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Wang H, Zhou HC, Ren RL, Du SX, Guo ZK, Shen XH. Apolipoprotein E2 inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through ERK1/2/CREB/BCL-2 signaling. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:179-189. [PMID: 36243659 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E2 (ApoE2) is a pleiotropic protein that influences several aspects of cancer metabolism and development. Evading apoptosis is a vital factor for facilitating cancer cell growth. However, the role and mechanism of ApoE2 in regulating cell apoptosis of pancreatic cancer remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we firstly detected the mRNA and protein expressions of ApoE2 in PANC-1 and Capan-2 cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We then performed TUNEL and flow cytometric analyses to explore the role of recombinant human ApoE2, pCMV6-ApoE2 and siApoE2 in the apoptosis of PANC-1 and Capan-2 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanism through which ApoE2 affected apoptosis in PANC-1 cells using immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. RESULTS ApoE2 phosphorylated ERK1/2 and inhibited pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. In addition, our data showed that ApoE2/ERK1/2 altered the expression and mitochondrial localization of BCL-2 via activating CREB. ApoE2/ERK1/2/CREB also increased the total BCL-2/BAX ratio, inhibited the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, blocked the leakage of cytochrome-c and the formation of the apoptosome, and consequently, suppressed mitochondrial apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS ApoE2 regulates the mitochondrial localization and expression of BCL-2 through the activation of the ERK1/2/CREB signaling cascade to evade the mitochondrial apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. ApoE2 may be a distinct prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui-Chao Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Run-Ling Ren
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shao-Xia Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhong-Kui Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Kalogeropoulou C, Hatziri A, Xepapadaki E, Savvoulidou O, Karavia EA, Zvintzou E, Constantinou C, Kypreos KE. Isoform and tissue dependent impact of apolipoprotein E on adipose tissue metabolic activation: The role of apolipoprotein A1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158551. [PMID: 31678510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adipose organ is made of white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue which are primarily responsible for lipid storage and energy production (heat and ATP) respectively. Metabolic activation of WAT may ascribe to this tissue characteristics of BAT, namely non-shivering thermogenesis and ATP production. Recent data indicate that apolipoproteins E (APOE) and A1 (APOA1) regulate WAT mitochondrial metabolic activation. Here, we investigated the functional cross-talk between natural human APOE2 and APOE4 isoforms with APOA1 in this process, using Apoe2knock-in and Apoe4knock-in mice. At baseline when Apoe2knock-in and Apoe4knock-in mice express both APOE and Apoa1, the Apoe2knock-in strain appears to have higher mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation levels and non-shivering thermogenesis in WAT compared to Apoe4knock-in mice. When mice were switched to a high-fat diet for 18 weeks, circulating levels of endogenous Apoa1 in Apoe2knock-in mice became barely detectable though significant levels of APOE2 were still present. This change was accompanied by a significant reduction in WAT mitochondrial Ucp1 expression while BAT Ucp1 was unaffected. Ectopic APOA1 expression in Apoe2knock-in animals potently stimulated WAT but not BAT mitochondrial Ucp1 expression providing further evidence that APOA1 potently stimulates WAT non-shivering thermogenesis in the presence of APOE2. Ectopic expression of APOA1 in Apoe4knock-in mice stimulated BAT but no WAT mitochondrial Ucp1 levels, suggesting that in the presence of APOE4, APOA1 is a trigger of BAT non-shivering thermogenesis. Overall, our data identified a tissue-specific role of the natural human APOE2 and APOE4 isoforms in WAT- and BAT-metabolic activation respectively, that appears dependent on circulating APOA1 levels.
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Zhao L, Gottesdiener AJ, Parmar M, Li M, Kaminsky SM, Chiuchiolo MJ, Sondhi D, Sullivan PM, Holtzman DM, Crystal RG, Paul SM. Intracerebral adeno-associated virus gene delivery of apolipoprotein E2 markedly reduces brain amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:159-172. [PMID: 27318144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The common apolipoprotein E alleles (ε4, ε3, and ε2) are important genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the ε4 allele increasing risk and reducing the age of onset and the ε2 allele decreasing risk and markedly delaying the age of onset. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype also predicts the timing and amount of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition and amyloid burden (ε4 >ε3 >ε2). Using several administration protocols, we now report that direct intracerebral adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of APOE2 markedly reduces brain soluble (including oligomeric) and insoluble Aβ levels as well as amyloid burden in 2 mouse models of brain amyloidosis whose pathology is dependent on either the expression of murine Apoe or more importantly on human APOE4. The efficacy of APOE2 to reduce brain Aβ burden in either model, however, was highly dependent on brain APOE2 levels and the amount of pre-existing Aβ and amyloid deposition. We further demonstrate that a widespread reduction of brain Aβ burden can be achieved through a single injection of vector via intrathalamic delivery of AAV expressing APOE2 gene. Our results demonstrate that AAV gene delivery of APOE2 using an AAV vector rescues the detrimental effects of APOE4 on brain amyloid pathology and may represent a viable therapeutic approach for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease especially if sufficient brain APOE2 levels can be achieved early in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Zhao
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gottesdiener
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayur Parmar
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingjie Li
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center Viral Vector Core, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria J Chiuchiolo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center's Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Paul
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kawanishi K, Sawada A, Ochi A, Moriyama T, Mitobe M, Mochizuki T, Honda K, Oda H, Nishikawa T, Nitta K. Glomerulopathy with homozygous apolipoprotein e2: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Case Rep Nephrol Urol 2013; 3:128-35. [PMID: 24570682 PMCID: PMC3924710 DOI: 10.1159/000356849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of type III hyperlipoproteinemia are accounted for by apolipoprotein E2 (apoE2) homozygotes, a genetic mutation of apoE (Arg158Cys). Glomerulopathy with homozygous apoE2 is rare and characterized by marked foam cell infiltration in the glomerular capillaries and mesangium. Here, we report 3 cases of apoE2 homozygote glomerulopathy diagnosed by renal biopsy and DNA analysis. All 3 cases were middle-aged or elderly males complicated with diabetes for at least a decade. The kidney biopsies showed massive foam cell infiltration in the glomerular capillaries and expanded mesangium accompanied by histological findings of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The lipid profiles showed type III hyperlipoproteinemia and phenotypic/genetic analyses revealed homozygosity of apoE2. Two of the cases showed nephrotic proteinuria and progressed to renal failure in 3 and 8 years after the diagnosis of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kawanishi
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Sawada
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayami Ochi
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mitobe
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Mochizuki
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Honda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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