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Lu J, Yan S, Xue Z. Biosynthesis and functions of triterpenoids in cereals. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00211-X. [PMID: 38788922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids are versatile secondary metabolites with a diverse array of physiological activities, possessing valuable pharmacological effects and influencing the growth and development of plants. As more triterpenoids in cereals are unearthed and characterized, their biological roles in plant growth and development are gaining recognition. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the structures, biosynthetic pathways, and diverse biological functions of triterpenoids identified in cereals. Our goal is to establish a basis for further exploration of triterpenoids with novel structures and functional activities in cereals, and to facilitate the potential application of triterpenoids in grain breeding, thus accelerating the development of superior grain varieties. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This review consolidates information on various triterpenoid skeletons and derivatives found in cereals, and summarizes the pivotal enzyme genes involved, including oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and other triterpenoid modifying enzymes like cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, and acyltransferase. Triterpenoid-modifying enzymes exhibit specificity towards catalytic sites within triterpenoid skeletons, generating a diverse array of functional triterpenoid derivatives. Furthermore, triterpenoids have been shown to significantly impact the nutritional value, yield, disease resistance, and stress response of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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2
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Ling Z, Li J, Dong Y, Zhang W, Bai H, Li S, Wang S, Li H, Shi L. Terpene produced by coexpression of the TPS and P450 genes from Lavandula angustifolia protects plants from herbivore attacks during budding stages. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:477. [PMID: 37807036 PMCID: PMC10561503 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
To deter herbivore attacks, plants employ a diverse array of volatile compounds, particularly during the early developmental stages. The highly expressed genes LaTPS7, LaTPS8, and LaCYP71D582 were identified during the budding phases of Lavandula angustifolia. In vitro studies revealed that LaTPS7 generated nine distinct compounds, including camphene, myrcene, and limonene. LaTPS8 enzymatically converted eight volatiles by utilizing geranyl diphosphate and nerolidyl diphosphate as substrates. Overexpression of plastid-localized LaTPS7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the production of limonene. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme LaCYP71D582 potentially converted limonene into carveol. In N. benthamiana, LaTPS8 is responsible for the synthesis of α-pinene and sylvestrene. Furthermore, leaves transfected with LaTPS7 and leaves cotransfected with LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 exhibited a repellent effect on aphids, with an approximate rate of 70%. In comparison, leaves with an empty vector displayed a repellent rate of approximately 20%. Conversely, tobacco leaves expressing LaTPS7 attracted ladybugs at a rate of 48.33%, while leaves coexpressing LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 attracted ladybugs at a slightly higher rate of 58.33%. Subsequent authentic standard tests confirmed that limonene and carveol repel Myzus persicae while attracting Harmonia axyridis. The promoter activity of LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 was evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana using GUS staining, and it was observed that wounding stimulated the expression of LaTPS7. The volatile compounds produced by LaTPS7, LaTPS8, and LaCYP71D582 play a crucial role in plant defence mechanisms. In practical applications, employing biological control measures based on plant-based approaches can promote human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shu Li
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Chakraborty P, Biswas A, Dey S, Bhattacharjee T, Chakrabarty S. Cytochrome P450 Gene Families: Role in Plant Secondary Metabolites Production and Plant Defense. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:402-423. [PMID: 37606423 PMCID: PMC10443375 DOI: 10.3390/jox13030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the most prominent family of enzymes involved in NADPH- and O2-dependent hydroxylation processes throughout all spheres of life. CYPs are crucial for the detoxification of xenobiotics in plants, insects, and other organisms. In addition to performing this function, CYPs serve as flexible catalysts and are essential for producing secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and phytohormones in higher plants. Numerous biotic and abiotic stresses frequently affect the growth and development of plants. They cause a dramatic decrease in crop yield and a deterioration in crop quality. Plants protect themselves against these stresses through different mechanisms, which are accomplished by the active participation of CYPs in several biosynthetic and detoxifying pathways. There are immense potentialities for using CYPs as a candidate for developing agricultural crop species resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors. This review provides an overview of the plant CYP families and their functions to plant secondary metabolite production and defense against different biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchali Chakraborty
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Ashok Biswas
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Laboratory, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
- Department of Horticulture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Susmita Dey
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Laboratory, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Seed Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Tuli Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- College of Computing, Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Zhang Z, Wu QY, Ge Y, Huang ZY, Hong R, Li A, Xu JH, Yu HL. Hydroxylases involved in terpenoid biosynthesis: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:39. [PMID: 38647640 PMCID: PMC10992849 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are pervasive in nature and display an immense structural diversity. As the largest category of plant secondary metabolites, terpenoids have important socioeconomic value in the fields of pharmaceuticals, spices, and food manufacturing. The biosynthesis of terpenoid skeletons has made great progress, but the subsequent modifications of the terpenoid framework are poorly understood, especially for the functionalization of inert carbon skeleton usually catalyzed by hydroxylases. Hydroxylase is a class of enzymes that plays an important role in the modification of terpenoid backbone. This review article outlines the research progress in the identification, molecular modification, and functional expression of this class of enzymes in the past decade, which are profitable for the discovery, engineering, and application of more hydroxylases involved in the plant secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qing-Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ran Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aitao Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Wang Q, Deng K, Ai J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Ren Y, Zhang N. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Effects of Grafting on Special Metabolites of Acanthopanax senticosus Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:4877. [PMID: 37375432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthopanax senticosus (A. senticosus) is a member of Acanthopanax Miq. and is used in traditional Chinese medicine, and it has been found that grafting technology can be used to alter plant metabolite composition and transcriptome characteristics. In this study, shoots of A. senticosus were grafted onto the rootstocks of the vigorous Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (A. sessiliflorus) to improve its varietal characteristics. In order to investigate the changes in metabolites and transcriptional patterns in grafted A. senticosus leaves (GSCL), fresh leaves were collected from 2-year-old grafted A. senticosus scions, while self-rooted seedling A. senticosus leaves (SCL) were used as controls to analyse the transcriptome and metabolome. Metabolic profiles and gene expression patterns were further identified and correlated in special metabolite target pathways. The content of chlorogenic acid and triterpenoids in the GSCL was higher than in the control, while the quercetin content was lower. All these metabolic changes were associated with changes in the expression pattern of transcripts. Our results revealed the transcriptome and metabolome characteristics of GSCL. This may help to improve leaf quality in A. senticosus cultivation, suggesting that it is feasible to improve the medicinal quality of GSCL through asexual propagation, but the long-term effects need further investigation. In conclusion, this dataset provides a useful resource for future studies on the effects of grafting on medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Kedan Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Jun Ai
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yougui Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yueying Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Nanqi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun 130118, China
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Mao CX, Luo J, Zhang Y, Zhang CQ. Targeted deletion of three CYP51s in Fusarium fujikuroi and their different roles in determining sensitivity to 14α-demethylase inhibitor fungicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1324-1330. [PMID: 36424479 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium fujikuroi is the pathogenic agent of rice bakanae disease and has developed serious resistance to prochloraz, a 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI). Prochloraz resistance in F. fujikuroi is caused by cooperation between FfCyp51B with Cyp51A and shows cross-resistance only to prothioconazole but not to tebuconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole, metconazole, hexaconazole, and triadimefon. This study aimed to analyze the functions of the three Cyp51s in F. fujikuroi, especially their role in determining sensitivity to DMIs. RESULTS The respective deletion of FfCyp51A, Cyp51B, and Cyp51C had no obvious effect on morphology, conidium germination, or pathogenicity. The involvement of growth, growth and ergosterol biosynthesis, and conidium production and ergosterol biosynthesis was observed for FfCyp51A, Cyp51B, and Cyp51C, respectively. Compared with the sensitive isolate of F. fujikuroi, the effect on sensitivity to the tested DMIs was divided into four groups: (i) both of Cyp51A and Cyp51B positively regulate the sensitivity to prochloraz and prothioconazole; (ii) Cyp51B positively regulate the sensitivity to tebuconazole and metconazole, but negatively regulate the sensitivity to difenoconazole; (iii) Cyp51A and Cyp51B play opposite roles in the sensitivity to triadimefon. Therefore, deletion of Cyp51A in F. fujikuroi confers a higher sensitivity to triadimefon, while deletion of Cyp51B results in a triadimefon-resistant mutant isolate; (iv) deletion of Cyp51B yielded a mutant isolate that was more resistant to propiconazole and hexaconazole. CONCLUSION Sophisticated interactions exist within the three Cyp51 genes to DMIs fungicides sensitivity in F. fujikuroi, and Cyp51B probably plays a more critical role than Cyp51A and Cyp51C. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xin Mao
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Qing Zhang
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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De La Peña R, Hodgson H, Liu JCT, Stephenson MJ, Martin AC, Owen C, Harkess A, Leebens-Mack J, Jimenez LE, Osbourn A, Sattely ES. Complex scaffold remodeling in plant triterpene biosynthesis. Science 2023; 379:361-368. [PMID: 36701471 PMCID: PMC9976607 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes with complex scaffold modifications are widespread in the plant kingdom. Limonoids are an exemplary family that are responsible for the bitter taste in citrus (e.g., limonin) and the active constituents of neem oil, a widely used bioinsecticide (e.g., azadirachtin). Despite the commercial value of limonoids, a complete biosynthetic route has not been described. We report the discovery of 22 enzymes, including a pair of neofunctionalized sterol isomerases, that catalyze 12 distinct reactions in the total biosynthesis of kihadalactone A and azadirone, products that bear the signature limonoid furan. These results enable access to valuable limonoids and provide a template for discovery and reconstitution of triterpene biosynthetic pathways in plants that require multiple skeletal rearrangements and oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo De La Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannah Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Michael J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Azahara C Martin
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Charlotte Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, 4505 Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Luis E Jimenez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Singh G, Agrawal H, Bednarek P. Specialized metabolites as versatile tools in shaping plant-microbe associations. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:122-144. [PMID: 36503863 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are rich repository of a large number of chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites. These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes including responses against changing abiotic conditions and interactions with various co-existing organisms. One of the strikingly affirmed functions of these specialized metabolites is their involvement in plants' life-long interactions with complex multi-kingdom microbiomes including both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Recent developments in genomic and molecular biology tools not only help to generate well-curated information about regulatory and structural components of biosynthetic pathways of plant specialized metabolites but also to create and screen mutant lines defective in their synthesis. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the function of these specialized metabolites and discussed recent research findings demonstrating the responses of various microbes on tested mutant lines having defective biosynthesis of particular metabolites. In addition, we attempt to provide key clues about the impact of these metabolites on the assembly of the plant microbiome by summarizing the major findings of recent comparative metagenomic analyses of available mutant lines under customized and natural microbial niches. Subsequently, we delineate benchmark initiatives that aim to engineer or manipulate the biosynthetic pathways to produce specialized metabolites in heterologous systems but also to diversify their immune function. While denoting the function of these metabolites, we also discuss the critical bottlenecks associated with understanding and exploiting their function in improving plant adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Himani Agrawal
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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Zhan C, Shen S, Yang C, Liu Z, Fernie AR, Graham IA, Luo J. Plant metabolic gene clusters in the multi-omics era. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:981-1001. [PMID: 35365433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolism in plants gives rise to a vast array of small-molecule natural products. The discovery of operon-like gene clusters in plants has provided a new perspective on the evolution of specialized metabolism and the opportunity to rapidly advance the metabolic engineering of natural product production. Here, we review historical aspects of the study of plant metabolic gene clusters as well as general strategies for identifying plant metabolic gene clusters in the multi-omics era. We also emphasize the exploration of their natural variation and evolution, as well as new strategies for the prospecting of plant metabolic gene clusters and a deeper understanding of how their structure influences their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansong Zhan
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Shuangqian Shen
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ian A Graham
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
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Malhotra K, Franke J. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1289-1310. [PMID: 36225725 PMCID: PMC9520826 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily comprises hemethiolate enzymes that perform remarkable regio- and stereospecific oxidative chemistry. As such, CYPs are key agents for the structural and functional tailoring of triterpenoids, one of the largest classes of plant natural products with widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. In this review, we provide a full overview of 149 functionally characterised CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in primary as well as in specialised metabolism. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of triterpenoid- and steroid-modifying CYPs across the plant CYPome, present a structure-based summary of their reactions, and highlight recent examples of particular interest to the field. Our review therefore provides a comprehensive up-to-date picture of CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in plants as a starting point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Jiao Z, Yin L, Zhang Q, Xu W, Jia Y, Xia K, Zhang M. The putative obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase OsCYP51H3 affects multiple aspects of rice growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13764. [PMID: 35975452 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some members of the CYP51G subfamily has been shown to be obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase, key enzyme of the sterol and brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis, which mediate plant development and response to stresses. However, little is known about the functions of CYP51H subfamily in rice. Here, OsCYP51H3, an ortholog of rice OsCYP51G1 was identified. Compared with wild type, the mutants oscyp51H3 and OsCYP51H3-RNAi showed dwarf phenotype, late flowering, erected leaves, lower seed-setting rate, and smaller and shorter seeds. In contrast, the phenotypic changes of OsCYP51H3-OE plants are not obvious. Metabolomic analysis of oscyp51H3 mutant indicated that OsCYP51H3 may also encode an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase involved in phytosterol and BR biosynthesis, but possibly not that of triterpenes. The RNA-seq results showed that OsCYP51H3 may affect the expression of a lot of genes related to rice development. These findings showed that OsCYP51H3 codes for a putative obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase involved in phytosterol and BR biosynthesis, and mediates rice development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuaifei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Zhong Y, Xun W, Wang X, Tian S, Zhang Y, Li D, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Zhang B, Zhao G, Cheng X, Liu Y, Chen H, Li L, Osbourn A, Lucas WJ, Huang S, Ma Y, Shang Y. Root-secreted bitter triterpene modulates the rhizosphere microbiota to improve plant fitness. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:887-896. [PMID: 35915145 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Underground microbial ecosystems have profound impacts on plant health1-5. Recently, essential roles have been shown for plant specialized metabolites in shaping the rhizosphere microbiome6-9. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the root-to-soil delivery of these metabolites remain to be elucidated10. Cucurbitacins, the characteristic bitter triterpenoids in cucurbit plants (such as melon and watermelon), are synthesized by operon-like gene clusters11. Here we report two Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) proteins involved in the transport of their respective cucurbitacins, a process co-regulated with cucurbitacin biosynthesis. We further show that the transport of cucurbitacin B from the roots of melon into the soil modulates the rhizosphere microbiome by selectively enriching for two bacterial genera, Enterobacter and Bacillus, and we demonstrate that this, in turn, leads to robust resistance against the soil-borne wilt fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. Our study offers insights into how transporters for specialized metabolites manipulate the rhizosphere microbiota and thereby affect crop fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weibing Xun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shouwei Tian
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yancong Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Guangwei Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiming Chen
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Anne Osbourn
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - William J Lucas
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongshuo Ma
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.
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13
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Polturak G, Dippe M, Stephenson MJ, Chandra Misra R, Owen C, Ramirez-Gonzalez RH, Haidoulis JF, Schoonbeek HJ, Chartrain L, Borrill P, Nelson DR, Brown JK, Nicholson P, Uauy C, Osbourn A. Pathogen-induced biosynthetic pathways encode defense-related molecules in bread wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123299119. [PMID: 35412884 PMCID: PMC9169793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123299119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a widely grown food crop that suffers major yield losses due to attack by pests and pathogens. A better understanding of biotic stress responses in wheat is thus of major importance. The recently assembled bread wheat genome coupled with extensive transcriptomic resources provides unprecedented new opportunities to investigate responses to pathogen challenge. Here, we analyze gene coexpression networks to identify modules showing consistent induction in response to pathogen exposure. Within the top pathogen-induced modules, we identify multiple clusters of physically adjacent genes that correspond to six pathogen-induced biosynthetic pathways that share a common regulatory network. Functional analysis reveals that these pathways, all of which are encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters, produce various different classes of compounds—namely, flavonoids, diterpenes, and triterpenes, including the defense-related compound ellarinacin. Through comparative genomics, we also identify associations with the known rice phytoalexins momilactones, as well as with a defense-related gene cluster in the grass model plant Brachypodium distachyon. Our results significantly advance the understanding of chemical defenses in wheat and open up avenues for enhancing disease resistance in this agriculturally important crop. They also exemplify the power of transcriptional networks to discover the biosynthesis of chemical defenses in plants with large, complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Polturak
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Dippe
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - John F. Haidoulis
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Laetitia Chartrain
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Borrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - James K.M. Brown
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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14
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Zheng S, Guo J, Cheng F, Gao Z, Du L, Meng C, Li S, Zhang X. Cytochrome P450s in algae: Bioactive natural product biosynthesis and light-driven bioproduction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2832-2844. [PMID: 35755277 PMCID: PMC9214053 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae are a large group of photosynthetic organisms responsible for approximately half of the earth's total photosynthesis. In addition to their fundamental ecological roles as oxygen producers and as the food base for almost all aquatic life, algae are also a rich source of bioactive natural products, including several clinical drugs. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are a superfamily of biocatalysts that are extensively involved in natural product biosynthesis by mediating various types of reactions. In the post-genome era, a growing number of P450 genes have been discovered from algae, indicating their important roles in algal life-cycle. However, the functional studies of algal P450s remain limited. Benefitting from the recent technical advances in algae cultivation and genetic manipulation, the researches on P450s in algal natural product biosynthesis have been approaching to a new stage. Moreover, some photoautotrophic algae have been developed into “photo-bioreactors” for heterologous P450s to produce high-value added pharmaceuticals and chemicals in a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative manner. Here, we comprehensively review these advances of P450 studies in algae from 2000 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmin Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 532 58632496.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 532 58632496.
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 532 58632496.
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15
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Bharadwaj R, Kumar SR, Sharma A, Sathishkumar R. Plant Metabolic Gene Clusters: Evolution, Organization, and Their Applications in Synthetic Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697318. [PMID: 34490002 PMCID: PMC8418127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a remarkable source of high-value specialized metabolites having significant physiological and ecological functions. Genes responsible for synthesizing specialized metabolites are often clustered together for a coordinated expression, which is commonly observed in bacteria and filamentous fungi. Similar to prokaryotic gene clustering, plants do have gene clusters encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. More than 20 gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of diverse metabolites have been identified across the plant kingdom. Recent studies demonstrate that gene clusters are evolved through gene duplications and neofunctionalization of primary metabolic pathway genes. Often, these clusters are tightly regulated at nucleosome level. The prevalence of gene clusters related to specialized metabolites offers an attractive possibility of an untapped source of highly useful biomolecules. Accordingly, the identification and functional characterization of novel biosynthetic pathways in plants need to be worked out. In this review, we summarize insights into the evolution of gene clusters and discuss the organization and importance of specific gene clusters in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. Regulatory mechanisms which operate in some of the important gene clusters have also been briefly described. Finally, we highlight the importance of gene clusters to develop future metabolic engineering or synthetic biology strategies for the heterologous production of novel metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revuru Bharadwaj
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sarma R. Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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16
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Hansen CC, Nelson DR, Møller BL, Werck-Reichhart D. Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1244-1265. [PMID: 34216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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17
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Lamb DC, Hargrove TY, Zhao B, Wawrzak Z, Goldstone JV, Nes WD, Kelly SL, Waterman MR, Stegeman JJ, Lepesheva GI. Concerning P450 Evolution: Structural Analyses Support Bacterial Origin of Sterol 14α-Demethylases. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:952-967. [PMID: 33031537 PMCID: PMC7947880 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol biosynthesis, primarily associated with eukaryotic kingdoms of life, occurs as an abbreviated pathway in the bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus. Sterol 14α-demethylation is an essential step in this pathway and is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51). In M. capsulatus, the enzyme consists of the P450 domain naturally fused to a ferredoxin domain at the C-terminus (CYP51fx). The structure of M. capsulatus CYP51fx was solved to 2.7 Å resolution and is the first structure of a bacterial sterol biosynthetic enzyme. The structure contained one P450 molecule per asymmetric unit with no electron density seen for ferredoxin. We connect this with the requirement of P450 substrate binding in order to activate productive ferredoxin binding. Further, the structure of the P450 domain with bound detergent (which replaced the substrate upon crystallization) was solved to 2.4 Å resolution. Comparison of these two structures to the CYP51s from human, fungi, and protozoa reveals strict conservation of the overall protein architecture. However, the structure of an "orphan" P450 from nonsterol-producing Mycobacterium tuberculosis that also has CYP51 activity reveals marked differences, suggesting that loss of function in vivo might have led to alterations in the structural constraints. Our results are consistent with the idea that eukaryotic and bacterial CYP51s evolved from a common cenancestor and that early eukaryotes may have recruited CYP51 from a bacterial source. The idea is supported by bioinformatic analysis, revealing the presence of CYP51 genes in >1,000 bacteria from nine different phyla, >50 of them being natural CYP51fx fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Lamb
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Synchrotron Research Center, Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - William David Nes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Waterman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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18
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Li Y, Leveau A, Zhao Q, Feng Q, Lu H, Miao J, Xue Z, Martin AC, Wegel E, Wang J, Orme A, Rey MD, Karafiátová M, Vrána J, Steuernagel B, Joynson R, Owen C, Reed J, Louveau T, Stephenson MJ, Zhang L, Huang X, Huang T, Fan D, Zhou C, Tian Q, Li W, Lu Y, Chen J, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Zhu C, Liu Z, Polturak G, Casson R, Hill L, Moore G, Melton R, Hall N, Wulff BBH, Doležel J, Langdon T, Han B, Osbourn A. Subtelomeric assembly of a multi-gene pathway for antimicrobial defense compounds in cereals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2563. [PMID: 33963185 PMCID: PMC8105312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-random gene organization in eukaryotes plays a significant role in genome evolution. Here, we investigate the origin of a biosynthetic gene cluster for production of defence compounds in oat-the avenacin cluster. We elucidate the structure and organisation of this 12-gene cluster, characterise the last two missing pathway steps, and reconstitute the entire pathway in tobacco by transient expression. We show that the cluster has formed de novo since the divergence of oats in a subtelomeric region of the genome that lacks homology with other grasses, and that gene order is approximately colinear with the biosynthetic pathway. We speculate that the positioning of the late pathway genes furthest away from the telomere may mitigate against a 'self-poisoning' scenario in which toxic intermediates accumulate as a result of telomeric gene deletions. Our investigations reveal a striking example of adaptive evolution underpinned by remarkable genome plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Feng
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Hengyun Lu
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiashun Miao
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Eva Wegel
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jing Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Miroslava Karafiátová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ryan Joynson
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - James Reed
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Danling Fan
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Congcong Zhou
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qilin Tian
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Lu
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanrang Zhu
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guy Polturak
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Graham Moore
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Melton
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tim Langdon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Bin Han
- National Centre for Gene Research, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.
| | - Anne Osbourn
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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19
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Zu P, Koch H, Schwery O, Pironon S, Phillips C, Ondo I, Farrell IW, Nes WD, Moore E, Wright GA, Farman DI, Stevenson PC. Pollen sterols are associated with phylogeny and environment but not with pollinator guilds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1169-1184. [PMID: 33484583 PMCID: PMC8653887 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are primary plant metabolites that have fundamental structural and regulatory functions. They are also essential nutrients for phytophagous insects, including pollinators, that cannot synthesize sterols. Despite the well-described composition and diversity in vegetative plant tissues, few studies have examined phytosterol diversity in pollen. We quantified 25 pollen phytosterols in 122 plant species (105 genera, 51 families) to determine their composition and diversity across plant taxa. We searched literature and databases for plant phylogeny, environmental conditions, and pollinator guilds of the species to examine the relationships with pollen sterols. 24-methylenecholesterol, sitosterol and isofucosterol were the most common and abundant pollen sterols. We found phylogenetic clustering of twelve individual sterols, total sterol content and sterol diversity, and of sterol groupings that reflect their underlying biosynthesis pathway (C-24 alkylation, ring B desaturation). Plants originating in tropical-like climates (higher mean annual temperature, lower temperature seasonality, higher precipitation in wettest quarter) were more likely to record higher pollen sterol content. However, pollen sterol composition and content showed no clear relationship with pollinator guilds. Our study is the first to show that pollen sterol diversity is phylogenetically clustered and that pollen sterol content may adapt to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Zu
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Department Fish Ecology and EvolutionSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologySeestrasse 79KastanienbaumCH‐6047Switzerland
| | - Hauke Koch
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Orlando Schwery
- New Mexico Consortium4200 W. Jemez Rd, Suite 301Los AlamosNM87544USA
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Charlotte Phillips
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Conservation Science DepartmentWakehurst PlaceArdinglyWest SussexRH17 6TNUK
| | - Ian Ondo
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Iain W. Farrell
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - W. David Nes
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTX79424USA
| | - Elynor Moore
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford11a Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3SZUK
| | | | - Dudley I. Farman
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichChatham, KentME4 4TBUK
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichChatham, KentME4 4TBUK
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20
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Norvienyeku J, Lin L, Waheed A, Chen X, Bao J, Aliyu SR, Lin L, Shabbir A, Batool W, Zhong Z, Zhou J, Lu G, Wang Z. Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside confers non-cultivar-specific defence against the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:589-601. [PMID: 33043566 PMCID: PMC7955875 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rice cultivars from japonica and indica lineage possess differential resistance against blast fungus as a result of genetic divergence. Whether different rice cultivars also show distinct metabolomic changes in response to P. oryzae, and their role in host resistance, are poorly understood. Here, we examine the responses of six different rice cultivars from japonica and indica lineage challenged with P. oryzae. Both susceptible and resistant rice cultivars expressed several metabolites exclusively during P. oryzae infection, including the saponin Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside. Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside level in infected rice directly correlated with their resistant attributes. These findings reveal, for the first time to our knowledge that besides oat, other grass plants including rice produces protective saponins. Our study provides insight into the role of pathogen-mediated metabolomics reprogramming in host immunity. The correlation between Bayogenin 3-O-Cellobioside levels and blast resistance suggests that engineering saponin expression in cereal crops represents attractive and sustainable disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Norvienyeku
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Sami Rukaiya Aliyu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lianyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ammarah Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wajjiha Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
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21
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Fan P, Wang P, Lou YR, Leong BJ, Moore BM, Schenck CA, Combs R, Cao P, Brandizzi F, Shiu SH, Last RL. Evolution of a plant gene cluster in Solanaceae and emergence of metabolic diversity. eLife 2020; 9:e56717. [PMID: 32613943 PMCID: PMC7386920 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce phylogenetically and spatially restricted, as well as structurally diverse specialized metabolites via multistep metabolic pathways. Hallmarks of specialized metabolic evolution include enzymatic promiscuity and recruitment of primary metabolic enzymes and examples of genomic clustering of pathway genes. Solanaceae glandular trichomes produce defensive acylsugars, with sidechains that vary in length across the family. We describe a tomato gene cluster on chromosome 7 involved in medium chain acylsugar accumulation due to trichome specific acyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes. This cluster co-localizes with a tomato steroidal alkaloid gene cluster and is syntenic to a chromosome 12 region containing another acylsugar pathway gene. We reconstructed the evolutionary events leading to this gene cluster and found that its phylogenetic distribution correlates with medium chain acylsugar accumulation across the Solanaceae. This work reveals insights into the dynamics behind gene cluster evolution and cell-type specific metabolite diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Bryan J Leong
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Bethany M Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Rachel Combs
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbusUnited States
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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22
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Yin J, Yang J, Ma H, Liang T, Li Y, Xiao J, Tian H, Xu Z, Zhan Y. Expression characteristics and function of CAS and a new beta-amyrin synthase in triterpenoid synthesis in birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110433. [PMID: 32234222 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids produced by the secondary metabolism of Betula platyphylla Suk. exhibit important pharmacological activities, such as tumor inhibition, anti-HIV, and defense against pathogens, but the yield of natural synthesis is low, which is insufficient to meet people's needs. In this study, we identified two OSC genes of birch, named as BpCAS and Bpβ-AS, respectively. The expression of BpCAS and Bpβ-AS were higher levels in roots and in stems, respectively, and they induced expression in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and mechanical damage. The function of the two genes in the triterpene synthesis of birch was identified by reverse genetics. The inhibition of Bpβ-AS gene positively regulates synthesis of betulinic acid. BpCAS interference can significantly promote the upregulation of lupeol synthase gene (BPW) and β-amyrin synthase gene(BPY), and conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene to the downstream products betulinic acid and oleanolic acid. This study provided a basis for the genetic improvement of triterpenoid synthesis in birch through genetic engineering. The obtained transgenic birch and suspension cells served as material resources for birch triterpenoid applications in further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongsi Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tian Liang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jialei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Hongmei Tian
- Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
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23
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Nagegowda DA, Gupta P. Advances in biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110457. [PMID: 32234216 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized terpenoids are natural products that have no obvious role in growth and development, but play many important functional roles to improve the plant's overall fitness. Besides, plant specialized terpenoids have immense value to humans due to their applications in fragrance, flavor, cosmetic, and biofuel industries. Understanding the fundamental aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of these high-value molecules in plants not only paves the path to enhance plant traits, but also facilitates homologous or heterologous engineering for overproduction of target molecules of importance. Recent developments in functional genomics and high-throughput analytical techniques have led to unraveling of several novel aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of plant specialized terpenoids. The knowledge thus derived has been successfully utilized to produce target specialized terpenoids of plant origin in homologous or heterologous host systems by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches. Here, we provide an overview and highlights on advances related to the biosynthetic steps, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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24
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Li Y, Wei K. Comparative functional genomics analysis of cytochrome P450 gene superfamily in wheat and maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:93. [PMID: 32122306 PMCID: PMC7052972 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) as the largest enzyme family of plant metabolism participate in various physiological processes, whereas no study has demonstrated interest in comprehensive comparison of the genes in wheat and maize. Genome-wide survey, characterization and comparison of wheat and maize CYP450 gene superfamily are useful for genetic manipulation of the Gramineae crops. RESULTS In total, 1285 and 263 full-length CYP450s were identified in wheat and maize, respectively. According to standard nomenclature, wheat CYP450s (TaCYP450s) were categorized into 45 families, while maize CYP450s (ZmCYP450s) into 43 families. A comprehensive analysis of wheat and maize CYP450s, involved in functional domains, conserved motifs, phylogeny, gene structures, chromosome locations and duplicated events was performed. The result showed that each family/subfamily in both species exhibited characteristic features, suggesting their phylogenetic relationship and the potential divergence in their functions. Functional divergence analysis at the amino acid level of representative clans CYP51, CYP74 and CYP97 in wheat, maize and rice identified some critical amino acid sites that are responsible for functional divergence of a gene family. Expression profiles of Ta-, ZmCYP450s were investigated using RNA-seq data, which contribute to infer the potential functions of the genes during development and stress responses. We found in both species CYP450s had preferential expression in specific tissues, and many tissue-specific genes were identified. Under water-deficit condition, 82 and 39 significantly differentially expressed CYP450s were respectively detected in wheat and maize. These genes may have some roles in protecting plants against drought damage. Thereinto, fourteen CYP450s were selected to validate their expression level through qRT-PCR. To further elucidating molecular mechanisms of CYP450 action, gene co-expression network was constructed. In total, 477 TaCYP450s were distributed in 22 co-expression modules, and some co-expressed genes that likely take part in the same biochemical pathway were identified. For instance, the expression of TaCYP74A98_4D was highly correlated with TaLOX9, TaLOX36, TaLOX39, TaLOX44 and TaOPR8, and all of them may be involved in jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. TaCYP73A201_3A showed coexpression with TaPAL1.25, TaCCoAOMT1.2, TaCOMT.1, TaCCR1.6 and TaLAC5, which probably act in the wheat stem and/or root lignin synthesis pathway. CONCLUSION Our study first established systematic information about evolutionary relationship, expression pattern and function characterization of CYP450s in wheat and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China
| | - Kaifa Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China.
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25
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Zhang D, Yang H, Wang X, Qiu Y, Tian L, Qi X, Qu LQ. Cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5 hydroxylates alkanes to primary alcohols and is involved in rice leaf cuticular wax synthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2094-2107. [PMID: 31618451 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Odd-numbered primary alcohols are components of plant cuticular wax, but their biosynthesis remains unknown. We isolated a rice wax crystal-sparse leaf 5 (WSL5) gene using a map-based cloning strategy. The function of WSL5 was illustrated by overexpression and knockout in rice, heterologous expression in Arabidopsis and transient expression in tobacco leaves. WSL5 is predicted to encode a cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5. The wsl5 mutant lacked crystalloid platelets on the surface of cuticle membrane, and its cuticle membrane was thicker than that of the wild-type. The wsl5 mutant is more tolerant to drought stress. The load of C23 -C33 alkanes increased, whereas the C29 primary alcohol reduced significantly in wsl5 mutant and WSL5 knockout transgenic plants. Overexpression of WSL5 increased the C29 primary alcohol and decreased alkanes in rice leaves. Heterologous expression of WSL5 increased the C29 primary alcohol and decreased alkanes, secondary alcohol, and ketone in Arabidopsis stem wax. Transient expression of WSL5 in tobacco leaves also increased the production C29 primary alcohol. WSL5 catalyzes the terminal hydroxylation of alkanes, yielding odd-numbered primary alcohols, and is involved in the formation of epidermal wax crystals on rice leaf, affecting drought sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yijian Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Le Qing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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26
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Ebrahimzadegan R, Houben A, Mirzaghaderi G. Repetitive DNA landscape in essential A and supernumerary B chromosomes of Festuca pratensis Huds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19989. [PMID: 31882680 PMCID: PMC6934454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we characterized the basic properties of repetitive sequences in essential A and supernumerary B chromosomes of Festuca pratensis Huds. This was performed by comparative analysis of low-pass Illumina sequence reads of B chromosome lacking (-B) and B chromosome containing (+B) individuals of F. pratensis. 61% of the nuclear genome is composed of repetitive sequences. 43.1% of the genome are transposons of which DNA transposons and retrotransposons made up 2.3% and 40.8%, respectively. LTR retrotransposons are the most abundant mobile elements and contribute to 40.7% of the genome and divided into Ty3-gypsy and Ty1-copia super families with 32.97% and 7.78% of the genome, respectively. Eighteen different satellite repeats were identified making up 3.9% of the genome. Five satellite repeats were used as cytological markers for chromosome identification and genome analysis in the genus Festuca. Four satellite repeats were identified on B chromosomes among which Fp-Sat48 and Fp-Sat253 were specific to the B chromosome of F. pratensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Ebrahimzadegan
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 6617715175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Ghader Mirzaghaderi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 6617715175, Sanandaj, Iran.
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27
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A noncanonical vacuolar sugar transferase required for biosynthesis of antimicrobial defense compounds in oat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:27105-27114. [PMID: 31806756 PMCID: PMC6936528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914652116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce an array of natural products with important ecological functions. These compounds are often decorated with oligosaccharide groups that influence bioactivity, but the biosynthesis of such sugar chains is not well understood. Triterpene glycosides (saponins) are a large family of plant natural products that determine important agronomic traits, as exemplified by avenacins, antimicrobial defense compounds produced by oats. Avenacins have a branched trisaccharide moiety consisting of l-arabinose linked to 2 d-glucose molecules that is critical for antifungal activity. Plant natural product glycosylation is usually performed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). We previously characterized the arabinosyltransferase that initiates the avenacin sugar chain; however, the enzymes that add the 2 remaining d-glucose molecules have remained elusive. Here we characterize the enzymes that catalyze these last 2 glucosylation steps. AsUGT91G16 is a classical cytosolic UGT that adds a 1,2-linked d-glucose molecule to l-arabinose. Unexpectedly, the enzyme that adds the final 1,4-linked d-glucose (AsTG1) is not a UGT, but rather a sugar transferase belonging to Glycosyl Hydrolase family 1 (GH1). Unlike classical UGTs, AsTG1 is vacuolar. Analysis of oat mutants reveals that AsTG1 corresponds to Sad3, a previously uncharacterized locus shown by mutation to be required for avenacin biosynthesis. AsTG1 and AsUGT91G16 form part of the avenacin biosynthetic gene cluster. Our demonstration that a vacuolar transglucosidase family member plays a critical role in triterpene biosynthesis highlights the importance of considering other classes of carbohydrate-active enzymes in addition to UGTs as candidates when elucidating pathways for the biosynthesis of glycosylated natural products in plants.
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28
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Fanani MZ, Fukushima EO, Sawai S, Tang J, Ishimori M, Sudo H, Ohyama K, Seki H, Saito K, Muranaka T. Molecular Basis of C-30 Product Regioselectivity of Legume Oxidases Involved in High-Value Triterpenoid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1520. [PMID: 31850023 PMCID: PMC6901910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes are structurally diverse group of specialized metabolites with important roles in plant defense and human health. Glycyrrhizin, with a carboxyl group at C-30 of its aglycone moiety, is a valuable triterpene glycoside, the production of which is restricted to legume medicinal plants belonging to the Glycyrrhiza species. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are important for generating triterpene chemodiversity by catalyzing site-specific oxidation of the triterpene scaffold. CYP72A154 was previously identified from the glycyrrhizin-producing plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis as a C-30 oxidase in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis, but its regioselectivity is rather low. In contrast, CYP72A63 from Medicago truncatula showed superior regioselectivity in C-30 oxidation, improving the production of glycyrrhizin aglycone in engineered yeast. The underlying molecular basis of C-30 product regioselectivity is not well understood. Here, we identified two amino acid residues that control C-30 product regioselectivity and contribute to the chemodiversity of triterpenes accumulated in legumes. Amino acid sequence comparison combined with structural analysis of the protein model identified Leu149 and Leu398 as important amino acid residues for C-30 product regioselectivity. These results were further confirmed by mutagenesis of CYP72A154 homologs from glycyrrhizin-producing species, functional phylogenomics analyses, and comparison of corresponding residues of C-30 oxidase homologs in other legumes. These findings could be combined with metabolic engineering to further enhance the production of high-value triterpene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Much Zaenal Fanani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Satoru Sawai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Japan
| | - Jianwei Tang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Ishimori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Smita S, Katiyar A, Lenka SK, Dalal M, Kumar A, Mahtha SK, Yadav G, Chinnusamy V, Pandey DM, Bansal KC. Gene network modules associated with abiotic stress response in tolerant rice genotypes identified by transcriptome meta-analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:29-49. [PMID: 31286320 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stress tolerance is a complex trait regulated by multiple genes and gene networks in plants. A range of abiotic stresses are known to limit rice productivity. Meta-transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful approach to decipher stress-associated molecular network in model crops. However, retaining specificity of gene expression in tolerant and susceptible genotypes during meta-transcriptome analysis is important for understanding genotype-dependent stress tolerance mechanisms. Addressing this aspect, we describe here "abiotic stress tolerant" (ASTR) genes and networks specifically and differentially expressing in tolerant rice genotypes in response to different abiotic stress conditions. We identified 6,956 ASTR genes, key hub regulatory genes, transcription factors, and functional modules having significant association with abiotic stress-related ontologies and cis-motifs. Out of the 6956 ASTR genes, 73 were co-located within the boundary of previously identified abiotic stress trait-related quantitative trait loci. Functional annotation of 14 uncharacterized ASTR genes is proposed using multiple computational methods. Around 65% of the top ASTR genes were found to be differentially expressed in at least one of the tolerant genotypes under different stress conditions (cold, salt, drought, or heat) from publicly available RNAseq data comparison. The candidate ASTR genes specifically associated with tolerance could be utilized for engineering rice and possibly other crops for broad-spectrum tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Smita
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Div. of I.S.R.M., Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sangram Keshari Lenka
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Center, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Monika Dalal
- ICAR-National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Amish Kumar
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar Mahtha
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gitanjali Yadav
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- ICAR-Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Dev Mani Pandey
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Kailash Chander Bansal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Center, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India.
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30
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Teng L, Fan X, Nelson DR, Han W, Zhang X, Xu D, Renault H, Markov GV, Ye N. Diversity and evolution of cytochromes P450 in stramenopiles. PLANTA 2019; 249:647-661. [PMID: 30341489 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Comparative genomic analysis of cytochromes P450 revealed high diversification and dynamic changes in stramenopiles, associated with transcriptional responsiveness to various environmental stimuli. Comparative genomic and molecular evolution approaches were used to characterize cytochromes P450 (P450) diversity in stramenopiles. Phylogenetic analysis pointed to a high diversity of P450 in stramenopiles and identified three major clans. The CYP51 and CYP97 clans were present in brown algae, diatoms and Nannochloropsis gaditana, whereas the CYP5014 clan mainly includes oomycetes. Gene gain and loss patterns revealed that six CYP families-CYP51, CYP97, CYP5160, CYP5021, CYP5022, and CYP5165-predated the split of brown algae and diatoms. After they diverged, diatoms gained more CYP families, especially in the cold-adapted species Fragilariopsis cylindrus, in which eight new CYP families were found. Selection analysis revealed that the expanded CYP51 family in the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus exhibited a more relaxed selection constraint compared with those of other brown algae and diatoms. Our RNA-seq data further evidenced that most of P450s in Saccharina japonica are highly expressed in large sporophytes, which could potentially promote the large kelp formation in this developmental stage. A survey of Ectocarpus siliculosus and diatom transcriptomes showed that many P450s are responsive to stress, nutrient limitation or light quality, suggesting pivotal roles in detoxification or metabolic processes under adverse environmental conditions. The information provided in this study will be helpful in designing functional experiments and interpreting P450 roles in this particular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Teng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Ave. Suite G01, Memphis, 38163, TN, USA
| | - Wentao Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hugues Renault
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriel V Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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31
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Leveau A, Reed J, Qiao X, Stephenson MJ, Mugford ST, Melton RE, Rant JC, Vickerstaff R, Langdon T, Osbourn A. Towards take-all control: a C-21β oxidase required for acylation of triterpene defence compounds in oat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1544-1555. [PMID: 30294977 PMCID: PMC6446040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oats produce avenacins, antifungal triterpenes that are synthesized in the roots and provide protection against take-all and other soilborne diseases. Avenacins are acylated at the carbon-21 position of the triterpene scaffold, a modification critical for antifungal activity. We have previously characterized several steps in the avenacin pathway, including those required for acylation. However, transfer of the acyl group to the scaffold requires the C-21β position to be oxidized first, by an as yet uncharacterized enzyme. We mined oat transcriptome data to identify candidate cytochrome P450 enzymes that may catalyse C-21β oxidation. Candidates were screened for activity by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We identified a cytochrome P450 enzyme AsCYP72A475 as a triterpene C-21β hydroxylase, and showed that expression of this enzyme together with early pathway steps yields C-21β oxidized avenacin intermediates. We further demonstrate that AsCYP72A475 is synonymous with Sad6, a previously uncharacterized locus required for avenacin biosynthesis. sad6 mutants are compromised in avenacin acylation and have enhanced disease susceptibility. The discovery of AsCYP72A475 represents an important advance in the understanding of triterpene biosynthesis and paves the way for engineering the avenacin pathway into wheat and other cereals for control of take-all and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Leveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Reed
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xue Qiao
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael J. Stephenson
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sam T. Mugford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rachel E. Melton
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jenni C. Rant
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert Vickerstaff
- Department of Genetics and Crop Improvement, East Malling Research, New Rd, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Tim Langdon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FL, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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32
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Shang Y, Huang S. Multi-omics data-driven investigations of metabolic diversity of plant triterpenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:101-111. [PMID: 30341835 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of structurally diverse metabolites play essential roles in mediating the interactions between plant and environment, and constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications. Recent breakthroughs in sequencing technology have greatly accelerated metabolic studies of natural plant products, providing opportunities to investigate the molecular basis underlying the diversity of specialized plant metabolites through large-scale analysis. Here, we focus on the biosynthesis of plant triterpenoids, especially the three diversifying reactions (cyclization, oxidation and glycosylation) that largely contribute to the structural diversity of triterpenoids. Gene mining through large-scale omics data and functional characterization of metabolic genes including enzymes, transcription factors and transporters could provide important insights into the evolution of specialized plant metabolism and pave the way for the production of high-value metabolites or derivatives using synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shang
- The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
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33
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Louveau T, Orme A, Pfalzgraf H, Stephenson MJ, Melton R, Saalbach G, Hemmings AM, Leveau A, Rejzek M, Vickerstaff RJ, Langdon T, Field RA, Osbourn A. Analysis of Two New Arabinosyltransferases Belonging to the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme (CAZY) Glycosyl Transferase Family1 Provides Insights into Disease Resistance and Sugar Donor Specificity. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:3038-3057. [PMID: 30429223 PMCID: PMC6354260 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of small molecules is critical for numerous biological processes in plants, including hormone homeostasis, neutralization of xenobiotics, and synthesis and storage of specialized metabolites. Glycosylation of plant natural products is usually performed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Triterpene glycosides (saponins) are a large family of plant natural products that determine important agronomic traits such as disease resistance and flavor and have numerous pharmaceutical applications. Most characterized plant natural product UGTs are glucosyltransferases, and little is known about enzymes that add other sugars. Here we report the discovery and characterization of AsAAT1 (UGT99D1), which is required for biosynthesis of the antifungal saponin avenacin A-1 in oat (Avena strigosa). This enzyme adds l-Ara to the triterpene scaffold at the C-3 position, a modification critical for disease resistance. The only previously reported plant natural product arabinosyltransferase is a flavonoid arabinosyltransferase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that AsAAT1 has high specificity for UDP-β-l-arabinopyranose, identify two amino acids required for sugar donor specificity, and through targeted mutagenesis convert AsAAT1 into a glucosyltransferase. We further identify a second arabinosyltransferase potentially implicated in the biosynthesis of saponins that determine bitterness in soybean (Glycine max). Our investigations suggest independent evolution of UDP-Ara sugar donor specificity in arabinosyltransferases in monocots and eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Louveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anastasia Orme
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hans Pfalzgraf
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Rachel Melton
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Gerhard Saalbach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew M Hemmings
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Aymeric Leveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert J Vickerstaff
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
| | - Tim Langdon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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34
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Yin Y, Gao L, Zhang X, Gao W. A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for the C-22 hydroxylation step in the Paris polyphylla steroidal saponin biosynthesis pathway. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:116-123. [PMID: 30268044 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphyllins are the major steroidal saponin components of Paris polyphylla, the main source plant of the common Chinese herbal medicine Paridis Rhizoma with strong pharmacological activity and extremely high economic value and great market prospects. However, the production of polyphyllins in plants is limited, and their biosynthesis pathway has not been reported. The downstream hydroxylation step was particularly unclear. To clarify the enzymes and intermediates involved in the downstream steps of polyphyllin biosynthesis, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis and discovered a cytochrome P450 gene that encodes a protein with monooxygenase activity. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that it encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol. The relative gene expression measured by RT-PCR and polyphyllin contents measured by HPLC in P. polyphylla roots at different ages confirmed that this gene is involved in polyphyllin biosynthesis. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the cloning of a CYP450 enzyme gene from the steroidal saponin pathway of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, PR China
| | - Linhui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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35
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Abstract
In bacteria, more than half of the genes in the genome are organized in operons. In contrast, in eukaryotes, functionally related genes are usually dispersed across the genome. There are, however, numerous examples of functional clusters of nonhomologous genes for metabolic pathways in fungi and plants. Despite superficial similarities with operons (physical clustering, coordinate regulation), these clusters have not usually originated by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, and (unlike operons) the genes are typically transcribed separately rather than as a single polycistronic message. This clustering phenomenon raises intriguing questions about the origins of clustered metabolic pathways in eukaryotes and the significance of clustering for pathway function. Here we review metabolic gene clusters from fungi and plants, highlight commonalities and differences, and consider how these clusters form and are regulated. We also identify opportunities for future research in the areas of large-scale genomics, synthetic biology, and experimental evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; .,Current affiliation: Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom;
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; .,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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36
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Kim OT, Um Y, Jin ML, Kim JU, Hegebarth D, Busta L, Racovita RC, Jetter R. A Novel Multifunctional C-23 Oxidase, CYP714E19, is Involved in Asiaticoside Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1200-1213. [PMID: 29579306 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Centella asiatica is widely used as a medicinal plant due to accumulation of the ursane-type triterpene saponins asiaticoside and madecassoside. The molecular structure of both compounds suggests that they are biosynthesized from α-amyrin via three hydroxylations, and the respective Cyt P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450 enzymes) oxidizing the C-28 and C-2α positions have been reported. However, a third enzyme hydroxylating C-23 remained elusive. We previously identified 40,064 unique sequences in the transcriptome of C. asiatica elicited by methyl jasmonate, and among them we have now found 149 unigenes encoding putative P450 enzymes. In this set, 23 full-length cDNAs were recognized, 13 of which belonged to P450 subfamilies previously implicated in secondary metabolism. Four of these genes were highly expressed in response to jasmonate treatment, especially in leaves, in accordance with the accumulation patterns of asiaticoside. The functions of these candidate genes were tested using heterologous expression in yeast cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that yeast expressing only the oxidosqualene synthase CaDDS produced the asiaticoside precursor α-amyrin (along with its isomer β-amyrin), while yeast co-expressing CaDDS and CYP716A83 also contained ursolic acid along with oleanolic acid. This P450 enzyme thus acts as a multifunctional triterpenoid C-28 oxidase converting amyrins into corresponding triterpenoid acids. Finally, yeast strains co-expressing CaDDS, CYP716A83 and CYP714E19 produced hederagenin and 23-hydroxyursolic acid, showing that CYP714E19 is a multifunctional triterpenoid oxidase catalyzing the C-23 hydroxylation of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. Overall, our results demonstrate that CaDDS, CYP716A83 and CYP714E19 are C. asiatica enzymes catalyzing consecutive steps in asiaticoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Tae Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Yurry Um
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Mei Lan Jin
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Jang Uk Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
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37
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Silva MS, Arraes FBM, Campos MDA, Grossi-de-Sa M, Fernandez D, Cândido EDS, Cardoso MH, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Review: Potential biotechnological assets related to plant immunity modulation applicable in engineering disease-resistant crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:72-84. [PMID: 29576088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the biotechnological potential of molecules implicated in the different layers of plant immunity, including, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that can be applied in the development of disease-resistant genetically modified (GM) plants. These biomolecules are produced by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes) or plants during their mutual interactions. Biomolecules involved in the first layers of plant immunity, PTI and ETS, include inhibitors of pathogen cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and susceptibility (S) proteins, while the ETI-related biomolecules include plant resistance (R) proteins. The biomolecules involved in plant defense PTI/ETI responses described herein also include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and ribosome-inhibiting proteins (RIPs), as well as enzymes involved in plant defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesis (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins). Moreover, the regulation of immunity by RNA interference (RNAi) in GM disease-resistant plants is also considered. Therefore, the present review does not cover all the classes of biomolecules involved in plant innate immunity that may be applied in the development of disease-resistant GM crops but instead highlights the most common strategies in the literature, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Santos Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Elizabete de Souza Cândido
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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38
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Rai A, Saito K, Yamazaki M. Integrated omics analysis of specialized metabolism in medicinal plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:764-787. [PMID: 28109168 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a rich source of highly diverse specialized metabolites with important pharmacological properties. Until recently, plant biologists were limited in their ability to explore the biosynthetic pathways of these metabolites, mainly due to the scarcity of plant genomics resources. However, recent advances in high-throughput large-scale analytical methods have enabled plant biologists to discover biosynthetic pathways for important plant-based medicinal metabolites. The reduced cost of generating omics datasets and the development of computational tools for their analysis and integration have led to the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of several bioactive metabolites of plant origin. These discoveries have inspired synthetic biology approaches to develop microbial systems to produce bioactive metabolites originating from plants, an alternative sustainable source of medicinally important chemicals. Since the demand for medicinal compounds are increasing with the world's population, understanding the complete biosynthesis of specialized metabolites becomes important to identify or develop reliable sources in the future. Here, we review the contributions of major omics approaches and their integration to our understanding of the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive metabolites. We briefly discuss different approaches for integrating omics datasets to extract biologically relevant knowledge and the application of omics datasets in the construction and reconstruction of metabolic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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39
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Christensen U, Vazquez-Albacete D, Søgaard KM, Hobel T, Nielsen MT, Harrison SJ, Hansen AH, Møller BL, Seppälä S, Nørholm MHH. De-bugging and maximizing plant cytochrome P450 production in Escherichia coli with C-terminal GFP fusions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4103-4113. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Miettinen K, Pollier J, Buyst D, Arendt P, Csuk R, Sommerwerk S, Moses T, Mertens J, Sonawane PD, Pauwels L, Aharoni A, Martins J, Nelson DR, Goossens A. The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14153. [PMID: 28165039 PMCID: PMC5303825 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are widespread bioactive plant defence compounds with potential use as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other high-value products. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family have an essential role in creating the immense structural diversity of triterpenoids across the plant kingdom. However, for many triterpenoid oxidation reactions, the corresponding enzyme remains unknown. Here we characterize CYP716 enzymes from different medicinal plant species by heterologous expression in engineered yeasts and report ten hitherto unreported triterpenoid oxidation activities, including a cyclization reaction, leading to a triterpenoid lactone. Kingdom-wide phylogenetic analysis of over 400 CYP716s from over 200 plant species reveals details of their evolution and suggests that in eudicots the CYP716s evolved specifically towards triterpenoid biosynthesis. Our findings underscore the great potential of CYP716s as a source for generating triterpenoid structural diversity and expand the toolbox available for synthetic biology programmes for sustainable production of bioactive plant triterpenoids. Cytochrome P450 family enzymes have an essential role in the creation of triterpenoid diversity in plants. Here, the authors describe triterpenoid synthesis as mediated by CYP716 enzymes in medicinal plant species, and perform phylogenetic analysis to describe CYP716 molecular evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tessa Moses
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Mertens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - José Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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41
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Ghosh S. Triterpene Structural Diversification by Plant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1886. [PMID: 29170672 PMCID: PMC5684119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) represent the largest enzyme family of the plant metabolism. Plants typically devote about 1% of the protein-coding genes for the P450s to execute primary metabolism and also to perform species-specific specialized functions including metabolism of the triterpenes, isoprene-derived 30-carbon compounds. Triterpenes constitute a large and structurally diverse class of natural products with various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. P450-catalyzed structural modification is crucial for the diversification and functionalization of the triterpene scaffolds. In recent times, a remarkable progress has been made in understanding the function of the P450s in plant triterpene metabolism. So far, ∼80 P450s are assigned biochemical functions related to the plant triterpene metabolism. The members of the subfamilies CYP51G, CYP85A, CYP90B-D, CYP710A, CYP724B, and CYP734A are generally conserved across the plant kingdom to take part in plant primary metabolism related to the biosynthesis of essential sterols and steroid hormones. However, the members of the subfamilies CYP51H, CYP71A,D, CYP72A, CYP81Q, CYP87D, CYP88D,L, CYP93E, CYP705A, CYP708A, and CYP716A,C,E,S,U,Y are required for the metabolism of the specialized triterpenes that might perform species-specific functions including chemical defense toward specialized pathogens. Moreover, a recent advancement in high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptomes and genomes has resulted in identification of a large number of candidate P450s from diverse plant species. Assigning biochemical functions to these P450s will be of interest to extend our knowledge on triterpene metabolism in diverse plant species and also for the sustainable production of valuable phytochemicals.
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42
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Regulation of Human Cytochrome P4501A1 (hCYP1A1): A Plausible Target for Chemoprevention? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5341081. [PMID: 28105425 PMCID: PMC5220472 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5341081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1A1 (hCYP1A1) has been an object of study due to its role in precarcinogen metabolism; for this reason it is relevant to know more in depth the mechanisms that rule out its expression and activity, which make this enzyme a target for the development of novel chemiopreventive agents. The aim of this work is to review the origin, regulation, and structural and functional characteristics of CYP1A1 letting us understand its role in the bioactivation of precarcinogen and the consequences of its modulation in other physiological processes, as well as guide us in the study of this important protein.
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43
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Cloning and expression of SgCYP450-4 from Siraitia grosvenorii. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:614-622. [PMID: 27818929 PMCID: PMC5071632 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP450 plays an essential role in the development and growth of the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii. However, little is known about the SgCYP450-4 gene in S. grosvenorii. Here, based on transcriptome data, a full-length cDNA sequence of SgCYP450-4 was cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) strategies. SgCYP450-4 is 1677 bp in length (GenBank accession No. AEM42985.1) and contains a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 1422 bp. The deduced protein was composed of 473 amino acids, the molecular weight is 54.01 kDa, the theoretical isoelectric point (PI) is 8.8, and the protein was predicted to possess cytochrome P450 domains. SgCYP450-4 gene was highly expressed in root, diploid fruit and fruit treated with hormone and pollination. At 10 days after treatment with pollination and hormones, the expression of SgCYP450-4 had the highest level and then decreased over time, which was consistent with the development of fruits of S. Grosvenorii. Hormonal treatment could significantly induce the expression of SgCYP450-4. These results provide a reference for regulation of fruit development and the use of parthenocarpy to generate seedless fruit, and provide a scientific basis for the production of growth regulator application agents.
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44
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Medema MH, Osbourn A. Computational genomic identification and functional reconstitution of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:951-62. [PMID: 27321668 PMCID: PMC4987707 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00035e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2003 to 2016The last decade has seen the first major discoveries regarding the genomic basis of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways. Four key computationally driven strategies have been developed to identify such pathways, which make use of physical clustering, co-expression, evolutionary co-occurrence and epigenomic co-regulation of the genes involved in producing a plant natural product. Here, we discuss how these approaches can be used for the discovery of plant biosynthetic pathways encoded by both chromosomally clustered and non-clustered genes. Additionally, we will discuss opportunities to prioritize plant gene clusters for experimental characterization, and end with a forward-looking perspective on how synthetic biology technologies will allow effective functional reconstitution of candidate pathways using a variety of genetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology , John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK .
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45
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Wei B, Liu H, Liu X, Xiao Q, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hu Y, Liu Y, Yu G, Huang Y. Genome-wide characterization of non-reference transposons in crops suggests non-random insertion. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:536. [PMID: 27485608 PMCID: PMC4971691 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transposons (transposable elements or TEs) are DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome. A large number of TEs have been identified in reference genome of each crop(named accumulated TEs), which are the important part of genome. However, whether there existed TEs with different insert positions in resequenced crop accession genomes from those of reference genome (named non-reference transposable elements, non-ref TEs), and what the characteristics (such as the number, type and distribution) are. To identify and characterize crop non-ref TEs, we analyzed non-ref TEs in more than 125 accessions from rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using resequenced data with paired-end mapping methods. RESULTS We identified 13,066, 23,866 and 35,679 non-ref TEs in rice, maize and sorghum, respectively. Genome-wide characterization analysis shows that most of non-ref TEs were unique and non-ref TE classes shows different among rice, maize and sorghum. We found that non-ref TEs have a strong positive correlation with gene number and have a bias toward insertion near genes, but with a preference for avoiding coding regions in maize and sorghum. The genes affected by non-ref TE insertion were functionally enriched for stress response mechanisms in all three crops. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that transposon insertion is not a random event and it makes genomic diversity, which may affect the intraspecific adaption and evolution of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Genome Institute and the Key Laboratory of Genomics of the Minister of Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Qianlin Xiao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yubi Huang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Nützmann HW, Huang A, Osbourn A. Plant metabolic clusters - from genetics to genomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:771-89. [PMID: 27112429 PMCID: PMC5449196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents 771 I. 771 II. 772 III. 780 IV. 781 V. 786 786 References 786 SUMMARY: Plant natural products are of great value for agriculture, medicine and a wide range of other industrial applications. The discovery of new plant natural product pathways is currently being revolutionized by two key developments. First, breakthroughs in sequencing technology and reduced cost of sequencing are accelerating the ability to find enzymes and pathways for the biosynthesis of new natural products by identifying the underlying genes. Second, there are now multiple examples in which the genes encoding certain natural product pathways have been found to be grouped together in biosynthetic gene clusters within plant genomes. These advances are now making it possible to develop strategies for systematically mining multiple plant genomes for the discovery of new enzymes, pathways and chemistries. Increased knowledge of the features of plant metabolic gene clusters - architecture, regulation and assembly - will be instrumental in expediting natural product discovery. This review summarizes progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ancheng Huang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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47
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Panchy N, Lehti-Shiu M, Shiu SH. Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2294-316. [PMID: 27288366 PMCID: PMC4972278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ancient duplication events and a high rate of retention of extant pairs of duplicate genes have contributed to an abundance of duplicate genes in plant genomes. These duplicates have contributed to the evolution of novel functions, such as the production of floral structures, induction of disease resistance, and adaptation to stress. Additionally, recent whole-genome duplications that have occurred in the lineages of several domesticated crop species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and soybean (Glycine max), have contributed to important agronomic traits, such as grain quality, fruit shape, and flowering time. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and impacts of gene duplication will be important to future studies of plants in general and of agronomically important crops in particular. In this review, we survey the current knowledge about gene duplication, including gene duplication mechanisms, the potential fates of duplicate genes, models explaining duplicate gene retention, the properties that distinguish duplicate from singleton genes, and the evolutionary impact of gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Panchy
- Genetics Program (N.P., S.-H.S.) and Department of Plant Biology (M.L.-S., S.-H.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Melissa Lehti-Shiu
- Genetics Program (N.P., S.-H.S.) and Department of Plant Biology (M.L.-S., S.-H.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Genetics Program (N.P., S.-H.S.) and Department of Plant Biology (M.L.-S., S.-H.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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48
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A conserved amino acid residue critical for product and substrate specificity in plant triterpene synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4407-14. [PMID: 27412861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605509113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenes are structurally complex plant natural products with numerous medicinal applications. They are synthesized through an origami-like process that involves cyclization of the linear 30 carbon precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene into different triterpene scaffolds. Here, through a forward genetic screen in planta, we identify a conserved amino acid residue that determines product specificity in triterpene synthases from diverse plant species. Mutation of this residue results in a major change in triterpene cyclization, with production of tetracyclic rather than pentacyclic products. The mutated enzymes also use the more highly oxygenated substrate dioxidosqualene in preference to 2,3-oxidosqualene when expressed in yeast. Our discoveries provide new insights into triterpene cyclization, revealing hidden functional diversity within triterpene synthases. They further open up opportunities to engineer novel oxygenated triterpene scaffolds by manipulating the precursor supply.
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49
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Ma CH, Gao ZJ, Zhang JJ, Zhang W, Shao JH, Hai MR, Chen JW, Yang SC, Zhang GH. Candidate Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Triterpenoid Saponins in Platycodon grandiflorum Identified by Transcriptome Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:673. [PMID: 27242873 PMCID: PMC4871891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodon grandiflorum is the only species in the genus Platycodon of the family Campanulaceae, which has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant for its lung-heat-clearing, antitussive, and expectorant properties in China, Japanese, and Korean. Oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were the main chemical components of P. grandiflorum and platycodin D was the abundant and main bioactive component, but little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. Hence, P. grandiflorum is an ideal medicinal plant for studying the biosynthesis of Oleanane-type saponins. In addition, the genomic information of this important herbal plant is unavailable. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 58,580,566 clean reads were obtained, which were assembled into 34,053 unigenes, with an average length of 936 bp and N50 of 1,661 bp by analyzing the transcriptome data of P. grandiflorum. Among these 34,053 unigenes, 22,409 unigenes (65.80%) were annotated based on the information available from public databases, including Nr, NCBI, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG. Furthermore, 21 candidate cytochrome P450 genes and 17 candidate UDP-glycosyltransferase genes most likely involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway were discovered from the transcriptome sequencing of P. grandiflorum. In addition, 10,626 SSRs were identified based on the transcriptome data, which would provide abundant candidates of molecular markers for genetic diversity and genetic map for this medicinal plant. CONCLUSION The genomic data obtained from P. grandiflorum, especially the identification of putative genes involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway, will facilitate our understanding of the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Ma
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Zheng-Jie Gao
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Jia-Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Life Science and Technology College, Honghe UniversityMengzi, China
| | - Jian-Hui Shao
- National Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Biodiversity Applied Technology, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Mei-Rong Hai
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
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50
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Liu Y, Luo SH, Schmidt A, Wang GD, Sun GL, Grant M, Kuang C, Yang MJ, Jing SX, Li CH, Schneider B, Gershenzon J, Li SH. A Geranylfarnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Provides the Precursor for Sesterterpenoid (C25) Formation in the Glandular Trichomes of the Mint Species Leucosceptrum canum. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:804-22. [PMID: 26941091 PMCID: PMC4826006 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant sesterterpenoids, an important class of terpenoids, are widely distributed in various plants, including food crops. However, little is known about their biosynthesis. Here, we cloned and functionally characterized a plant geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase (Lc-GFDPS), the enzyme producing the C25 prenyl diphosphate precursor to all sesterterpenoids, from the glandular trichomes of the woody plant Leucosceptrum canum. GFDPS catalyzed the formation of GFDP after expression in Escherichia coli. Overexpressing GFDPS in Arabidopsis thaliana also gave an extract catalyzing GFDP formation. GFDPS was strongly expressed in glandular trichomes, and its transcript profile was completely in accordance with the sesterterpenoid accumulation pattern. GFDPS is localized to the plastids, and inhibitor studies indicated its use of isoprenyl diphosphate substrates supplied by the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Application of a jasmonate defense hormone induced GFDPS transcript and sesterterpenoid accumulation, while reducing feeding and growth of the generalist insect Spodoptera exigua, suggesting that these C25 terpenoids play a defensive role. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that GFDPS probably evolved from plant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase under the influence of positive selection. The isolation of GFDPS provides a model for investigating sesterterpenoid formation in other species and a tool for manipulating the formation of this group in plants and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Marcus Grant
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ce Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Min-Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Xi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
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