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Gong X, Hu F, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. The interactions between CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and Toll-like receptors in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 155:105157. [PMID: 38423492 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), as a novel type of adjuvant with immunomodulatory effects, are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in Litopenaeus vannamei. In the present study, eleven LvTLRs-pCMV recombinants (rLvTLRs) were constructed to investigate the relationships between various CpG ODNs and different LvTLRs in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells, which was further confirmed by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) technique. The results of dual luciferase reporter assay showed that every LvTLR could activate multiple downstream genes, mainly including NF-κB, CREB, ISRE, IL-6-promoter, TNF-α-promoter and Myc, thereby inducing main signaling pathways in shrimps. Most CpG ODNs possessed affinities to more than one LvTLR, while each LvTLR could recognize multiple CpG ODNs, and the widely recognized ligands within CpG ODNs are A-class and B-class. Moreover, BLI analysis showed that CpG 2216, Cpg 2006, CpG 2143 and CpG 21425 exhibited dose-dependent affinity to the expressed TLR protein, which were consistent with the results in HEK293T cells. It suggested that the interactions of CpG ODNs with LvTLRs were indispensable for the immune regulation triggered by CpG ODNs, and these findings would lay foundations for studying the activations of LvTLRs to immune signaling pathways and shedding lights on the immune functions and mechanisms of CpG ODNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China
| | - Feng Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China; Hebei Xinhai Aquatic Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Cangzhou, 061101, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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2
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Ngo C, Garrec C, Tomasello E, Dalod M. The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in immunity during viral infections and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5. [PMID: 38777879 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity and act through two different but complimentary pathways. First, IFNs activate intracellular antimicrobial programs by triggering the upregulation of a broad repertoire of viral restriction factors. Second, IFNs activate innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of IFN production can lead to severe immune system dysfunction. It is thus crucial to identify and characterize the cellular sources of IFNs, their effects, and their regulation to promote their beneficial effects and limit their detrimental effects, which can depend on the nature of the infected or diseased tissues, as we will discuss. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can produce large amounts of all IFN subtypes during viral infection. pDCs are resistant to infection by many different viruses, thus inhibiting the immune evasion mechanisms of viruses that target IFN production or their downstream responses. Therefore, pDCs are considered essential for the control of viral infections and the establishment of protective immunity. A thorough bibliographical survey showed that, in most viral infections, despite being major IFN producers, pDCs are actually dispensable for host resistance, which is achieved by multiple IFN sources depending on the tissue. Moreover, primary innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses are only transiently affected in the absence of pDCs. More surprisingly, pDCs and their IFNs can be detrimental in some viral infections or autoimmune diseases. This makes the conservation of pDCs during vertebrate evolution an enigma and thus raises outstanding questions about their role not only in viral infections but also in other diseases and under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Ngo
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Garrec
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Tomasello
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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3
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Kim J, Yuan Y, Agaronyan K, Zhao A, Wang VD, Gupta G, Essayas H, Kaminski A, McGovern J, Yu S, Woo S, Lee CJ, Saleh T, Hu B, Sun Y, Ishikawa G, Bain W, Evankovich J, Herzog EL, Cruz CSD, Ryu C, Sharma L. Damage sensing through TLR9 Promotes Viral Clearance and Recovery During Influenza Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583378. [PMID: 38496452 PMCID: PMC10942338 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Host response aimed at eliminating the infecting pathogen, as well as the pathogen itself, can cause tissue injury. Tissue injury leads to the release of a myriad of cellular components including mitochondrial DNA, which the host senses through pattern recognition receptors. How the sensing of tissue injury by the host shapes the anti-pathogen response remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized mice that are deficient in toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9), which binds to unmethylated CpG DNA sequences such as those present in bacterial and mitochondrial DNA. To avoid direct pathogen sensing by TLR9, we utilized the influenza virus, which lacks ligands for TLR9, to determine how damage sensing by TLR9 contributes to anti-influenza immunity. Our data show that TLR9-mediated sensing of tissue damage promotes an inflammatory response during early infection, driven by the myeloid cells and associated cytokine responses. Along with the diminished inflammatory response, the absence of damage sensing through TLR9 led to impaired viral clearance manifested as a higher and prolonged influenza burden in the lung. The absence of TLR9 led to extensive infection of myeloid cells including monocytes and macrophages rendering them highly inflammatory, despite having a low initial inflammatory response. The persistent inflammation driven by infected myeloid cells led to persistent lung injury and impaired recovery in influenza-infected TLR9-/- mice. Further, we show elevated circulating TLR9 ligands in the plasma samples of patients with influenza, demonstrating its clinical relevance. Overall, over data show an essential role of damage sensing through TLR9 in promoting anti-influenza immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- University of Maryland, MA
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Amy Zhao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Victoria D Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gayatri Gupta
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Heran Essayas
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ayelet Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John McGovern
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sheeline Yu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Samuel Woo
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Chris J. Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tayebeh Saleh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Buqu Hu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ying Sun
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Genta Ishikawa
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William Bain
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Evankovich
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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4
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Zhang T, Pang C, Xu M, Zhao Q, Hu Z, Jiang X, Guo M. The role of immune system in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, controversies, and future possibilities. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110765. [PMID: 38369442 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Numerous cardiovascular disorders have atherosclerosis as their pathological underpinning. Numerous studies have demonstrated that, with the aid of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and immunoglobulins, innate immunity, represented by monocytes/macrophages, and adaptive immunity, primarily T/B cells, play a critical role in controlling inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis. Additionally, the finding of numerous complement components in atherosclerotic plaques suggests yet again how heavily the immune system controls atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of how the immune system contributes to atherosclerosis. The specific molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of immune cells and immune molecules in atherosclerosis, the controversy surrounding some immune cells in atherosclerosis, and the limitations of extrapolating from relevant animal models to humans were all carefully reviewed in this review from the three perspectives of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and complement system. This could provide fresh possibilities for atherosclerosis research and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenxu Pang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
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Miyajima R, Tanegashima K, Naruse N, Denda M, Hara T, Otaka A. Identification of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 as a CXCL14 Receptor Using Chemically Synthesized Tetrafunctional Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:551-562. [PMID: 38289037 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
CXCL14 is a primordial CXC-type chemokine that transports CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) into endosomes and lysosomes in dendritic cells, thereby leading to the activation of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated innate immune system. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which the CXCL14-CpG ODN complex enters cells remains elusive. Herein, we describe the chemical synthesis of CXCL14-derived photoaffinity probes and their application to the identification of target receptors for CXCL14 using quantitative proteomics. By utilizing native chemical ligation and maleimide-thiol coupling chemistry, we synthesized site-specifically modified CXCL14-based photoaffinity probes that contain photoreactive 2-aryl-5-carboxytetrazole (ACT) and a hydrazine-labile cleavable linker. CXCL14-based probes were found to be capable of binding CpG ODN to immune cells, whose bioactivities were comparable to native CXCL14. Application of CXCL14-derived probes to quantitative proteomic experiments enabled the identification of dozens of target receptor candidates for CXCL14 in mouse macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells, and we discovered that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a novel receptor for CXCL14 by competitive proteome profiling. We further showed that disruption of LRP1 affected the incorporation of the CXCL14-CpG ODN complex in the cells. Overall, this report highlights the power of synthetic CXCL14-derived photoaffinity probes combined with chemical proteomics to discover previously unidentified receptors for CXCL14, which could promote an understanding of the molecular functions of CXCL14 and the elaborate machinery of innate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Miyajima
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanegashima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Naoto Naruse
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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6
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Zargar AS, Borole K, Rai R. Correlation of polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR1 and TLR2) genes with susceptibility of pulmonary tuberculosis in Doda region of India. Indian J Tuberc 2024; 71:41-47. [PMID: 38296390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary tuberculosis has emerged as one of the leading causes of deaths across the globe. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has also shown an increasing trend over the time which may be attributed to the increase in multidrug resistant strains and HIV epidemics. There are several factors like change in the gene structure and cellular activities of the host and the bacterium which may have changed the host response towards tuberculosis. Additionally, the recent reports have suggested that Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the activation of immune responses against various pathogens. Therefore, this study has been designed to investigate the possible correlation of TLR gene polymorphism and prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. METHOD This study investigates 300 samples collected from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (150) and healthy controls (150) from the Doda region of Jammu, India. For analysis purpose, DNA from the collected samples were isolated and subjected to sequence specific PCR amplification of TLR-1 and TLR-2 genes. The amplicons of TLR-1 and TLR-2 were further digested with restriction enzymes PvuII and Xbal, respectively, and visualized on agarose gel, subsequently. RESULT The results suggest that frequency of TLR2 gene polymorphism (73.9%) is high in the patients below the age of 50 years, whereas, frequency of TLR-1 gene polymorphism is high (71%) in the patients above 50 years of age (p = 0.005). Further, the restriction digestion analysis of TLR1 genes has shown that nearly 78% of the confirmed normal cases exhibit homozygous normal conditions followed by 12% cases with heterozygous conditions and 10% cases of homozygous mutants. Similarly for TLR2 genes, nearly 78.6% of the confirmed normal cases have shown homozygous normal conditions followed heterozygous conditions (12.6%) and homozygous mutants (8.6%). CONCLUSION This study establishes a preliminary correlation between TLR polymorphism and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Saleem Zargar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Doda, 182205, India
| | - Kumudini Borole
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Doda, 182205, India
| | - Rohit Rai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
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7
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Atre T, Farrokhi A, Jo S, Salitra S, Duque-Afonso J, Cleary ML, Rolf N, Reid GSD. Age and ligand specificity influence the outcome of pathogen engagement on preleukemic and leukemic B-cell precursor populations. Blood Adv 2023; 7:7087-7099. [PMID: 37824841 PMCID: PMC10694525 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Common infections have long been proposed to play a role in the development of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, epidemiologic studies report contradictory effects of infection exposure on subsequent B-ALL risk, and no specific pathogen has been definitively linked to the disease. A unifying mechanism to explain the divergent outcomes could inform disease prevention strategies. We previously reported that the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligand Poly(I:C) exerted effects on B-ALL cells that were distinct from those observed with other nucleic acid-based PRR ligands. Here, using multiple double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) moieties, we show that the overall outcome of exposure to Poly(I:C) reflects the balance of opposing responses induced by its ligation to endosomal and cytoplasmic receptors. This PRR response biology is shared between mouse and human B-ALL and can increase leukemia-initiating cell burden in vivo during the preleukemia phase of B-ALL, primarily through tumor necrosis factor α signaling. The age of the responding immune system further influences the impact of dsRNA exposure on B-ALL cells in both mouse and human settings. Overall, our study demonstrates that potentially proleukemic and antileukemic effects can each be generated by the stimulation of pathogen recognition pathways and indicates a mechanistic explanation for the contrasting epidemiologic associations reported for infection exposure and B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Atre
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sumin Jo
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Salitra
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesus Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael L. Cleary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Nina Rolf
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gregor S. D. Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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8
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Wangler LM, Godbout JP. Microglia moonlighting after traumatic brain injury: aging and interferons influence chronic microglia reactivity. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:926-940. [PMID: 37723009 PMCID: PMC10592045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Most of the individuals who experience traumatic brain injury (TBI) develop neuropsychiatric and cognitive complications that negatively affect recovery and health span. Activation of multiple inflammatory pathways persists after TBI, but it is unclear how inflammation contributes to long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits. One outcome of TBI is microglial priming and subsequent hyper-reactivity to secondary stressors, injuries, or immune challenges that further augment complications. Additionally, microglia priming with aging contributes to exaggerated glial responses to TBI. One prominent inflammatory pathway, interferon (IFN) signaling, is increased after TBI and may contribute to microglial priming and subsequent reactivity. This review discusses the contributions of microglia to inflammatory processes after TBI, as well as the influence of aging and IFNs on microglia reactivity and chronic inflammation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynde M Wangler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, 190 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Marek J, Hanesch L, Krabbe T, El Khawanky N, Heidegger S, Altomonte J. Oncolytic virotherapy with chimeric VSV-NDV synergistically supports RIG-I-dependent checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:117-131. [PMID: 37654972 PMCID: PMC10465858 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the complexities of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its correlation with responsiveness to immunotherapy has become a main focus in overcoming resistance to such treatments. Targeting tumor-intrinsic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), a sensor for viral RNA, was shown to transform the TME from an immunogenically "cold" state to an inflamed, "hot" lesion, which we demonstrated previously to be a crucial mediator of the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). In this study, we focus on the chimeric oncolytic virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-Newcastle disease virus (NDV), comprised of genetic components of VSV and NDV, and we investigate its utility to support tumor-intrinsic RIG-I-dependent therapy with anti-CTLA-4. Overall, we demonstrate that treatment with VSV-NDV efficiently delays tumor growth and significantly prolongs survival in a murine model of malignant melanoma, which was further enhanced in combination with anti-CTLA-4. Although the direct oncolytic and pro-inflammatory effects of VSV-NDV therapy were independent of RIG-I activation, the synergism with anti-CTLA-4 therapy and associated activation of tumor-specific T cells was critically dependent on active RIG-I signaling in tumor cells. This work highlights the therapeutic value of utilizing an immune-stimulatory oncolytic virus to sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Marek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Hanesch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Krabbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Heidegger
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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10
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Jain A, Begum T, Ahmad S. Analysis and Prediction of Pathogen Nucleic Acid Specificity for Toll-like Receptors in Vertebrates. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168208. [PMID: 37479078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of key sequence, expression and function related features of nucleic acid-sensing host proteins is of fundamental importance to understand the dynamics of pathogen-specific host responses. To meet this objective, we considered toll-like receptors (TLRs), a representative class of membrane-bound sensor proteins, from 17 vertebrate species covering mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes in this comparative study. We identified the molecular signatures of host TLRs that are responsible for sensing pathogen nucleic acids or other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and potentially play important roles in host defence mechanism. Interestingly, our findings reveal that such host-specific features are directly related to the strand (single or double) specificity of nucleic acid from pathogens. However, during host-pathogen interactions, such features were unable to explain the pathogenic PAMP (i.e., DNA, RNA or other) selectivity, suggesting a more complex mechanism. Using these features, we developed a number of machine learning models, of which Random Forest achieved a high performance (94.57% accuracy) to predict strand specificity of TLRs from protein-derived features. We applied the trained model to propose strand specificity of some previously uncharacterized distinct fish-specific novel TLRs (TLR18, TLR23, TLR24, TLR25, TLR27).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. https://twitter.com/@Anuja334
| | - Tina Begum
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Yang J, Zhou Z, Wu Y, Nie M. Study on the mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of periodontitis through network pharmacology and mole-cular docking. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2023; 41:157-164. [PMID: 37056181 PMCID: PMC10427256 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2023.2022370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the therapeutic targets of curcumin in periodontitis through network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. METHODS Targets of curcumin and periodontitis were predicted by different databases, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network constructed by String revealed the interaction between curcumin and periodontitis. The key target genes were screened for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the binding potential of curcumin to periodontitis. RESULTS A total of 672 periodontitis-related disease targets and 107 curcumin-acting targets were obtained from the databases, and 20 key targets were screened. The GO and KEGG analyses of the 20 targets showed that curcumin might play a therapeutic role through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling pathways. Molecular docking analysis showed that curcumin had good binding potential with multiple targets. CONCLUSIONS The potential key targets and molecular mechanisms of curcumin in treating periodontitis provide a theoretical basis for new drug development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziliang Zhou
- Dept. of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Nie
- Dept. of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510140, China
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12
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The Roles of TRAF3 in Immune Responses. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:7787803. [PMID: 36845015 PMCID: PMC9949957 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7787803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Seven tumor necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) associated factors (TRAFs) have been found in mammals, which are primarily involved in the signal translation of the TNFR superfamily, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, and the retinoic acid-inducible gene I- (RIG-I-) like receptor (RLR) family. TRAF3 is one of the most diverse members of the TRAF family. It can positively regulate type I interferon production while negatively regulating signaling pathways of classical nuclear factor-κB, nonclassical nuclear factor-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This review summarizes the roles of TRAF3 signaling and the related immune receptors (e.g., TLRs) in several preclinical and clinical diseases and focuses on the roles of TRAF3 in immune responses, the regulatory mechanisms, and its role in disease.
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13
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The Dilemma of HSV-1 Oncolytic Virus Delivery: The Method Choice and Hurdles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043681. [PMID: 36835091 PMCID: PMC9962028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as effective gene therapy and immunotherapy drugs. As an important gene delivery platform, the integration of exogenous genes into OVs has become a novel path for the advancement of OV therapy, while the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most commonly used. However, the current mode of administration of HSV-1 oncolytic virus is mainly based on the tumor in situ injection, which limits the application of such OV drugs to a certain extent. Intravenous administration offers a solution to the systemic distribution of OV drugs but is ambiguous in terms of efficacy and safety. The main reason is the synergistic role of innate and adaptive immunity of the immune system in the response against the HSV-1 oncolytic virus, which is rapidly cleared by the body's immune system before it reaches the tumor, a process that is accompanied by side effects. This article reviews different administration methods of HSV-1 oncolytic virus in the process of tumor treatment, especially the research progress in intravenous administration. It also discusses immune constraints and solutions of intravenous administration with the intent to provide new insights into HSV-1 delivery for OV therapy.
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14
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O'Reilly S. Toll-like receptor triggering in systemic sclerosis: time to target. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:SI12-SI19. [PMID: 35863054 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SSc is an autoimmune disease that has features of vascular abnormalities, inflammation and skin and lung fibrosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sentinel receptors that serve to recognize pathogens or internal danger signals leading to downstream signalling pathways that ultimately lead to inflammation and modification of adaptive immunity. Inflammation and fibrosis appear intricately connected in this disease and TLR ligation on fibroblasts can directly activate these cells to produce copious amounts of collagen, a hallmark of disease. The presence of damage-associated molecular patterns in association with fibrosis has been highlighted. Given their prominent role in disease, this review discusses the evidence of their expression and role in disease pathogenesis and possible therapeutic intervention to mitigate fibrosis.
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15
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Evaluation of Immune Modulation by β-1,3; 1,6 D-Glucan Derived from Ganoderma lucidum in Healthy Adult Volunteers, A Randomized Controlled Trial. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030659. [PMID: 36766186 PMCID: PMC9914031 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi-derived β-glucan, a type of glucopolysaccharide, has been shown to possess immune-modulatory properties in clinical settings. Studies have indicated that β-glucan derived from Ganoderma lucidum (commonly known as Reishi) holds particular promise in this regard, both in laboratory and in vivo settings. To further investigate the efficacy and safety of Reishi β-glucan in human subjects, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among healthy adult volunteers aged 18 to 55. Participants were instructed to self-administer the interventions or placebos on a daily basis for 84 days, with bloodwork assessments conducted at the beginning and end of the study. The results of the trial showed that subjects in the intervention group, who received Reishi β-glucan, exhibited a significant enhancement in various immune cell populations, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes, as well as an improvement in the CD4/CD8 ratio and natural killer cell counts when compared to the placebo group. Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed in serum immunoglobulin A levels and natural killer cell cytotoxicity between the intervention and placebo groups. Notably, the intervention was found to be safe and well tolerated, with no statistically significant changes observed in markers of kidney or liver function in either group. Overall, the study provides evidence for the ability of Reishi β-glucan to modulate immune responses in healthy adults, thereby potentially bolstering their defense against opportunistic infections.
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16
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Exploring the Interaction between 3-D Structure of TLR 9 and Prostaglandin Analogues. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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17
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Investigation of TLR4 Antagonists for Prevention of Intestinal Inflammation. Inflammation 2023; 46:103-114. [PMID: 35867263 PMCID: PMC9971050 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been shown to be a major influence on the inflammatory signalling pathways in intestinal mucositis (IM), as demonstrated by TLR4 knock-out mice. Pharmacological TLR4 inhibition has thus been postulated as a potential new therapeutic approach for the treatment of IM but specific TLR4 inhibitors have yet to be investigated. As such, we aimed to determine whether direct TLR4 antagonism prevents inflammation in pre-clinical experimental models of IM. The non-competitive and competitive TLR4 inhibitors, TAK-242 (10 µM) and IAXO-102 (10 µM), respectively, or vehicle were added to human T84, HT-29, and U937 cell lines and mouse colonic explants 1 h before the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (in vitro: 100 µg/mL; ex vivo: 10 µg/mL), SN-38 (in vitro: 1 µM or 1 nM; ex vivo: 2 µM), and/or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (5 µg/mL). Supernatant was collected for human IL-8 and mouse IL-6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), as a measure of inflammatory signalling. Cell viability was measured using XTT assays. Explant tissue was used in histopathological and RT-PCR analysis for genes of interest: TLR4, MD2, CD14, MyD88, IL-6, IL-6R, CXCL2, CXCR1, CXCR2. SN-38 increased cytostasis compared to vehicle (P < 0.0001). However, this was not prevented by either antagonist (P > 0.05) in any of the 3 cell lines. Quantitative histological assessment scores showed no differences between vehicle and treatment groups (P > 0.05). There were no differences in in vitro IL-8 (P > 0.05, in all 3 cells lines) and ex vivo IL-6 (P > 0.05) concentrations between vehicle and treatment groups. Transcript expression of all genes was similar across vehicle and treatment groups (P > 0.05). TLR4 antagonism using specific inhibitors TAK-242 and IAXO-102 was not effective at blocking IM in these pre-clinical models of mucositis. This work indicates that specific epithelial inhibition of TLR4 with these compounds is insufficient to manage mucositis-related inflammation. Rather, TLR4 signalling through immune cells may be a more important target to prevent IM.
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18
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Lim CS, Jang YH, Lee GY, Han GM, Jeong HJ, Kim JW, Lee JO. TLR3 forms a highly organized cluster when bound to a poly(I:C) RNA ligand. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6876. [PMID: 36371424 PMCID: PMC9653405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) initiates a potent anti-viral immune response by binding to double-stranded RNA ligands. Previous crystallographic studies showed that TLR3 forms a homodimer when bound to a 46-base pair RNA ligand. However, this short RNA fails to initiate a robust immune response. To obtain structural insights into the length dependency of TLR3 ligands, we determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of full-length TLR3 in a complex with a synthetic RNA ligand with an average length of ~400 base pairs. In the structure, the dimeric TLR3 units are clustered along the double-stranded RNA helix in a highly organized and cooperative fashion with a uniform inter-dimer spacing of 103 angstroms. The intracellular and transmembrane domains are dispensable for the clustering because their deletion does not interfere with the cluster formation. Our structural observation suggests that ligand-induced clustering of TLR3 dimers triggers the ordered assembly of intracellular signaling adaptors and initiates a robust innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Seok Lim
- Department of Life Sciences and POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Jang
- Department of Life Sciences and POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Ga Young Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Gu Min Han
- Department of Life Sciences and POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jeong
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Institute of Membrane Proteins, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences and POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Institute of Membrane Proteins, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Institute of Membrane Proteins, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673 Korea
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19
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Stergioti EM, Manolakou T, Boumpas DT, Banos A. Antiviral Innate Immune Responses in Autoimmunity: Receptors, Pathways, and Therapeutic Targeting. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2820. [PMID: 36359340 PMCID: PMC9687478 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune receptors sense nucleic acids derived from viral pathogens or self-constituents and initiate an immune response, which involves, among other things, the secretion of cytokines including interferon (IFN) and the activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). This robust and well-coordinated immune response is mediated by the innate immune cells and is critical to preserving and restoring homeostasis. Like an antiviral response, during an autoimmune disease, aberrations of immune tolerance promote inflammatory responses to self-components, such as nucleic acids and immune complexes (ICs), leading to the secretion of cytokines, inflammation, and tissue damage. The aberrant immune response within the inflammatory milieu of the autoimmune diseases may lead to defective viral responses, predispose to autoimmunity, or precipitate a flare of an existing autoimmune disease. Herein, we review the literature on the crosstalk between innate antiviral immune responses and autoimmune responses and discuss the pitfalls and challenges regarding the therapeutic targeting of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Maria Stergioti
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Manolakou
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T. Boumpas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Aggelos Banos
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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20
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Clement M, Forbester JL, Marsden M, Sabberwal P, Sommerville MS, Wellington D, Dimonte S, Clare S, Harcourt K, Yin Z, Nobre L, Antrobus R, Jin B, Chen M, Makvandi-Nejad S, Lindborg JA, Strittmatter SM, Weekes MP, Stanton RJ, Dong T, Humphreys IR. IFITM3 restricts virus-induced inflammatory cytokine production by limiting Nogo-B mediated TLR responses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5294. [PMID: 36075894 PMCID: PMC9454482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that limits viral pathogenesis and exerts poorly understood immunoregulatory functions. Here, using human and mouse models, we demonstrate that IFITM3 promotes MyD88-dependent, TLR-mediated IL-6 production following exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV). IFITM3 also restricts IL-6 production in response to influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In dendritic cells, IFITM3 binds to the reticulon 4 isoform Nogo-B and promotes its proteasomal degradation. We reveal that Nogo-B mediates TLR-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production and promotes viral pathogenesis in vivo, and in the case of TLR2 responses, this process involves alteration of TLR2 cellular localization. Nogo-B deletion abrogates inflammatory cytokine responses and associated disease in virus-infected IFITM3-deficient mice. Thus, we uncover Nogo-B as a driver of viral pathogenesis and highlight an immunoregulatory pathway in which IFITM3 fine-tunes the responsiveness of myeloid cells to viral stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - M Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - M S Sommerville
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Wellington
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Dimonte
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - S Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K Harcourt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Z Yin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - B Jin
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - M Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - S Makvandi-Nejad
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - J A Lindborg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - S M Strittmatter
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - M P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - T Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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21
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de Faria IJS, Aguiar ERGR, Olmo RP, Alves da Silva J, Daeffler L, Carthew RW, Imler JL, Marques JT. Invading viral DNA triggers dsRNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II to activate antiviral RNA interference in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110976. [PMID: 35732126 PMCID: PMC10041815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
dsRNA sensing triggers antiviral responses against RNA and DNA viruses in diverse eukaryotes. In Drosophila, Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6), a large DNA virus, triggers production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the dsRNA sensor Dicer-2. Here, we show that host RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) bidirectionally transcribes specific AT-rich regions of the IIV-6 DNA genome to generate dsRNA. Both replicative and naked IIV-6 genomes trigger production of dsRNA in Drosophila cells, implying direct sensing of invading DNA. Loquacious-PD, a Dicer-2 co-factor essential for the biogenesis of endogenous siRNAs, is dispensable for processing of IIV-6-derived dsRNAs, which suggests that they are distinct. Consistent with this finding, inhibition of the RNAPII co-factor P-TEFb affects the synthesis of endogenous, but not virus-derived, dsRNA. Altogether, our results suggest that a non-canonical RNAPII complex recognizes invading viral DNA to synthesize virus-derived dsRNA, which activates the antiviral siRNA pathway in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaque J S de Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric R G R Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), 45662-900 Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Roenick P Olmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Juliana Alves da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; NSF Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - João T Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Sánchez-Arcila JC, Jensen KDC. Forward Genetics in Apicomplexa Biology: The Host Side of the Story. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878475. [PMID: 35646724 PMCID: PMC9133346 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic approaches have been widely used in parasitology and have proven their power to reveal the complexities of host-parasite interactions in an unbiased fashion. Many aspects of the parasite’s biology, including the identification of virulence factors, replication determinants, antibiotic resistance genes, and other factors required for parasitic life, have been discovered using such strategies. Forward genetic approaches have also been employed to understand host resistance mechanisms to parasitic infection. Here, we will introduce and review all forward genetic approaches that have been used to identify host factors involved with Apicomplexa infections, which include classical genetic screens and QTL mapping, GWAS, ENU mutagenesis, overexpression, RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 library screens. Collectively, these screens have improved our understanding of host resistance mechanisms, immune regulation, vaccine and drug designs for Apicomplexa parasites. We will also discuss how recent advances in molecular genetics give present opportunities to further explore host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Sánchez-Arcila
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kirk D. C. Jensen,
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23
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Jung MH, Nikapitiya C, Kim SJ, Han HJ, Kim MS, Choi HS, Jung SJ. Protective immunity induced by ankyrin repeat-containing protein-based DNA vaccine against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Virus Res 2022; 318:198827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Gaunt ER, Digard P. Compositional biases in RNA viruses: Causes, consequences and applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1679. [PMID: 34155814 PMCID: PMC8420353 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
If each of the four nucleotides were represented equally in the genomes of viruses and the hosts they infect, each base would occur at a frequency of 25%. However, this is not observed in nature. Similarly, the order of nucleotides is not random (e.g., in the human genome, guanine follows cytosine at a frequency of ~0.0125, or a quarter the number of times predicted by random representation). Codon usage and codon order are also nonrandom. Furthermore, nucleotide and codon biases vary between species. Such biases have various drivers, including cellular proteins that recognize specific patterns in nucleic acids, that once triggered, induce mutations or invoke intrinsic or innate immune responses. In this review we examine the types of compositional biases identified in viral genomes and current understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning these trends. Finally, we consider the potential for large scale synonymous recoding strategies to engineer RNA virus vaccines, including those with pandemic potential, such as influenza A virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Virus 2. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R. Gaunt
- Department of Infection and ImmunityThe Roslin Institute, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Paul Digard
- Department of Infection and ImmunityThe Roslin Institute, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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25
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Li X, Sun X, Guo X, Li X, Peng S, Mu X. Chemical reagents modulate nucleic acid-activated toll-like receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112622. [PMID: 35008000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-mediated interferon signaling plays a pivotal role in defense against microorganisms, especially during viral infection. Receptors sensing exogenous nucleic acid molecules are localized in the cytosol and endosomes. Cytosolic sensors, including cGAS, RIG-I, and MDA5, and endosome-anchored receptors are toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9). These TLRs share the same domain architecture and have similar structures, facing the interior of endosomes so their binding to nucleic acids of invading pathogens via endocytosis is possible. The correct function of these receptors is crucial for cell homeostasis and effective response against pathogen invasion. A variety of endogenous mechanisms modulates their activities. Nevertheless, naturally occurring mutations lead to aberrant TLR-mediated interferon (IFN) signaling. Furthermore, certain pathogens require a more robust defense against control. Thus, manipulating these TLR activities has a profound impact. High-throughput virtual screening followed by experimental validation led to the discovery of numerous chemicals that can change these TLR-mediated IFN signaling activities. Many of them are unique in selectivity, while others regulate more than one TLR due to commonalities in these receptors. We summarized these nucleic acid-sensing TLR-mediated IFN signaling pathways and the corresponding chemicals activating or deactivating their signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Xueren Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shouchun Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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26
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) in Innate Immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413397. [PMID: 34948194 PMCID: PMC8704656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several classes of PRRS, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize distinct microbial components and directly activate immune cells. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, while NLRs and RLRs are intracellular molecules. Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of overlapping and unique genes involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The innate immune system also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. Natural and synthetic agonists of TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment, and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a concise overview of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs: their structure, functions, signaling pathways, and regulation. We also describe various ligands for these receptors and their possible application in treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
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27
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Szumilas N, Corneth OBJ, Lehmann CHK, Schmitt H, Cunz S, Cullen JG, Chu T, Marosan A, Mócsai A, Benes V, Zehn D, Dudziak D, Hendriks RW, Nitschke L. Siglec-H-Deficient Mice Show Enhanced Type I IFN Responses, but Do Not Develop Autoimmunity After Influenza or LCMV Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698420. [PMID: 34497606 PMCID: PMC8419311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-H is a DAP12-associated receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and microglia. Siglec-H inhibits TLR9-induced IFN-α production by pDCs. Previously, it was found that Siglec-H-deficient mice develop a lupus-like severe autoimmune disease after persistent murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection. This was due to enhanced type I interferon responses, including IFN-α. Here we examined, whether other virus infections can also induce autoimmunity in Siglec-H-deficient mice. To this end we infected Siglec-H-deficient mice with influenza virus or with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13. With both types of viruses we did not observe induction of autoimmune disease in Siglec-H-deficient mice. This can be explained by the fact that both types of viruses are ssRNA viruses that engage TLR7, rather than TLR9. Also, Influenza causes an acute infection that is rapidly cleared and the chronicity of LCMV clone 13 may not be sufficient and may rather suppress pDC functions. Siglec-H inhibited exclusively TLR-9 driven type I interferon responses, but did not affect type II or type III interferon production by pDCs. Siglec-H-deficient pDCs showed impaired Hck expression, which is a Src-family kinase expressed in myeloid cells, and downmodulation of the chemokine receptor CCR9, that has important functions for pDCs. Accordingly, Siglec-H-deficient pDCs showed impaired migration towards the CCR9 ligand CCL25. Furthermore, autoimmune-related genes such as Klk1 and DNase1l3 are downregulated in Siglec-H-deficient pDCs as well. From these findings we conclude that Siglec-H controls TLR-9-dependent, but not TLR-7 dependent inflammatory responses after virus infections and regulates chemokine responsiveness of pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Szumilas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heike Schmitt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svenia Cunz
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jolie G Cullen
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Talyn Chu
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anita Marosan
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Gao D, Ciancanelli MJ, Zhang P, Harschnitz O, Bondet V, Hasek M, Chen J, Mu X, Itan Y, Cobat A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Bigio B, Lorenzo L, Ciceri G, McAlpine J, Anguiano E, Jouanguy E, Chaussabel D, Meyts I, Diamond MS, Abel L, Hur S, Smith GA, Notarangelo L, Duffy D, Studer L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. TLR3 controls constitutive IFN-β antiviral immunity in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:134529. [PMID: 33393505 DOI: 10.1172/jci134529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis can be caused by inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway, resulting in impairment of CNS cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. Deficiencies of the TLR3 pathway impair cell-intrinsic immunity to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and HSV-1 in fibroblasts, and to HSV-1 in cortical but not trigeminal neurons. The underlying molecular mechanism is thought to involve impaired IFN-α/β induction by the TLR3 recognition of dsRNA viral intermediates or by-products. However, we show here that human TLR3 controls constitutive levels of IFNB mRNA and secreted bioactive IFN-β protein, and thereby also controls constitutive mRNA levels for IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in fibroblasts. Tlr3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts also have lower basal ISG levels. Moreover, human TLR3 controls basal levels of IFN-β secretion and ISG mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. Consistently, TLR3-deficient human fibroblasts and cortical neurons are vulnerable not only to both VSV and HSV-1, but also to several other families of viruses. The mechanism by which TLR3 restricts viral growth in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons in vitro and, by inference, by which the human CNS prevents infection by HSV-1 in vivo, is therefore based on the control of early viral infection by basal IFN-β immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Gao
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Turnstone Biologics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica McAlpine
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Esperanza Anguiano
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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Jabłońska A, Jabłonowska E, Studzińska M, Kamerys J, Paradowska E. The TLR9 2848C/T Polymorphism Is Associated with the CMV DNAemia among HIV/CMV Co-Infected Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092360. [PMID: 34572011 PMCID: PMC8470824 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are essential components of the host’s innate immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the TLR9 genotype frequency and investigate the association between TLR9 polymorphisms and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/CMV co-infected patients. A total of 205 HIV/CMV co-infected adults were screened for the presence of the four TLR9 polymorphisms (−1237T/C, −1486T/C, 1174G/A, and 2848C/T) by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Mutation presented in at least one allele of the TLR9 2848C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with the occurrence of CMV DNAemia among HIV-infected patients with CMV co-infection (p = 0.004). The level of CMV DNA was higher in patients who were homozygous recessive or heterozygous for the 2848C/T polymorphism compared with those who had a wild-type genotype for this polymorphism (p = 0.005). Mutation detected in at least one allele of this SNP was also associated with a lower interferon type β (IFN-β) concentration (p = 0.048), while no relationships between TLR9 −1237T/C, −1486T/C, and 1174G/A SNPs and CMV DNAemia were observed. Our findings suggest that the mutation present in at least one allele of the TLR9 2848C/T SNP may be associated with the active CMV infection in HIV/CMV co-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Jabłonowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Juliusz Kamerys
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-3629
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30
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Hennessy C, McKernan DP. Anti-Viral Pattern Recognition Receptors as Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092258. [PMID: 34571909 PMCID: PMC8466445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the inflammation that ensues following microbial infection by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms but also following tissue damage by recognising molecules released during disease states. Such receptors are expressed in a variety of cells and in various compartments of these cells. PRR binding of molecular patterns results in an intracellular signalling cascade and the eventual activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines, chemokines, and vasoactive molecules. PRRs and their accessory molecules are subject to tight regulation in these cells so as to not overreact or react in unnecessary circumstances. They are also key to reacting to infection and in stimulating the immune system when needed. Therefore, targeting PRRs offers a potential therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory disease, infections and as vaccine adjuvants. In this review, the current knowledge on anti-viral PRRs and their signalling pathways is reviewed. Finally, compounds that target PRRs and that have been tested in clinical trials for chronic infections and as adjuvants in vaccine trials are discussed.
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31
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Wubben R, Efstathiou C, Stevenson NJ. The interplay between the immune system and viruses. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 117:1-15. [PMID: 34420576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human immune response can be divided into two arms: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system consists of "hard-wired" responses encoded by host germline genes. In contrast, the adaptive response consists of gene elements that are somatically rearranged to assemble antigen-binding molecules with specificity for individual foreign structures. In contrast to the adaptive immune system, which depends upon T and B lymphocytes, innate immune protection is a task performed by cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin. Hematopoietic cells involved in innate immune responses include macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cell, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T cells. The induction of an adaptive immune response begins when a pathogen is ingested by an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC), such as the Dendritic cell (DC), in the infected tissue. DCs bridge the gap between first line innate responses and powerful adaptive immune responses, by internalizing, processing and presenting antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and MHC-like molecules to the adaptive immune cells In addition to DCs, macrophages and B cells are deemed antigen presenting cells (Llewelyn & Cohen, 2002).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wubben
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - N J Stevenson
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain; Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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The Role of Caspase-12 in Retinal Bystander Cell Death and Innate Immune Responses against MCMV Retinitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158135. [PMID: 34360899 PMCID: PMC8348425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: caspase-12 is activated during cytomegalovirus retinitis, although its role is presently unclear. (2) Methods: caspase-12−/− (KO) or caspase-12+/+ (WT) mice were immunosup eyes were analyzed by plaque assay, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemical staining, western blotting, and real-time PCR. (3) Results: increased retinitis and a more extensive virus spread were detected in the retina of infected eyes of KO mice compared to WT mice at day 14 p.i. Compared to MCMV injected WT eyes, mRNA levels of interferons α, β and γ were significantly reduced in the neural retina of MCMV-infected KO eyes at day 14 p.i. Although similar numbers of MCMV infected cells, similar virus titers and similar numbers of TUNEL-staining cells were detected in injected eyes of both KO and WT mice at days 7 and 10 p.i., significantly lower amounts of cleaved caspase-3 and p53 protein were detected in infected eyes of KO mice at both time points. (4) Conclusions: caspase-12 contributes to caspase-3-dependent and independent retinal bystander cell death during MCMV retinitis and may also play an important role in innate immunity against virus infection of the retina.
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33
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Shan M, Ji X, Janssen K, Silverman IM, Humenik J, Garcia BA, Liebhaber SA, Gregory BD. Dynamic changes in RNA-protein interactions and RNA secondary structure in mammalian erythropoiesis. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/9/e202000659. [PMID: 34315813 PMCID: PMC8321672 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two features of eukaryotic RNA molecules that regulate their post-transcriptional fates are RNA secondary structure and RNA-binding protein (RBP) interaction sites. However, a comprehensive global overview of the dynamic nature of these sequence features during erythropoiesis has never been obtained. Here, we use our ribonuclease-mediated structure and RBP-binding site mapping approach to reveal the global landscape of RNA secondary structure and RBP-RNA interaction sites and the dynamics of these features during this important developmental process. We identify dynamic patterns of RNA secondary structure and RBP binding throughout the process and determine a set of corresponding protein-bound sequence motifs along with their dynamic structural and RBP-binding contexts. Finally, using these dynamically bound sequences, we identify a number of RBPs that have known and putative key functions in post-transcriptional regulation during mammalian erythropoiesis. In total, this global analysis reveals new post-transcriptional regulators of mammalian blood cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Shan
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Xinjun Ji
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Janssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ian M Silverman
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jesse Humenik
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ben A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Stephen A Liebhaber
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA .,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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34
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Iwase R, Naruse N, Nakagawa M, Saito R, Shigenaga A, Otaka A, Hara T, Tanegashima K. Identification of Functional Domains of CXCL14 Involved in High-Affinity Binding and Intracellular Transport of CpG DNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:459-469. [PMID: 34261665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some CXC chemokines, including CXCL14, transport CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) into dendritic cells (DCs), thereby activating TLR9. The molecular basis of this noncanonical function of CXC chemokines is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the CpG ODN binding and intracellular transport activities of various CXC chemokines and partial peptides of CXCL14 in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. CXCL14, CXCL4, and CXCL12 specifically bound CpG ODN, but CXCL12 failed to transport it into cells at low dose. CXCL14 N-terminal peptides 1-47, but not 1-40, was capable of transporting CpG ODN into the cell, resulting in an increase in cytokine production. However, both the 1-47 and 1-40 peptides bound CpG ODN. By contrast, CXCL14 peptides 13-50 did not possess CpG ODN binding capacity or transport activity. The chimeric peptides CXCL12 (1-22)-CXCL14 (13-47) bound CpG ODN but failed to transport it. These results suggest that amino acids 1-12 and 41-47 of CXCL14 are required for binding and intracellular transport of CpG ODN, respectively. We found that an anti-CXCL14 Ab blocked cell-surface binding and internalization of the CpG ODN/CXCL14 complex. On the basis of these findings, we propose that CXCL14 has two functional domains, one involved in DNA recognition and the other in internalization of CXCL14-CpG DNA complex via an unidentified CXCL14 receptor, which together are responsible for eliciting the CXCL14/CpG ODN-mediated TLR9 activation. These domains could play roles in CXCL14-related diseases such as arthritis, obesity-induced diabetes, and various types of carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Iwase
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Naruse
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miho Nakagawa
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Risa Saito
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; .,Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Kosuke Tanegashima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
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MyD88 is an essential regulator of NK cell-mediated clearance of MCMV infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:94-104. [PMID: 34242922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The signaling adapter MyD88 is critical for immune cell activation in response to viral or bacterial pathogens via several TLRs, IL-1βR and IL-18R. However, the essential role of MyD88 during activations mediated by germline-encoded NK cell receptors (NKRs), such as Ly49H or NKG2D, has yet to be investigated. To define the NK cell-intrinsic function of MyD88, we generated a novel NK cell conditional knockout mouse for MyD88 (Myd88fl/flNcr1Cre/+). Phenotypic characterization of these mice demonstrated that MyD88 is dispensable for NK cell development and maturation. However, the MyD88-deficient NK cells exhibited significantly reduced cytotoxic potentials in vivo. In addition, the lack of MyD88 significantly reduced the NKG2D-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. Consistent with this, mice lacking MyD88 were unable to respond and clear MCMV infection. Transcriptomic analyses of splenic NK cells following MCMV infection revealed that inflammatory gene signatures were upregulated in Ly49H+. In contrast, Ly49H- NK cells have significant enrichment in G2M checkpoint genes, revealing distinct transcriptomic profiles of these subsets. Our results identify a central role for MyD88 in Ly49H-dependent gene signatures, including alterations in genes regulating proliferation in Ly49H+ NK cells. In summary, our study reveals a previously unknown function of MyD88 in Ly49H-dependent signaling and in vivo functions of NK cells.
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36
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Mulas F, Wang X, Song S, Nishanth G, Yi W, Brunn A, Larsen PK, Isermann B, Kalinke U, Barragan A, Naumann M, Deckert M, Schlüter D. The deubiquitinase OTUB1 augments NF-κB-dependent immune responses in dendritic cells in infection and inflammation by stabilizing UBC13. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1512-1527. [PMID: 32024978 PMCID: PMC8167118 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are indispensable for defense against pathogens but may also contribute to immunopathology. Activation of DCs upon the sensing of pathogens by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is largely mediated by pattern recognition receptor/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and depends on the appropriate ubiquitination of the respective signaling molecules. However, the ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes involved and their interactions are only incompletely understood. Here, we reveal that the deubiquitinase OTU domain, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1 (OTUB1) is upregulated in DCs upon murine Toxoplasma gondii infection and lipopolysaccharide challenge. Stimulation of DCs with the TLR11/12 ligand T. gondii profilin and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide induced an increase in NF-κB activation in OTUB1-competent cells, resulting in elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, which was also observed upon the specific stimulation of TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. Mechanistically, OTUB1 promoted NF-κB activity in DCs by K48-linked deubiquitination and stabilization of the E2-conjugating enzyme UBC13, resulting in increased K63-linked ubiquitination of IRAK1 (IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1) and TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6). Consequently, DC-specific deletion of OTUB1 impaired the production of cytokines, in particular IL-12, by DCs over the first 2 days of T. gondii infection, resulting in the diminished production of protective interferon-γ (IFN-γ) by natural killer cells, impaired control of parasite replication, and, finally, death from chronic T. encephalitis, all of which could be prevented by low-dose IL-12 treatment in the first 3 days of infection. In contrast, impaired OTUB1-deficient DC activation and cytokine production by OTUB1-deficient DCs protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced immunopathology. Collectively, these findings identify OTUB1 as a potent novel regulator of DCs during infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Mulas
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Shanshan Song
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wenjing Yi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Toll-Like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9914854. [PMID: 34195298 PMCID: PMC8181103 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system. Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune system to each other. The TLRs are activated through binding to damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial/microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns (XAMPs). The immunogenetic molecules of TLRs have their own functions, structures, coreceptors, and ligands which make them unique. These properties of TLRs give us an opportunity to find out how we can employ this knowledge for ligand-drug discovery strategies to control TLRs functions and contribution, signaling pathways, and indirect activities. Hence, the authors of this paper have a deep observation on the molecular and structural biology of human TLRs (hTLRs). Methods and Materials To prepare this paper and fulfill our goals, different search engines (e.g., GOOGLE SCHOLAR), Databases (e.g., MEDLINE), and websites (e.g., SCOPUS) were recruited to search and find effective papers and investigations. To reach this purpose, we tried with papers published in the English language with no limitation in time. The iCite bibliometrics was exploited to check the quality of the collected publications. Results Each TLR molecule has its own molecular and structural biology, coreceptor(s), and abilities which make them unique or a complementary portion of the others. These immunogenetic molecules have remarkable roles and are much more important in different sections of immune and nonimmune systems rather than that we understand to date. Conclusion TLRs are suitable targets for ligand-drug discovery strategies to establish new therapeutics in the fields of infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that provide critical host defense against pathogens and cancer. Originally heralded for their early and rapid effector activity, NK cells have been recognized over the last decade for their ability to undergo adaptive immune processes, including antigen-driven clonal expansion and generation of long-lived memory. This review presents an overview of how NK cells lithely partake in both innate and adaptive responses and how this versatility is manifest in human NK cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Mujal
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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39
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Hatscher L, Amon L, Heger L, Dudziak D. Inflammasomes in dendritic cells: Friend or foe? Immunol Lett 2021; 234:16-32. [PMID: 33848562 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that crucially contribute to host defense against pathogens but are also involved in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasome formation leads to activation of effector caspases (caspase-1, 4, 5, or 11), the proteolytic maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D. Dendritic cells are major regulators of immune responses as they bridge innate and adaptive immunity. We here summarize the current knowledge on inflammasome expression and formation in murine bone marrow-, human monocyte-derived as well as murine and human primary dendritic cells. Further, we discuss both, the beneficial and detrimental, involvement of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells in cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. As inflammasome activation is typically accompanied by Gasdermin d-mediated pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, inflammasome formation in dendritic cells seems ill-advised. Therefore, we propose that hyperactivation, which is inflammasome activation without the induction of pyroptosis, may be a general model of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells to enhance Th1, Th17 as well as cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Germany.
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40
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Girardi E, Pfeffer S, Baumert TF, Majzoub K. Roadblocks and fast tracks: How RNA binding proteins affect the viral RNA journey in the cell. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:86-100. [PMID: 32847707 PMCID: PMC7443355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites with limited coding capacity, RNA viruses rely on host cells to complete their multiplication cycle. Viral RNAs (vRNAs) are central to infection. They carry all the necessary information for a virus to synthesize its proteins, replicate and spread and could also play essential non-coding roles. Regardless of its origin or tropism, vRNA has by definition evolved in the presence of host RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs), which resulted in intricate and complicated interactions with these factors. While on one hand some host RBPs recognize vRNA as non-self and mobilize host antiviral defenses, vRNA must also co-opt other host RBPs to promote viral infection. Focusing on pathogenic RNA viruses, we will review important scenarios of RBP-vRNA interactions during which host RBPs recognize, modify or degrade vRNAs. We will then focus on how vRNA hijacks the largest ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) in the cell, the ribosome, to selectively promote the synthesis of its proteins. We will finally reflect on how novel technologies are helping in deepening our understanding of vRNA-host RBPs interactions, which can be ultimately leveraged to combat everlasting viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Girardi
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France; Pole Hépatodigestif, Institut Hopitalo-universitaire, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Mitchell JL, Takata H, Muir R, Colby DJ, Kroon E, Crowell TA, Sacdalan C, Pinyakorn S, Puttamaswin S, Benjapornpong K, Trichavaroj R, Tressler RL, Fox L, Polonis VR, Bolton DL, Maldarelli F, Lewin SR, Haddad EK, Phanuphak P, Robb ML, Michael NL, de Souza M, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Trautmann L. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense HIV replication before detectable viremia following treatment interruption. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2845-2858. [PMID: 32017709 DOI: 10.1172/jci130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are robust producers of IFNα and one of the first immune cells to respond to SIV infection. To elucidate responses to early HIV-1 replication, we studied blood pDCs in 29 HIV-infected participants who initiated antiretroviral therapy during acute infection and underwent analytic treatment interruption (ATI). We observed an increased frequency of partially activated pDCs in the blood before detection of HIV RNA. Concurrent with peak pDC frequency, we detected a transient decline in the ability of pDCs to produce IFNα in vitro, which correlated with decreased phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factory 7 (IRF7) and NF-κB. The levels of phosphorylated IRF7 and NF-κB inversely correlated with plasma IFNα2 levels, implying that pDCs were refractory to in vitro stimulation after IFNα production in vivo. After ATI, decreased expression of IFN genes in pDCs inversely correlated with the time to viral detection, suggesting that pDC IFN loss is part of an effective early immune response. These data from a limited cohort provide a critical first step in understanding the earliest immune response to HIV-1 and suggest that changes in blood pDC frequency and function can be used as an indicator of viral replication before detectable plasma viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Mitchell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roshell Muir
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donn J Colby
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eugène Kroon
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suwanna Puttamaswin
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khunthalee Benjapornpong
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) United States Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Randall L Tressler
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Fox
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane L Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Praphan Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark de Souza
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Astrakhantseva IV, Tomilin AN, Tarabykin VS, Nedospasov SA. Genome-Wide Mutagenesis in Mice: In Search for Genes Regulating Immune Responses and Inflammation. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Shi H, He H, Sun C, Fu J, Ghosh D, Deng C, Sheng Y. Association of toll-like receptor polymorphisms with acquisition of HIV infection and clinical findings: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23663. [PMID: 33350746 PMCID: PMC7769369 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To find the relationship between toll-like receptor (TLR) gene variants and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and clinical findings, which could inform clinical decisions and vaccination strategies. METHOD Four databases were searched for articles that were published on or before Jul.1, 2020. Review Manager 5.3 software was applied to perform meta-analysis to explore. RESULTS A total of 10 studies involving 20 genes, 3697 cases, and 6498 controls were included in this systematic review. TLR2 -196 to -174 Ins/Del (odds ratio [OR] = 1.562; P = .002), TLR4 rs4986790 (OR = 2.05; P = .002), TLR3 rs3775291 (OR = 0.25; P = .03), TLR7 rs179008 (P = .002), TLR7 rs2074109 (OR = 0.27, P = .019) were found associated with HIV infection. TLR2 -196 to -174, TLR4 rs4986790, TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs352140 were found associated with clinical findings of HIV infection. We identified 5 case-control studies in meta-analysis, involving 695 cases and 729 controls on TLR7 rs179008 polymorphism, totaling 652 cases and 614 controls on TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism. In meta-analysis, we employed various genetic models. The T allele of TLR7 rs179008 was conferred the risk of HIV infection (T vs A: OR = 1.25, PA = .02). An increased risk of HIV infection was found for individuals with the TLR9 rs352140 GG genotype (GG vs AA: OR = 1.50, PA = .04). CONCLUSIONS The systematic review indicated that TLR7 rs179008 T allele provides risk effects for HIV infection. TLR9 rs352140 GG genotype may associate with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Hongyan He
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health of Southwest Medical University
| | | | - Juan Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Yunjian Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Tuberculosis Diseases
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, LuZhou, China
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44
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Anderson CK, Reilly SP, Brossay L. The Invariant NKT Cell Response Has Differential Signaling Requirements during Antigen-Dependent and Antigen-Independent Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:132-140. [PMID: 33229442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are an innate-like population characterized by their recognition of glycolipid Ags and rapid cytokine production upon activation. Unlike conventional T cells, which require TCR ligation, iNKT cells can also be stimulated independently of their TCR. This feature allows iNKT cells to respond even in the absence of glycolipid Ags, for example, during viral infections. Although the TCR-dependent and -independent activation of iNKT cells have been relatively well established, the exact contributions of IL-12, IL-18, and TLRs remain unclear for these two activation pathways. To definitively investigate how these components affect the direct and indirect stimulation of iNKT cells, we used mice deficient for either MyD88 or the IL-12Rβ2 in the T cell lineage. Using these tools, we demonstrate that IL-12, IL-18, and TLRs are completely dispensable for the TCR activation pathway when a strong agonist is used. In contrast, during murine CMV infection, when the TCR is not engaged, IL-12 signaling is essential, and TLR signaling is expendable. Importantly, to our knowledge, we discovered an intrinsic requirement for IL-18 signaling by splenic iNKT cells but not liver iNKT cells, suggesting that there might be diversity, even within the NKT1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Shanelle P Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
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Host genetic susceptibility to viral infections: the role of type I interferon induction. Genes Immun 2020; 21:365-379. [PMID: 33219336 PMCID: PMC7677911 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-00116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is the major front line of defense against viral infections. It involves hundreds of genes with antiviral properties which expression is induced by type I interferons (IFNs) and are therefore called interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Type I IFNs are produced after viral recognition by pathogen recognition receptors, which trigger a cascade of activation events. Human and mouse studies have shown that defective type I IFNs induction may hamper the ability to control viral infections. In humans, moderate to high-effect variants have been identified in individuals with particularly severe complications following viral infection. In mice, functional studies using knock-out alleles have revealed the specific role of most genes of the IFN pathway. Here, we review the role of the molecular partners of the type I IFNs induction pathway and their implication in the control of viral infections and of their complications.
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Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Szulc-Da̧browska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Wyżewski Z, Cymerys J, Chodkowski M, Kiełbik P, Godlewski MM, Gieryńska M, Toka FN. Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:544612. [PMID: 33281554 PMCID: PMC7705377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.544612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained. In this research, we investigated the involvement of various types of endosomes in the regulation of the TLR3 mobility in C8-D1A murine astrocyte cell line. TLR3 was transported rapidly to early EEA1-positive endosomes as well as LAMP1-lysosomes following stimulation with the poly(I:C). Later, TLR3 largely associated with late Rab7-positive endosomes. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, TLR3 co-localized with LAMP1 abundantly in lysosomes of astrocytes. TLR3 interacted with poly(I:C) intracellularly from 1 min to 8 h following cell stimulation. We detected TLR3 on the surface of astrocytes indicating constitutive expression, which increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cellular modulation of TLR3 trafficking. Detailed analysis of the TLR3 transportation pathway is an important component in disclosing the fate of the receptor in HSV-infected CNS and may help in the search for rationale therapeutics to control the replication of neuropathic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Da̧browska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Kiełbik
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał M Godlewski
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113227. [PMID: 33147700 PMCID: PMC7692054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which has been extensively studied for the antiviral function and, therefore, its role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. It is highly expressed in the endosomes of antigen-presenting immune cells and epithelial cells. Several studies have demonstrated TLR3 expression in multiple neoplasia types including breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. In this perspective, we focus on the mechanisms through which TLR3 can either lead to tumor regression or promote carcinogenesis as well as on the potential of TLR-based therapies in resistant cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which has been extensively studied for its antiviral function. It is highly expressed in the endosomes of antigen-presenting immune cells and epithelial cells. TLR3 binds specifically double-strand RNAs (dsRNAs), leading to the activation of mainly two downstream pathways: the phosphorylation of IRF3, with subsequent production of type I interferon, and the activation of NF-κB, which drives the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Several studies have demonstrated TLR3 expression in multiple neoplasia types including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Most studies were focused on the beneficial role of TLR3 activation in tumor cells, which leads to the production of cytotoxic cytokines and interferons and promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis. Indeed, ligands of this receptor were proposed for the treatment of cancer, also in combination with conventional chemotherapy. In contrast to these findings, recent evidence showed a link between TLR3 and tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms through which TLR3 can either lead to tumor regression or promote carcinogenesis as well as the potential of TLR-based therapies in resistant cancer.
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A Novel Virus Alters Gene Expression and Vacuolar Morphology in Malassezia Cells and Induces a TLR3-Mediated Inflammatory Immune Response. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01521-20. [PMID: 32873759 PMCID: PMC7468201 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01521-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is the most dominant fungal genus on the human skin surface and is associated with various skin diseases including dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Among Malassezia species, Malassezia restricta is the most widely observed species on the human skin. In the current study, we identified a novel dsRNA virus, named MrV40, in M. restricta and characterized the sequence and structure of the viral genome along with an independent satellite dsRNA viral segment. Moreover, expression of genes involved in ribosomal synthesis and programmed cell death was altered, indicating that virus infection affected the physiology of the fungal host cells. Our data also showed that the viral nucleic acid from MrV40 induces a TLR3-mediated inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, indicating that a viral element likely contributes to the pathogenicity of Malassezia. This is the first study to identify and characterize a novel mycovirus in Malassezia. Most fungal viruses have been identified in plant pathogens, whereas the presence of viral particles in human-pathogenic fungi is less well studied. In the present study, we observed extrachromosomal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments in various clinical isolates of Malassezia species. Malassezia is the most dominant fungal genus on the human skin surface, and species in this group are considered etiological factors of various skin diseases including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. We identified novel dsRNA segments, and our sequencing results revealed that the virus, named MrV40, belongs to the Totiviridae family and contains an additional satellite dsRNA segment encoding a novel protein. The transcriptome of virus-infected Malassezia restricta cells was compared to that of virus-cured cells, and the results showed that transcripts involved in ribosomal biosynthesis were downregulated and those involved in energy production and programmed cell death were upregulated. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy revealed significantly larger vacuoles in virus-infected M. restricta cells, indicating that MrV40 infection dramatically altered M. restricta physiology. Our analysis also revealed that viral nucleic acid from MrV40 induced a TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3)-mediated inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, suggesting that a viral element contributes to the pathogenicity of Malassezia.
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Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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