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Meng Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Yuan F, Guo S, Lin H, Niu L. Co-expression of GR79 EPSPS and GAT generates high glyphosate-resistant alfalfa with low glyphosate residues. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:352-358. [PMID: 38106433 PMCID: PMC10721576 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Weed competition seriously threatens the yield of alfalfa, the most important forage legume worldwide, thus generating herbicide-resistant alfalfa varieties is becoming a necessary cost-effective strategy to assist farmers for weed control. Here, we report the co-expression of plant codon-optimized forms of GR79 EPSPS (pGR79 EPSPS) and N-acetyltransferase (pGAT) genes, in alfalfa, via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We established that the pGR79 EPSPS-pGAT co-expression alfalfa lines were able to tolerate up to tenfold higher commercial usage of glyphosate and produced approximately ten times lower glyphosate residues than the conventional cultivar. Our findings generate an elite herbicide-resistant germplasm for alfalfa breeding and provide a promising strategy for developing high-glyphosate-resistant and low-glyphosate-residue forages. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00119-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Inner Mongolia Pratacultural Technology Innovation Center Co., Ltd, Hohhot, 010010 China
- National Center of Pratacultural Technology Innovation (Under Preparation), Hohhot, 010010 China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Inner Mongolia Pratacultural Technology Innovation Center Co., Ltd, Hohhot, 010010 China
- National Center of Pratacultural Technology Innovation (Under Preparation), Hohhot, 010010 China
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
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2
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Li S, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Zhang S, Zhou X, Wu C, Qian ZY. A 90-day rodent feeding study with grain for genetically modified maize L4 conferring insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113733. [PMID: 36966880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A 90-day rat feeding study was performed to conduct a safety assessment on L4, a multi-gene genetically modified maize, conferring "Bt" insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance. A total of 140 Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups, 10 animals/group/sex, which comprised three genetically modified groups fed diets containing different concentrations of L4, three corresponding non-genetically modified groups fed diets containing different concentrations of zheng58 (parent plants), and a basal diet group fed the standard basal diet for 13 weeks. The fed diets contained L4 and Zheng58 at w/w% percentages of 12.5%, 25.0%, and 50% of the total. Animals were evaluated on some research parameters, including general behaviour, body weight/gain, feed consumption/efficiency, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. Throughout the feeding trial, all animals were in good condition. No mortality and no biologically relevant effects or toxicologically significant alterations were observed in the total research parameters of the rats in the genetically modified groups compared with those in the basal diet group or their corresponding non-genetically modified groups. No adverse effects were observed in any of the animals. The results indicated that L4 is as safe and wholesome as conventional, non-genetically modified control maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Shufei Li
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Qinghong Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Zhi Yong Qian
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China.
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3
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Stanzione I, Pitocchi R, Pennacchio A, Cicatiello P, Piscitelli A, Giardina P. Innovative surface bio-functionalization by fungal hydrophobins and their engineered variants. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:959166. [PMID: 36032682 PMCID: PMC9403755 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.959166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on innovative surface functionalization strategies to develop materials with high added value is particularly challenging since this process is a crucial step in a wide range of fields (i.e., biomedical, biosensing, and food packaging). Up to now, the main applied derivatization methods require hazardous and poorly biocompatible reagents, harsh conditions of temperature and pressure, and are time consuming and cost effective. The discovery of biomolecules able to adhere by non-covalent bonds on several surfaces paves the way for their employment as a replacement of chemical processes. A simple, fast, and environment-friendly method of achieving modification of chemically inert surfaces is offered by hydrophobins, small amphiphilic proteins produced by filamentous fungi. Due to their structural characteristics, they form stable protein layers at interfaces, serving as anchoring points that can strongly bind molecules of interest. In addition, genetic engineering techniques allow the production of hydrophobins fused to a wide spectrum of relevant proteins, providing further benefits in term of time and ease of the process. In fact, it is possible to bio-functionalize materials by simply dip-casting, or by direct deposition, rendering them exploitable, for example, in the development of biomedical and biosensing platforms.
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4
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Dong H, Huang Y, Wang K. The Development of Herbicide Resistance Crop Plants Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060912. [PMID: 34204760 PMCID: PMC8231513 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in herbicide-resistant weeds creates a huge challenge to global food security because it can reduce crop production, causing considerable losses. Combined with a lack of novel herbicides, cultivating herbicide-resistant crops becomes an effective strategy to control weeds because of reduced crop phytotoxicity, and it expands the herbicidal spectrum. Recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-mediated genome editing techniques enable efficiently targeted modification and hold great potential in creating desired plants with herbicide resistance. In the present review, we briefly summarize the mechanism responsible for herbicide resistance in plants and then discuss the applications of traditional mutagenesis and transgenic breeding in cultivating herbicide-resistant crops. We mainly emphasize the development and use of CRISPR/Cas technology in herbicide-resistant crop improvement. Finally, we discuss the future applications of the CRISPR/Cas system for developing herbicide-resistant crops.
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A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac, Cry2A and CP4-EPSPS proteins in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111783. [PMID: 32987108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered crops expressing insecticidal and herbicide-tolerant traits offer a new strategy for crop protection and enhanced production; however, at the same time present a challenge in terms of toxicology and safety. The current experiment presents the findings of a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic cottonseed which is expressing insecticidal Cry proteins (Cry1Ac and Cry2A), and tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. There were 100 rats in this experiment divided into 5 groups of 10 rats/sex/group. Cottonseed from transgenic and control (near-isogenic) lines was formulated into standard diets at levels of 10% and 30% (w/w). All formulated diets were nutritionally balanced. Overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, haematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis were comparable between control and treatment groups. In addition, there was no treatment-related difference in findings of microscopic histopathology and gross appearance of tissues. In conclusion, following the 13-week of feeding transgenic cottonseed, no treatment-related adverse effects were observed in any of the parameters measured in this experiment. Thus, this study demonstrated that transgenic cottonseeds do not cause toxicity and are nutritionally equivalent to its conventional counterpart.
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Li Y, Zhu J, Wu H, Liu C, Huang C, Lan J, Zhao Y, Xie C. Precise base editing of non-allelic acetolactate synthase genes confers sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in maize. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhu H, Duan Z, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Lan X, Chen L, Guo D. Study on the Structure of Cu/ZrO2 Catalyst and the Formation Mechanism of Disodium Iminodiacetate and Sodium Glycine. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Pereira RC, da Costa ACS, Ivashita FF, Paesano A, Zaia DAM. Interaction between glyphosate and montmorillonite in the presence of artificial seawater. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03532. [PMID: 32181399 PMCID: PMC7062928 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate (N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. In the literature, there are several studies describing the interaction between glyphosate and clay minerals. However, there is a lack of data of this interaction in marine environments. In this research, we examined the adsorption of glyphosate onto montmorillonite in the presence of artificial seawater. Mössbauer data showed that the interaction of the phosphonate group of glyphosate with Fe2+ of montmorillonite prevents its oxidation to Fe3+. X-ray diffractograms showed that glyphosate adsorption takes place only onto the montmorillonite surface and not in its interlayers. Infrared spectroscopy data demonstrate that the interaction between glyphosate and montmorillonite could be through the amino group. FT-IR spectra of aqueous solutions of salts of seawater showed that Ca2+ interacts with glyphosate of the phosphonate group, thus causing an increase in its adsorption onto montmorillonite. However, glyphosate dissolved in 0.50 mol L−1 NaCl and 0.034 mol L-1MgCl2 solutions showed the lowest adsorption onto montmorillonite. In addition, the adsorption of glyphosate onto montmorillonite decreased when the NaCl concentration increased. The results fitted the Sips isotherm model, probably because the Ca2+ interacts with glyphosate, making the adsorption process more homogeneous. Thus, n values for Freundlich and Sips isotherm models decreased with an increase in ionic strength. Glyphosate and ions of artificial seawater increased the pHpzc of montmorillonite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C Pereira
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio C S da Costa
- Departamento de Agronomia-CCA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávio F Ivashita
- Departamento de Física-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Paesano
- Departamento de Física-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Dimas A M Zaia
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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9
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Döring J, Rettke D, Rödel G, Pompe T, Ostermann K. Surface Functionalization by Hydrophobin-EPSPS Fusion Protein Allows for the Fast and Simple Detection of Glyphosate. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E104. [PMID: 31470576 PMCID: PMC6784374 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most widely used pesticide worldwide, is under debate due to its potentially cancerogenic effects and harmful influence on biodiversity and environment. Therefore, the detection of glyphosate in water, food or environmental probes is of high interest. Currently detection of glyphosate usually requires specialized, costly instruments, is labor intensive and time consuming. Here we present a fast and simple method to detect glyphosate in the nanomolar range based on the surface immobilization of glyphosate's target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) via fusion to the hydrophobin Ccg2 and determination of enzyme activity with a malachite green assay, which is a common photometric technique to measure inorganic phosphate (Pi). The assay demonstrates a new approach for a fast and simple detection of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Döring
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany.
| | - David Rettke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Ostermann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Bote K, Pöppe J, Riede S, Breves G, Roesler U. Effect of a Glyphosate-Containing Herbicide on Escherichia coli and Salmonella Ser. Typhimurium in an In Vitro Rumen Simulation System. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:94-99. [PMID: 31662889 PMCID: PMC6798580 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the most-used herbicide worldwide. Many studies in the past have shown that residues of the herbicide can be found in many cultivated plants, including those used as livestock feed. Sensitivity to glyphosate varies with bacteria, particularly those residing in the intestine, where microbiota is exposed to glyphosate residues. Therefore, less susceptible pathogenic isolates could have a distinct advantage compared to more sensitive commensal isolates, probably leading to dysbiosis. To determine whether the ruminal growth and survival of pathogenic Escherichia coli or Salmonella serovar Typhimurium are higher when glyphosate residues are present in the feed, an in vitro fermentation trial with a "Rumen Simulation System" (RUSITEC) and a glyphosate-containing commercial formulation was performed. Colony forming units of E. coli and Salmonella ser. Typhimurium decreased steadily in all fermenters, regardless of the herbicide application. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the studied Salmonella and E. coli strains did not change, and antibiotic susceptibility varied only slightly but independent of the glyphosate application. Overall, application of the glyphosate-containing formulation in a worst-case concentration of 10 mg/L neither increased the abundance for the tested E. coli and Salmonella strain in the in vitro fermentation system, nor promoted resistance to glyphosate or antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bote
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Pöppe
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Riede
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Pereira RC, Anizelli PR, Di Mauro E, Valezi DF, da Costa ACS, Zaia CTBV, Zaia DAM. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2019; 20:3. [PMID: 31127391 PMCID: PMC6743134 DOI: 10.1186/s12932-019-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although, glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, its interaction with poorly crystalline iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite, is not well studied. In this research, we examined the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), adsorption kinetic models and adsorption isotherm models. The effect of pH and sodium chloride concentration on the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite as well as the effect of extractors (CaCl2 0.010 mol L-1 and Mehlich) on the desorption of glyphosate were also evaluated. There are two important findings described in this work. First, 84% of adsorbed glyphosate strongly interacted to ferrihydrite as an inner-sphere complex and phosphate and amine groups are involved in this interaction. Second, an increase of sodium chloride salt concentration increased the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite. The non-linear Langmuir model and pseudo second order model showed a good agreement of theoretical limit of glyphosate adsorbed onto ferrihydrite, 54.88 µg mg-1 and 48.8 µg mg-1, respectively. The adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite decreased when the pH increased. Under the conditions used in this work, EPR spectra did not show dissolution of ferrihydrite. Surface area, pore volume and pHpzc of ferrihydrite decreased after adsorption of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C. Pereira
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Pedro R. Anizelli
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Di Mauro
- Departamento de Física-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniel F. Valezi
- Departamento de Física-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Cássia Thaïs B. V. Zaia
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas-CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR 86051-990 Brazil
| | - Dimas A. M. Zaia
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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12
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Dillon A, Varanasi VK, Danilova TV, Koo DH, Nakka S, Peterson DE, Tranel PJ, Friebe B, Gill BS, Jugulam M. Physical Mapping of Amplified Copies of the 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase Gene in Glyphosate-Resistant Amaranthus tuberculatus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1226-1234. [PMID: 27956489 PMCID: PMC5291031 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent and rapid evolution of resistance to glyphosate, the most widely used herbicides, in several weed species, including common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), poses a serious threat to sustained crop production. We report that glyphosate resistance in A tuberculatus was due to amplification of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-P synthase (EPSPS) gene, which encodes the molecular target of glyphosate. There was a positive correlation between EPSPS gene copies and its transcript expression. We analyzed the distribution of EPSPS copies in the genome of A tuberculatus using fluorescence in situ hybridization on mitotic metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis mapped the EPSPS gene to pericentromeric regions of two homologous chromosomes in glyphosate sensitive A tuberculatus In glyphosate-resistant plants, a cluster of EPSPS genes on the pericentromeric region on one pair of homologous chromosomes was detected. Intriguingly, two highly glyphosate-resistant plants harbored an additional chromosome with several EPSPS copies besides the native chromosome pair with EPSPS copies. These results suggest that the initial event of EPSPS gene duplication may have occurred because of unequal recombination mediated by repetitive DNA. Subsequently, gene amplification may have resulted via several other mechanisms, such as chromosomal rearrangements, deletion/insertion, transposon-mediated dispersion, or possibly by interspecific hybridization. This report illustrates the physical mapping of amplified EPSPS copies in A tuberculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dillon
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Vijay K Varanasi
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Tatiana V Danilova
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Dal-Hoe Koo
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Sridevi Nakka
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Dallas E Peterson
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Bernd Friebe
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Bikram S Gill
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
| | - Mithila Jugulam
- Department of Agronomy, Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (A.D., V.K.V., S.N., D.E.P., M.J.);
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (T.V.D., D.-H.K., B.F., B.S.G.); and
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 (P.J.T.)
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13
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Jugulam M, Niehues K, Godar AS, Koo DH, Danilova T, Friebe B, Sehgal S, Varanasi VK, Wiersma A, Westra P, Stahlman PW, Gill BS. Tandem amplification of a chromosomal segment harboring 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase locus confers glyphosate resistance in Kochia scoparia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1200-7. [PMID: 25037215 PMCID: PMC4226373 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent rapid evolution and spread of resistance to the most extensively used herbicide, glyphosate, is a major threat to global crop production. Genetic mechanisms by which weeds evolve resistance to herbicides largely determine the level of resistance and the rate of evolution of resistance. In a previous study, we determined that glyphosate resistance in Kochia scoparia is due to the amplification of the 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase (EPSPS) gene, the enzyme target of glyphosate. Here, we investigated the genomic organization of the amplified EPSPS copies using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and extended DNA fiber (Fiber FISH) on K. scoparia chromosomes. In both glyphosate-resistant K. scoparia populations tested (GR1 and GR2), FISH results displayed a single and prominent hybridization site of the EPSPS gene localized on the distal end of one pair of homologous metaphase chromosomes compared with a faint hybridization site in glyphosate-susceptible samples (GS1 and GS2). Fiber FISH displayed 10 copies of the EPSPS gene (approximately 5 kb) arranged in tandem configuration approximately 40 to 70 kb apart, with one copy in an inverted orientation in GR2. In agreement with FISH results, segregation of EPSPS copies followed single-locus inheritance in GR1 population. This is the first report of tandem target gene amplification conferring field-evolved herbicide resistance in weed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Jugulam
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Kindsey Niehues
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Amar S Godar
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Dal-Hoe Koo
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Tatiana Danilova
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Bernd Friebe
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Sunish Sehgal
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Vijay K Varanasi
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Andrew Wiersma
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Philip Westra
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Phillip W Stahlman
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
| | - Bikram S Gill
- Departments of Agronomy (M.J., K.N., A.S.G., V.K.V.) and Plant Pathology (D.-H.K., T.D., B.F., S.S., B.S.G.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (A.W., P.W.); andKansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, Kansas 67601 (P.W.S.)
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Cao Y, Xu H, Xie L, Yi Y, Yu Y, Feng S, Qiao D, Cao Y. Fluorimetric analysis of the binding characteristics of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase with substrates in Dunaliella salina. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:937-44. [PMID: 24026867 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A general model of the catalytic mechanism for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs) has already been proposed. But whether shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) alone can cause EPSPs' conformation changes, and whether the binding site of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and glyphosate is the same are still in debate. In this paper, DsaroA gene amplified and cloned from Dunaliella salina (our laboratory's early study) was used for DsEPSPs expression and purification. Then the DsEPSP conformation changes as it bind with different substrates were detected by fluorimetry. The results show that we obtained the DsEPSPs by prokaryotic expression and purification, and the S3P binding with DsEPSPs alone cannot cause DsEPSPs to form "close" conformation directly. However, when S3P exits, DsEPSPs did have a trend to change to the "close" conformation. Then the "close" conformation can be formed completely with the addition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) or glyphosate. The inorganic phosphorus can help S3P to induce two domains of DsEPSPs to form "close" conformation. Besides, when DsEPSPs binds with S3P, in 295 nm, only the intensity of emission peak decreases, however, in 280 nm, not only the peak intensity reduces but also the blue-shift phenomenon takes place. The reason for blue-shift phenomenon was the distribution of aromatic amino acids in EPSPs. EPSPs is a good target for novel antibiotics and herbicides, because of shikimic acid pathway is only present in plants and microorganisms, completely absent in mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and insects. The results demonstrate that the binding of substrates to EPSPs causes a conformational change from an open form to a closed form, that might be important for designing of novel antimicrobial and herbicidal agents that block closure of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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15
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Kell DB. Finding novel pharmaceuticals in the systems biology era using multiple effective drug targets, phenotypic screening and knowledge of transporters: where drug discovery went wrong and how to fix it. FEBS J 2013; 280:5957-80. [PMID: 23552054 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the sequencing of the human genome, the rate of innovative and successful drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry has continued to decrease. Leaving aside regulatory matters, the fundamental and interlinked intellectual issues proposed to be largely responsible for this are: (a) the move from 'function-first' to 'target-first' methods of screening and drug discovery; (b) the belief that successful drugs should and do interact solely with single, individual targets, despite natural evolution's selection for biochemical networks that are robust to individual parameter changes; (c) an over-reliance on the rule-of-5 to constrain biophysical and chemical properties of drug libraries; (d) the general abandoning of natural products that do not obey the rule-of-5; (e) an incorrect belief that drugs diffuse passively into (and presumably out of) cells across the bilayers portions of membranes, according to their lipophilicity; (f) a widespread failure to recognize the overwhelmingly important role of proteinaceous transporters, as well as their expression profiles, in determining drug distribution in and between different tissues and individual patients; and (g) the general failure to use engineering principles to model biology in parallel with performing 'wet' experiments, such that 'what if?' experiments can be performed in silico to assess the likely success of any strategy. These facts/ideas are illustrated with a reasonably extensive literature review. Success in turning round drug discovery consequently requires: (a) decent systems biology models of human biochemical networks; (b) the use of these (iteratively with experiments) to model how drugs need to interact with multiple targets to have substantive effects on the phenotype; (c) the adoption of polypharmacology and/or cocktails of drugs as a desirable goal in itself; (d) the incorporation of drug transporters into systems biology models, en route to full and multiscale systems biology models that incorporate drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; (e) a return to 'function-first' or phenotypic screening; and (f) novel methods for inferring modes of action by measuring the properties on system variables at all levels of the 'omes. Such a strategy offers the opportunity of achieving a state where we can hope to predict biological processes and the effect of pharmaceutical agents upon them. Consequently, this should both lower attrition rates and raise the rates of discovery of effective drugs substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
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16
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Caetano MS, Freitas MP, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Construction and assessment of reaction models of Class I EPSP synthase. Part II: investigation of the EPSP ketal. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 31:393-402. [PMID: 22877309 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.703066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the proposed mechanisms are reasonable, there are still many questions about the 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase mechanism that are difficult to answer by experimental means alone. EPSP synthase is a key enzyme in the shikimic acid pathway, which is found only in plants and some micro-organisms and is also molecular target of glyphosate, active component of one of the top-selling herbicides. In the study of reaction mechanism of EPSP synthase, in addition to inorganic phosphate and EPSP products, after long time at equilibrium, it was shown that a side product is formed, the EPSP ketal. In this line, studies using density functional theory (DFT) techniques were performed to investigate the reaction mechanism of formation of EPSP and the corresponding ketal. Our findings indicate some key amino acid residues in the EPSP synthase mechanism and a possible route for the formation of the EPSP ketal.
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Ramachandran V, Singh R, Yang X, Tunduguru R, Mohapatra S, Khandelwal S, Patel S, Datta S. Genetic and chemical knockdown: a complementary strategy for evaluating an anti-infective target. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2013; 6:1-13. [PMID: 23413046 PMCID: PMC3572760 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s39198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The equity of a drug target is principally evaluated by its genetic vulnerability with tools ranging from antisense- and microRNA-driven knockdowns to induced expression of the target protein. In order to upgrade the process of antibacterial target identification and discern its most effective type of inhibition, an in silico toolbox that evaluates its genetic and chemical vulnerability leading either to stasis or cidal outcome was constructed and validated. By precise simulation and careful experimentation using enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase and its specific inhibitor glyphosate, it was shown that genetic knockdown is distinct from chemical knockdown. It was also observed that depending on the particular mechanism of inhibition, viz competitive, uncompetitive, and noncompetitive, the antimicrobial potency of an inhibitor could be orders of magnitude different. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to glyphosate and the lack of it in Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be predicted by the in silico platform. Finally, as predicted and simulated in the in silico platform, the translation of growth inhibition to a cidal effect was able to be demonstrated experimentally by altering the carbon source from sorbitol to glucose.
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Scientific Opinion on an application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐24) for the placing on the market of the herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean 40‐3‐2 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-UK-2008-60) for placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant maize GA21 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-54) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize MON 88017 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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22
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Mc Lean M. A review of the environmental safety of the CP4 EPSPS protein. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY RESEARCH 2011; 10:5-25. [PMID: 22541883 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morven Mc Lean
- Center for environmental risk assessment, ILSI Research Foundation
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Mladinic M, Berend S, Vrdoljak AL, Kopjar N, Radic B, Zeljezic D. Evaluation of genome damage and its relation to oxidative stress induced by glyphosate in human lymphocytes in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:800-7. [PMID: 19402152 DOI: 10.1002/em.20495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the genotoxic and oxidative potential of glyphosate on human lymphocytes at concentrations likely to be encountered in residential and occupational exposure. Testing was done with and without metabolic activation (S9). Ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the hOGG1 modified comet assay were used to measure glyphosate's oxidative potential and its impact on DNA. Genotoxicity was evaluated by alkaline comet and analysis of micronuclei and other nuclear instabilities applying centromere probes. The alkaline comet assay showed significantly increased tail length (20.39 microm) and intensity (2.19%) for 580 microg/ml, and increased tail intensity (1.88%) at 92.8 microg/ml, compared to control values of 18.15 mum for tail length and 1.14% for tail intensity. With S9, tail length was significantly increased for all concentrations tested: 3.5, 92.8, and 580 microg/ml. Using the hOGG1 comet assay, a significant increase in tail intensity was observed at 2.91 microg/ml with S9 and 580 microg/ml without S9. Without S9, the frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges slightly increased at concentrations 3.5 microg/ml and higher. The presence of S9 significantly elevated the frequency of nuclear instabilities only for 580 microg/ml. FRAP values slightly increased only at 580 microg/ml regardless of metabolic activation, while TBARS values increased significantly. Since for any of the assays applied, no clear dose-dependent effect was observed, it indicates that glyphosate in concentrations relevant to human exposure do not pose significant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Mladinic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Ramalho TC, Caetano MS, da Cunha EFF, Souza TCS, Rocha MVJ. Construction and assessment of reaction models of class I EPSP synthase: molecular docking and density functional theoretical calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2009; 27:195-207. [PMID: 19583445 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2009.10507309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency of contamination by herbicides suggests the need for more active and selective herbicides. Glyphosate is the active component of one of the top-selling herbicides, which is also a potent EPSP synthase inhibitor. That is a key enzyme in the shikimic acid pathway, which is found only in plants and some microorganisms. Thus, EPSP synthase is regarded as a prime target for herbicides. In this line, molecular modeling studies using molecular dynamics simulations and DFT techniques were performed to understand the interaction of glyphosate and its analogs with the wild type enzyme and Gly96Ala mutant EPSP synthase. In addition, we investigated the reaction mechanism of the natural substrate. Our findings indicate some key points to the design of new selective glyphosate derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodorico C Ramalho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras-MG, Brazil.
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25
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Haghani K, Salmanian AH, Ranjbar B, Zakikhan-Alang K, Khajeh K. Comparative studies of wild type Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase with three glyphosate-insensitive mutated forms: activity, stability and structural characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1784:1167-75. [PMID: 18567546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase is an essential enzyme of the shikimate pathway and is the target for the herbicide, glyphosate. Several glyphosate-insensitive forms of Escherichia coli EPSP synthase had been reported in the literatures. In the present study the function and structure of wild type enzyme and three different mutated variants (G96A, A183T and G96A/A183T) were compared. Results showed that G96A and G96A/A183T variants are insensitive to glyphosate but display a 31- and 8-fold lower affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as substrate, respectively. In addition, chemical stability of the enzyme variants against Gdn-HCl revealed more stability of the wild type and G96A variant when compared to the G96A/A183T and A183T variants. Comparison of the enzymes containing Ala183Thr replacement with the wild type showed a lower resistance to digestion by the proteases. Moreover, with respect to fluorescence quenching by acrylamide, A183T and G96A/A183T variants were characterized by a higher structural flexibility and more exposure of tryptophan residues to the solvent. In addition, based on the results of circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence studies, these two variants represent a significant decrease of secondary structures and changes in the tertiary structure as compared to the wild type and the G96A variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karimeh Haghani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Caires ARL, Teixeira MRO, Súarez YR, Andrade LHC, Lima SM. Discrimination of transgenic and conventional soybean seeds by fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:1044-7. [PMID: 18801246 DOI: 10.1366/000370208785793182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A R L Caires
- Grupo de Optica Aplicada, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, C.P. 533, 79804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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27
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Hoff M, Son DY, Gubesch M, Ahn K, Lee SI, Vieths S, Goodman RE, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bannon GA. Serum testing of genetically modified soybeans with special emphasis on potential allergenicity of the heterologous protein CP4 EPSPS. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:946-55. [PMID: 17639514 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Roundup Ready soy contains the CP4-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) protein. Serum IgE from two distinct populations of soy-allergic patients were recruited to determine their IgE-binding specificity. One population consisted of 10 adult patients from Europe, whose primary diagnosis was soy food allergy with some also having mite allergy. In addition, 6 primarily mite-allergic, 6 food-allergic (celery, carrot, milk, shrimp, walnut, and apple), and 5 non-allergic patients were tested. Another population consisted of 13 children from Korea, whose primary diagnosis was atopic dermatitis and secondarily soy and egg sensitization. In addition, 11 non-allergic patients were tested. Each patient population was extensively characterized with respect to clinical symptoms, specific IgE (CAP) scores, and total IgE. Immunoblots and ELISA assays were developed using serum IgE from these patients and soy extracts, CP4 EPSPS, rice extract, ovalbumin, rubisco, purified major peanut allergen Ara h 2, the putative soy allergen Gly m Bd 30k and mite allergen Der f 2 proteins as the intended targets. Immunoblot results indicated that soy-allergic patients bound soy extracts but did not specifically bind rubisco or CP4 EPSPS. ELISA results were in general agreement with the immunoblot results except that rubisco bound significant quantities of serum IgE from some patients. These results indicate that the CP4 EPSPS protein does not bind significant quantities of IgE from two geographically distinct sensitive populations and there is no evidence for an increased allergenic potential of this biotech protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoff
- Department of Allergology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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Oliveira AG, Telles LF, Hess RA, Mahecha GAB, Oliveira CA. Effects of the herbicide Roundup on the epididymal region of drakes Anas platyrhynchos. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 23:182-91. [PMID: 17166697 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the Roundup has been shown to affect StAR protein and aromatase expression and activity, pointing out that this herbicide may cause adverse effects in animal reproduction by affecting androgen and estrogen synthesis. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the in vivo effects of the Roundup on the testis and epididymal region of drake Anas platyrhynchos. The exposure to the herbicide resulted in alterations in the structure of the testis and epididymal region as well as in the serum levels of testosterone and estradiol, with changes in the expression of androgen receptors restricted to the testis. The harmful effects were more conspicuous in the proximal efferent ductules and epididymal ducts, suggesting higher sensitivity of these segments among the male genital organs. The effects were mostly dose dependent, indicating that this herbicide may cause disorder in the morphophysiology of the male genital system of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- André G Oliveira
- Department of Morphology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Cx. Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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30
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Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E. Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13010-5. [PMID: 16916934 PMCID: PMC1559744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603638103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The engineering of transgenic crops resistant to the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate has greatly improved agricultural efficiency worldwide. Glyphosate-based herbicides, such as Roundup, target the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, the functionality of which is absolutely required for the survival of plants. Roundup Ready plants carry the gene coding for a glyphosate-insensitive form of this enzyme, obtained from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4. Once incorporated into the plant genome, the gene product, CP4 EPSP synthase, confers crop resistance to glyphosate. Although widely used, the molecular basis for this glyphosate-resistance has remained obscure. We generated a synthetic gene coding for CP4 EPSP synthase and characterized the enzyme using kinetics and crystallography. The CP4 enzyme has unexpected kinetic and structural properties that render it unique among the known EPSP synthases. Glyphosate binds to the CP4 EPSP synthase in a condensed, noninhibitory conformation. Glyphosate sensitivity can be restored through a single-site mutation in the active site (Ala-100-Gly), allowing glyphosate to bind in its extended, inhibitory conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Funke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; and
| | - Huijong Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; and
| | | | - Markus Fischer
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; and
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Borges JC, Pereira JH, Vasconcelos IB, dos Santos GC, Olivieri JR, Ramos CHI, Palma MS, Basso LA, Santos DS, de Azevedo WF. Phosphate closes the solution structure of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 452:156-64. [PMID: 16876105 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase catalyses the sixth step of the shikimate pathway that is responsible for synthesizing aromatic compounds and is absent in mammals, which makes it a potential target for drugs development against microbial diseases. Here, we report the phosphate binding effects at the structure of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This enzyme is formed by two similar domains that close on each other induced by ligand binding, showing the occurrence of a large conformation change. We have monitored the phosphate binding effects using analytical ultracentrifugation, small angle X-ray scattering and, circular dichroism techniques. The low resolution results showed that the enzyme in the presence of phosphate clearly presented a more compact structure. Thermal-induced unfolding experiments followed by circular dichroism suggested that phosphate rigidified the enzyme. Summarizing, these data suggested that the phosphate itself is able to induce conformational change resulting in the closure movement in the M. tuberculosis 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C Borges
- Departamento de Física, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
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32
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Priestman MA, Funke T, Singh IM, Crupper SS, Schönbrunn E. 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Staphylococcus aureus is insensitive to glyphosate. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:728-32. [PMID: 15670836 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) catalyzes the penultimate step of the shikimate pathway, and is the target of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. Kinetic analysis of the cloned EPSPS from Staphylococcus aureus revealed that this enzyme exerts a high tolerance to glyphosate, while maintaining a high affinity for its substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. Enzymatic activity is markedly influenced by monovalent cations such as potassium or ammonium, which is due to an increase in catalytic turnover. However, insensitivity to glyphosate appears to be independent from the presence of cations. Therefore, we propose that the Staphylococcus aureus EPSPS should be classified as a class II EPSPS. This research illustrates a critical mechanism of glyphosate resistance naturally occurring in certain pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Priestman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 4040a Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA
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33
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Obojska A, Berlicki L, Kafarski P, Lejczak B, Chicca M, Forlani G. Herbicidal pyridyl derivatives of aminomethylene-bisphosphonic acid inhibit plant glutamine synthetase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3337-3344. [PMID: 15161194 DOI: 10.1021/jf049843q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of aminomethylene-bisphosphonic acid derivatives, previously synthesized and shown to be endowed with herbicidal properties, were evaluated as potential inhibitors of plant glutamine synthetase. The cytosolic form of the enzyme was partially purified from rice cultured cells and assayed in the presence of millimolar concentrations of the compounds by means of three different assay methods, respectively measuring the hemibiosynthetic, the transferase, and the full biosynthetic reactions. Several compounds were found to exert a remarkable inhibition, with I(50) values similar to those obtained under the same conditions with a well-established inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, the herbicide phosphinothricin. Contrary to the reference compound, enzyme kinetics accounted for a reversible inhibition mechanism. The biological activity of the most active derivatives was further characterized by measuring free glutamine levels in cell suspension rice cultures following treatment with the inhibitors. Results confirmed their ability to interfere in vivo with nitrogen metabolism. A preliminary analysis of structure-activity relationship allowed it to be hypothesized that steric rather than electronic factors are responsible for the inhibitory potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Obojska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M. Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1003-14. [PMID: 15110110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study presents the results of a 13 week feeding study in rats with grain from Roundup Ready corn which is tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. Herbicide tolerance was accomplished through the introduction of cp4 epsps coding sequences into the corn genome for in planta production of CP4 EPSPS enzymes. Unlike related corn EPSPS enzymes, CP4 EPSPS enzymes are not inhibited by the herbicide glyphosate. Purina TestDiets formulated Roundup Ready corn grain into rodent diets at levels of 11 and 33% (w/w). The responses of rats fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn grain were compared to that of rats fed diets containing non-transgenic grain (controls). All diets were nutritionally balanced and conformed to Purina Mills, Inc. specifications for Certified LabDiet 5002. There were 400 rats in the study divided into 10 groups of 20 rats/sex/group. Overall health, body weight, food consumption, clinical pathology parameters (hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, gross and microscopic appearance of tissues were comparable between groups fed diets containing Roundup Ready and control corn grain. This study complements extensive agronomic, compositional and farm animal feeding studies with Roundup Ready corn grain, confirming it is as safe and nutritious as existing commercial corn hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hammond
- Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh, St Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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