditions. Analyses of gene expression patterns revealed that all AtGDPD genes except for AtGDPD4 were transcriptionally active in flowers and siliques. In addition, the gene family displayed overlapping and yet distinguishable patterns of expression in roots, leaves and stems, indicating functional redundancy as well as specificity of GDPD genes. AtGDPDs but not AtGDPDLs are up-regulated by inorganic phosphate (P(i) ) starvation. Loss-of-function of the plastid-localized AtGDPD1 leads to a significant decrease in GDPD activity, G-3-P content, P(i) content and seedling growth rate only under P(i) starvation compared with the wild type (WT). However, membrane lipid compositions in the P(i) -deprived seedlings remain unaltered between the AtGDPD1 knockout mutant and WT. Thus, we suggest that the GDPD-mediated lipid metabolic pathway may be involved in release of P(i) from phospholipids during P(i) starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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36
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Kopp F, Komatsu T, Nomura DK, Trauger SA, Thomas JR, Siuzdak G, Simon GM, Cravatt BF. The glycerophospho metabolome and its influence on amino acid homeostasis revealed by brain metabolomics of GDE1(-/-) mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:831-40. [PMID: 20797612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GDE1 is a mammalian glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) implicated by in vitro studies in the regulation of glycerophophoinositol (GroPIns) and possibly other glycerophospho (GroP) metabolites. Here, we show using untargeted metabolomics that GroPIns is profoundly (>20-fold) elevated in brain tissue from GDE1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, two additional GroP metabolites not previously identified in eukaryotic cells, glycerophosphoserine (GroPSer) and glycerophosphoglycerate (GroPGate), were also highly elevated in GDE1(-/-) brains. Enzyme assays with synthetic GroP metabolites confirmed that GroPSer and GroPGate are direct substrates of GDE1. Interestingly, our metabolomic profiles also revealed that serine (both L-and D-) levels were significantly reduced in brains of GDE1(-/-) mice. These findings designate GroPSer as a previously unappreciated reservoir for free serine in the nervous system and suggest that GDE1, through recycling serine from GroPSer, may impact D-serine-dependent neural signaling processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kopp
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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37
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Okazaki Y, Ohshima N, Yoshizawa I, Kamei Y, Mariggiò S, Okamoto K, Maeda M, Nogusa Y, Fujioka Y, Izumi T, Ogawa Y, Shiro Y, Wada M, Kato N, Corda D, Yanaka N. A novel glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, GDE5, controls skeletal muscle development via a non-enzymatic mechanism. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27652-63. [PMID: 20576599 PMCID: PMC2934633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-PDEs) have been identified recently and shown to be implicated in several physiological functions. This study isolated a novel GP-PDE, GDE5, and showed that GDE5 selectively hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) and controls skeletal muscle development. We show that GDE5 expression was reduced in atrophied skeletal muscles in mice and that decreasing GDE5 abundance promoted myoblastic differentiation, suggesting that decreased GDE5 expression has a counter-regulatory effect on the progression of skeletal muscle atrophy. Forced expression of full-length GDE5 in cultured myoblasts suppressed myogenic differentiation. Unexpectedly, a truncated GDE5 construct (GDE5DeltaC471), which contained a GP-PDE sequence identified in other GP-PDEs but lacked GroPCho phosphodiesterase activity, showed a similar inhibitory effect. Furthermore, transgenic mice specifically expressing GDE5DeltaC471 in skeletal muscle showed less skeletal muscle mass, especially type II fiber-rich muscle. These results indicate that GDE5 negatively regulates skeletal muscle development even without GroPCho phosphodiesterase activity, providing novel insight into the biological significance of mammalian GP-PDE function in a non-enzymatic mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Computational Biology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Development
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscular Atrophy/enzymology
- Muscular Atrophy/genetics
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/chemistry
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Okazaki
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ohshima
- the Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ikumi Yoshizawa
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- the Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- the Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030 Chieti, Italy
- the Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Keiko Okamoto
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nogusa
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujioka
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- the Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- the Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Shiro
- the RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Hongo 679-5148, Japan, and
| | - Masanobu Wada
- the Department of Human Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Daniela Corda
- the Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030 Chieti, Italy
- the Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Noriyuki Yanaka
- From the Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Uyama T. Enzymological studies on the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:1274-85. [PMID: 20736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamides of different long-chain fatty acids constitute a class of endogenous lipid molecules generally called N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). They contain N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), N-palmitoylethanolamine, and N-oleoylethanolamine, which receive considerable attention because of their actions as an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand (endocannabinoid), an anti-inflammatory substance, and an appetite-suppressing substance, respectively. Identification of their biosynthetic routes in animal tissues and molecular characterization of the enzymes involved are essential for better understanding of physiological importance of NAEs as well as development of enzyme inhibitors as possible therapeutic drugs. In the classical "transacylation-phosphodiesterase pathway", NAEs are formed from glycerophospholipids via N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), an unusual derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a third acyl chain attached to the amino group, by sequential catalyses by Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D. However, recent studies reveal that NAE-generating pathways are more complex than presumed before. In this review article, we will focus on recent findings regarding mammalian enzymes that are involved or might be involved in the biosynthesis of NAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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39
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Simon GM, Cravatt BF. Characterization of mice lacking candidate N-acyl ethanolamine biosynthetic enzymes provides evidence for multiple pathways that contribute to endocannabinoid production in vivo. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1411-8. [PMID: 20393650 DOI: 10.1039/c000237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and related N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) lipids is complex and appears to involve multiple pathways, including: (1) direct release of NAEs from N-acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (NAPE) precursors by the phosphodiesterase NAPE-PLD, and (2) double O-deacylation of NAPEs followed by phosphodiester bond hydrolysis of the resulting glycero-phospho (GP)-NAEs. We recently identified GDE1 as a GP-NAE phosphodiesterase that may be involved in the second pathway. Here, we report the generation and characterization of GDE1(-/-) mice, which are viable and overtly normal in their cage behavior. Brain homogenates from GDE1(-/-) mice exhibit a near-complete loss of detectable GP-NAE phosphodiesterase activity; however, bulk brain levels of AEA and other NAEs were unaltered in these animals. To address the possibility of compensatory pathways, we generated GDE1(-/-)/NAPE-PLD(-/-) mice. Conversion of NAPE to NAE was virtually undetectable in brain homogenates from these animals as measured under standard assay conditions, but again, bulk changes in brain NAEs were not observed. Interestingly, significant reductions in the accumulation of brain NAEs, including anandamide, were detected in GDE1(-/-)/NAPE-PLD(-/-) mice treated with a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor that blocks NAE degradation. Finally, we determined that primary neurons from GDE1(-/-)/NAPE-PLD(-/-) mice can convert NAPEs to NAEs by a pathway that is not preserved following cell homogenization. In summary, combined inactivation of GDE1 and NAPE-PLD results in partial disruption of NAE biosynthesis, while also pointing to the existence of an additional enzymatic pathway(s) that converts NAPEs to NAEs. Characterization of this pathway should provide clarity on the multifaceted nature of NAE biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Simon
- The Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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40
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Periz G, Yan Y, Bitzer ZT, Sockanathan S. GDP-bound Galphai2 regulates spinal motor neuron differentiation through interaction with GDE2. Dev Biol 2010; 341:213-21. [PMID: 20197066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Galphai proteins play major roles in the developing and mature nervous system, ranging from the control of cellular proliferation to modulating synaptic plasticity. Although best known for transducing signals from activated seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) when bound to GTP, key cellular functions for Galphai-GDP are beginning to emerge. Here, we show that Galphai2 is expressed in motor neuron progenitors that are differentiating to form postmitotic motor neurons in the developing spinal cord. Ablation of Galphai2 causes deficits in motor neuron generation but no changes in motor neuron progenitor patterning or specification, consistent with a function for Galphai2 in regulating motor neuron differentiation. We show that Galphai2 function is mediated in part by its interaction with GDE2, a known regulator of motor neuron differentiation, and that disruption of the GDE2/Galphai2 complex in vivo causes motor neuron deficits analogous to Galphai2 ablation. Galphai2 preferentially associates with GDE2 when bound to GDP, invoking GPCR-independent functions for Galphai2 in the control of spinal motor neuron differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Periz
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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41
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Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Uyama T. N-acylethanolamine metabolism with special reference to N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:299-315. [PMID: 20152858 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a class of bioactive lipid molecules present in animal and plant tissues. Among the NAEs, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), N-palmitoylethanolamine, and N-oleoylethanolamine attract much attention due to cannabimimetic activity as an endocannabinoid, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and anorexic activity, respectively. In mammalian tissues, NAEs are formed from glycerophospholipids through the phosphodiesterase-transacylation pathway consisting of Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D. Recent studies revealed the presence of alternative pathways and enzymes responsible for the NAE formation. As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which hydrolyzes NAEs to fatty acids and ethanolamine, plays a central role. However, a lysosomal enzyme referred to as NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) also catalyzes the same reaction and may be a new target for the development of therapeutic drugs. In this article we discuss recent progress in the studies on the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of NAEs with special reference to NAAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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42
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Corda D, Zizza P, Varone A, Filippi BM, Mariggiò S. The glycerophosphoinositols: cellular metabolism and biological functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3449-67. [PMID: 19669618 PMCID: PMC11115907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The glycerophosphoinositols are cellular products of phospholipase A(2) and lysolipase activities on the membrane phosphoinositides. Their intracellular concentrations can vary upon oncogenic transformation, cell differentiation and hormonal stimulation. Specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases are involved in their catabolism, which, as with their formation, is under hormonal regulation. With their mechanisms of action including modulation of adenylyl cyclase, intracellular calcium levels, and Rho-GTPases, the glycerophosphoinositols have diverse effects in multiple cell types: induction of cell proliferation in thyroid cells; modulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation in fibroblasts; and reduction of the invasive potential of tumour cell lines. More recent investigations include their effects in inflammatory and immune responses. Indeed, the glycerophosphoinositols enhance cytokine-dependent chemotaxis in T-lymphocytes induced by SDF-1alpha-receptor activation, indicating roles for these compounds as modulators of T-cell signalling and T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corda
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
| | - Pasquale Zizza
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
| | - Alessia Varone
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
| | - Beatrice Maria Filippi
- Present Address: MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti Italy
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43
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Yan Y, Sabharwal P, Rao M, Sockanathan S. The antioxidant enzyme Prdx1 controls neuronal differentiation by thiol-redox-dependent activation of GDE2. Cell 2009; 138:1209-21. [PMID: 19766572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The six-transmembrane protein GDE2 controls the onset and progression of spinal motor neuron differentiation through extracellular glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase metabolism. Although this process is likely to be tightly regulated, the relevant mechanisms that modulate its activity are unknown. Here we show that the antioxidant scavenger peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1) interacts with GDE2, and that loss of Prdx1 causes motor neuron deficits analogous to GDE2 ablation. Prdx1 cooperates with GDE2 to drive motor neuron differentiation, and this synergy requires Prdx1 thiol-dependent catalysis. Prdx1 activates GDE2 through reduction of an intramolecular disulfide bond that bridges its intracellular N- and C-terminal domains. GDE2 variants incapable of disulfide bond formation acquire independence from Prdx1 and are potent inducers of motor neuron differentiation. These findings define Prdx1 as a pivotal regulator of GDE2 activity and suggest roles for coupled thiol-redox-dependent cascades in controlling neuronal differentiation in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yan
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Corda D, Kudo T, Zizza P, Iurisci C, Kawai E, Kato N, Yanaka N, Mariggiò S. The developmentally regulated osteoblast phosphodiesterase GDE3 is glycerophosphoinositol-specific and modulates cell growth. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24848-56. [PMID: 19596859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.035444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase enzyme family involved in the hydrolysis of glycerophosphodiesters has been characterized in bacteria and recently identified in mammals. Here, we have characterized the activity and function of GDE3, one of the seven mammalian enzymes. GDE3 is up-regulated during osteoblast differentiation and can affect cell morphology. We show that GDE3 is a glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns) phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes GroPIns, producing inositol 1-phosphate and glycerol, and thus suggesting specific roles for this enzyme in GroPIns metabolism. Substrate specificity analyses show that wild-type GDE3 selectively hydrolyzes GroPIns over glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, and glycerophosphoserine. A single point mutation in the catalytic domain of GDE3 (GDE3R231A) leads to loss of GroPIns enzymatic hydrolysis, identifying an arginine residue crucial for GDE3 activity. After heterologous GDE3 expression in HEK293T cells, phosphodiesterase activity is detected in the extracellular medium, with no effect on the intracellular GroPIns pool. Together with the millimolar concentrations of calcium required for GDE3 activity, this predicts an enzyme topology with an extracellular catalytic domain. Interestingly, GDE3 ectocellular activity is detected in a stable clone from a murine osteoblast cell line, further confirming the activity of GDE3 in a more physiological context. Finally, overexpression of wild-type GDE3 in osteoblasts promotes disassembly of actin stress fibers, decrease in growth rate, and increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content, indicating a role for GDE3 in induction of differentiation. Thus, we have identified the GDE3 substrate GroPIns as a candidate mediator for osteoblast proliferation, in line with the GroPIns activity observed previously in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corda
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030 Chieti, Italy.
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45
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Santos-Beneit F, Rodríguez-García A, Apel AK, Martín JF. Phosphate and carbon source regulation of two PhoP-dependent glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase genes of Streptomyces coelicolor. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1800-1811. [PMID: 19383699 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.026799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiesters are formed by deacylation of phospholipids. Streptomyces coelicolor and other soil-dwelling actinomycetes utilize glycerophosphodiesters as phosphate and carbon sources by the action of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). Seven genes encoding putative GDPDs occur in the S. coelicolor genome. Two of these genes, glpQ1 and glpQ2, encoding extracellular GDPDs, showed a PhoP-dependent upregulated profile in response to phosphate shiftdown. Expression studies using the luxAB genes as reporter confirmed the PhoP dependence of both glpQ1 and glpQ2. Footprinting analyses with pure GST-PhoP of the glpQ1 promoter revealed four protected direct repeat units (DRu). PhoP binding affinity to the glpQ2 promoter was lower and revealed a protected region containing five DRu. As expected for pho regulon genes, inorganic phosphate, and also glycerol 3-phosphate, inhibited the expression from both glpQ1 and glpQ2. The expression of glpQ1 was also repressed by serine and inositol but expression of glpQ2 was not. In contrast, glucose, fructose and glycerol increased expression of glpQ2 but not that of glpQ1. In summary, our results suggest an interaction of phosphate control mediated by PhoP and carbon source regulation of the glpQ1 and glpQ2 genes involving complex operator structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-García
- Área de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Alexander K Apel
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
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46
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Ogut O, Brozovich FV. The potential role of MLC phosphatase and MAPK signalling in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in heart failure. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 12:2158-64. [PMID: 19120700 PMCID: PMC2811849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical syndrome of heart failure is associated with both a resting vasoconstriction and reduced sensitivity to nitric oxide mediated vasodilatation, and this review will focus on the role of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase in the pathogenesis of the vascular abnormalities of heart failure. Nitric oxide mediates vasodilatation by an activation of guanylate cyclase and an increase in the production of cGMP, which leads to the activation of the type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGI). PKGI then activates a number of targets that produce smooth muscle relaxation including MLC phosphatase. MLC phosphatase is a holoenzyme consisting of three subunits; a 20 kD subunit of unknown function, an approximately 38-kD catalytic subunit and a myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1). Alternative splicing of a 31 bp 3 exon generates MYPT1 isoforms, which differ by a COOH-terminus leucine zipper (LZ). Further, PKGI-mediated activation of MLC phosphatase requires the expression of a LZ+ MYPT1. Congestive heart failure is associated with a decrease in LZ+ MYPT1 expression, which results in a decrease in the sensitivity to cGMP-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. Beyond their ability to reduce afterload, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have a number of beneficial effects that include maintaining the expression of the LZ+ MYPT1 isoform, thereby conserving normal sensitivity to cGMP-mediated vasodilatation, as well as differentially regulating genes associated with mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. ACE inhibition reduces circulating angiotensin II and thus limits the downstream activation of MAPK signalling pathways, possibly preventing the alteration of the vascular phenotype to preserve normal vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Ogut
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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47
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Chang PA, Shao HB, Long DX, Sun Q, Wu YJ. Isolation, characterization and molecular 3D model of human GDE4, a novel membrane protein containing glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 25:557-66. [PMID: 18991142 DOI: 10.1080/09687680802537605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As a transmembrane protein family, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD/GDE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of deacylated glycerophospholipids to glycerol phosphate and alcohol. To date, seven mammalian GDEs have been virtually cloned or predicted by bioinformatics analysis, however, GDE4 has not been molecular isolated and characterized in mammal. Here we report molecular cloning of human GDE4 encoding cDNA sequence, which is 945 base pairs long encoding a 314-amino acid protein with 2 transmembrane regions and a GDE motif. The human GDE1 gene is located on chromosome 19q22 and contains ten exons and nine introns. A molecular 3-D model provides the first structural information of human GDE4 and suggests a triose-phosphate-isomerase barrel core as typically found in bacterial GDPDs. Furthermore, a model of the putative catalytic residues highlights that the individual core residues Glu72, Asp74, and His87 are crucial to maintaining GDE4 catalytic activity. Western blotting shows that human GDE4 is a 36 kDa protein. Subcellular localization of GDE4 tagged with enhanced green fluorescence protein is in the cytoplasm, especially accumulated in the perinuclear region and the cell periphery. Moreover, over-expression of GDE4 did not induce neurite formation or change cell morphology. These results indicate GDE4 protein is a member of the GDE family and suggest it may play different roles from other members of GDE family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping A Chang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, College of Bio-information, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, PR China.
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48
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Alexander SPH, Kendall DA. The life cycle of the endocannabinoids: formation and inactivation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2009; 1:3-35. [PMID: 21104378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we summarise the current thinking about the nature of endocannabinoids. In describing the life cycle of these agents, we highlight the synthetic and catabolic enzymes suggested to be involved. For each of these, we provide a systematic analysis of information on sequence, subcellular and cellular distribution, as well as physiological and pharmacological substrates, enhancers and inhibitors, together with brief descriptions of the impact of manipulating enzyme levels through genetic mechanisms (dealt with in more detail in the chapter "Genetic Models of the Endocannabinoid System" by Monory and Lutz, this volume). In addition, we describe experiments investigating the stimulation of endocannabinoid synthesis and release in intact cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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49
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Shi L, Liu JF, An XM, Liang DC. Crystal structure of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, a metal ion-dependent enzyme: insight into the catalytic mechanism. Proteins 2008; 72:280-8. [PMID: 18214974 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD; EC 3.1.4.46) catalyzes the hydrolysis of a glycerophosphodiester to an alcohol and glycerol 3-phosphate in glycerol metabolism. It has an important role in the synthesis of a variety of products that participate in many biochemical pathways. We report the crystal structure of the Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis GDPD (ttGDPD) at 1.91 A resolution, with a calcium ion and glycerol as a substrate mimic coordinated at this calcium ion (PDB entry 2pz0). The ttGDPD dimer with an intermolecular disulfide bridge and two hydrogen bonds is considered as the potential functional unit. We used site-directed mutagenesis to characterize ttGDPD as a metal ion-dependent enzyme, identified a cluster of residues involved in substrate binding and the catalytic reaction, and we propose a possible general acid-base catalytic mechanism for ttGDPD. Superposing the active site with the homologous structure GDPD from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (PDB entry 1zcc), which binds a sulfate ion in the active site, the sulfate ion can represent the phosphate moiety of the substrate, simulating the binding mode of the true substrate of GDPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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50
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Simocková M, Holic R, Tahotná D, Patton-Vogt J, Griac P. Yeast Pgc1p (YPL206c) controls the amount of phosphatidylglycerol via a phospholipase C-type degradation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17107-15. [PMID: 18434318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800868200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The product of the open reading frame YPL206c, Pgc1p, of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae displays homology to bacterial and mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases. Deletion of PGC1 causes an accumulation of the anionic phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), especially under conditions of inositol limitation. This PG accumulation was not caused by increased production of phosphatidyl-glycerol phosphate or by decreased consumption of PG in the formation of cardiolipin, the end product of the pathway. PG accumulation in the pgc1Delta strain was caused rather by inactivation of the PG degradation pathway. Our data demonstrate an existence of a novel regulatory mechanism in the cardiolipin biosynthetic pathway in which Pgc1p is required for the removal of excess PG via a phospholipase C-type degradation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Simocková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Moyzesova 61, Ivanka pri Dunaji, 900 28, Slovakia
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