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Ye X, Sun J, Tian Y, Chen J, Yao X, Quan X, Huang L. Identification of YUC genes associated with leaf wrinkling trait in Tacai variety of Chinese cabbage. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17337. [PMID: 38784401 PMCID: PMC11114110 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino) stands as a widely cultivated leafy vegetable in China, with its leaf morphology significantly influencing both quality and yield. Despite its agricultural importance, the precise mechanisms governing leaf wrinkling development remain elusive. This investigation focuses on 'Wutacai', a representative cultivar of the Tacai variety (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen et Lee), renowned for its distinct leaf wrinkling characteristics. Within the genome of 'Wutacai', we identified a total of 18 YUCs, designated as BraWTC_YUCs, revealing their conservation within the Brassica genus, and their close homology to YUCs in Arabidopsis. Expression profiling unveiled that BraWTC_YUCs in Chinese Cabbage exhibited organ-specific and leaf position-dependent variation. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing data from the flat leaf cultivar 'Suzhouqing' and the wrinkled leaf cultivar 'Wutacai' revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin during the early phases of leaf development, particularly the YUC gene. In summary, this study successfully identified the YUC gene family in 'Wutacai' and elucidated its potential function in leaf wrinkling trait, to provide valuable insights into the prospective molecular mechanisms that regulate leaf wrinkling in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Ye
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology (Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangtan Yao
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinhua Quan
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Jafari F, Wang B, Wang H, Zou J. Breeding maize of ideal plant architecture for high-density planting tolerance through modulating shade avoidance response and beyond. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:849-864. [PMID: 38131117 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Maize is a major staple crop widely used as food, animal feed, and raw materials in industrial production. High-density planting is a major factor contributing to the continuous increase of maize yield. However, high planting density usually triggers a shade avoidance response and causes increased plant height and ear height, resulting in lodging and yield loss. Reduced plant height and ear height, more erect leaf angle, reduced tassel branch number, earlier flowering, and strong root system architecture are five key morphological traits required for maize adaption to high-density planting. In this review, we summarize recent advances in deciphering the genetic and molecular mechanisms of maize involved in response to high-density planting. We also discuss some strategies for breeding advanced maize cultivars with superior performance under high-density planting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, 572025, China
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3
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Wang H, Huang Y, Li Y, Cui Y, Xiang X, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Ma G, Xiao Q, Huang X, Gao X, Wang J, Lu X, Larkins BA, Wang W, Wu Y. An ARF gene mutation creates flint kernel architecture in dent maize. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2565. [PMID: 38519520 PMCID: PMC10960022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dent and flint kernel architectures are important characteristics that affect the physical properties of maize kernels and their grain end uses. The genes controlling these traits are unknown, so it is difficult to combine the advantageous kernel traits of both. We found mutation of ARFTF17 in a dent genetic background reduces IAA content in the seed pericarp, creating a flint-like kernel phenotype. ARFTF17 is highly expressed in the pericarp and encodes a protein that interacts with and inhibits MYB40, a transcription factor with the dual functions of repressing PIN1 expression and transactivating genes for flavonoid biosynthesis. Enhanced flavonoid biosynthesis could reduce the metabolic flux responsible for auxin biosynthesis. The decreased IAA content of the dent pericarp appears to reduce cell division and expansion, creating a shorter, denser kernel. Introgression of the ARFTF17 mutation into dent inbreds and hybrids improved their kernel texture, integrity, and desiccation, without affecting yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongcai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yujie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yahui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yidong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Guangjin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Brian A Larkins
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Wenqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Xie S, Luo H, Huang W, Jin W, Dong Z. Striking a growth-defense balance: Stress regulators that function in maize development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:424-442. [PMID: 37787439 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) cultivation is strongly affected by both abiotic and biotic stress, leading to reduced growth and productivity. It has recently become clear that regulators of plant stress responses, including the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and jasmonic acid (JA), together with reactive oxygen species (ROS), shape plant growth and development. Beyond their well established functions in stress responses, these molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense, which must be finely tuned to achieve high yields in crops while maintaining some level of defense. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis of recent research on the developmental functions of stress regulators, focusing specifically on maize. By unraveling the contributions of these regulators to maize development, we present new avenues for enhancing maize cultivation and growth while highlighting the potential risks associated with manipulating stress regulators to enhance grain yields in the face of environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Xie
- Maize Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- Maize Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Breeding of Major Crops, Fresh Corn Research Center of BTH, College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhaobin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Wan L, Huo J, Huang Q, Ji X, Song L, Zhang Z, Pan L, Fu J, Abd Elhamid MA, Soaud SA, Heakel RMY, Gao J, Wei S, El-Sappah AH. Genetics and metabolic responses of Artemisia annua L to the lake of phosphorus under the sparingly soluble phosphorus fertilizer: evidence from transcriptomics analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:26. [PMID: 38329581 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The medicinal herb Artemisia annua L. is prized for its capacity to generate artemisinin, which is used to cure malaria. Potentially influencing the biomass and secondary metabolite synthesis of A. annua is plant nutrition, particularly phosphorus (P). However, most soil P exist as insoluble inorganic and organic phosphates, which results to low P availability limiting plant growth and development. Although plants have developed several adaptation strategies to low P levels, genetics and metabolic responses to P status remain largely unknown. In a controlled greenhouse experiment, the sparingly soluble P form, hydroxyapatite (Ca5OH(PO4)3/CaP) was used to simulate calcareous soils with low P availability. In contrast, the soluble P form KH2PO4/KP was used as a control. A. annua's morphological traits, growth, and artemisinin concentration were determined, and RNA sequencing was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under two different P forms. Total biomass, plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter, as well as leaf area, decreased by 64.83%, 27.49%, 30.47%, 38.70%, and 54.64% in CaP compared to KP; however, LC-MS tests showed an outstanding 37.97% rise in artemisinin content per unit biomass in CaP contrary to KP. Transcriptome analysis showed 2015 DEGs (1084 up-regulated and 931 down-regulated) between two P forms, including 39 transcription factor (TF) families. Further analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, enzyme catalytic activity, signal transduction, and so on, such as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, P metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Meanwhile, several artemisinin biosynthesis genes were up-regulated, including DXS, GPPS, GGPS, MVD, and ALDH, potentially increasing artemisinin accumulation. Furthermore, 21 TF families, including WRKY, MYB, bHLH, and ERF, were up-regulated in reaction to CaP, confirming their importance in P absorption, internal P cycling, and artemisinin biosynthesis regulation. Our results will enable us to comprehend how low P availability impacts the parallel transcriptional control of plant development, growth, and artemisinin production in A. annua. This study could lay the groundwork for future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying A. annua's low P adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Juan Huo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Lisha Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanjiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Limei Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Jine Fu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | | | - Salma A Soaud
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania M Y Heakel
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jihai Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shugen Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China.
| | - Ahmed H El-Sappah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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6
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Lindsay P, Swentowsky KW, Jackson D. Cultivating potential: Harnessing plant stem cells for agricultural crop improvement. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:50-74. [PMID: 38130059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Meristems are stem cell-containing structures that produce all plant organs and are therefore important targets for crop improvement. Developmental regulators control the balance and rate of cell divisions within the meristem. Altering these regulators impacts meristem architecture and, as a consequence, plant form. In this review, we discuss genes involved in regulating the shoot apical meristem, inflorescence meristem, axillary meristem, root apical meristem, and vascular cambium in plants. We highlight several examples showing how crop breeders have manipulated developmental regulators to modify meristem growth and alter crop traits such as inflorescence size and branching patterns. Plant transformation techniques are another innovation related to plant meristem research because they make crop genome engineering possible. We discuss recent advances on plant transformation made possible by studying genes controlling meristem development. Finally, we conclude with discussions about how meristem research can contribute to crop improvement in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Lindsay
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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7
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Wakeman A, Bennett T. Auxins and grass shoot architecture: how the most important hormone makes the most important plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6975-6988. [PMID: 37474124 PMCID: PMC10690731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a group of grasses cultivated by humans for their grain. It is from these cereal grains that the majority of all calories consumed by humans are derived. The production of these grains is the result of the development of a series of hierarchical reproductive structures that form the distinct shoot architecture of the grasses. Being spatiotemporally complex, the coordination of grass shoot development is tightly controlled by a network of genes and signals, including the key phytohormone auxin. Hormonal manipulation has therefore been identified as a promising potential approach to increasing cereal crop yields and therefore ultimately global food security. Recent work translating the substantial body of auxin research from model plants into cereal crop species is revealing the contribution of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signalling to the development of grass shoot architecture. This review discusses this still-maturing knowledge base and examines the possibility that changes in auxin biology could have been a causative agent in the evolution of differences in shoot architecture between key grass species, or could underpin the future selective breeding of cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wakeman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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8
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Cowling CL, Dash L, Kelley DR. Roles of auxin pathways in maize biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6989-6999. [PMID: 37493143 PMCID: PMC10690729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play a central role in plant development and environmental responses. Auxin is a classical hormone that is required for organ formation, tissue patterning, and defense responses. Auxin pathways have been extensively studied across numerous land plant lineages, including bryophytes and eudicots. In contrast, our understanding of the roles of auxin in maize morphogenesis and immune responses is limited. Here, we review evidence for auxin-mediated processes in maize and describe promising areas for future research in the auxin field. Several recent transcriptomic and genetic studies have demonstrated that auxin is a key influencer of both vegetative and reproductive development in maize (namely roots, leaves, and kernels). Auxin signaling has been implicated in both maize shoot architecture and immune responses through genetic and molecular analyses of the conserved co-repressor RAMOSA ENHANCER LOCUS2. Polar auxin transport is linked to maize drought responses, root growth, shoot formation, and leaf morphogenesis. Notably, maize has been a key system for delineating auxin biosynthetic pathways and offers many opportunities for future investigations on auxin metabolism. In addition, crosstalk between auxin and other phytohormones has been uncovered through gene expression studies and is important for leaf and root development in maize. Collectively these studies point to auxin as a cornerstone for maize biology that could be leveraged for improved crop resilience and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Cowling
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Linkan Dash
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dior R Kelley
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Yadav S, Kumar H, Mahajan M, Sahu SK, Singh SK, Yadav RK. Local auxin biosynthesis promotes shoot patterning and stem cell differentiation in Arabidopsis shoot apex. Development 2023; 150:dev202014. [PMID: 38054970 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of higher plants comprises distinct functional zones. The central zone (CZ) is located at the meristem summit and harbors pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells undergo cell division within the CZ and give rise to descendants, which enter the peripheral zone (PZ) and become recruited into lateral organs. Stem cell daughters that are pushed underneath the CZ form rib meristem (RM). To unravel the mechanism of meristem development, it is essential to know how stem cells adopt distinct cell fates in the SAM. Here, we show that meristem patterning and floral organ primordia formation, besides auxin transport, are regulated by auxin biosynthesis mediated by two closely related genes of the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE family. In Arabidopsis SAM, TAA1 and TAR2 played a role in maintaining auxin responses and the identity of PZ cell types. In the absence of auxin biosynthesis and transport, the expression pattern of the marker genes linked to the patterning of the SAM is perturbed. Our results prove that local auxin biosynthesis, in concert with transport, controls the patterning of the SAM into the CZ, PZ and RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Monika Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sangram Keshari Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ram Kishor Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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Qian F, Jing J, Zhang Z, Chen S, Sang Z, Li W. GWAS and Meta-QTL Analysis of Yield-Related Ear Traits in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3806. [PMID: 38005703 PMCID: PMC10674677 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Maize ear traits are an important component of yield, and the genetic basis of ear traits facilitates further yield improvement. In this study, a panel of 580 maize inbred lines were used as the study material, eight ear-related traits were measured through three years of planting, and whole genome sequencing was performed using the maize 40 K breeding chip based on genotyping by targeted sequencing (GBTS) technology. Five models were used to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on best linear unbiased estimate (BLUE) of ear traits to find the best model. The FarmCPU (Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification) model was the best model for this study; a total of 104 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, and 10 co-location SNPs were detected simultaneously in more than two environments. Through gene function annotation and prediction, a total of nine genes were identified as potentially associated with ear traits. Moreover, a total of 760 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with yield-related traits reported in 37 different articles were collected. Using the collected 760 QTL for meta-QTL analysis, a total of 41 MQTL (meta-QTL) associated with yield-related traits were identified, and 19 MQTL detected yield-related ear trait functional genes and candidate genes that have been reported in maize. Five significant SNPs detected by GWAS were located within these MQTL intervals, and another three significant SNPs were close to MQTL (less than 1 Mb). The results provide a theoretical reference for the analysis of the genetic basis of ear-related traits and the improvement of maize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Qian
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China; (F.Q.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Jianguo Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Zhanqin Zhang
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China; (F.Q.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Shubin Chen
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China; (F.Q.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Zhiqin Sang
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China; (F.Q.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Weihua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;
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11
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Meng Q, Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhi H, Tang S, Jia G, Diao X. Genome-Wide Characterization and Haplotypic Variation Analysis of the YUC Gene Family in Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15637. [PMID: 37958621 PMCID: PMC10648439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Panicle development and grain production in crop species are essential breeding characteristics affected by the synthesis of auxin, which is influenced by flavin monooxygenase-encoding genes such as YUC (YUCCA) family members. In this trial, fourteen YUCs were identified and named uniformly in foxtail millet, an ancient crop species cultivated across the world. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SiYUCs were clustered into four subgroups; protein motif and gene structure analyses suggested that the closely clustered SiYUC genes were relatively conserved within each subgroup; while genome mapping analysis indicated that the SiYUC genes were unevenly distributed on foxtail millet chromosomes and colinear with other grass species. Transcription analysis revealed that the SiYUC genes differed greatly in expression pattern in different tissues and contained hormonal/light/stress-responding cis-elements. The haplotype characterization of SiYUC genes indicated many superior haplotypes of SiYUCs correlated with higher panicle and grain weight could be favorably selected by breeding. These results will be useful for the further study of the functional characteristics of SiYUC genes, particularly with regard to the marker-assisted pyramiding of beneficial haplotypes in foxtail millet breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guanqing Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.M.); (R.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (S.T.)
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.M.); (R.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (S.T.)
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12
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Li T, Luo K, Wang C, Wu L, Pan J, Wang M, Liu J, Li Y, Yao J, Chen W, Zhu S, Zhang Y. GhCKX14 responding to drought stress by modulating antioxi-dative enzyme activity in Gossypium hirsutum compared to CKX family genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:409. [PMID: 37658295 PMCID: PMC10474641 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) plays a vital role in response to abiotic stress through modulating the antioxidant enzyme activities. Nevertheless, the biological function of the CKX gene family has yet to be reported in cotton. RESULT In this study, a total of 27 GhCKXs were identified by the genome-wide investigation and distributed across 18 chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that CKX genes were clustered into four clades, and most gene expansions originated from segmental duplications. The CKXs gene structure and motif analysis displayed remarkably well conserved among the four groups. Moreover, the cis-acting elements related to the abiotic stress, hormones, and light response were identified within the promoter regions of GhCKXs. Transcriptome data and RT-qPCR showed that GhCKX genes demonstrated higher expression levels in various tissues and were involved in cotton's abiotic stress and phytohormone response. The protein-protein interaction network indicates that the CKX family probably participated in redox regulation, including oxidoreduction or ATP levels, to mediate plant growth and development. Functionally identified via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) found that the GhCKX14 gene improved drought resistance by modulating the antioxidant-related activitie. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the CKX gene family members were analyzed by bioinformatics, and validates the response of GhCKX gene to various phytohormone treatment and abiotic stresses. Our findings established the foundation of GhCKXs in responding to abiotic stress and GhCKX14 in regulating drought resistance in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Luo
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Pan
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shouhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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13
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Lu R, Pi M, Liu Z, Kang C. Auxin biosynthesis gene FveYUC4 is critical for leaf and flower morphogenesis in woodland strawberry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1428-1442. [PMID: 37248638 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays an essential role in plant growth and development, particularly in fruit development. The YUCCA (YUC) genes encode flavin monooxygenases that catalyze a rate-limiting step in auxin biosynthesis. Mutations that disrupt YUC gene function provide useful tools for dissecting general and specific functions of auxin during plant development. In woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), two ethyl methanesulfonate mutants, Y422 and Y1011, have been identified that exhibit severe defects in leaves and flowers. In particular, the width of the leaf blade is greatly reduced, and each leaflet in the mutants has fewer and deeper serrations. In addition, the number and shape of the floral organs are altered, resulting in smaller fruits. Mapping by sequencing revealed that both mutations reside in the FveYUC4 gene, and were therefore renamed as yuc4-1 and yuc4-2. Consistent with a role for FveYUC4 in auxin synthesis, free auxin and its metabolites are significantly reduced in the yuc4 leaves and flowers. This role of FveYUC4 in leaf and flower development is supported by its high and specific expression in young leaves and flower buds using GUS reporters. Furthermore, germline transformation of pYUC4::YUC4, which resulted in elevated expression of FveYUC4 in yuc4 mutants, not only rescued the leaf and flower defects but also produced parthenocarpic fruits. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FveYUC4 is essential for leaf and flower morphogenesis in woodland strawberry by providing auxin hormone at the proper time and in the right tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengting Pi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Chunying Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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14
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Solanki M, Shukla LI. Recent advances in auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 37547917 PMCID: PMC10400529 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant proliferation is linked with auxins which in turn play a pivotal role in the rate of growth. Also, auxin concentrations could provide insights into the age, stress, and events leading to flowering and fruiting in the sessile plant kingdom. The role in rejuvenation and plasticity is now evidenced. Interest in plant auxins spans many decades, information from different plant families for auxin concentrations, transcriptional, and epigenetic evidences for gene regulation is evaluated here, for getting an insight into pattern of auxin biosynthesis. This biosynthesis takes place via an tryptophan-independent and tryptophan-dependent pathway. The independent pathway initiated before the tryptophan (trp) production involves indole as the primary substrate. On the other hand, the trp-dependent IAA pathway passes through the indole pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), and indole acetamide (IAM) pathways. Investigations on trp-dependent pathways involved mutants, namely yucca (1-11), taa1, nit1, cyp79b and cyp79b2, vt2 and crd, and independent mutants of tryptophan, ins are compiled here. The auxin conjugates of the IAA amide and ester-linked mutant gh3, iar, ilr, ill, iamt1, ugt, and dao are remarkable and could facilitate the assimilation of auxins. Efforts are made herein to provide an up-to-date detailed information about biosynthesis leading to plant sustenance. The vast information about auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis is consolidated in this review with a simplified model of auxin biosynthesis with keys and clues for important missing links since auxins can enable the plants to proliferate and override the environmental influence and needs to be probed for applications in sustainable agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
- Puducherry, India
| | - Lata Israni Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
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15
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Wang X, Li J, Han L, Liang C, Li J, Shang X, Miao X, Luo Z, Zhu W, Li Z, Li T, Qi Y, Li H, Lu X, Li L. QTG-Miner aids rapid dissection of the genetic base of tassel branch number in maize. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5232. [PMID: 37633966 PMCID: PMC10460418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic dissection of agronomic traits is important for crop improvement and global food security. Phenotypic variation of tassel branch number (TBN), a major breeding target, is controlled by many quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The lack of large-scale QTL cloning methodology constrains the systematic dissection of TBN, which hinders modern maize breeding. Here, we devise QTG-Miner, a multi-omics data-based technique for large-scale and rapid cloning of quantitative trait genes (QTGs) in maize. Using QTG-Miner, we clone and verify seven genes underlying seven TBN QTLs. Compared to conventional methods, QTG-Miner performs well for both major- and minor-effect TBN QTLs. Selection analysis indicates that a substantial number of genes and network modules have been subjected to selection during maize improvement. Selection signatures are significantly enriched in multiple biological pathways between female heterotic groups and male heterotic groups. In summary, QTG-Miner provides a large-scale approach for rapid cloning of QTGs in crops and dissects the genetic base of TBN for further maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Linqian Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengyong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinxin Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zi Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanchao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tianhuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongwen Qi
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510325, Guangdong, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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16
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Wang H, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Yang H, Liu J, Li M, Cui X, Liang S, Cheng Q, Shen H. Characterization of the Molecular Events Underlying the Establishment of Axillary Meristem Region in Pepper. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12718. [PMID: 37628899 PMCID: PMC10454251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant architecture is a major motif of plant diversity, and shoot branching patterns primarily determine the aerial architecture of plants. In this study, we identified an inbred pepper line with fewer lateral branches, 20C1734, which was free of lateral branches at the middle and upper nodes of the main stem with smooth and flat leaf axils. Successive leaf axil sections confirmed that in normal pepper plants, for either node n, Pn (Primordium n) < 1 cm and Pn+1 < 1 cm were the critical periods between the identification of axillary meristems and the establishment of the region, whereas Pn+3 < 1 cm was fully developed and formed a completely new organ. In 20C1734, the normal axillary meristematic tissue region establishment and meristematic cell identity confirmation could not be performed on the axils without axillary buds. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that "auxin-activated signaling pathway", "response to auxin", "response to abscisic acid", "auxin biosynthetic process", and the biosynthesis of the terms/pathways, such as "secondary metabolites", were differentially enriched in different types of leaf axils at critical periods of axillary meristem development. The accuracy of RNA-seq was verified using RT-PCR for some genes in the pathway. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to endogenous phytohormones were targeted, including several genes of the PINs family. The endogenous hormone assay showed extremely high levels of IAA and ABA in leaf axils without axillary buds. ABA content in particular was unusually high. At the same time, there is no regular change in IAA level in this type of leaf axils (normal leaf axils will be accompanied by AM formation and IAA content will be low). Based on this, we speculated that the contents of endogenous hormones IAA and ABA in 20C1734 plant increased sharply, which led to the abnormal expression of genes in related pathways, which affected the formation of Ams in leaf axils in the middle and late vegetative growth period, and finally, nodes without axillary buds and side branches appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sujun Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijie Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiankun Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyun Cui
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sun Liang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Huolin Shen
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
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17
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Dong Z, Wang Y, Bao J, Li Y, Yin Z, Long Y, Wan X. The Genetic Structures and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ear Traits in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Cells 2023; 12:1900. [PMID: 37508564 PMCID: PMC10378120 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the world's staple food crops. In order to feed the growing world population, improving maize yield is a top priority for breeding programs. Ear traits are important determinants of maize yield, and are mostly quantitatively inherited. To date, many studies relating to the genetic and molecular dissection of ear traits have been performed; therefore, we explored the genetic loci of the ear traits that were previously discovered in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies, and refined 153 QTL and 85 quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) clusters. Next, we shortlisted 19 common intervals (CIs) that can be detected simultaneously by both QTL mapping and GWAS, and 40 CIs that have pleiotropic effects on ear traits. Further, we predicted the best possible candidate genes from 71 QTL and 25 QTN clusters that could be valuable for maize yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Dong
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Jianxi Bao
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Ya’nan Li
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Zechao Yin
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Yan Long
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
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18
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Li J, Wang X, Wei J, Miao X, Shang X, Li L. Genetic mapping and functional analysis of a classical tassel branch number mutant Tp2 in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183697. [PMID: 37332723 PMCID: PMC10275490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Tassel branch number is a key trait that contributes greatly to grain yield in maize (Zea mays). We obtained a classical mutant from maize genetics cooperation stock center, Teopod2 (Tp2), which exhibits severely decreased tassel branch. We conducted a comprehensive study, including phenotypic investigation, genetic mapping, transcriptome analysis, overexpression and CRISPR knock-out, and tsCUT&Tag of Tp2 gene for the molecular dissection of Tp2 mutant. Phenotypic investigation showed that it is a pleiotropic dominant mutant, which is mapped to an interval of approximately 139-kb on Chromosome 10 harboring two genes Zm00001d025786 and zma-miR156h. Transcriptome analysis showed that the relative expression level of zma-miR156h was significantly increased in mutants. Meanwhile, overexpression of zma-miR156h and knockout materials of ZmSBP13 exhibited significantly decreased tassel branch number, a similar phenotype with Tp2 mutant, suggesting that zma-miR156h is the causal gene of Tp2 and targets ZmSBP13 gene. Besides, the potential downstream genes of ZmSBP13 were uncovered and showed that it may target multiple proteins to regulate inflorescence structure. Overall, we characterized and cloned Tp2 mutant, and proposed a zma-miR156h-ZmSBP13 model functioning in regulating tassel branch development in maize, which is an essential measure to satisfy the increasing demands of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfeng Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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19
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Meng S, Xiang H, Yang X, Ye Y, Han L, Xu T, Liu Y, Wang F, Tan C, Qi M, Li T. Effects of Low Temperature on Pedicel Abscission and Auxin Synthesis Key Genes of Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119186. [PMID: 37298137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold stress usually causes the abscission of floral organs and a decline in fruit setting rate, seriously reducing tomato yield. Auxin is one of the key hormones that affects the abscission of plant floral organs; the YUCCA (YUC) family is a key gene in the auxin biosynthesis pathway, but there are few research reports on the abscission of tomato flower organs. This experiment found that, under low temperature stress, the expression of auxin synthesis genes increased in stamens but decreased in pistils. Low temperature treatment decreased pollen vigor and pollen germination rate. Low night temperature reduced the tomato fruit setting rate and led to parthenocarpy, and the treatment effect was most obvious in the early stage of tomato pollen development. The abscission rate of tomato pTRV-Slfzy3 and pTRV-Slfzy5 silenced plants was higher than that of the control, which is the key auxin synthesis gene affecting the abscission rate. The expression of Solyc07g043580 was down-regulated after low night temperature treatment. Solyc07g043580 encodes the bHLH-type transcription factor SlPIF4. It has been reported that PIF4 regulates the expression of auxin synthesis and synthesis genes, and is a key protein in the interaction between low temperature stress and light in regulating plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hengzuo Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoru Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yunzhu Ye
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Leilei Han
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Changhua Tan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticulture Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
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Yang Q, Yuan C, Cong T, Zhang Q. The Secrets of Meristems Initiation: Axillary Meristem Initiation and Floral Meristem Initiation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091879. [PMID: 37176937 PMCID: PMC10181267 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The branching phenotype is an extremely important agronomic trait of plants, especially for horticultural crops. It is not only an important yield character of fruit trees, but also an exquisite ornamental trait of landscape trees and flowers. The branching characteristics of plants are determined by the periodic initiation and later development of meristems, especially the axillary meristem (AM) in the vegetative stage and the floral meristem (FM) in the reproductive stage, which jointly determine the above-ground plant architecture. The regulation of meristem initiation has made great progress in model plants in recent years. Meristem initiation is comprehensively regulated by a complex regulatory network composed of plant hormones and transcription factors. However, as it is an important trait, studies on meristem initiation in horticultural plants are very limited, and the mechanism of meristem initiation regulation in horticultural plants is largely unknown. This review summarizes recent research advances in axillary meristem regulation and mainly reviews the regulatory networks and mechanisms of AM and FM initiation regulated by transcription factors and hormones. Finally, considering the existing problems in meristem initiation studies and the need for branching trait improvement in horticulture plants, we prospect future studies to accelerate the genetic improvement of the branching trait in horticulture plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cunquan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianci Cong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Xu T, Fu D, Xiong X, Zhu J, Feng Z, Liu X, Wu C. OsbHLH067, OsbHLH068, and OsbHLH069 redundantly regulate inflorescence axillary meristem formation in rice. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010698. [PMID: 37053298 PMCID: PMC10128955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice axillary meristems (AMs) are essential to the formation of tillers and panicle branches in rice, and therefore play a determining role in rice yield. However, the regulation of inflorescence AM development in rice remains elusive. In this study, we identified no spikelet 1-Dominant (nsp1-D), a sparse spikelet mutant, with obvious reduction of panicle branches and spikelets. Inflorescence AM deficiency in nsp1-D could be ascribed to the overexpression of OsbHLH069. OsbHLH069 functions redundantly with OsbHLH067 and OsbHLH068 in panicle AM formation. The Osbhlh067 Osbhlh068 Osbhlh069 triple mutant had smaller panicles and fewer branches and spikelets. OsbHLH067, OsbHLH068, and OsbHLH069 were preferentially expressed in the developing inflorescence AMs and their proteins could physically interact with LAX1. Both nsp1-D and lax1 showed sparse panicles. Transcriptomic data indicated that OsbHLH067/068/069 may be involved in the metabolic pathway during panicle AM formation. Quantitative RT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression of genes involved in meristem development and starch/sucrose metabolism was down-regulated in the triple mutant. Collectively, our study demonstrates that OsbHLH067, OsbHLH068, and OsbHLH069 have redundant functions in regulating the formation of inflorescence AMs during panicle development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Debao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junkai Zhu
- Jiangsu Kingearth Seed Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Jiangsu Kingearth Seed Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Changyin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Li Q, Liu N, Wu C. Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization. PLANTA 2023; 257:94. [PMID: 37031436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, intrinsic hormone activities and sap fluxes facilitate organogenesis patterning and plant holistic development; these hormone movements should be a primary focus of developmental biology and agricultural optimization strategies. Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop plant with distinctive life history characteristics and structural features. Genetic studies have extended our knowledge of maize developmental processes, genetics, and molecular ecophysiology. In this review, the classical life cycle and life history strategies of maize are analyzed to identify spatiotemporal organogenesis properties and develop a definitive understanding of maize development. The actions of genes and hormones involved in maize organogenesis and sex determination, along with potential molecular mechanisms, are investigated, with findings suggesting central roles of auxin and cytokinins in regulating maize holistic development. Furthermore, investigation of morphological and structural characteristics of maize, particularly node ubiquity and the alternate attachment pattern of lateral organs, yields a novel regulatory model suggesting that maize organ initiation and subsequent development are derived from the stimulation and interaction of auxin and cytokinin fluxes. Propositions that hormone activities and sap flow pathways control organogenesis are thoroughly explored, and initiation and development processes of distinctive maize organs are discussed. Analysis of physiological factors driving hormone and sap movement implicates cues of whole-plant activity for hormone and sap fluxes to stimulate maize inflorescence initiation and organ identity determination. The physiological origins and biogenetic mechanisms underlying maize floral sex determination occurring at the tassel and ear spikelet are thoroughly investigated. The comprehensive outline of maize development and morphogenetic physiology developed in this review will enable farmers to optimize field management and will provide a reference for de novo crop domestication and germplasm improvement using genome editing biotechnologies, promoting agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- Crop Genesis and Novel Agronomy Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Shandong ZhongnongTiantai Seed Co., Ltd, Pingyi, 273300, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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23
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Zheng Z, Wang B, Zhuo C, Xie Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang G, Ding H, Zhao B, Tian M, Xu M, Kong D, Shen R, Liu Q, Wu G, Huang J, Wang H. Local auxin biosynthesis regulates brace root angle and lodging resistance in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:142-154. [PMID: 36636793 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Root lodging poses a major threat to maize production, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and increased harvest costs. Here, we combined expressional, genetic, and cytological studies to demonstrate a role of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 in regulating gravitropic response of the brace root and lodging resistance in maize. We show that both ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are preferentially expressed in root tips with partially overlapping expression patterns, and the protein products of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are localized in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant exhibit enlarged brace root angle compared with the wild-type plants, with larger brace root angle being observed in the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant. Consistently, the brace root tips of the Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant accumulate less auxin and are defective in proper reallocation of auxin in response to gravi-stimuli. Furthermore, we show that the Zmyuc4 single mutant and the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant display obviously enhanced root lodging resistance. Our combined results demonstrate that ZmYUC2- and ZmYUC4-mediated local auxin biosynthesis is required for normal gravity response of the brace roots and provide effective targets for breeding root lodging resistant maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Chuyun Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Manqing Tian
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Miaoyun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guangxia Wu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Junfei Huang
- Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd Shenzhen Branch, 518042, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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24
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Khanday I, Santos-Medellín C, Sundaresan V. Somatic embryo initiation by rice BABY BOOM1 involves activation of zygote-expressed auxin biosynthesis genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:673-687. [PMID: 36707918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant embryogenesis results from the fusion of male and female gametes but can also be induced in somatic cells. The molecular pathways for embryo initiation are poorly understood, especially in monocots. In rice, the male gamete expressed BABY BOOM1 (OsBBM1) transcription factor functions as an embryogenic trigger in the zygote and can also promote somatic embryogenesis when ectopically expressed in somatic tissues. We used gene editing, transcriptome profiling, and chromatin immunoprecipitation to determine the molecular players involved in embryo initiation downstream of OsBBM1. We identify OsYUCCA (OsYUC) auxin biosynthesis genes as direct targets of OsBBM1. Unexpectedly, these OsYUC targets in zygotes are expressed only from the maternal genome, whereas the paternal genome exclusively provides functional OsBBM1 to initiate embryogenesis. Induction of somatic embryogenesis by exogenous auxin requires OsBBM genes and downstream OsYUC targets. Ectopic OsBBM1 initiates somatic embryogenesis without exogenous auxins but requires functional OsYUC genes. Thus, an OsBBM-OsYUC module is a key player for both somatic and zygotic embryogenesis in rice. Zygotic embryo initiation involves a partnership of male and female genomes, through which paternal OsBBM1 activates maternal OsYUC genes. In somatic embryogenesis, exogenous auxin triggers OsBBM1 expression, which then activates endogenous auxin biosynthesis OsYUC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiyaz Khanday
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Venkatesan Sundaresan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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25
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Kong D, Li C, Xue W, Wei H, Ding H, Hu G, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zou T, Xian Y, Wang B, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xu M, Wu H, Liu Q, Wang H. UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional networks regulate early maize inflorescence development in response to simulated shade. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:717-737. [PMID: 36472157 PMCID: PMC9940873 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing planting density has been adopted as an effective means to increase maize (Zea mays) yield. Competition for light from neighbors can trigger plant shade avoidance syndrome, which includes accelerated flowering. However, the regulatory networks of maize inflorescence development in response to high-density planting remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that shade-mimicking treatments cause precocious development of the tassels and ears. Comparative transcriptome profiling analyses revealed the enrichment of phytohormone-related genes and transcriptional regulators among the genes co-regulated by developmental progression and simulated shade. Network analysis showed that three homologous Squamosa promoter binding protein (SBP)-like (SPL) transcription factors, Unbranched2 (UB2), Unbranched3 (UB3), and Tasselsheath4 (TSH4), individually exhibited connectivity to over 2,400 genes across the V3-to-V9 stages of tassel development. In addition, we showed that the ub2 ub3 double mutant and tsh4 single mutant were almost insensitive to simulated shade treatments. Moreover, we demonstrated that UB2/UB3/TSH4 could directly regulate the expression of Barren inflorescence2 (BIF2) and Zea mays teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor30 (ZmTCP30). Furthermore, we functionally verified a role of ZmTCP30 in regulating tassel branching and ear development. Our results reveal a UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional regulatory network of maize inflorescence development and provide valuable targets for breeding shade-tolerant maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Changyu Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weicong Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guizhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuting Xian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongping Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Miaoyun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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26
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Yan P, Li W, Zhou E, Xing Y, Li B, Liu J, Zhang Z, Ding D, Fu Z, Xie H, Tang J. Integrating BSA-Seq with RNA-Seq Reveals a Novel Fasciated Ear5 Mutant in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021182. [PMID: 36674701 PMCID: PMC9867142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing grain yield is required to meet the rapidly expanding demands for food, feed, and fuel. Inflorescence meristems are central to plant growth and development. However, the question concerning whether inflorescence development can be regulated to improve grain yield remains unclear. Here, we describe a naturally occurring single recessive mutation called fea5 that can increase grain yield in maize. Using bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), the candidate region was initially mapped to a large region on chromosome 4 (4.68 Mb-11.26 Mb). Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed a total of 1246 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 835 were up-regulated and 411 were down-regulated. Further analysis revealed the enrichment of DEGs in phytohormone signal transduction. Consistently, phytohormone profiling indicated that auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ETH), and cytokinin (CK) levels increased significantly, whereas the gibberellin (GA) level decreased significantly in fea5. By integrating BSA-seq with RNA-seq, we identified Zm00001d048841 as the most likely candidate gene. Our results provide valuable insight into this new germplasm resource and the molecular mechanism underlying fasciated ears that produce a higher kernel row number in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengshuai Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Weihua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-371-56990188 (W.L.); +86-371-56990336 (J.T.)
| | - Enxiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ye Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhanhui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huiling Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-371-56990188 (W.L.); +86-371-56990336 (J.T.)
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27
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Perez VC, Zhao H, Lin M, Kim J. Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:266. [PMID: 36678978 PMCID: PMC9867223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant's growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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28
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Luo W, Xiao N, Wu F, Mo B, Kong W, Yu Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of YUCCA Gene Family in Mikania micrantha. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13037. [PMID: 36361840 PMCID: PMC9655643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a general coordinator for growth and development throughout plant lifespan, acting in a concentration-dependent manner. Tryptophan aminotransferases (YUCCA) family catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and plays a critical role in auxin homeostasis. Here, 18 YUCCA family genes divided into four categories were identified from Mikania micrantha (M. micrantha), one of the world's most invasive plants. Five highly conserved motifs were characterized in these YUCCA genes (MmYUCs). Transcriptome analysis revealed that MmYUCs exhibited distinct expression patterns in different organs and five MmYUCs showed high expression levels throughout all the five tissues, implying that they may play dominant roles in auxin biosynthesis and plant development. In addition, MmYUC6_1 was overexpressed in DR5::GUS Arabidopsis line to explore its function, which resulted in remarkably increased auxin level and typical elevated auxin-related phenotypes including shortened roots and elongated hypocotyls in the transgenic plants, suggesting that MmYUC6_1 promoted IAA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Collectively, these findings provided comprehensive insight into the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distributions, expression patterns and functions of the MmYUC genes in M. micrantha, which would facilitate the study of molecular mechanisms underlying the fast growth of M. micrantha and preventing its invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigui Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nian Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Beixin Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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29
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Garcia N, Yin L, Dukowic-Schulze S, Milsted C, Kianian PMA, Kianian S, Pawlowski WP, Chen C. Comparison of meiotic transcriptomes of three maize inbreds with different origins reveals differences in cell cycle and recombination. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:702. [PMID: 36224518 PMCID: PMC9554999 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular events during meiosis can differ between inbred lines in maize. Substantial differences in the average numbers of chiasmata and double-strand breaks (DSBs) per meiotic cell have been documented among diverse inbred lines of maize: CML228, a tropical maize inbred line, B73 and Mo17, temperate maize lines. To determine if gene expression might explain these observed differences, an RNA-Seq experiment was performed on CML228 male meiocytes which was compared to B73 and Mo17 male meiocytes, where plants were grown in the same controlled environment. Results We found that a few DSB-repair/meiotic genes which promote class I crossovers (COs) and the Zyp1 gene which limits newly formed class I COs were up-regulated, whereas Mus81 homolog 2 which promotes class II COs was down-regulated in CML228. Although we did not find enriched gene ontology (GO) categories directly related to meiosis, we found that GO categories in membrane, localization, proteolysis, energy processes were up-regulated in CML228, while chromatin remodeling, epigenetic regulation, and cell cycle related processes including meiosis related cell cycle processes were down-regulated in CML228. The degree of similarity in expression patterns between the three maize lines reflect their genetic relatedness: B73 and Mo17 had similar meiotic expressions and CML228 had a more distinct expression profile. Conclusions We found that meiotic related genes were mostly conserved among the three maize inbreds except for a few DSB-repair/meiotic genes. The findings that the molecular players in limiting class I CO formation (once CO assurance is achieved) were up-regulated and those involved in promoting class II CO formation were down-regulated in CML228 agree with the lower chiasmata number observed in CML228 previously. In addition, epigenetics such as chromatin remodeling and histone modification might play a role. Transport and energy-related processes was up-regulated and Cyclin13 was down-regulated in CML228. The direction of gene expression of these processes agree with that previously found in meiotic tissues compared with vegetative tissues. In summary, we used different natural maize inbred lines from different climatic conditions and have shown their differences in expression landscape in male meiocytes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08922-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Garcia
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Present Address: Sound Agriculture, 5858 Horton St, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Lu Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Stefanie Dukowic-Schulze
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claire Milsted
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Penny M A Kianian
- PepsiCo Inc., 210 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Shahryar Kianian
- Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Lab, U.S., Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Changbin Chen
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA. .,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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30
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Henning PM, Shore JS, McCubbin AG. The S-Gene YUC6 Pleiotropically Determines Male Mating Type and Pollen Size in Heterostylous Turnera (Passifloraceae): A Novel Neofunctionalization of the YUCCA Gene Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2640. [PMID: 36235506 PMCID: PMC9572539 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In heterostylous, self-incompatible Turnera species, a member of the YUCCA gene family, YUC6, resides at the S-locus and has been hypothesized to determine the male mating type. YUCCA gene family members synthesize the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, via a two-step process involving the TAA gene family. Consequently, it has been speculated that differences in auxin concentration in developing anthers are the biochemical basis underlying the male mating type. Here, we provide empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis. Using a transgenic knockdown approach, we show that YUC6 acts pleiotropically to control both the male physiological mating type and pollen size, but not the filament length dimorphism associated with heterostyly in Turnera. Using qPCR to assess YUC6 expression in different transgenic lines, we demonstrate that the level of YUC6 knockdown correlates with the degree of change observed in the male mating type. Further assessment of YUC6 expression through anther development, in the knockdown lines, suggests that the male mating type is irreversibly determined during a specific developmental window prior to microsporogenesis, which is consistent with the genetically sporophytic nature of this self-incompatibility system. These results represent the first gene controlling male mating type to be characterized in any species with heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M. Henning
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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31
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Draves MA, Muench RL, Lang MG, Kelley DR. Maize Seedling Growth and Hormone Response Assays Using the Rolled Towel Method. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e562. [PMID: 36194012 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture is a critical factor in maize health and stress resilience. Determining the genetic and environmental factors that shape maize root system architecture is an active research area. However, the ability to phenotype juvenile root systems is hindered by the use of field-grown and soil-based systems. An alternative to soil- and field-based growing conditions for maize seedlings is a controlled environment with a soil-free medium, which can facilitate root system phenotyping. Here, we describe how to grow maize under soil-free conditions for up to 12 days to facilitate root phenotyping. Maize seeds are sterilized and planted on specialized seed germination paper to minimize fungal contamination and ensure synchronized seedling growth, followed by imaging at the desired time point. The root images are then analyzed to quantify traits of interest, such as primary root length, lateral root density, seminal root length, and seminal root number. In addition, juvenile shoot traits can be quantified using manual annotation methods. We also outline the steps for performing rigorous hormone response assays for four classical phytohormones: auxin, brassinosteroid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid. This protocol can be rapidly scaled up and is compatible with genetic screens and sample collection for downstream molecular analyses such as transcriptomics and proteomics. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Maize seedling rolled towel assay and phenotyping Basic Protocol 2: Maize seedling hormone response assays using the rolled towel assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Draves
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rebekah L Muench
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michelle G Lang
- Current address: Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Ave, Johnston, Iowa
| | - Dior R Kelley
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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32
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Fei X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Shen X, E L, Ding J, Lai J, Song W, Zhao H. Identification of two new QTLs of maize (Zea mays L.) underlying kernel row number using the HNAU-NAM1 population. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:593. [PMID: 35971070 PMCID: PMC9380338 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize kernel row number (KRN) is one of the most important yield traits and has changed greatly during maize domestication and selection. Elucidating the genetic basis of KRN will be helpful to improve grain yield in maize. RESULTS Here, we measured KRN in four environments using a nested association mapping (NAM) population named HNAU-NAM1 with 1,617 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that were derived from 12 maize inbred lines with a common parent, GEMS41. Then, five consensus quantitative trait loci (QTLs) distributing on four chromosomes were identified in at least three environments along with the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values by the joint linkage mapping (JLM) method. These QTLs were further validated by the separate linkage mapping (SLM) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods. Three KRN genes cloned through the QTL assay were found in three of the five consensus QTLs, including qKRN1.1, qKRN2.1 and qKRN4.1. Two new QTLs of KRN, qKRN4.2 and qKRN9.1, were also identified. On the basis of public RNA-seq and genome annotation data, five genes highly expressed in ear tissue were considered candidate genes contributing to KRN. CONCLUSIONS This study carried out a comprehensive analysis of the genetic architecture of KRN by using a new NAM population under multiple environments. The present results provide solid information for understanding the genetic components underlying KRN and candidate genes in qKRN4.2 and qKRN9.1. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely linked to qKRN4.2 and qKRN9.1 could be used to improve inbred yield during molecular breeding in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhu E
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Richardson AE, Hake S. The power of classic maize mutants: Driving forward our fundamental understanding of plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2505-2517. [PMID: 35274692 PMCID: PMC9252469 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since Mendel, maize has been a powerhouse of fundamental genetics research. From testing the Mendelian laws of inheritance, to the first genetic and cytogenetic maps, to the use of whole-genome sequencing data for crop improvement, maize is at the forefront of genetics advances. Underpinning much of this revolutionary work are the classic morphological mutants; the "freaks" that stood out in the field to even the untrained eye. Here we review some of these classic developmental mutants and their importance in the history of genetics, as well as their key role in our fundamental understanding of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annis E Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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34
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Zhu C, Box MS, Thiruppathi D, Hu H, Yu Y, Martin C, Doust AN, McSteen P, Kellogg EA. Pleiotropic and nonredundant effects of an auxin importer in Setaria and maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:715-734. [PMID: 35285930 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.14.464408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Directional transport of auxin is critical for inflorescence and floral development in flowering plants, but the role of auxin influx carriers (AUX1 proteins) has been largely overlooked. Taking advantage of available AUX1 mutants in green millet (Setaria viridis) and maize (Zea mays), we uncover previously unreported aspects of plant development that are affected by auxin influx, including higher order branches in the inflorescence, stigma branch number, glume (floral bract) development, and plant fertility. However, disruption of auxin flux does not affect all parts of the plant, with little obvious effect on inflorescence meristem size, time to flowering, and anther morphology. In double mutant studies in maize, disruptions of ZmAUX1 also affect vegetative development. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged construct of the Setaria AUX1 protein Sparse Panicle1 (SPP1) under its native promoter showed that SPP1 localizes to the plasma membrane of outer tissue layers in both roots and inflorescences, and accumulates specifically in inflorescence branch meristems, consistent with the mutant phenotype and expected auxin maxima. RNA-seq analysis indicated that most gene expression modules are conserved between mutant and wild-type plants, with only a few hundred genes differentially expressed in spp1 inflorescences. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology, we disrupted SPP1 and the other four AUX1 homologs in S. viridis. SPP1 has a larger effect on inflorescence development than the others, although all contribute to plant height, tiller formation, and leaf and root development. The AUX1 importers are thus not fully redundant in S. viridis. Our detailed phenotypic characterization plus a stable GFP-tagged line offer tools for future dissection of the function of auxin influx proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Zhu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Mathew S Box
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Hao Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Callista Martin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Andrew N Doust
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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35
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Zhu C, Box MS, Thiruppathi D, Hu H, Yu Y, Martin C, Doust AN, McSteen P, Kellogg EA. Pleiotropic and nonredundant effects of an auxin importer in Setaria and maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:715-734. [PMID: 35285930 PMCID: PMC9157071 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Directional transport of auxin is critical for inflorescence and floral development in flowering plants, but the role of auxin influx carriers (AUX1 proteins) has been largely overlooked. Taking advantage of available AUX1 mutants in green millet (Setaria viridis) and maize (Zea mays), we uncover previously unreported aspects of plant development that are affected by auxin influx, including higher order branches in the inflorescence, stigma branch number, glume (floral bract) development, and plant fertility. However, disruption of auxin flux does not affect all parts of the plant, with little obvious effect on inflorescence meristem size, time to flowering, and anther morphology. In double mutant studies in maize, disruptions of ZmAUX1 also affect vegetative development. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged construct of the Setaria AUX1 protein Sparse Panicle1 (SPP1) under its native promoter showed that SPP1 localizes to the plasma membrane of outer tissue layers in both roots and inflorescences, and accumulates specifically in inflorescence branch meristems, consistent with the mutant phenotype and expected auxin maxima. RNA-seq analysis indicated that most gene expression modules are conserved between mutant and wild-type plants, with only a few hundred genes differentially expressed in spp1 inflorescences. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology, we disrupted SPP1 and the other four AUX1 homologs in S. viridis. SPP1 has a larger effect on inflorescence development than the others, although all contribute to plant height, tiller formation, and leaf and root development. The AUX1 importers are thus not fully redundant in S. viridis. Our detailed phenotypic characterization plus a stable GFP-tagged line offer tools for future dissection of the function of auxin influx proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Zhu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Mathew S Box
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Hao Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Callista Martin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Andrew N Doust
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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36
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An Y, Chen L, Li YX, Li C, Shi Y, Zhang D, Li Y, Wang T. Fine mapping qKRN5.04 provides a functional gene negatively regulating maize kernel row number. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1997-2007. [PMID: 35385977 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zm00001d016075 was identified by fine mapping qKRN5.04. The function of Zm00001d016075, negatively modulating maize (Zea Mays L.) kernel row number (KRN), was verified by CRISPR-Cas9. InDel308 located in the promoter of Zm00001d016075 has potential for use as a molecular marker to identify KRN in maize breeding. Kernel row number (KRN), controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs), is one of the most important traits that relate to maize production and domestication. Here, fine mapping was conducted to study a major QTL, qKRN5.04, to a 65-kb genomic region using a progeny test strategy in an advanced backcross population, in which Nong531 (N531) and the inbred line of Silunuo (SLN) were employed as the recurrent and the donor parent, respectively. Within this region, there was only one gene (Zm00001d016075) based on the B73 reference genome. Furthermore, we performed regional association mapping using a panel of 236 diverse inbred lines and observed that all significant SNPs were located within Zm00001d016075. The expression of Zm00001d016075 was significantly higher in N531 and qKRN5.04N531 than qKRN5.04SLN, resulting from the different promoter activity of Zm00001d016075. Sequence analysis revealed that InDel308, located in the promoter of Zm00001d016075, was related to the KRN variation in different maize inbred lines. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 strategy, we determined Zm00001d016075 played a role in negatively regulating KRN and had a moderate effect on 10-kernel width, 100-kernel weight, kernels per ear, and grain yield per ear. These results provide critical insights on the genetic basis and quantitative variation for KRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin An
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsu Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dengfeng Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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37
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Wang Y, Bao J, Wei X, Wu S, Fang C, Li Z, Qi Y, Gao Y, Dong Z, Wan X. Genetic Structure and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Formation of Tassel, Anther, and Pollen in the Male Inflorescence of Maize (Zea mays L.). Cells 2022; 11:cells11111753. [PMID: 35681448 PMCID: PMC9179574 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize tassel is the male reproductive organ which is located at the plant’s apex; both its morphological structure and fertility have a profound impact on maize grain yield. More than 40 functional genes regulating the complex tassel traits have been cloned up to now. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the whole process, from male inflorescence meristem initiation to tassel morphogenesis, are seldom discussed. Here, we summarize the male inflorescence developmental genes and construct a molecular regulatory network to further reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying tassel-trait formation in maize. Meanwhile, as one of the most frequently studied quantitative traits, hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and thousands of quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) related to tassel morphology have been identified so far. To reveal the genetic structure of tassel traits, we constructed a consensus physical map for tassel traits by summarizing the genetic studies conducted over the past 20 years, and identified 97 hotspot intervals (HSIs) that can be repeatedly mapped in different labs, which will be helpful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in improving maize yield as well as for providing theoretical guidance in the subsequent identification of the functional genes modulating tassel morphology. In addition, maize is one of the most successful crops in utilizing heterosis; mining of the genic male sterility (GMS) genes is crucial in developing biotechnology-based male-sterility (BMS) systems for seed production and hybrid breeding. In maize, more than 30 GMS genes have been isolated and characterized, and at least 15 GMS genes have been promptly validated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis within the past two years. We thus summarize the maize GMS genes and further update the molecular regulatory networks underlying male fertility in maize. Taken together, the identified HSIs, genes and molecular mechanisms underlying tassel morphological structure and male fertility are useful for guiding the subsequent cloning of functional genes and for molecular design breeding in maize. Finally, the strategies concerning efficient and rapid isolation of genes controlling tassel morphological structure and male fertility and their application in maize molecular breeding are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Wang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jianxi Bao
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xun Wei
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China;
| | - Suowei Wu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China;
| | - Chaowei Fang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ziwen Li
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China;
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuexin Gao
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
| | - Zhenying Dong
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-152-1092-0373 (Z.D.); +86-186-0056-1850 (X.W.)
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; (Y.W.); (J.B.); (X.W.); (S.W.); (C.F.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-152-1092-0373 (Z.D.); +86-186-0056-1850 (X.W.)
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Pei Y, Deng Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Cai D, Li K, Du Y, Zang J, Xin P, Chu J, Chen Y, Zhao L, Liu J, Chen H. EAR APICAL DEGENERATION1 regulates maize ear development by maintaining malate supply for apical inflorescence. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2222-2241. [PMID: 35294020 PMCID: PMC9134072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ear length (EL) is a key trait that contributes greatly to grain yield in maize (Zea mays). While numerous quantitative trait loci for EL have been identified, few causal genes have been studied in detail. Here we report the characterization of ear apical degeneration1 (ead1) exhibiting strikingly shorter ears and the map-based cloning of the casual gene EAD1. EAD1 is preferentially expressed in the xylem of immature ears and encodes an aluminum-activated malate transporter localizing to the plasma membrane. We show that EAD1 is a malate efflux transporter and loss of EAD1 leads to lower malate contents in the apical part of developing inflorescences. Exogenous injections of malate rescued the shortened ears of ead1. These results demonstrate that EAD1 plays essential roles in regulating maize ear development by delivering malate through xylem vessels to the apical part of the immature ear. Overexpression of EAD1 led to greater EL and kernel number per row and the EAD1 genotype showed a positive association with EL in two different genetic segregating populations. Our work elucidates the critical role of EAD1 in malate-mediated female inflorescence development and provides a promising genetic resource for enhancing maize grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huairen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaogui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Darun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yimo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jie Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Peiyong Xin
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Author for correspondence: (H.C.); (J.L.)
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Hu G, Wang K, Huang B, Mila I, Frasse P, Maza E, Djari A, Hernould M, Zouine M, Li Z, Bouzayen M. The auxin-responsive transcription factor SlDOF9 regulates inflorescence and flower development in tomato. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:419-433. [PMID: 35422080 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying differentiation of inflorescence and flower meristems is essential towards enlarging our knowledge of reproductive organ formation and to open new prospects for improving yield traits. Here, we show that SlDOF9 is a new modulator of floral differentiation in tomato. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout strategy uncovered the role of SlDOF9 in controlling inflorescence meristem and floral meristem differentiation via the regulation of cell division genes and inflorescence architecture regulator LIN. Tomato dof9-KO lines have more flowers in both determinate and indeterminate cultivars and produce more fruit upon vibration-assisted fertilization. SlDOF9 regulates inflorescence development through an auxin-dependent ARF5-DOF9 module that seems to operate, at least in part, differently in Arabidopsis and tomato. Our findings add a new actor to the complex mechanisms underlying reproductive organ differentiation in flowering plants and provide leads towards addressing the diversity of factors controlling the transition to reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Hu
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Keke Wang
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Baowen Huang
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Mila
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Frasse
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Elie Maza
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie-UMR 1332, Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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Luo Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Liu J, Li W, Chen G, Peng Y, Jin M, Wei W, Jian L, Yan J, Fernie AR, Yan J. Genetic variation in YIGE1 contributes to ear length and grain yield in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:513-526. [PMID: 34837389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ear length (EL), which is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), is an important component of grain yield and as such is a key target trait in maize breeding. However, very few EL QTLs have been cloned, and their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, using a genome wide association study (GWAS), we identified a QTL, YIGE1, which encodes an unknown protein that regulates EL by affecting pistillate floret number. Overexpression of YIGE1 increased female inflorescence meristem (IM) size, increased EL and kernel number per row (KNPR), and thus enhanced grain yield. By contrast, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and Mutator insertion mutant lines of YIGE1 displayed decreased IM size and EL. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the regulatory region of YIGE1 had a large effect on its promoter strength, which positively affected EL by increasing gene expression. Further analysis shows that YIGE1 may be involved in sugar and auxin signal pathways to regulate maize ear development, thus affecting IM activity and floret production in maize inflorescence morphogenesis. These findings provide new insights into ear development and will ultimately facilitate maize molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Wenqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gengshen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liumei Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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41
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Plant biology: Local auxin synthesis drives pollen maturation in barley. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R370-R372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Matthes MS, Darnell Z, Best NB, Guthrie K, Robil JM, Amstutz J, Durbak A, McSteen P. Defects in meristem maintenance, cell division, and cytokinin signaling are early responses in the boron deficient maize mutant tassel-less1. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13670. [PMID: 35292977 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meristems house the stem cells needed for the developmental plasticity observed in adverse environmental conditions and are crucial for determining plant architecture. Meristem development is particularly sensitive to deficiencies of the micronutrient boron, yet how boron integrates into meristem development pathways is unknown. We addressed this question using the boron-deficient maize mutant, tassel-less1 (tls1). Reduced boron uptake in tls1 leads to a progressive impairment of meristem development that manifests in vegetative and reproductive defects. We show, that the tls1 tassel phenotype (male reproductive structure) was partially suppressed by mutations in the CLAVATA1 (CLV1)-ortholog, thick tassel dwarf1 (td1), but not by other mutants in the well characterized CLV-WUSCHEL pathway, which controls meristem size. The suppression of tls1 by td1 correlates with altered signaling of the phytohormone cytokinin. In contrast, mutations in the meristem maintenance gene knotted1 (kn1) enhanced both vegetative and reproductive defects in tls1. In addition, reduced transcript levels of kn1 and cell cycle genes are early defects in tls1 tassel meristems. Our results show that specific meristem maintenance and hormone pathways are affected in tls1, and suggest that reduced boron levels induced by tls1 are the underlying cause of the observed defects. We, therefore, provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms affected by boron deficiency in maize, leading to a better understanding of how genetic and environmental factors integrate during shoot meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela S Matthes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zoe Darnell
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Norman B Best
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Katy Guthrie
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jen Amstutz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda Durbak
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Du Y, Wu B, Xing Y, Zhang Z. Conservation and divergence: Regulatory networks underlying reproductive branching in rice and maize. J Adv Res 2022; 41:179-190. [PMID: 36328747 PMCID: PMC9637487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching pattern in maize and rice determines the inflorescence architecture and thus the final grain yield. The branching pattern is determined by meristem size, bud initiation and outgrowth, and controlled by endogenous and external factors. Genetic control of inflorescence branching including CLV-WUS feedback loop, Auxin-cytokinin crosstalk and miR156/SPL/miR172 in maize and rice is summarized. The comprehensive genetic networks associated with crop branching, will promote the transformation of molecular designs breeding based on regulatory networks via genome editing, then produce optimized inflorescence architecture.
Background Cereal crops are a major source of raw food and nutrition for humans worldwide. Inflorescence of cereal crops is their reproductive organ, which also contributes to crop productivity. The branching pattern in flowering plant species not only determines inflorescence architecture but also determines the grain yield. There are good reviews describing the grass inflorescence architecture contributing to the final grain yield. However, very few discuss the aspects of inflorescence branching. Aim of review This review aimed at systematically and comprehensively summarizing the latest progress in the field of conservation and divergence of genetic regulatory network that controls inflorescence branching in maize and rice, provide strategies to efficiently utilize the achievements in reproductive branching for crop yield improvement, and suggest a potential regulatory network underlying the inflorescence branching and vegetative branching system. Key scientific concepts of review Inflorescence branching is the consequence of a series of developmental events including the initiation, outgrowth, determinacy, and identity of reproductive axillary meristems, and it is controlled by a complex functional hierarchy of genetic networks. Initially, we compared the inflorescence architecture of maize and rice; then, we reviewed the genetic regulatory pathways controlling the inflorescence meristem size, bud initiation, and outgrowth, and the key transition steps that shape the inflorescence branching in maize and rice; additionally, we summarized strategies to effectively apply the recent advances in inflorescence branching for crop yield improvement. Finally, we discussed how the newly discovered hormones coordinate the regulation of inflorescence branching and yield traits. Furthermore, we discussed the possible reason behind distinct regulatory pathways for vegetative and inflorescence branching.
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Uc-Chuc MA, Kú-González ÁF, Jiménez-Ramírez IA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Identification, analysis, and modeling of the YUCCA protein family genome-wide in Coffea canephora. Proteins 2021; 90:1005-1024. [PMID: 34890079 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is involved in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to senescence. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main known natural auxin that is synthesized by enzymes tryptophan aminotransferase of arabidopsis (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) of the flavin-containing monooxygenases family (FMO) from one of the tryptophan-dependent pathways. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the YUC-protein family have been conducted in Coffea canephora in the present study. A total of 10 members CcYUC gene family were identified in C. canephora. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcYUC protein family is evolutionarily conserved, and they consist of four groups. In contrast, bioinformatic analysis predicted a hydrophobic transmembrane helix (TMH) for one CcYUC (YUC10) member only. Isoelectric point (pI), molecular mass (Ms), signal peptide, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation sites were predicted for CcYUC proteins. YUC enzymes require the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for their enzymatic activity. Therefore, we include the molecular docking for CcYUC2-FAD-NADPH-IPyA and yucasin, which is a specific inhibitor for YUC activity. The docking results showed FAD and NADPH binding at the big and small domain sites, respectively, in CcYUC2. IPyA binds very close to FAD along the big domain, and yucasin competes for the same site as IPA, blocking IAA production. Furthermore, in silico point mutations affect the stability of the CcYUC2-4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Uc-Chuc
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Ángela F Kú-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Irma A Jiménez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
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Yang RS, Xu F, Wang YM, Zhong WS, Dong L, Shi YN, Tang TJ, Sheng HJ, Jackson D, Yang F. Glutaredoxins regulate maize inflorescence meristem development via redox control of TGA transcriptional activity. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1589-1601. [PMID: 34907313 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small oxidoreductases that can modify target protein activities through control of the redox (reduction/oxidation) state by reducing or glutathionylating disulfide bridges. Although CC-type GRXs are plant specific and play important roles in many processes, the mechanisms by which they modulate the activity of target proteins in vivo are unknown. In this study, we show that a maize CC-type GRX, MALE STERILE CONVERTED ANTHER1 (MSCA1), acts redundantly with two paralogues, ZmGRX2 and ZmGRX5, to modify the redox state and the activity of its putative target, the TGA transcription factor FASCIATED EAR4 (FEA4) that acts as a negative regulator of inflorescence meristem development. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to create a GRX triple knockout, resulting in severe suppression of meristem, ear and tassel growth and reduced plant height. We further show that GRXs regulate the redox state, DNA accessibility and transcriptional activities of FEA4, which acts downstream of MSCA1 and its paralogues to control inflorescence development. Our findings reveal the function of GRXs in meristem development, and also provide direct evidence for GRX-mediated redox modification of target proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - F Xu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Y M Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - W S Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - L Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y N Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - T J Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - H J Sheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D Jackson
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - F Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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46
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An ethylene biosynthesis enzyme controls quantitative variation in maize ear length and kernel yield. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5832. [PMID: 34611160 PMCID: PMC8492687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize ear size and kernel number differ among lines, however, little is known about the molecular basis of ear length and its impact on kernel number. Here, we characterize a quantitative trait locus, qEL7, to identify a maize gene controlling ear length, flower number and fertility. qEL7 encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate oxidase2 (ACO2), a gene that functions in the final step of ethylene biosynthesis and is expressed in specific domains in developing inflorescences. Confirmation of qEL7 by gene editing of ZmACO2 leads to a reduction in ethylene production in developing ears, and promotes meristem and flower development, resulting in a ~13.4% increase in grain yield per ear in hybrids lines. Our findings suggest that ethylene serves as a key signal in inflorescence development, affecting spikelet number, floral fertility, ear length and kernel number, and also provide a tool to improve grain productivity by optimizing ethylene levels in maize or in other cereals. Considerable genetic variation exists in maize ear size and kernel number. Here the authors show that variation in a gene encoding an ethylene biosynthetic enzyme impacts ear length, flower fertility and kernel yield suggesting an important role for ethylene signaling during inflorescence development.
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Li M, Zhao R, Du Y, Shen X, Ning Q, Li Y, Liu D, Xiong Q, Zhang Z. The Coordinated KNR6-AGAP-ARF1 Complex Modulates Vegetative and Reproductive Traits by Participating in Vesicle Trafficking in Maize. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102601. [PMID: 34685581 PMCID: PMC8533723 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The KERNEL NUMBER PER ROW6 (KNR6)-mediated phosphorylation of an adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor (Arf) GTPase-activating protein (AGAP) forms a key regulatory module for the numbers of spikelets and kernels in the ear inflorescences of maize (Zea mays L.). However, the action mechanism of the KNR6–AGAP module remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized the AGAP-recruited complex and its roles in maize cellular physiology and agronomically important traits. AGAP and its two interacting Arf GTPase1 (ARF1) members preferentially localized to the Golgi apparatus. The loss-of-function AGAP mutant produced by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in defective Golgi apparatus with thin and compact cisternae, together with delayed internalization and repressed vesicle agglomeration, leading to defective inflorescences and roots, and dwarfed plants with small leaves. The weak agap mutant was phenotypically similar to knr6, showing short ears with fewer kernels. AGAP interacted with KNR6, and a double mutant produced shorter inflorescence meristems and mature ears than the single agap and knr6 mutants. We hypothesized that the coordinated KNR6–AGAP–ARF1 complex modulates vegetative and reproductive traits by participating in vesicle trafficking in maize. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic insight into the regulation of inflorescence development, and ear length and kernel number, in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Ran Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yanfang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Ning
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yunfu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Dan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qing Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Watanabe M, Shigihara M, Hirota Y, Takato S, Sato A, Kakei Y, Kikuchi R, Ishii T, Soeno K, Nakamura A, Shimada Y. Effect of an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor, p-phenoxyphenyl boronic acid, on auxin biosynthesis and development in rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:510-519. [PMID: 33624777 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenoxyphenyl boronic acid (PPBo) is a specific inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We examined the inhibitory activity of PPBo in rice. The activity of OsYUCCA, a key enzyme for auxin biosynthesis, was inhibited by PPBo in vitro. The endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level and the expression levels of auxin-response genes were significantly reduced in PPBo-treated rice seedlings, which showed typical auxin-deficiency phenotypes. Seminal root growth was promoted by 1 µM PPBo, which was reversed by co-treatment of IAA and PPBo. By contrast, the inhibition of root growth by 10 µM PPBo was not recovered by IAA. The root meristem morphology and cell division were restored by IAA at 60 µM, but that concentration may be too high to support root growth. In conclusion, PPBo is an inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis that targets YUCCA in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Watanabe
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaru Shigihara
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuna Hirota
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin Takato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakei
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Kikuchi
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC), National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Senyu, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Kazuo Soeno
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC), National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Senyu, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
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49
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Yue K, Lingling L, Xie J, Coulter JA, Luo Z. Synthesis and regulation of auxin and abscisic acid in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1891756. [PMID: 34057034 PMCID: PMC8205056 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1891756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the primary auxin in higher plants, and abscisic acid (ABA) play crucial roles in the ability of maize (Zea mays L.) to acclimatize to various environments by mediating growth, development, defense and nutrient allocation. Although understanding the biochemical reactions for IAA and ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction has progressed, the mechanisms by which auxin and ABA are synthesized and transduced in maize have not been fully elucidated to date. The synthesis and signal transduction pathway of IAA and ABA in maize can be analyzed using an existing model. This article focuses on the research progress toward understanding the synthesis and signaling pathways of IAA and ABA, as well as IAA and ABA regulation of maize growth, providing insight for future development and the significance of IAA and ABA for maize improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Lingling
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- CONTACT Lingling Li College of Agronomy/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junhong Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey A. Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Zhuzhu Luo
- College of Resource and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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50
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Robil JM, Gao K, Neighbors CM, Boeding M, Carland FM, Bunyak F, McSteen P. grasviq: an image analysis framework for automatically quantifying vein number and morphology in grass leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:629-648. [PMID: 33914380 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Beyond facilitating transport and providing mechanical support to the leaf, veins have important roles in the performance and productivity of plants and the ecosystem. In recent decades, computational image analysis has accelerated the extraction and quantification of vein traits, benefiting fields of research from agriculture to climatology. However, most of the existing leaf vein image analysis programs have been developed for the reticulate venation found in dicots. Despite the agroeconomic importance of cereal grass crops, like Oryza sativa (rice) and Zea mays (maize), a dedicated image analysis program for the parallel venation found in monocots has yet to be developed. To address the need for an image-based vein phenotyping tool for model and agronomic grass species, we developed the grass vein image quantification (grasviq) framework. Designed specifically for parallel venation, this framework automatically segments and quantifies vein patterns from images of cleared leaf pieces using classical computer vision techniques. Using image data sets from maize inbred lines and auxin biosynthesis and transport mutants in maize, we demonstrate the utility of grasviq for quantifying important vein traits, including vein density, vein width and interveinal distance. Furthermore, we show that the framework can resolve quantitative differences and identify vein patterning defects, which is advantageous for genetic experiments and mutant screens. We report that grasviq can perform high-throughput vein quantification, with precision on a par with that of manual quantification. Therefore, we envision that grasviq will be adopted for vein phenomics in maize and other grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Ke Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Claire M Neighbors
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Michael Boeding
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Francine M Carland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Filiz Bunyak
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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