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Qu L, Xu S, Lan Z, Fang S, Xu Y, Zhu X. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Synaptic Function and Therapeutic Strategy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04449-1. [PMID: 39214953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is a critical pathological feature in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that precedes typical hallmarks of AD, including beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, the underlying mechanism of synaptic dysfunction remains incompletely defined. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of AD, and the ε4 allele of APOE remains the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD. It is widely recognized that APOE4 accelerates the development of Aβ and tau pathology in AD. Recent studies have indicated that APOE affects synaptic function through a variety of pathways. Here, we summarize the mechanism of modulating synapses by various APOE isoforms and demonstrate the therapeutic potential by targeting APOE4 for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhen Lan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical Center, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Nanjing Neurology Clinical Medical Center, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Yuan Y, Hu R, Chen S, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhou G. CKG-IMC: An inductive matrix completion method enhanced by CKG and GNN for Alzheimer's disease compound-protein interactions prediction. Comput Biol Med 2024; 177:108612. [PMID: 38838556 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disorders globally, with a rapidly growing population of AD patients and currently no effective therapeutic interventions available. Consequently, the development of therapeutic anti-AD drugs and the identification of AD targets represent one of the most urgent tasks. In this study, in addition to considering known drugs and targets, we explore compound-protein interactions (CPIs) between compounds and proteins relevant to AD. We propose a deep learning model called CKG-IMC to predict Alzheimer's disease compound-protein interaction relationships. CKG-IMC comprises three modules: a collaborative knowledge graph (CKG), a principal neighborhood aggregation graph neural network (PNA), and an inductive matrix completion (IMC). The collaborative knowledge graph is used to learn semantic associations between entities, PNA is employed to extract structural features of the relationship network, and IMC is utilized for CPIs prediction. Compared with a total of 16 baseline models based on similarities, knowledge graphs, and graph neural networks, our model achieves state-of-the-art performance in experiments of 10-fold cross-validation and independent test. Furthermore, we use CKG-IMC to predict compounds interacting with two confirmed AD targets, 42-amino-acid β-amyloid (Aβ42) protein and microtubule-associated protein tau (tau protein), as well as proteins interacting with five FDA-approved anti-AD drugs. The results indicate that the majority of predictions are supported by literature, and molecular docking experiments demonstrate a strong affinity between the predicted compounds and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongna Yuan
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Rizhen Hu
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Siming Chen
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; School of Cyberspace Security, Gansu University of Political Science and Law, Anning West Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Gonghai Zhou
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
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Ataei B, Hokmabadi M, Asadi S, Asadifard E, Aghaei Zarch SM, Najafi S, Bagheri-Mohammadi S. A review of the advances, insights, and prospects of gene therapy for Alzheimer's disease: A novel target for therapeutic medicine. Gene 2024; 912:148368. [PMID: 38485038 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still an important issue for scientists because it is difficult to cure with the available molecular medications and conventional treatments. Due to the complex nature of the brain structures and heterogeneous morphological and physiological properties of neuronal cells, interventions for cerebral-related disorders using surgical approaches, and classical and ongoing treatments remain hard for physicians. Furthermore, the development of newly designed medications attempts to target AD are not successful in improving AD, because abnormalities of tau protein, aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, inflammatory responses, etc lead to advanced neurodegeneration processes that conventional treatments cannot stop them. In recent years, novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic approaches have been developed to identify and cure early pathological events of AD. Accordingly, many gene-based therapies have been developed and introduce the therapeutic potential to prevent and cure AD. On the other hand, genetic investigations and postmortem assessments have detected a large number of factors associated with AD pathology. Also, genetically diverse animal models of AD help us to detect and prioritize novel resilience mechanisms. Hence, gene therapy can be considered an effective and powerful tool to identify and treat human diseases. Ultimately, gene study and gene-based therapy with a critical role in the detection and cure of various human disorders will have a fundamental role in our lives forever. This scientific review paper discusses the present status of different therapeutic strategies, particularly gene-based therapy in treating AD, along with its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Ataei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hokmabadi
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Armin Pathobiology and Medical Genetics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran; Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Asadi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elnaz Asadifard
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Thierry M, Ponce J, Martà-Ariza M, Askenazi M, Faustin A, Leitner D, Pires G, Kanshin E, Drummond E, Ueberheide B, Wisniewski T. The influence of APOE ε4 on the pTau interactome in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:91. [PMID: 38772917 PMCID: PMC11108952 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
APOEε4 is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although APOEε4 is known to promote Aβ pathology, recent data also support an effect of APOE polymorphism on phosphorylated Tau (pTau) pathology. To elucidate these potential effects, the pTau interactome was analyzed across APOE genotypes in the frontal cortex of 10 advanced AD cases (n = 5 APOEε3/ε3 and n = 5 APOEε4/ε4), using a combination of anti-pTau pS396/pS404 (PHF1) immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry (MS). This proteomic approach was complemented by an analysis of anti-pTau PHF1 and anti-Aβ 4G8 immunohistochemistry, performed in the frontal cortex of 21 advanced AD cases (n = 11 APOEε3/ε3 and n = 10 APOEε4/ε4). Our dataset includes 1130 and 1330 proteins enriched in IPPHF1 samples from APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 groups (fold change ≥ 1.50, IPPHF1 vs IPIgG ctrl). We identified 80 and 68 proteins as probable pTau interactors in APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 groups, respectively (SAINT score ≥ 0.80; false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 5%). A total of 47/80 proteins were identified as more likely to interact with pTau in APOEε3/ε3 vs APOEε4/ε4 cases. Functional enrichment analyses showed that they were significantly associated with the nucleoplasm compartment and involved in RNA processing. In contrast, 35/68 proteins were identified as more likely to interact with pTau in APOEε4/ε4 vs APOEε3/ε3 cases. They were significantly associated with the synaptic compartment and involved in cellular transport. A characterization of Tau pathology in the frontal cortex showed a higher density of plaque-associated neuritic crowns, made of dystrophic axons and synapses, in APOEε4 carriers. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy was more frequent and severe in APOEε4/ε4 cases. Our study supports an influence of APOE genotype on pTau-subcellular location in AD. These results suggest a facilitation of pTau progression to Aβ-affected brain regions in APOEε4 carriers, paving the way to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Thierry
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jackeline Ponce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Proteomics Laboratory, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell Martà-Ariza
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Arline Faustin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique Leitner
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey Pires
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Proteomics Laboratory, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Proteomics Laboratory, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA.
- Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1017, 435 East 30 Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Jain U, Johari S, Srivastava P. Current Insights of Nanocarrier-Mediated Gene Therapeutics to Treat Potential Impairment of Amyloid Beta Protein and Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1969-1989. [PMID: 37831361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the major type of dementia and most progressive, irreversible widespread neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly worldwide. The prime hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In spite of recent advances and developments in targeting the hallmarks of AD, symptomatic medications that promise neuroprotective activity against AD are currently unable to treat degenerating brain clinically or therapeutically and show little efficacy. The extensive progress of AD therapies over time has resulted in the advent of disease-modifying medications with the potential to alleviate AD. However, due to the presence of a defensive connection between the vascular system and the neural tissues known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), directing these medications to the site of action in the degenerating brain is the key problem. BBB acts as a highly selective semipermeable membrane that prevents any type of foreign substance from entering the microenvironment of neurons. To overcome this limitation, the revolutionary approach of nanoparticle(NP)/nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery system has marked the era with its unique property to cross, avoid, or disrupt the defensive BBB efficiently and release the modified drug at the target site of action. After comprehensive data mining, this review focuses on the detailed understanding of different types of nanoparticle(NP)/nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery system like liposomes, micelles, gold nanoparticles(NP), polymeric NPs, etc. which have promising potential in carrying the desired drug(cargo) to the location in the degenerated brain thus mitigating the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Jain
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH09, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surabhi Johari
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH09, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH09, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ayyubova G. APOE4 is a Risk Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:342-352. [PMID: 36872358 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230303114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmark of which is the loss of neurons, resulting in cognitive and memory impairments. Sporadic late-onset AD is a prevalent form of the disease and the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is the strongest predictor of the disease development. The structural variations of APOE isoforms affect their roles in synaptic maintenance, lipid trafficking, energy metabolism, inflammatory response, and BBB integrity. In the context of AD, APOE isoforms variously control the key pathological elements of the disease, including Aβ plaque formation, tau aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Taking into consideration the limited number of therapy choices that can alleviate symptoms and have little impact on the AD etiology and progression to date, the precise research strategies guided by apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are required to assess the potential risk of age-related cognitive decline in people carrying APOE4 genotype. In this review, we summarize the evidence implicating the significance of APOE isoforms on brain functions in health and pathology with the aim to identify the possible targets that should be addressed to prevent AD manifestation in individuals with the APOE4 genotype and to explore proper treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Gui Y. Neuronal ApoE4 in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic targets. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1199434. [PMID: 37333457 PMCID: PMC10272394 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1199434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a gene located on chromosome 19 that encodes three alleles (e2, e3, and e4) that give rise to the ApoE subtypes E2, E3, and E4, respectively. E2 and E4 have been linked to increased plasma triglyceride concentrations and are known to play a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism. The prominent pathological features of AD mainly include senile plaques formed by amyloid β (Aβ42) aggregation and neuronal fibrous tangles (NFTs), and the deposited plaques are mainly composed of Aβ hyperphosphorylation and truncated head. In the central nervous system, the ApoE protein is primarily derived from astrocytes, but ApoE is also produced when neurons are stressed or affected by certain stress, injury, and aging conditions. ApoE4 in neurons induces Aβ and tau protein pathologies, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, impairing learning and memory functions. However, how neuronal ApoE4 mediates AD pathology remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that neuronal ApoE4 may lead to greater neurotoxicity, which increases the risk of AD development. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of neuronal ApoE4 and explains how neuronal ApoE4 mediates Aβ deposition, pathological mechanisms of tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder with multifaceted neuropathological features, including β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has implicated both beneficial and pathological roles for innate immune genes and immune cells, including peripheral immune cells such as T cells, which can infiltrate the brain and either ameliorate or exacerbate AD neuropathogenesis. These findings support a neuroimmune axis of AD, in which the interplay of adaptive and innate immune systems inside and outside the brain critically impacts the etiology and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we discuss the complexities of AD neuropathology at the levels of genetics and cellular physiology, highlighting immune signaling pathways and genes associated with AD risk and interactions among both innate and adaptive immune cells in the AD brain. We emphasize the role of peripheral immune cells in AD and the mechanisms by which immune cells, such as T cells and monocytes, influence AD neuropathology, including microglial clearance of amyloid-β peptide, the key component of β-amyloid plaque cores, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of microglia, astrogliosis, and their interactions with the brain vasculature. Finally, we review the challenges and outlook for establishing immune-based therapies for treating and preventing AD.
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McDade E, Cummings JL, Dhadda S, Swanson CJ, Reyderman L, Kanekiyo M, Koyama A, Irizarry M, Kramer LD, Bateman RJ. Lecanemab in patients with early Alzheimer's disease: detailed results on biomarker, cognitive, and clinical effects from the randomized and open-label extension of the phase 2 proof-of-concept study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:191. [PMID: 36544184 PMCID: PMC9768996 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lecanemab, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets soluble aggregated Aβ species (protofibrils), has demonstrated robust brain fibrillar amyloid reduction and slowing of clinical decline in early AD. The objective of this analysis is to report results from study 201 blinded period (core), the open-label extension (OLE), and gap period (between core and OLE) supporting the effectiveness of lecanemab. METHODS The lecanemab study 201 core was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 856 patients randomized to one of five dose regimens or placebo. An OLE of study 201 was initiated to allow patients to receive open-label lecanemab 10mg/kg biweekly for up to 24 months, with an intervening off-treatment period (gap period) ranging from 9 to 59 months (mean 24 months). RESULTS At 12 and 18 months of treatment in the core, lecanemab 10 mg/kg biweekly demonstrated dose-dependent reductions of brain amyloid measured PET and corresponding changes in plasma biomarkers and slowing of cognitive decline. The rates of clinical progression during the gap were similar in lecanemab and placebo subjects, with clinical treatment differences maintained after discontinued dosing over an average of 24 months in the gap period. During the gap, plasma Aβ42/40 ratio and p-tau181 levels began to return towards pre-randomization levels more quickly than amyloid PET. At OLE baseline, treatment differences vs placebo at 18 months in the randomized period were maintained across 3 clinical assessments. In the OLE, lecanemab 10 mg/kg biweekly treatment produced dose-dependent reductions in amyloid PET SUVr, improvements in plasma Aβ42/40 ratio, and reductions in plasma p-tau181. CONCLUSIONS Lecanemab treatment resulted in significant reduction in amyloid plaques and a slowing of clinical decline. Data indicate that rapid and pronounced amyloid reduction correlates with clinical benefit and potential disease-modifying effects, as well as the potential to use plasma biomarkers to monitor for lecanemab treatment effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01767311 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McDade
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002The DIAN–TU, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Quirk Brain Health and Biomarker Laboratory, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Shobha Dhadda
- grid.418767.b0000 0004 0599 8842Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ USA
| | | | | | | | - Akihiko Koyama
- grid.418767.b0000 0004 0599 8842Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ USA
| | | | - Lynn D. Kramer
- grid.418767.b0000 0004 0599 8842Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002The DIAN–TU, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
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Zhu XC, Liu L, Dai WZ, Ma T. Crry silencing alleviates Alzheimer's disease injury by regulating neuroinflammatory cytokines and the complement system. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1841-1849. [PMID: 35017447 PMCID: PMC8820699 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1 (CR1) expression is positively related to the abundance of phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (tau), and CR1 expression is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact role of CR1 in tau protein-associated neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. In this study, we show that the mouse Cr1-related protein Y (Crry) gene, Crry, is localized to microglia. We also found that Crry protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex was significantly elevated in P301S mice (a mouse model widely used for investigating tau pathology) compared with that in wild-type mice. Tau protein phosphorylation (at serine 202, threonine 205, threonine 231, and serine 262) and expression of the major tau kinases glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5 were greater in P301S mice than in wild-type mice. Crry silencing by lentivirus-transfected short hairpin RNA led to greatly reduced tau phosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5 activity. Crry silencing reduced neuronal apoptosis and rescued cognitive impairment of P301S mice. Crry silencing also reduced the levels of the neuroinflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 and the complement components complement 3 and complement component 3b. Our results suggest that Crry silencing in the P301S mouse model reduces tau protein phosphorylation by reducing the levels of neuroinflammation and complement components, thereby improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhuo Dai
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Patel K, Srivastava S, Kushwah S, Mani A. Perspectives on the Role of APOE4 as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:899-910. [PMID: 35088039 PMCID: PMC8764632 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is coupled with chronic cognitive dysfunction. AD cases are mostly late onset, and genetic risk factors like the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) play a key role in this process. APOE ɛ2, APOE ɛ3, and APOE ɛ4 are three key alleles in the human APOE gene. For late onset, APOE ɛ4 has the most potent risk factor while APOE ɛ2 plays a defensive role. Several studies suggests that APOE ɛ4 causes AD via different processes like neurofibrillary tangle formation by amyloid-β accumulation, exacerbated neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular disease, and synaptic loss. But the pathway is still unclear that which actions of APOE ɛ4 lead to AD development. Since APOE was found to contribute to many AD pathways, targeting APOE ɛ4 can lead to a hopeful plan of action in development of new drugs to target AD. In this review, we focus on recent studies and perspectives, focusing on APOE ɛ4 as a key molecule in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Siwangi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Shikha Kushwah
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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12
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Chai AB, Lam HHJ, Kockx M, Gelissen IC. Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent effects on the processing of Alzheimer's amyloid-β. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158980. [PMID: 34044125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) *ε4 allele as a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, significant efforts have been aimed at elucidating how apoE4 expression confers greater brain amyloid-β (Aβ) burden, earlier disease onset and worse clinical outcomes compared to apoE2 and apoE3. ApoE primarily functions as a lipid carrier to regulate cholesterol metabolism in circulation as well as in the brain. However, it has also been suggested to interact with hydrophobic Aβ peptides to influence their processing in an isoform-dependent manner. Here, we review evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies extricating the effects of the three apoE isoforms, on different stages of the Aβ processing pathway including synthesis, aggregation, deposition, clearance and degradation. ApoE4 consistently correlates with impaired Aβ clearance, however data regarding Aβ synthesis and aggregation are conflicting and likely reflect inconsistencies in experimental approaches across studies. We further discuss the physical and chemical properties of apoE that may explain the inherent differences in activity between the isoforms. The lipidation status and lipid transport function of apoE are intrinsically linked with its ability to interact with Aβ. Traditionally, apoE-oriented therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease have been proposed to non-specifically enhance or inhibit apoE activity. However, given the wide-ranging physiological functions of apoE in the brain and periphery, a more viable approach may be to specifically target and neutralise the pathological apoE4 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hin Hei Julian Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maaike Kockx
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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13
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Anjum S, Ishaque S, Fatima H, Farooq W, Hano C, Abbasi BH, Anjum I. Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare Systems: Grand Challenges and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080707. [PMID: 34451803 PMCID: PMC8401281 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare, as a basic human right, has often become the focus of the development of innovative technologies. Technological progress has significantly contributed to the provision of high-quality, on-time, acceptable, and affordable healthcare. Advancements in nanoscience have led to the emergence of a new generation of nanostructures. Each of them has a unique set of properties that account for their astonishing applications. Since its inception, nanotechnology has continuously affected healthcare and has exerted a tremendous influence on its transformation, contributing to better outcomes. In the last two decades, the world has seen nanotechnology taking steps towards its omnipresence and the process has been accelerated by extensive research in various healthcare sectors. The inclusion of nanotechnology and its allied nanocarriers/nanosystems in medicine is known as nanomedicine, a field that has brought about numerous benefits in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Various nanosystems have been found to be better candidates for theranostic purposes, in contrast to conventional ones. This review paper will shed light on medically significant nanosystems, as well as their applications and limitations in areas such as gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and in the treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Although nanotechnology holds immense potential, it is yet to be exploited. More efforts need to be directed to overcome these limitations and make full use of its potential in order to revolutionize the healthcare sector in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-300-6957038
| | - Sara Ishaque
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Hijab Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Wajiha Farooq
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAe USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
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14
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Litvinchuk A, Huynh TPV, Shi Y, Jackson RJ, Finn MB, Manis M, Francis CM, Tran A, Sullivan PM, Ulrich JD, Hyman BT, Cole T, Holtzman DM. Apolipoprotein E4 Reduction with Antisense Oligonucleotides Decreases Neurodegeneration in a Tauopathy Model. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:952-966. [PMID: 33550655 PMCID: PMC8260038 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the ε4 allele increasing risk in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition to ApoE4 playing a crucial role in amyloid-β deposition, recent evidence suggests that it also plays an important role in tau pathology and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. It is not known, however, whether therapeutic reduction of ApoE4 would exert protective effects on tau-mediated neurodegeneration. METHODS Herein, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against human APOE to reduce ApoE4 levels in the P301S/ApoE4 mouse model of tauopathy. We treated P301S/ApoE4 mice with ApoE or control ASOs via intracerebroventricular injection at 6 and 7.5 months of age and performed brain pathological assessments at 9 months of age. RESULTS Our results indicate that treatment with ApoE ASOs reduced ApoE4 protein levels by ~50%, significantly protected against tau pathology and associated neurodegeneration, decreased neuroinflammation, and preserved synaptic density. These data were also corroborated by a significant reduction in levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein in plasma of ASO-treated mice. INTERPRETATION We conclude that reducing ApoE4 levels should be explored further as a therapeutic approach for APOE4 carriers with tauopathy including Alzheimer's disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:952-966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Litvinchuk
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tien-Phat V. Huynh
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Caroline M. Francis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ainsley Tran
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center’s Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tracy Cole
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Ct. Carlsbad, CA 92024, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead Contact
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15
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Singh M, Singh SP, Yadav D, Agarwal M, Agarwal S, Agarwal V, Swargiary G, Srivastava S, Tyagi S, Kaur R, Mani S. Targeted Delivery for Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Gene Therapy Vectors: Gene Next Therapeutic Goals. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:23-42. [PMID: 32811395 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200817164907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The technique of gene therapy, ever since its advent nearly fifty years ago, has been utilized by scientists as a potential treatment option for various disorders. This review discusses some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Motor neuron diseases (MND), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), Huntington's Disease (HD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), etc. and their underlying genetic mechanisms along with the role that gene therapy can play in combating them. The pathogenesis and the molecular mechanisms specifying the altered gene expression of each of these NDDs have also been discussed in elaboration. The use of gene therapy vectors can prove to be an effective tool in the field of curative modern medicine for the generations to come. Therefore, consistent efforts and progressive research towards its implementation can provide us with powerful treatment options for disease conditions that have so far been considered as incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P, India
| | - Surinder P Singh
- Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshikha Yadav
- Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Shriya Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Sahil Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Sakshi Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Ramneek Kaur
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
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16
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Owens LV, Benedetto A, Dawson N, Gaffney CJ, Parkin ET. Gene therapy-mediated enhancement of protective protein expression for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147264. [PMID: 33422539 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia but lacks curative treatments. Current understanding of AD aetiology attributes the development of the disease to the misfolding of two proteins; amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, with their pathological accumulation leading to concomitant oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. These processes are regulated at multiple levels to maintain homeostasis and avert disease. However, many of the relevant regulatory proteins appear to be downregulated in the AD-afflicted brain. Enhancement/restoration of these 'protective' proteins, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic avenue. Gene therapy is a desirable means of achieving this because it is not associated with the side-effects linked to systemic protein administration, and sustained protein expression virtually eliminates compliance issues. The current article represents a focused and succinct review of the better established 'protective' protein targets for gene therapy enhancement/restoration rather than being designed as an exhaustive review incorporating less validated protein subjects. In addition, we will discuss how the risks associated with uncontrolled or irreversible gene expression might be mitigated through combining neuronal-specific promoters, inducible expression systems and localised injections. Whilst many of the gene therapy targets reviewed herein are yet to enter clinical trials, preclinical testing has thus far demonstrated encouraging potential for the gene therapy-based treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Owens
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Alexandre Benedetto
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Christopher J Gaffney
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Edward T Parkin
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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17
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Current Status and Challenges Associated with CNS-Targeted Gene Delivery across the BBB. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121216. [PMID: 33334049 PMCID: PMC7765480 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The era of the aging society has arrived, and this is accompanied by an increase in the absolute numbers of patients with neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Such neurological disorders are serious costly diseases that have a significant impact on society, both globally and socially. Gene therapy has great promise for the treatment of neurological disorders, but only a few gene therapy drugs are currently available. Delivery to the brain is the biggest hurdle in developing new drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) diseases and this is especially true in the case of gene delivery. Nanotechnologies such as viral and non-viral vectors allow efficient brain-targeted gene delivery systems to be created. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of the development of successful drug delivery to the CNS for the treatment of CNS-related disorders especially by gene therapy. We mainly address three aspects of this situation: (1) blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions; (2) adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, currently the most advanced gene delivery vector; (3) non-viral brain targeting by non-invasive methods.
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18
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Li Z, Shue F, Zhao N, Shinohara M, Bu G. APOE2: protective mechanism and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33148290 PMCID: PMC7640652 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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19
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Ruganzu JB, Zheng Q, Wu X, He Y, Peng X, Jin H, Zhou J, Ma R, Ji S, Ma Y, Qian Y, Wang Y, Yang W. TREM2 overexpression rescues cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by reducing neuroinflammation via the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113506. [PMID: 33065077 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overactivated microglia and neuroinflammation are considered to play a crucial role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), a type I transmembrane receptor, expressed uniquely by microglia in the brain, is involved in the neuroinflammatory responses of AD. In this study, to further explore the precise effects of TREM2 on neuroinflammation and the underlying mechanisms in AD, we employed a lentiviral-mediated strategy to overexpress TREM2 in the brain of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice and cultured BV2 cells. Our results showed that TREM2 overexpression rescued cognitive deficits, decreased β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques deposition, reduced synaptic and neuronal loss, as well as ameliorated neuroinflammation. The mechanistic study revealed that these protective effects were likely attributed to inhibition of neuroinflammatory responses through the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway and subsequent attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, suppression of neuroinflammation might be ascribed to activation of the M2 microglia, as the levels of M2 phenotype markers Arg-1, IL-10 and Ym1 were markedly increased. Similarly, overexpression of TREM2 in BV2 cells also promoted M2 polarization and led to the alleviation of M1 microglial inflammatory responses through JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway, suggesting that TREM2 is an important factor in shifting the microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype. Taken together, our results further provide insights into the role of TREM2 in AD pathogenesis and highlight TREM2 as a potential target against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Quzhao Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinsong Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
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20
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ApoE Lipidation as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176336. [PMID: 32882843 PMCID: PMC7503657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major cholesterol carrier in the brain, affecting various normal cellular processes including neuronal growth, repair and remodeling of membranes, synaptogenesis, clearance and degradation of amyloid β (Aβ) and neuroinflammation. In humans, the APOE gene has three common allelic variants, termed E2, E3, and E4. APOE4 is considered the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), whereas APOE2 is neuroprotective. To perform its normal functions, apoE must be secreted and properly lipidated, a process influenced by the structural differences associated with apoE isoforms. Here we highlight the importance of lipidated apoE as well as the APOE-lipidation targeted therapeutic approaches that have the potential to correct or prevent neurodegeneration. Many of these approaches have been validated using diverse cellular and animal models. Overall, there is great potential to improve the lipidated state of apoE with the goal of ameliorating APOE-associated central nervous system impairments.
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21
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Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32677986 PMCID: PMC7364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within the last few decades provide growing evidence for a central role of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as glial contributions to various molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect to Aβ- and tau-associated mechanisms, and discuss glial dysfunction in AD with emphasis on neuronal and glial receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also discuss other critical factors that may affect AD pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related to environment, lifestyle habits, and describe the potential role of apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral and bacterial infection, sleep, and microbiota. Although we have gained much towards understanding various aspects underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder, greater commitment towards research in molecular mechanism, diagnostics and treatment will be needed in future AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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22
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He Y, Ruganzu JB, Zheng Q, Wu X, Jin H, Peng X, Ding B, Lin C, Ji S, Ma Y, Yang W. Silencing of LRP1 Exacerbates Inflammatory Response Via TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling Pathways in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3727-3743. [PMID: 32572761 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells (including microglia and astrocytes) appears central to the initiation and progression of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a major receptor for amyloid-β (Aβ), which plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. LRP1 regulates inflammatory response by modulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis. However, the effects of LRP1 on microglia- and astrocytic cell-mediated neuroinflammation and their underlying mechanisms in AD remain unclear. Therefore, using APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we found that LRP1 is downregulated during disease progression. Silencing of brain LRP1 markedly exacerbated AD-related neuropathology including Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, and synaptic and neuronal loss, which was accompanied by a decline in spatial cognitive ability. Further mechanistic study revealed that silencing of LRP1 initiated neuroinflammation by increasing microgliosis and astrogliosis, enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and regulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings indicated that LRP1 suppresses microglia and astrocytic cell activation by modulating TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. Our results further provide insights into the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis and highlight LRP1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Quzhao Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengheng Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.
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Hu Y, Zhou G, Zhang C, Zhang M, Chen Q, Zheng L, Niu B. Identify Compounds' Target Against Alzheimer's Disease Based on In-Silico Approach. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:193-208. [PMID: 30605059 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190103154855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease swept every corner of the globe and the number of patients worldwide has been rising. At present, there are as many as 30 million people with Alzheimer's disease in the world, and it is expected to exceed 80 million people by 2050. Consequently, the study of Alzheimer's drugs has become one of the most popular medical topics. METHODS In this study, in order to build a predicting model for Alzheimer's drugs and targets, the attribute discriminators CfsSubsetEval, ConsistencySubsetEval and FilteredSubsetEval are combined with search methods such as BestFirst, GeneticSearch and Greedystepwise to filter the molecular descriptors. Then the machine learning algorithms such as BayesNet, SVM, KNN and C4.5 are used to construct the 2D-Structure Activity Relationship(2D-SAR) model. Its modeling results are utilized for Receiver Operating Characteristic curve(ROC) analysis. RESULTS The prediction rates of correctness using Randomforest for AChE, BChE, MAO-B, BACE1, Tau protein and Non-inhibitor are 77.0%, 79.1%, 100.0%, 94.2%, 93.2% and 94.9%, respectively, which are overwhelming as compared to those of BayesNet, BP, SVM, KNN, AdaBoost and C4.5. CONCLUSION In this paper, we conclude that Random Forest is the best learner model for the prediction of Alzheimer's drugs and targets. Besides, we set up an online server to predict whether a small molecule is the inhibitor of Alzheimer's target at http://47.106.158.30:8080/AD/. Furthermore, it can distinguish the target protein of a small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guangya Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Huaxia Eye Hospital of Foshan, Huaxia Eye Hospital Group, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch, Shanghai 200940, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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24
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Mamun AA, Uddin MS, Bin Bashar MF, Zaman S, Begum Y, Bulbul IJ, Islam MS, Sarwar MS, Mathew B, Amran MS, Md Ashraf G, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Insight into the Therapeutic Promise of Targeting APOE4 for Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5086250. [PMID: 32509144 PMCID: PMC7245681 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5086250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes chronic cognitive dysfunction. Most of the AD cases are late onset, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform is a key genetic risk factor. The APOE gene has 3 key alleles in humans including APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Among them, APOE4 is the most potent genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), while APOE2 has a defensive effect. Research data suggest that APOE4 leads to the pathogenesis of AD through various processes such as accelerated beta-amyloid aggregations that raised neurofibrillary tangle formation, cerebrovascular diseases, aggravated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. However, the precise mode of actions regarding in what way APOE4 leads to AD pathology remains unclear. Since APOE contributes to several pathological pathways of AD, targeting APOE4 might serve as a promising strategy for the development of novel drugs to combat AD. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about APOE4-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been advanced in animal models and are being prepared for use in humans for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fahim Bin Bashar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Zaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yesmin Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md. Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md. Shah Amran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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25
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Raman S, Brookhouser N, Brafman DA. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to investigate the mechanisms by which Apolipoprotein E (APOE) contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104788. [PMID: 32032733 PMCID: PMC7098264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the biochemical and pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as axonal transport defects, synaptic loss, and selective neuronal death, are well characterized, the underlying mechanisms that cause AD are largely unknown, thereby making it difficult to design effective therapeutic interventions. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies have identified several factors associated with increased AD risk. Of these genetic factors, polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are the strongest and most prevalent. While it has been established that the ApoE protein modulates the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the precise molecular mechanisms by which various ApoE isoforms enhance or mitigate AD onset and progression in aging adults are yet to be elucidated. Advances in cellular reprogramming to generate disease-in-a-dish models now provide a simplified and accessible system that complements animal and primary cell models to study ApoE in the context of AD. In this review, we will describe the use and manipulation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in dissecting the interaction between ApoE and AD. First, we will provide an overview of the proposed roles that ApoE plays in modulating pathophysiology of AD. Next, we will summarize the recent studies that have employed hiPSCs to model familial and sporadic AD. Lastly, we will speculate on how current advances in genome editing technologies and organoid culture systems can be used to improve hiPSC-based tools to investigate ApoE-dependent modulation of AD onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Raman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America; Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, United States of America
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America.
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26
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Wisniewski T, Drummond E. APOE-amyloid interaction: Therapeutic targets. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104784. [PMID: 32027932 PMCID: PMC7118587 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is growing in prevalence globally. It is the only major cause of death without any effective pharmacological means to treat or slow progression. Inheritance of the ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein (APO) E gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. The interaction between APOE and amyloid β (Aβ) plays a key role in AD pathogenesis. The APOE-Aβ interaction regulates Aβ aggregation and clearance and therefore directly influences the development of amyloid plaques, congophilic amyloid angiopathy and subsequent tau related pathology. Relatively few AD therapeutic approaches have directly targeted the APOE-Aβ interaction thus far. Here we review the critical role of APOE in the pathogenesis of AD and some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that focus on the APOE-Aβ interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, Science Building, Rm 1017, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Brain & Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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27
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Bhute S, Sarmah D, Datta A, Rane P, Shard A, Goswami A, Borah A, Kalia K, Dave KR, Bhattacharya P. Molecular Pathogenesis and Interventional Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease: Promises and Pitfalls. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:472-488. [PMID: 32566913 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disorder characterized by age-related dementia, which has no effective treatment to date. β-Amyloid depositions and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are the main pathological hallmarks, along with oxidative stress, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, and low levels of acetylcholine. Current pharmacotherapy for AD only provides symptomatic relief and limited improvement in cognitive functions. Many molecules have been explored that show promising outcomes in AD therapy and can regulate cellular survival through different pathways. To have a vivid approach to strategize the treatment regimen, AD physiopathology should be better explained considering diverse etiological factors in conjunction with biochemical disturbances. This Review attempts to discuss different disease modification approaches and address the novel therapeutic targets of AD that might pave the way for new drug discovery using the well-defined targets for therapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikala Bhute
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pallavi Rane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Avirag Goswami
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, United States
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
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28
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Lewandowski CT, Maldonado Weng J, LaDu MJ. Alzheimer's disease pathology in APOE transgenic mouse models: The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104811. [PMID: 32087290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles has yielded no Alzheimer's disease (AD) modifying treatments in the past several decades, despite successful studies in preclinical mouse models. This inconsistency has caused a renewed focus on improving the fidelity and reliability of AD mouse models, with disparate views on how this improvement can be accomplished. However, the interactive effects of the universal biological variables of AD, which include age, APOE genotype, and sex, are often overlooked. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD, while the ε4 allele of the human APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E, is the greatest genetic risk factor. Sex is the final universal biological variable of AD, as females develop AD at almost twice the rate of males and, importantly, female sex exacerbates the effects of APOE4 on AD risk and rate of cognitive decline. Therefore, this review evaluates the importance of context for understanding the role of APOE in preclinical mouse models. Specifically, we detail how human AD pathology is mirrored in current transgenic mouse models ("What") and describe the critical need for introducing human APOE into these mouse models ("Who"). We next outline different methods for introducing human APOE into mice ("How") and highlight efforts to develop temporally defined and location-specific human apoE expression models ("When" and "Where"). We conclude with the importance of choosing the human APOE mouse model relevant to the question being addressed, using the selection of transgenic models for testing apoE-targeted therapeutics as an example ("Why").
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutler T Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Juan Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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29
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ApoE-2 Brain-Targeted Gene Therapy Through Transferrin and Penetratin Tagged Liposomal Nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2019; 36:161. [PMID: 31529284 PMCID: PMC10150442 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apolipoprotein E2 (ApoE2) gene therapy is a potential disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the potential of plasmid encoding ApoE2 loaded brain-targeted functionalized-liposomes for treatment of AD. This was achieved via systemic administration of liposomes entrapping therapeutic gene targeting the brain of mice. METHODS Targeting and transfection efficiency of designed liposomes were determined in bEnd.3, primary glial and primary neuronal cells. The ability of liposomal formulations to translocate across in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, thereafter, transfect primary neuronal cells was investigated using in vitro triple co-culture BBB model. We quantified ApoE expression in the brain of mice after single intravenous injection of brain-targeted liposomes loaded with plasmid ApoE2. RESULTS Dual surface modification enhanced the in vitro transfection efficiency of designed liposomes. Successful delivery of therapeutic gene overcoming BBB by Transferrin-Penetratin- modified liposomes was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in ApoE levels in the brain of mice was observed after intravenous administration of Tf-Pen-liposomes encasing plasmid ApoE2. CONCLUSION The results indicate that dual-ligand based liposomal gene delivery systems had both enhanced brain targeting and gene delivery efficiencies. Transferrin-Penetratin modified liposomes for delivery of plasmid ApoE2 has great potential for AD treatment.
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30
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Abyadeh M, Djafarian K, Heydarinejad F, Alizadeh S, Shab-Bidar S. Association between Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism and Alzheimer's Disease in an Iranian Population: A Meta-Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:557-562. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:501-518. [PMID: 31367008 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk determinant of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), with the APOE*ε4 allele conferring an increased risk and the APOE*ε2 allele conferring a decreased risk relative to the common APOE*ε3 allele. Strong evidence from clinical and basic research suggests that a major pathway by which APOE4 increases the risk of AD is by driving earlier and more abundant amyloid pathology in the brains of APOE*ε4 carriers. The number of amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways that are known to be differentially modulated by APOE isoforms is increasing. For example, evidence is accumulating that APOE influences tau pathology, tau-mediated neurodegeneration and microglial responses to AD-related pathologies. In addition, APOE4 is either pathogenic or shows reduced efficiency in multiple brain homeostatic pathways, including lipid transport, synaptic integrity and plasticity, glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function. Here, we review the recent progress in clinical and basic research into the role of APOE in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss how APOE can be targeted for AD therapy using a precision medicine approach.
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32
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Mousavi SM, Soroshnia S, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Ghasemi Y, Savardashtaki A, Amani AM. Graphene nano-ribbon based high potential and efficiency for DNA, cancer therapy and drug delivery applications. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:91-104. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1582661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadaf Soroshnia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (UMA), Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (UMA), Ardabil, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of evidence indicating the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), coupled with disappointing clinical studies directed at a fit-for-all therapy, suggest that the development of a single magic cure suitable for all cases may not be possible. This calls for a shift in paradigm where targeted treatment is developed for specific AD subpopulations that share distinct genetic or pathological properties. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD, is expressed in more than half of AD patients and is thus an important possible AD therapeutic target. REVIEW This review focuses initially on the pathological effects of apoE4 in AD, as well as on the corresponding cellular and animal models and the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate them. The second part of the review focuses on recent apoE4-targeted (from the APOE gene to the apoE protein and its interactors) therapeutic approaches that have been developed in animal models and are ready to be translated to human. Further, the issue of whether the pathological effects of apoE4 are due to loss of protective function or due to gain of toxic function is discussed herein. It is possible that both mechanisms coexist, with certain constituents of the apoE4 molecule and/or its downstream signaling mediating a toxic effect, while others are associated with a loss of protective function. CONCLUSION ApoE4 is a promising AD therapeutic target that remains understudied. Recent studies are now paving the way for effective apoE4-directed AD treatment approaches.
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34
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Cao J, Hou J, Ping J, Cai D. Advances in developing novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:64. [PMID: 30541602 PMCID: PMC6291983 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of aging, affects one in eight older Americans. Nearly all drug treatments tested for AD today have failed to show any efficacy. There is a great need for therapies to prevent and/or slow the progression of AD. The major challenge in AD drug development is lack of clarity about the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Several studies support the notion that AD is a multifactorial disease. While there is abundant evidence that amyloid plays a role in AD pathogenesis, other mechanisms have been implicated in AD such as tangle formation and spread, dysregulated protein degradation pathways, neuroinflammation, and loss of support by neurotrophic factors. Therefore, current paradigms of AD drug design have been shifted from single target approach (primarily amyloid-centric) to developing drugs targeted at multiple disease aspects, and from treating AD at later stages of disease progression to focusing on preventive strategies at early stages of disease development. Here, we summarize current strategies and new trends of AD drug development, including pre-clinical and clinical trials that target different aspects of disease (mechanism-based versus non-mechanism based, e.g. symptomatic treatments, lifestyle modifications and risk factor management).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Cao
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Hou
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jing Ping
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongming Cai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sasmita AO. Current viral-mediated gene transfer research for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2018; 35:26-45. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1523521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cwetsch AW, Pinto B, Savardi A, Cancedda L. In vivo methods for acute modulation of gene expression in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:69-85. [PMID: 29694844 PMCID: PMC6080705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and timely expression of specific genes guarantees the healthy development and function of the brain. Indeed, variations in the correct amount or timing of gene expression lead to improper development and/or pathological conditions. Almost forty years after the first successful gene transfection in in vitro cell cultures, it is currently possible to regulate gene expression in an area-specific manner at any step of central nervous system development and in adulthood in experimental animals in vivo, even overcoming the very poor accessibility of the brain. Here, we will review the diverse approaches for acute gene transfer in vivo, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages with respect to the efficiency and specificity of transfection as well as to brain accessibility. In particular, we will present well-established chemical, physical and virus-based approaches suitable for different animal models, pointing out their current and future possible applications in basic and translational research as well as in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Savardi
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; DulbeccoTelethon Institute, Italy.
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Deverman BE, Ravina BM, Bankiewicz KS, Paul SM, Sah DWY. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress and prospects. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:641-659. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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38
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Loera-Valencia R, Piras A, Ismail MAM, Manchanda S, Eyjolfsdottir H, Saido TC, Johansson J, Eriksdotter M, Winblad B, Nilsson P. Targeting Alzheimer's disease with gene and cell therapies. J Intern Med 2018; 284:2-36. [PMID: 29582495 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes dementia in both young and old people affecting more than 40 million people worldwide. The two neuropathological hallmarks of the disease, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of protein tau are considered the major contributors to the disease. However, a more complete picture reveals significant neurodegeneration and decreased cell survival, neuroinflammation, changes in protein and energy homeostasis and alterations in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In addition, gene and cell therapies for severe neurodegenerative disorders have recently improved technically in terms of safety and efficiency and have translated to the clinic showing encouraging results. Here, we review broadly current data within the field for potential targets that could modify AD through gene and cell therapy strategies. We envision that not only Aβ will be targeted in a disease-modifying treatment strategy but rather that a combination of treatments, possibly at different intervention times may prove beneficial in curing this devastating disease. These include decreased tau pathology, neuronal growth factors to support neurons and modulation of neuroinflammation for an appropriate immune response. Furthermore, cell based therapies may represent potential strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - A Piras
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - M A M Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Neuro, Diseases of the Nervous System Patient Flow, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - S Manchanda
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - H Eyjolfsdottir
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T C Saido
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - J Johansson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - M Eriksdotter
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - P Nilsson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Liao F, Li A, Xiong M, Bien-Ly N, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Finn MB, Hoyle R, Keyser J, Lefton KB, Robinson GO, Serrano JR, Silverman AP, Guo JL, Getz J, Henne K, Leyns CE, Gallardo G, Ulrich JD, Sullivan PM, Lerner EP, Hudry E, Sweeney ZK, Dennis MS, Hyman BT, Watts RJ, Holtzman DM. Targeting of nonlipidated, aggregated apoE with antibodies inhibits amyloid accumulation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2144-2155. [PMID: 29600961 PMCID: PMC5919821 DOI: 10.1172/jci96429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E E4 allele of the APOE gene is the strongest genetic factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). There is compelling evidence that apoE influences Alzheimer disease (AD) in large part by affecting amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and clearance; however, the molecular mechanism underlying these findings remains largely unknown. Herein, we tested whether anti-human apoE antibodies can decrease Aβ pathology in mice producing both human Aβ and apoE4, and investigated the mechanism underlying these effects. We utilized APPPS1-21 mice crossed to apoE4-knockin mice expressing human apoE4 (APPPS1-21/APOE4). We discovered an anti-human apoE antibody, anti-human apoE 4 (HAE-4), that specifically recognizes human apoE4 and apoE3 and preferentially binds nonlipidated, aggregated apoE over the lipidated apoE found in circulation. HAE-4 also binds to apoE in amyloid plaques in unfixed brain sections and in living APPPS1-21/APOE4 mice. When delivered centrally or by peripheral injection, HAE-4 reduced Aβ deposition in APPPS1-21/APOE4 mice. Using adeno-associated virus to express 2 different full-length anti-apoE antibodies in the brain, we found that HAE antibodies decreased amyloid accumulation, which was dependent on Fcγ receptor function. These data support the hypothesis that a primary mechanism for apoE-mediated plaque formation may be a result of apoE aggregation, as preferentially targeting apoE aggregates with therapeutic antibodies reduces Aβ pathology and may represent a selective approach to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nga Bien-Ly
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yin Zhang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rosa Hoyle
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Keyser
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katheryn B. Lefton
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Grace O. Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jing L. Guo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Getz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kirk Henne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cheryl E.G. Leyns
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gilbert Gallardo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Eli Paul Lerner
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mark S. Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J. Watts
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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40
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Rosenberg JB, Kaplitt MG, De BP, Chen A, Flagiello T, Salami C, Pey E, Zhao L, Ricart Arbona RJ, Monette S, Dyke JP, Ballon DJ, Kaminsky SM, Sondhi D, Petsko GA, Paul SM, Crystal RG. AAVrh.10-Mediated APOE2 Central Nervous System Gene Therapy for APOE4-Associated Alzheimer's Disease. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2018; 29:24-47. [PMID: 29409358 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder affecting nearly one in nine elderly people in the United States. Population studies have shown that an inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) variant APOE4 allele increases the risk of developing AD, whereas APOE2 homozygotes are protected from late-onset AD. It was hypothesized that expression of the "protective" APOE2 variant by genetic modification of the central nervous system (CNS) of APOE4 homozygotes could reverse or prevent progressive neurologic damage. To assess the CNS distribution and safety of APOE2 gene therapy for AD in a large-animal model, intraparenchymal, intracisternal, and intraventricular routes of delivery to the CNS of nonhuman primates of AAVrh.10hAPOE2-HA, an AAVrh.10 serotype coding for an HA-tagged human APOE2 cDNA sequence, were evaluated. To evaluate the route of delivery that achieves the widest extent of APOE2 expression in the CNS, the expression of APOE2 in the CNS was evaluated 2 months following vector administration for APOE2 DNA, mRNA, and protein. Finally, using conventional toxicology assays, the safety of the best route of delivery was assessed. The data demonstrated that while all three routes are capable of mediating ApoE2 expression in AD relevant regions, intracisternal delivery of AAVrh.10hAPOE2-HA safely mediated wide distribution of ApoE2 with the least invasive surgical intervention, thus providing the optimal strategy to deliver vector-mediated human APOE2 to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Rosenberg
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Michael G Kaplitt
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Bishnu P De
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Alvin Chen
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Thomas Flagiello
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Christiana Salami
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Eduard Pey
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- 3 Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University , Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan P Dyke
- 6 Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Douglas J Ballon
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York.,6 Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- 3 Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Steven M Paul
- 7 Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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41
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Maserati M, Alexander SA. Genetics and Genomics of Acute Neurologic Disorders. AACN Adv Crit Care 2018; 29:57-75. [PMID: 29496714 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2018566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic diseases and injuries are complex and multifactorial, making risk prediction, targeted treatment modalities, and outcome prognostication difficult and elusive. Genetics and genomics have affected clinical practice in many aspects in medicine, particularly cancer treatment. Advancements in knowledge of genetic and genomic variability in neurologic disease and injury are growing rapidly. Although these data are not yet ready for use in clinical practice, research continues to progress and elucidate information that eventually will provide answers to complex neurologic questions and serve as a platform to provide individualized care plans aimed at improving outcomes. This article provides a focused review of relevant literature on genetics, genomics, and common complex neurologic disease and injury likely to be seen in the acute care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Maserati
- Megan Maserati is a PhD student at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander is Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, 336 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sheila A Alexander
- Megan Maserati is a PhD student at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander is Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, 336 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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42
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Yin Y, Wang Z. ApoE and Neurodegenerative Diseases in Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1086:77-92. [PMID: 30232753 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1117-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) are the mightiest risk factors for dementia and cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In human, ApoE has three isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, which are expressed by the polymorphic alleles: ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4. Among the three polymorphic alleles, apoE ε4 is the most risk gene. ApoE is the main ligand for the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP), functioning as the component of plasma lipoproteins in the transportation of lipids. Physiologically, ApoE is a multifunctional protein with central roles in lipid metabolism; it transports lipids, including cholesterol, through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. ApoE expression regulation and apoE gene polymorphism have an important connection with neurological or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), ischemic stroke, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemiao Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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43
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Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Mouse Models. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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44
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Zhang J, Zhou W, Cassidy RM, Su H, Su Y, Zhang X. Risk factors for amyloid positivity in older people reporting significant memory concern. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 80:126-131. [PMID: 29091778 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to identify risk factors for the presence of amyloid accumulation in the brains of patients reporting subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Identifying such risk factors will help better identify patients who ought to receive neuroimaging studies to confirm plaque presence and begin intervention, as well as enhancing the study of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Ninety-nine SCD participants (72.2±5.6years, 57.6% female) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) underwent florbetapir PET. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the presence of an increased amyloid signal (amyloid positivity) and several potential risk factors, including: demographics, APOE ε4 genotype, family history of dementia, history of hypertension, history of cigarettes smoking, cognitive function and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Being female was a significant risk factor for amyloid positivity (OR=4.915, 95% CI=1.709-14.139), as was being an APOE ε4 carrier (OR=2.985, 95% CI=1.084-8.219) and having a history of cigarette smoking (OR=4.091, 95% CI=1.483-11.285). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that female gender, APOE ε4 genotype, and history of cigarettes smoking are associated with amyloid positivity in patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryan M Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yindan Su
- The Affiliated High School to Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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45
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar PG, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Neuro-Immuno-Gene- and Genome-Editing-Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Are We There Yet? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:321-344. [PMID: 30040732 PMCID: PMC6130335 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly complex neurodegenerative disorder and the current treatment strategies are largely ineffective thereby leading to irreversible and progressive cognitive decline in AD patients. AD continues to defy successful treatment despite significant advancements in the field of molecular medicine. Repeatedly, early promising preclinical and clinical results have catapulted into devastating setbacks leading to multi-billion dollar losses not only to the top pharmaceutical companies but also to the AD patients and their families. Thus, it is very timely to review the progress in the emerging fields of gene therapy and stem cell-based precision medicine. Here, we have made sincere efforts to feature the ongoing progress especially in the field of AD gene therapy and stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Further, we also provide highlights in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and describe novel AD therapeutic targets and strategies for the new drug discovery. We hope that the quantum leap in the scientific advancements and improved funding will bolster novel concepts that will propel the momentum toward a trajectory leading to a robust AD patient-specific next generation precision medicine with improved cognitive function and excellent life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pushpavathi Govindhasamy Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Guo J, Cheng J, North BJ, Wei W. Functional analyses of major cancer-related signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease etiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:341-358. [PMID: 28694093 PMCID: PMC5675793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease and accounts for majority of human dementia. The hyper-phosphorylated tau-mediated intracellular neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid β-mediated extracellular senile plaque are characterized as major pathological lesions of AD. Different from the dysregulated growth control and ample genetic mutations associated with human cancers, AD displays damage and death of brain neurons in the absence of genomic alterations. Although various biological processes predominately governing tumorigenesis such as inflammation, metabolic alteration, oxidative stress and insulin resistance have been associated with AD genesis, the mechanistic connection of these biological processes and signaling pathways including mTOR, MAPK, SIRT, HIF, and the FOXO pathway controlling aging and the pathological lesions of AD are not well recapitulated. Hence, we performed a thorough review by summarizing the physiological roles of these key cancer-related signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis, comprising of the crosstalk of these pathways with neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation to impact AD phenotypes. Importantly, the pharmaceutical investigations of anti-aging and AD relevant medications have also been highlighted. In summary, in this review, we discuss the potential role that cancer-related signaling pathways may play in governing the pathogenesis of AD, as well as their potential as future targeted strategies to delay or prevent aging-related diseases and combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Andreeva TV, Lukiw WJ, Rogaev EI. Biological Basis for Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:122-139. [PMID: 28320296 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain cellular proteins normally soluble in the living organism under certain conditions form aggregates with a specific cross-β sheet structure called amyloid. These intra- or extracellular insoluble aggregates (fibers or plaques) are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and other progressive neurological diseases that develop in the aging human central nervous system. Amyloid diseases (amyloidoses) are widespread in the elderly human population, a rapidly expanding demographic in many global populations. Increasing age is the most significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases associated with amyloid plaques. To date, nearly three dozen different misfolded proteins targeting brain and other organs have been identified in amyloid diseases and AD, the most prevalent neurodegenerative amyloid disease affecting over 15 million people worldwide. Here we (i) highlight the latest data on mechanisms of amyloid formation and further discuss a hypothesis on the amyloid cascade as a primary mechanism of AD pathogenesis and (ii) review the evolutionary aspects of amyloidosis, which allow new insight on human-specific mechanisms of dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Andreeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Niu B, Zhao M, Su Q, Zhang M, Lv W, Chen Q, Chen F, Chu D, Du D, Zhang Y. 2D-SAR and 3D-QSAR analyses for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2017; 21:413-426. [PMID: 28275924 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for almost three quarters of dementia patients and interferes people's normal life. Great progress has been made recently in the study of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), known as one of AD's biomarkers. In this study, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) were collected to build a two-dimensional structure-activity relationship (2D-SAR) model and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model based on feature selection method combined with random forest. After calculation, the prediction accuracy of the 2D-SAR model was 89.63% by using the tenfold cross-validation test and 87.27% for the independent test set. Three cutting ways were employed to build 3D-QSAR models. A model with the highest [Formula: see text] (cross-validated correlation coefficient) and [Formula: see text](non-cross-validated correlation coefficient) was obtained to predict AChEI activity. The mean absolute error (MAE) of the training set and the test set was 0.0689 and 0.5273, respectively. In addition, molecular docking was also employed to reveal that the ionization state of the compounds had an impact upon their interaction with AChE. Molecular docking results indicate that Ser124 might be one of the active site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
| | - Manman Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxue Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechang Chu
- Department of Life Science, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, 274500, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshu Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Life Science, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, 274500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Rebeck GW. The role of APOE on lipid homeostasis and inflammation in normal brains. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1493-1499. [PMID: 28258087 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of APOE in the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has largely focused on its effects on AD pathological processes. However, there are increasing data that APOE genotype affects processes in normal brains. Studies of young cognitively normal humans show effects of APOE genotype on brain structure and activity. Studies of normal APOE knock-in mice show effects of APOE genotype on brain structure, neuronal markers, and behavior. APOE interactions with molecules important for lipid efflux and lipid endocytosis underlie effects of APOE genotype on neuroinflammation and lipoprotein composition. These effects provide important targets for new therapies for reduction of the risk of AD before any signs of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.
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Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from Genetic Mouse Models and Current Advances in Human IPSC-Derived Neurons. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:3-29. [PMID: 28674976 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease was first described in 1906 and since then tremendous efforts have been made to fully understand the disease pathology and to find a cure for this neurodegenerative disease. The diagnosis of Alzheimer's is still difficult, especially in early stages of the disease. Current treatment of Alzheimer's only ameliorates the symptoms but fails to provide a therapy. Over the last decades, animal models have been proven valuable in elucidating insights of the pathology. In vitro models using patient-derived cells are currently emerging and hold great promise in understanding the disease pathophysiology. Here, we introduce the neurobiology and genetic features of Alzheimer's and describe what we have learned from studies employing mouse models and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells.
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