1
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Swami R, Julié G, Le-Denmat S, Pernot G, Singhal D, Paterson J, Maire J, Motte JF, Paillet N, Guillou H, Gomès S, Bourgeois O. Experimental setup for thermal measurements at the nanoscale using a SThM probe with niobium nitride thermometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:054904. [PMID: 38814363 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) has become an important measurement technique for characterizing the thermal properties of materials at the nanometer scale. This technique requires a SThM probe that combines an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) probe and a very sensitive resistive thermometer; the thermometer being located at the apex of the probe tip allows for the mapping of temperature or thermal properties of nanostructured materials with very high spatial resolution. The high interest of the SThM technique in the field of thermal nanoscience currently suffers from a low temperature sensitivity despite its high spatial resolution. To address this challenge, we developed a high vacuum-based AFM system hosting a highly sensitive niobium nitride (NbN) SThM probe to demonstrate its unique performance. As a proof of concept, we utilized this custom-built system to carry out thermal measurements using the 3ω method. By measuring the V3ω voltage on the NbN resistive thermometer under vacuum conditions, we were able to determine the SThM probe's thermal conductance and thermal time constant. The performance of the probe is demonstrated by performing thermal measurements in-contact with a sapphire sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Swami
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Julié
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Le-Denmat
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Pernot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - D Singhal
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Paterson
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Maire
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J F Motte
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - N Paillet
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - H Guillou
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Gomès
- CETHIL, CNRS, 9 Rue de la Physique, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - O Bourgeois
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
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2
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Hadi M, Luo H, Pailhès S, Tanguy A, Gravouil A, Capotondi F, De Angelis D, Fainozzi D, Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Paltanin E, Pedersoli E, Pelli-Cresi JS, Bencivenga F, Giordano VM. The effect of echoes interference on phonon attenuation in a nanophononic membrane. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1317. [PMID: 38351136 PMCID: PMC10864405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanophononic materials are characterized by a periodic nanostructuration, which may lead to coherent scattering of phonons, enabling interference and resulting in modified phonon dispersions. We have used the extreme ultraviolet transient grating technique to measure phonon frequencies and lifetimes in a low-roughness nanoporous phononic membrane of SiN at wavelengths between 50 and 100 nm, comparable to the nanostructure lengthscale. Surprisingly, phonon frequencies are only slightly modified upon nanostructuration, while phonon lifetime is strongly reduced. Finite element calculations indicate that this is due to coherent phonon interference, which becomes dominant for wavelengths between ~ half and twice the inter-pores distance. Despite this, vibrational energy transport is ensured through an energy flow among the coherent modes created by reflections. This interference of phonon echos from periodic interfaces is likely another aspect of the mutual coherence effects recently highlighted in amorphous and complex crystalline materials and, in this context, could be used to tailor transport properties of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Haoming Luo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- LMS, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Pailhès
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Anne Tanguy
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Gravouil
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario De Angelis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Danny Fainozzi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ettore Paltanin
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo S Pelli-Cresi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Bencivenga
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.c.P.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, AREA Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina M Giordano
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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3
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Nguyen HD, Yamada I, Nishimura T, Pang H, Cho H, Tang DM, Kikkawa J, Mitome M, Golberg D, Kimoto K, Mori T, Kawamoto N. STEM in situ thermal wave observations for investigating thermal diffusivity in nanoscale materials and devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3825. [PMID: 38215197 PMCID: PMC10786416 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Practical techniques to identify heat routes at the nanoscale are required for the thermal control of microelectronic, thermoelectric, and photonic devices. Nanoscale thermometry using various approaches has been extensively investigated, yet a reliable method has not been finalized. We developed an original technique using thermal waves induced by a pulsed convergent electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode at room temperature. By quantifying the relative phase delay at each irradiated position, we demonstrate the heat transport within various samples with a spatial resolution of ~10 nm and a temperature resolution of 0.01 K. Phonon-surface scatterings were quantitatively confirmed due to the suppression of thermal diffusivity. The phonon-grain boundary scatterings and ballistic phonon transport near the pulsed convergent electron beam were also visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Duy Nguyen
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Isamu Yamada
- Yamada R&D Support Enterprise, 2-8-3 Minamidai, Ishioka, Ibaraki 315-0035, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nishimura
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hong Pang
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hyunyong Cho
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dai-Ming Tang
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jun Kikkawa
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masanori Mitome
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Koji Kimoto
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8671, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawamoto
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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4
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Esashi Y, Jenkins NW, Shao Y, Shaw JM, Park S, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Tanksalvala M. Tabletop extreme ultraviolet reflectometer for quantitative nanoscale reflectometry, scatterometry, and imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:123705. [PMID: 38109468 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Imaging using coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light provides exceptional capabilities for the characterization of the composition and geometry of nanostructures by probing with high spatial resolution and elemental specificity. We present a multi-modal tabletop EUV imaging reflectometer for high-fidelity metrology of nanostructures. The reflectometer is capable of measurements in three distinct modes: intensity reflectometry, scatterometry, and imaging reflectometry, where each mode addresses different nanostructure characterization challenges. We demonstrate the system's unique ability to quantitatively and non-destructively measure the geometry and composition of nanostructures with tens of square microns field of view and sub-nanometer precision. Parameters such as surface and line edge roughness, density, nanostructure linewidth, and profile, as well as depth-resolved composition, can be quantitatively determined. The results highlight the applicability of EUV metrology to address a wide range of semiconductor and materials science challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Esashi
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nicholas W Jenkins
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yunzhe Shao
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Justin M Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Seungbeom Park
- Core Technology R&D Team, Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwasung 18848, Republic of Korea
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- KMLabs Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Michael Tanksalvala
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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5
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Abraham E, Dinpajooh M, Climent C, Nitzan A. Heat transport with a twist. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174904. [PMID: 37916592 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the desirability of polymers for use in many products due to their flexibility, light weight, and durability, their status as thermal insulators has precluded their use in applications where thermal conductors are required. However, recent results suggest that the thermal conductance of polymers can be enhanced and that their heat transport behaviors may be highly sensitive to nanoscale control. Here we use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of mechanical twist on the steady-state thermal conductance across multi-stranded polyethylene wires. We find that a highly twisted double-helical polyethylene wire can display a thermal conductance up to three times that of its untwisted form, an effect which can be attributed to a structural transition in the strands of the double helix. We also find that in thicker wires composed of many parallel strands, adding just one twist can increase its thermal conductance by over 30%. However, we find that unlike stretching a polymer wire, which causes a monotonic increase in thermal conductance, the effect of twist is highly non-monotonic, and certain amounts of twist can actually decrease the thermal conductance. Finally, we apply the Continuous Chirality Measure (CCM) in an attempt to explore the correlation between heat conductance and chirality. The CCM is found to correlate with twist as expected, but we attribute the observed heat transport behaviors to structural factors other than chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Abraham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mohammadhasan Dinpajooh
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Clàudia Climent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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6
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Brites CDS, Marin R, Suta M, Carneiro Neto AN, Ximendes E, Jaque D, Carlos LD. Spotlight on Luminescence Thermometry: Basics, Challenges, and Cutting-Edge Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302749. [PMID: 37480170 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence (nano)thermometry is a remote sensing technique that relies on the temperature dependency of the luminescence features (e.g., bandshape, peak energy or intensity, and excited state lifetimes and risetimes) of a phosphor to measure temperature. This technique provides precise thermal readouts with superior spatial resolution in short acquisition times. Although luminescence thermometry is just starting to become a more mature subject, it exhibits enormous potential in several areas, e.g., optoelectronics, photonics, micro- and nanofluidics, and nanomedicine. This work reviews the latest trends in the field, including the establishment of a comprehensive theoretical background and standardized practices. The reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of the technique are also discussed, along with the use of multiparametric analysis and artificial-intelligence algorithms to enhance thermal readouts. In addition, examples are provided to underscore the challenges that luminescence thermometry faces, alongside the need for a continuous search and design of new materials, experimental techniques, and analysis procedures to improve the competitiveness, accessibility, and popularity of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D S Brites
- Phantom-g, CICECO, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Markus Suta
- Inorganic Photoactive Materials, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albano N Carneiro Neto
- Phantom-g, CICECO, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Erving Ximendes
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Luís D Carlos
- Phantom-g, CICECO, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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7
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Panais C, Rouxel R, Lascoux N, Marguet S, Maioli P, Banfi F, Vallée F, Del Fatti N, Crut A. Cooling Dynamics of Individual Gold Nanodisks Deposited on Thick Substrates and Nanometric Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5343-5352. [PMID: 37276360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cooling dynamics of individual gold nanodisks synthesized using colloidal chemistry and deposited on solid substrates with different compositions and thicknesses were investigated using optical time-resolved spectroscopy and finite-element modeling. Experiments demonstrate a strong substrate-dependence of these cooling dynamics, which require the combination of heat transfer at the nanodisk/substrate interface and heat diffusion in the substrate. In the case of nanodisks deposited on a thick sapphire substrate, the dynamics are found to be mostly limited by the thermal resistance of the gold/sapphire interface, for which a value similar to that obtained in the context of previous experiments on sapphire-supported single gold nanodisks produced by electron beam lithography is deduced. In contrast, the cooling dynamics of nanodisks supported by nanometric silica and silicon nitride membranes are much slower and largely affected by heat diffusion in the membranes, whose efficiency is strongly reduced as compared to the thick sapphire case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Panais
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Romain Rouxel
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noëlle Lascoux
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Marguet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paolo Maioli
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Francesco Banfi
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabrice Vallée
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Natalia Del Fatti
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), https://www.iufrance.fr/
| | - Aurélien Crut
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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8
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McBennett B, Beardo A, Nelson EE, Abad B, Frazer TD, Adak A, Esashi Y, Li B, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Knobloch JL. Universal Behavior of Highly Confined Heat Flow in Semiconductor Nanosystems: From Nanomeshes to Metalattices. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2129-2136. [PMID: 36881964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring on length scales corresponding to phonon mean free paths provides control over heat flow in semiconductors and makes it possible to engineer their thermal properties. However, the influence of boundaries limits the validity of bulk models, while first-principles calculations are too computationally expensive to model real devices. Here we use extreme ultraviolet beams to study phonon transport dynamics in a 3D nanostructured silicon metalattice with deep nanoscale feature size and observe dramatically reduced thermal conductivity relative to bulk. To explain this behavior, we develop a predictive theory wherein thermal conduction separates into a geometric permeability component and an intrinsic viscous contribution, arising from a new and universal effect of nanoscale confinement on phonon flow. Using experiments and atomistic simulations, we show that our theory applies to a general set of highly confined silicon nanosystems, from metalattices, nanomeshes, porous nanowires, to nanowire networks, of great interest for next-generation energy-efficient devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan McBennett
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Albert Beardo
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Emma E Nelson
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amitava Adak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yuka Esashi
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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9
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Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Maznev A, Baldi G, Capotondi F, Caporaletti F, Comin R, De Angelis D, Duncan R, Fainozzi D, Kurdi G, Li J, Martinelli A, Masciovecchio C, Monaco G, Milloch A, Nelson K, Occhialini C, Pancaldi M, Pedersoli E, Pelli-Cresi J, Simoncig A, Travasso F, Wehinger B, Zanatta M, Bencivenga F. Extreme ultraviolet transient gratings: A tool for nanoscale photoacoustics. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100453. [PMID: 36718271 PMCID: PMC9883289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective lattice dynamics determine essential aspects of condensed matter, such as elastic and thermal properties. These exhibit strong dependence on the length-scale, reflecting the marked wavevector dependence of lattice excitations. The extreme ultraviolet transient grating (EUV TG) approach has demonstrated the potential of accessing a wavevector range corresponding to the 10s of nm length-scale, representing a spatial scale of the highest relevance for fundamental physics and forefront technology, previously inaccessible by optical TG and other inelastic scattering methods. In this manuscript we report on the capabilities of this technique in the context of probing thermoelastic properties of matter, both in the bulk and at the surface, as well as discussing future developments and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Foglia
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R. Mincigrucci
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A.A. Maznev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G. Baldi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Caporaletti
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Comin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. De Angelis
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R.A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. Fainozzi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Kurdi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A. Martinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C. Masciovecchio
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Monaco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A. Milloch
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25133, Italy
| | - K.A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C.A. Occhialini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M. Pancaldi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J.S. Pelli-Cresi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Simoncig
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Travasso
- Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Wehinger
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172, 400 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - M. Zanatta
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Bencivenga
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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10
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Knobloch JL, McBennett B, Bevis CS, Yazdi S, Frazer TD, Adak A, Nelson EE, Hernández-Charpak JN, Cheng HY, Grede AJ, Mahale P, Nova NN, Giebink NC, Mallouk TE, Badding JV, Kapteyn HC, Abad B, Murnane MM. Structural and Elastic Properties of Empty-Pore Metalattices Extracted via Nondestructive Coherent Extreme UV Scatterometry and Electron Tomography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41316-41327. [PMID: 36054507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor metalattices consisting of a linked network of three-dimensional nanostructures with periodicities on a length scale <100 nm can enable tailored functional properties due to their complex nanostructuring. For example, by controlling both the porosity and pore size, thermal transport in these phononic metalattices can be tuned, making them promising candidates for efficient thermoelectrics or thermal rectifiers. Thus, the ability to characterize the porosity, and other physical properties, of metalattices is critical but challenging, due to their nanoscale structure and thickness. To date, only metalattices with high porosities, close to the close-packing fraction of hard spheres, have been studied experimentally. Here, we characterize the porosity, thickness, and elastic properties of a low-porosity, empty-pore silicon metalattice film (∼500 nm thickness) with periodic spherical pores (∼tens of nanometers), for the first time. We use laser-driven nanoscale surface acoustic waves probed by extreme ultraviolet scatterometry to nondestructively measure the acoustic dispersion in these thin silicon metalattice layers. By comparing the data to finite element models of the metalattice sample, we can extract Young's modulus and porosity. Moreover, by controlling the acoustic wave penetration depth, we can also determine the metalattice layer thickness and verify the substrate properties. Additionally, we utilize electron tomography images of the metalattice to verify the geometry and validate the porosity extracted from scatterometry. These advanced characterization techniques are critical for informed and iterative fabrication of energy-efficient devices based on nanostructured metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brendan McBennett
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Charles S Bevis
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute and the Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amitava Adak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Emma E Nelson
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jorge N Hernández-Charpak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nabila Nabi Nova
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- KMLabs Incorporated, 4775 Walnut Street, Building 102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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11
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Zhang C, Wu L. Nonmonotonic heat dissipation phenomenon in close-packed hotspot systems. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:014111. [PMID: 35974599 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.014111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transient heat dissipation in close-packed quasi-two-dimensional nanoline and three-dimensional nanocuboid hotspot systems is studied based on the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. It is found that, counterintuitively, the heat dissipation efficiency is not a monotonic function of the distance between adjacent nanoscale heat sources but reaches the highest value when this distance is comparable to the phonon mean free path. This is due to the competition of two thermal transport processes: quasiballistic transport when phonons escape from the nanoscale heat source and the scattering among phonons originating from the adjacent nanoscale heat source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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12
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Chen J, Meng L. Effects of Different Phonon Scattering Factors on the Heat Transport Properties of Graphene Ribbons. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20186-20194. [PMID: 35722022 PMCID: PMC9202270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of phonon scattering is of primary significance in the study of the thermal transport properties of graphene. While phonon scattering negatively affects the thermal conductivity, the exact effect of microscopic phonon scattering is still poorly understood when full phonon dispersions are taken into account. The heat transport properties of graphene ribbons were investigated theoretically by taking into account different polarization branches with different frequencies in order to understand the physical mechanism of the thermal transport phenomenon at the nanoscale. The effects of grain size, chiral angle, Grüneisen anharmonicity parameter, specularity parameter, and mass-fluctuation-scattering parameter were evaluated, taking into account of the restrictions imposed by boundary, Umklapp, and isotope scattering mechanisms. The contribution from each phonon branch was estimated, and the anisotropic coefficients were determined accordingly. The results indicated that the graphene ribbons are very efficient at conducting heat in all the cases studied. All the acoustical branches contribute significantly to the heat transport properties, and the temperature strongly affects the relative contribution of the phonon branches. The lattice thermal conductivity varies periodically with the chiral angle. The maximum thermal conductivity is achieved in the zigzag direction, and the minimum thermal conductivity is obtained in the armchair direction. The lattice thermal conductivity and anisotropic coefficient depend heavily upon the roughness of the edges and the width of the ribbons. The specularity parameter and mass-fluctuation-scattering parameter significantly affect the lattice thermal conductivity, and the effect arising from isotope scattering is significant in the context of natural isotopic abundance. The dependence of the Grüneisen anharmonicity parameter on phonon branches must be taken into account when making predictions. The results have significant implications for the understanding of the relations between phonon scattering and thermal properties.
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13
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Torres P, Wu S, Ju S, Liu C, Tadano T, Yoshida R, Shiomi J. Descriptors of intrinsic hydrodynamic thermal transport: screening a phonon database in a machine learning approach. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:135702. [PMID: 35008073 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac49c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning techniques are used to explore the intrinsic origins of the hydrodynamic thermal transport and to find new materials interesting for science and engineering. The hydrodynamic thermal transport is governed intrinsically by the hydrodynamic scale and the thermal conductivity. The correlations between these intrinsic properties and harmonic and anharmonic properties, and a large number of compositional (290) and structural (1224) descriptors of 131 crystal compound materials are obtained, revealing some of the key descriptors that determines the magnitude of the intrinsic hydrodynamic effects, most of them related with the phonon relaxation times. Then, a trained black-box model is applied to screen more than 5000 materials. The results identify materials with potential technological applications. Understanding the properties correlated to hydrodynamic thermal transport can help to find new thermoelectric materials and on the design of new materials to ease the heat dissipation in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- EURECAT, Technology Center of Catalonia, Applied Artificial Intelligence, 08290 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen Wu
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- China-UK Low Carbon Collage, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Terumasa Tadano
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (CMI2), Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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14
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Park TG, Na HR, Chun SH, Cho WB, Lee S, Rotermund F. Coherent control of interlayer vibrations in Bi 2Se 3 van der Waals thin-films. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19264-19273. [PMID: 34787629 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interlayer vibrations with discrete quantized modes in two-dimensional (2D) materials can be excited by ultrafast light due to the inherent low dimensionality and van der Waals force as a restoring force. Controlling such interlayer vibrations in layered materials, which are closely related to fundamental nanomechanical interactions and thermal transport, in spatial- and time-domain provides an in-depth understanding of condensed matters and potential applications for advanced phononic and photonics devices. The manipulation of interlayer vibrational modes has been implemented in a spatial domain through material design to develop novel optoelectronic and phononic devices with various 2D materials, but such control in a time domain is still lacking. We present an all-optical method for controlling the interlayer vibrations in a highly precise manner with Bi2Se3 as a promising optoelectronic and thermoelasticity material in layered structures using a coherently controlled pump and probe scheme. The observed thickness-dependent fast interlayer breathing modes and substrate-induced slow interfacial modes can be exactly explained by a modified linear chain model including coupling effect with substrate. In addition, the results of coherent control experiments also agree with the simulation results based on the interference of interlayer vibrations. This investigation is universally applicable for diverse 2D materials and provides insight into the interlayer vibration-related dynamics and novel device implementation based on an ultrafast timescale interlayer-spacing modulation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gwan Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Ryeol Na
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyun Chun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Won Bae Cho
- Welfare & Medical ICT Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Sunghun Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Fabian Rotermund
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Mazza G, Gandolfi M, Capone M, Banfi F, Giannetti C. Thermal dynamics and electronic temperature waves in layered correlated materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6904. [PMID: 34824212 PMCID: PMC8616949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of heat transfer in nanoscale devices remains one of the greatest intellectual challenges in the field of thermal dynamics, by far the most relevant under an applicative standpoint. When thermal dynamics is confined to the nanoscale, the characteristic timescales become ultrafast, engendering the failure of the common description of energy propagation and paving the way to unconventional phenomena such as wave-like temperature propagation. Here, we explore layered strongly correlated materials as a platform to identify and control unconventional electronic heat transfer phenomena. We demonstrate that these systems can be tailored to sustain a wide spectrum of electronic heat transport regimes, ranging from ballistic, to hydrodynamic all the way to diffusive. Within the hydrodynamic regime, wave-like temperature oscillations are predicted up to room temperature. The interaction strength can be exploited as a knob to control the dynamics of temperature waves as well as the onset of different thermal transport regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mazza
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Gandolfi
- CNR-INO, Via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Capone
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) and CNR-IOM Democritos National Simulation Center, Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Banfi
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Claudio Giannetti
- CNR-INO, Via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, I-25121, Brescia, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, I-25121, Brescia, Italy.
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16
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Dorney KM, Fan T, Nguyen QLD, Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Brooks N, Zusin D, Gentry C, Hernández-García C, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Bright, single helicity, high harmonics driven by mid-infrared bicircular laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38119-38128. [PMID: 34808871 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a unique tabletop light source with femtosecond-to-attosecond pulse duration and tailorable polarization and beam shape. Here, we use counter-rotating femtosecond laser pulses of 0.8 µm and 2.0 μm to extend the photon energy range of circularly polarized high-harmonics and also generate single-helicity HHG spectra. By driving HHG in helium, we produce circularly polarized soft x-ray harmonics beyond 170 eV-the highest photon energy of circularly polarized HHG achieved to date. In an Ar medium, dense spectra at photon energies well beyond the Cooper minimum are generated, with regions composed of a single helicity-consistent with the generation of a train of circularly polarized attosecond pulses. Finally, we show theoretically that circularly polarized HHG photon energies can extend beyond the carbon K edge, extending the range of molecular and materials systems that can be accessed using dynamic HHG chiral spectro-microscopies.
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17
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Directional thermal channeling: A phenomenon triggered by tight packing of heat sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109056118. [PMID: 34580227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109056118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding nanoscale thermal transport is critical for nano-engineered devices such as quantum sensors, thermoelectrics, and nanoelectronics. However, despite overwhelming experimental evidence for nondiffusive heat dissipation from nanoscale heat sources, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. In this work, we show that for nanoscale heat source spacings that are below the mean free path of the dominant phonons in a substrate, close packing of the heat sources increases in-plane scattering and enhances cross-plane thermal conduction. This leads to directional channeling of thermal transport-a novel phenomenon. By using advanced atomic-level simulations to accurately access the lattice temperature and the phonon scattering and transport properties, we finally explain the counterintuitive experimental observations of enhanced cooling for close-packed heat sources. This represents a distinct fundamental behavior in materials science with far-reaching implications for electronics and future quantum devices.
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18
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Qian X, Zhou J, Chen G. Phonon-engineered extreme thermal conductivity materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1188-1202. [PMID: 33686278 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Materials with ultrahigh or low thermal conductivity are desirable for many technological applications, such as thermal management of electronic and photonic devices, heat exchangers, energy converters and thermal insulation. Recent advances in simulation tools (first principles, the atomistic Green's function and molecular dynamics) and experimental techniques (pump-probe techniques and microfabricated platforms) have led to new insights on phonon transport and scattering in materials and the discovery of new thermal materials, and are enabling the engineering of phonons towards desired thermal properties. We review recent discoveries of both inorganic and organic materials with ultrahigh and low thermal conductivity, highlighting heat-conduction physics, strategies used to change thermal conductivity, and future directions to achieve extreme thermal conductivities in solid-state materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Beardo A, Knobloch JL, Sendra L, Bafaluy J, Frazer TD, Chao W, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Kapteyn HC, Abad B, Murnane MM, Alvarez FX, Camacho J. A General and Predictive Understanding of Thermal Transport from 1D- and 2D-Confined Nanostructures: Theory and Experiment. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13019-13030. [PMID: 34328719 PMCID: PMC8483436 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Heat management is crucial in the design of nanoscale devices as the operating temperature determines their efficiency and lifetime. Past experimental and theoretical works exploring nanoscale heat transport in semiconductors addressed known deviations from Fourier's law modeling by including effective parameters, such as a size-dependent thermal conductivity. However, recent experiments have qualitatively shown behavior that cannot be modeled in this way. Here, we combine advanced experiment and theory to show that the cooling of 1D- and 2D-confined nanoscale hot spots on silicon can be described using a general hydrodynamic heat transport model, contrary to previous understanding of heat flow in bulk silicon. We use a comprehensive set of extreme ultraviolet scatterometry measurements of nondiffusive transport from transiently heated nanolines and nanodots to validate and generalize our ab initio model, that does not need any geometry-dependent fitting parameters. This allows us to uncover the existence of two distinct time scales and heat transport mechanisms: an interface resistance regime that dominates on short time scales and a hydrodynamic-like phonon transport regime that dominates on longer time scales. Moreover, our model can predict the full thermomechanical response on nanometer length scales and picosecond time scales for arbitrary geometries, providing an advanced practical tool for thermal management of nanoscale technologies. Furthermore, we derive analytical expressions for the transport time scales, valid for a subset of geometries, supplying a route for optimizing heat dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Beardo
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Joshua L. Knobloch
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lluc Sendra
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Javier Bafaluy
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Travis D. Frazer
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weilun Chao
- Center
for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jorge N. Hernandez-Charpak
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - F. Xavier Alvarez
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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20
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Barbalinardo G, Chen Z, Dong H, Fan Z, Donadio D. Ultrahigh Convergent Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes from Comprehensive Atomistic Modeling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:025902. [PMID: 34296915 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.025902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous heat transport in one-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanotubes and nanowires, is a widely debated problem in condensed matter and statistical physics, with contradicting pieces of evidence from experiments and simulations. Using a comprehensive modeling approach, comprised of lattice dynamics and molecular dynamics simulations, we proved that the infinite length limit of the thermal conductivity of a (10,0) single-wall carbon nanotube is finite but this limit is reached only for macroscopic lengths due to a thermal phonon mean free path of several millimeters. Our calculations showed that the extremely high thermal conductivity of this system at room temperature is dictated by quantum effects. Modal analysis showed that the divergent nature of thermal conductivity, observed in one-dimensional model systems, is suppressed in carbon nanotubes by anharmonic scattering channels provided by the flexural and optical modes with polarization in the plane orthogonal to the transport direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barbalinardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Zekun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Haikuan Dong
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Zheyong Fan
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Davide Donadio
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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21
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22
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Tanksalvala M, Porter CL, Esashi Y, Wang B, Jenkins NW, Zhang Z, Miley GP, Knobloch JL, McBennett B, Horiguchi N, Yazdi S, Zhou J, Jacobs MN, Bevis CS, Karl RM, Johnsen P, Ren D, Waller L, Adams DE, Cousin SL, Liao CT, Miao J, Gerrity M, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Nondestructive, high-resolution, chemically specific 3D nanostructure characterization using phase-sensitive EUV imaging reflectometry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabd9667. [PMID: 33571123 PMCID: PMC7840142 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation nano- and quantum devices have increasingly complex 3D structure. As the dimensions of these devices shrink to the nanoscale, their performance is often governed by interface quality or precise chemical or dopant composition. Here, we present the first phase-sensitive extreme ultraviolet imaging reflectometer. It combines the excellent phase stability of coherent high-harmonic sources, the unique chemical sensitivity of extreme ultraviolet reflectometry, and state-of-the-art ptychography imaging algorithms. This tabletop microscope can nondestructively probe surface topography, layer thicknesses, and interface quality, as well as dopant concentrations and profiles. High-fidelity imaging was achieved by implementing variable-angle ptychographic imaging, by using total variation regularization to mitigate noise and artifacts in the reconstructed image, and by using a high-brightness, high-harmonic source with excellent intensity and wavefront stability. We validate our measurements through multiscale, multimodal imaging to show that this technique has unique advantages compared with other techniques based on electron and scanning probe microscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tanksalvala
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christina L Porter
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yuka Esashi
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Bin Wang
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nicholas W Jenkins
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Galen P Miley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brendan McBennett
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystem Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew N Jacobs
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Charles S Bevis
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert M Karl
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter Johnsen
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David Ren
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laura Waller
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel E Adams
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Seth L Cousin
- KMLabs Inc., 4775 Walnut St. #102, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystem Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Gerrity
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- KMLabs Inc., 4775 Walnut St. #102, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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23
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Gandolfi M, Giannetti C, Banfi F. Temperonic Crystal: A Superlattice for Temperature Waves in Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:265901. [PMID: 33449778 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.265901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The temperonic crystal, a periodic structure with a unit cell made of two slabs sustaining temperature wavelike oscillations on short timescales, is introduced. The complex-valued dispersion relation for the temperature scalar field is investigated for the case of a localized temperature pulse. The dispersion discloses frequency gaps, tunable upon varying the slabs' thermal properties. Results are shown for the paradigmatic case of a graphene-based temperonic crystal. The temperonic crystal extends the concept of superlattices to the realm of temperature waves, allowing for coherent control of ultrafast temperature pulses in the hydrodynamic regime at above liquid nitrogen temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gandolfi
- CNR-INO (National Institute of Optics), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25023 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Giannetti
- Department of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Banfi
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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24
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Zhao Z, Zhou R, Sun C. Hierarchical thermal transport in nanoconfined water. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234701. [PMID: 33353331 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of nanoconfined fluids is particularly non-uniform owing to the wall interaction, resulting in the distinctive characteristic of thermal transport compared to bulk fluids. We present the molecular simulations on the thermal transport of water confined in nanochannels with a major investigation of its spatial distribution under the effects of wall interaction. The results show that the thermal conductivity of nanoconfined water is inhomogeneous and its layered distribution is very similar to the density profile. The layered thermal conductivity is the coupling result of inhomogeneous density and energy distributions that are generally diametrical, and their contributions to the thermal conductivity compensate with each other. However, the accumulative effect of water molecules is really dominating, resulting in a high thermal conductivity in the high-density layers with the low-energy molecules, and vice versa. Moreover, it is found that the adsorptive and repulsive interactions from solid walls have different roles in the hierarchical thermal transport in nanoconfined water. The adsorptive interaction is only responsible for the layered distribution of thermal conductivity, while the repulsive interaction is responsible for the overall thermal conductivity; accordingly, the thermal conductivity is independent of the strength of water-solid interactions. The identified hierarchical thermal transport in nanoconfined water and its underlying mechanisms have a great significance for the understanding of nanoscale thermal transport and even the mass and energy transport of nanoconfined fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhao
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Runfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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26
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Chakraborty P, Vermeersch B, Shakouri A, Tindel S. Relativistic stable processes in quasiballistic heat conduction in semiconductors. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:042110. [PMID: 32422773 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.042110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we show how relativistic α-stable processes can be used to explain quasiballistic heat conduction in semiconductors. This is a method that can fit experimental results of ultrafast laser heating in alloys. It also provides a connection to a rich literature on the Feynman-Kac formalism and random processes that transition from a stable Lévy process on short time and length scales to the Brownian motion at larger scales. This transition was captured by a heuristic truncated Lévy distribution in earlier papers. The rigorous Feynman-Kac approach is used to derive sharp bounds for the transition kernel. Future directions are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chakraborty
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | - Ali Shakouri
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Samy Tindel
- Department of Mathematics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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27
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Lio GE, Palermo G, De Luca A, Caputo R. Tensile control of the thermal flow in plasmonic heaters realized on flexible substrates. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:244707. [PMID: 31893921 DOI: 10.1063/1.5130725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a simple and robust numerical method capable of predicting, with high accuracy, the thermal effects occurring for different gold nanoparticle arrangements under externally applied strain. The physical system is numerically implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation platform. The photothermal response of different arrangements of gold nanoparticles, resonantly excited by linearly polarized light, is considered with the system at rest and under the action of mechanical stress. The generation of heat at the nanoscale is analyzed by considering how this is affected by the variation of the extinction cross section. We describe the peculiar conditions under which mechanically controlled gold nanoparticle arrangements can significantly increase the local temperature due to the formation of localized photothermal hot spots. The resulting systems are envisioned in applications as optomechanically tunable plasmonic heaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- CNR-Nanotec, Cosenza and Physics Department, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giovanna Palermo
- CNR-Nanotec, Cosenza and Physics Department, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- CNR-Nanotec, Cosenza and Physics Department, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Roberto Caputo
- CNR-Nanotec, Cosenza and Physics Department, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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28
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Nghiem TT, Trannoy N, Randrianalisoa J. Monte Carlo prediction of ballistic effect on phonon transport in silicon in the presence of small localized heat source. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:415403. [PMID: 31234151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2c1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding phonon transport at nanoscale is critically important for thermal nanometrology applications including scanning thermal microscopy, three-omega and time domain thermoreflectance experiments. In this paper, a multidimensional non-gray Monte Carlo simulation is developed to investigate the ballistic phonon transport in a silicon sample heated on the top by a small localized heater line. We observed that heat confinement occurs for very small heat sources. This result contradicts the classical Fourier model, according to which the heat penetration depth is always significant, even with small sources. The temperature fields inside the sample exhibit different penetration depths depending strongly on the heater line size. Maximum thermal resistance and a large interface temperature jump take place in the limit of very small heater width compared to the phonon mean free path due to the nonequilibrium and ballistic nature of phonon transport. Increasing the heater width leads to a decrease in the heat flux and temperature jump. In the limit of a very large heat source, the heat flux and temperature jump become independent of heat source size. In accordance with experimental investigations for the case of sapphire material (Siemens et al 2010 Nature Mat. 9 26-30), the thermal resistance of the silicon sample due to the localized heat source decreases and then tends to reach a plateau with increasing source size from tens of nanometers to micrometers. These results are important, not only for understanding the thermal transport in the sample during nanometrology experiments, but also for the design and manipulation of heat at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Trang Nghiem
- Institute of Thermal, Mechanical and Material Sciences (ITheMM EA 7548), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
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29
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Bencivenga F, Mincigrucci R, Capotondi F, Foglia L, Naumenko D, Maznev AA, Pedersoli E, Simoncig A, Caporaletti F, Chiloyan V, Cucini R, Dallari F, Duncan RA, Frazer TD, Gaio G, Gessini A, Giannessi L, Huberman S, Kapteyn H, Knobloch J, Kurdi G, Mahne N, Manfredda M, Martinelli A, Murnane M, Principi E, Raimondi L, Spampinati S, Spezzani C, Trovò M, Zangrando M, Chen G, Monaco G, Nelson KA, Masciovecchio C. Nanoscale transient gratings excited and probed by extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw5805. [PMID: 31360768 PMCID: PMC6660206 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in developing ultrafast coherent sources operating at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray wavelengths allow the extension of nonlinear optical techniques to shorter wavelengths. Here, we describe EUV transient grating spectroscopy, in which two crossed femtosecond EUV pulses produce spatially periodic nanoscale excitations in the sample and their dynamics is probed via diffraction of a third time-delayed EUV pulse. The use of radiation with wavelengths down to 13.3 nm allowed us to produce transient gratings with periods as short as 28 nm and observe thermal and coherent phonon dynamics in crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon nitride. This approach allows measurements of thermal transport on the ~10-nm scale, where the two samples show different heat transport regimes, and can be applied to study other phenomena showing nontrivial behaviors at the nanoscale, such as structural relaxations in complex liquids and ultrafast magnetic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bencivenga
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - R. Mincigrucci
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - L. Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - D. Naumenko
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A. A. Maznev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A. Simoncig
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - F. Caporaletti
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - V. Chiloyan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R. Cucini
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - F. Dallari
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - R. A. Duncan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T. D. Frazer
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - G. Gaio
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A. Gessini
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - L. Giannessi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - S. Huberman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - H. Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J. Knobloch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - G. Kurdi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - N. Mahne
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - M. Manfredda
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A. Martinelli
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - M. Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - E. Principi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - L. Raimondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - S. Spampinati
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - C. Spezzani
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - M. Trovò
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - M. Zangrando
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - G. Chen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - G. Monaco
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - K. A. Nelson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C. Masciovecchio
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
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30
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Dettori R, Ceriotti M, Hunger J, Colombo L, Donadio D. Energy Relaxation and Thermal Diffusion in Infrared Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of Hydrogen-Bonded Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3447-3452. [PMID: 31180225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infrared pump-probe spectroscopy provides detailed information about the dynamics of hydrogen-bonded liquids. Due to dissipation of the absorbed pump pulse energy, thermal equilibration dynamics also contributes to the observed signal. Disentangling this contribution from the molecular response remains a challenge. By performing non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of liquid-deuterated methanol, we show that faster molecular vibrational relaxation and slower heat diffusion are decoupled and occur on different length scales. Transient structures of the hydrogen bonding network influence thermal relaxation by affecting thermal diffusivity over a length scale of several nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dettori
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, IMX , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Luciano Colombo
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria , I-09042 Monserrato , CA , Italy
| | - Davide Donadio
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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31
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Schoenlein R, Elsaesser T, Holldack K, Huang Z, Kapteyn H, Murnane M, Woerner M. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180384. [PMID: 30929633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Over more than a century, X-rays have transformed our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and have been an indispensable tool for chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and related fields. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources operating in the femtosecond to attosecond regimes have opened an important new frontier in X-ray science. These advances now enable: (i) sensitive probing of structural dynamics in matter on the fundamental timescales of atomic motion, (ii) element-specific probing of electronic structure and charge dynamics on fundamental timescales of electronic motion, and (iii) powerful new approaches for unravelling the coupling between electronic and atomic structural dynamics that underpin the properties and function of matter. Most notable is the recent realization of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with numerous new XFEL facilities in operation or under development worldwide. Advances in XFELs are complemented by advances in synchrotron-based and table-top laser-plasma X-ray sources now operating in the femtosecond regime, and laser-based high-order harmonic XUV sources operating in the attosecond regime. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schoenlein
- 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- 2 Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karsten Holldack
- 3 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Zhirong Huang
- 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- 4 Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0440 , USA
| | - Margaret Murnane
- 4 Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0440 , USA
| | - Michael Woerner
- 2 Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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32
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Bevis C, Robert KJ, Mancini GF, Gardner D, Shanblatt E, Knobloch J, Frazer T, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Mayor BA, Tanksalvala M, Porter C, Adams D, Kapteyn H, Murnane MM. Ultrafast dynamic imaging of thermal and acoustic dynamics in nanosystems using a tabletop high harmonic source. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920504005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the first stroboscopic full-field EUV nanoscope using high harmonics. We image the propagation of thermal and surface acoustic waves in nickel with 80nm transverse, 0.5 Å axial, and 10 fs resolution.
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33
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Abad B, Frazer T, Knobloch J, Hernández-Charpak J, Cheng H, Grede A, Giebink N, Mallouk T, Mahale P, Chen W, Xiong Y, Dabo I, Crespi V, Talreja D, Gopalan V, Badding J, Kapteyn H, Murnane M. Ultra-low thermal conductivity and acoustic dynamics of Si nanostructured metalattices probed using ultrafast high harmonic beams. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920504006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We extend optical nanometrology capabilities to smaller dimensions by using tabletop coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) beams. Specifically, we characterize thermal transport and acoustic wave propagation in 3D periodic silicon inverse metalattices with <15nm characteristic dimensions. Measurements of the thermal transport demonstrate that metalattices may significantly impede heat flow, making them promising candidates for thermoelectric applications. Extraction of the acoustic wave dispersion down to ~100nm shows good agreement with finite element predictions, confirming that these semiconductor metalattices were fabricated with a very high-quality. These results demonstrate that EUV nanometrology is capable of extracting both dispersion relations, and thermal properties of 3D complex nano-systems, with applications including informed design and process control of nanoscale devices.
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34
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Lio GE, Palermo G, Caputo R, De Luca A. A comprehensive optical analysis of nanoscale structures: from thin films to asymmetric nanocavities. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21429-21437. [PMID: 35521354 PMCID: PMC9066160 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and robust method able to evaluate and predict, with high accuracy, the optical properties of single and multi-layer nanostructures is presented. The method was implemented using a COMSOL Multiphysics simulation platform and it has been validated by four case studies with increasing numerical complexities: (i) a single thin layer (20 nm) of Ag deposited on a glass substrate; (ii) a metamaterial composed of five bi-layers of Ag/ITO (indium tin oxide), with a thickness of 20 nm each; (iii) a system based on a three-material unit cell (AZO/ITO/Ag), but without any thickness periodicity (AZO stands for Al2O3/zinc oxide); (iv) an asymmetric nanocavity (thin-ITO/Ag/thick-ITO/Ag). A thorough study of this latter configuration reveals peculiar metamaterial effects that can widen the actual scenario in nanophotonic applications. Numerical results have been compared with experimental data provided by real ellipsometric measurements performed on the above mentioned ad hoc fabricated nanostructures. The obtained agreement is excellent, suggesting this research as a valid design approach to realize multi-band metamaterials able to work in a broad spectral range. Hyper transmission of asymmetric nanocavity metamaterials; a comprehensive optical analysis of multi-layered nanostructures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- CNR-Nanotec
- Cosenza and Physics Department
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Giovanna Palermo
- CNR-Nanotec
- Cosenza and Physics Department
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Roberto Caputo
- CNR-Nanotec
- Cosenza and Physics Department
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- CNR-Nanotec
- Cosenza and Physics Department
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
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35
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Karl RM, Mancini GF, Knobloch JL, Frazer TD, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Abad B, Gardner DF, Shanblatt ER, Tanksalvala M, Porter CL, Bevis CS, Adams DE, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Full-field imaging of thermal and acoustic dynamics in an individual nanostructure using tabletop high harmonic beams. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau4295. [PMID: 30345364 PMCID: PMC6195334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging charge, spin, and energy flow in materials is a current grand challenge that is relevant to a host of nanoenhanced systems, including thermoelectric, photovoltaic, electronic, and spin devices. Ultrafast coherent x-ray sources enable functional imaging on nanometer length and femtosecond timescales particularly when combined with advances in coherent imaging techniques. Here, we combine ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging with an extreme ultraviolet high harmonic light source to directly visualize the complex thermal and acoustic response of an individual nanoscale antenna after impulsive heating by a femtosecond laser. We directly image the deformations induced in both the nickel tapered nanoantenna and the silicon substrate and see the lowest-order generalized Lamb wave that is partially confined to a uniform nanoantenna. The resolution achieved-sub-100 nm transverse and 0.5-Å axial spatial resolution, combined with ≈10-fs temporal resolution-represents a significant advance in full-field dynamic imaging capabilities. The tapered nanoantenna is sufficiently complex that a full simulation of the dynamic response would require enormous computational power. We therefore use our data to benchmark approximate models and achieve excellent agreement between theory and experiment. In the future, this work will enable three-dimensional functional imaging of opaque materials and nanostructures that are sufficiently complex that their functional properties cannot be predicted.
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36
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Johnson RJG, Schultz JD, Lear BJ. Photothermal Effectiveness of Magnetite Nanoparticles: Dependence upon Particle Size Probed by Experiment and Simulation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051234. [PMID: 29786641 PMCID: PMC6100115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photothermal effect of nanoparticles has proven efficient for driving diverse physical and chemical processes; however, we know of no study addressing the dependence of efficacy on nanoparticle size. Herein, we report on the photothermal effect of three different sizes (5.5 nm, 10 nm and 15 nm in diameter) of magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) driving the decomposition of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). We find that the chemical effectiveness of the photothermal effect is positively correlated with particle volume. Numerical simulations of the photothermal heating of PPC supports this observation, showing that larger particles are able to heat larger volumes of PPC for longer periods of time. The increased heating duration is likely due to increased heat capacity, which is why the volume of the particle functions as a ready guide for the photothermal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J G Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Lear
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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37
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Mancini GF, Karl RM, Shanblatt ER, Bevis CS, Gardner DF, Tanksalvala MD, Russell JL, Adams DE, Kapteyn HC, Badding JV, Mallouk TE, Murnane MM. Colloidal crystal order and structure revealed by tabletop extreme ultraviolet scattering and coherent diffractive imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11393-11406. [PMID: 29716059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals with specific electronic, optical, magnetic, vibrational properties, can be rationally designed by controlling fundamental parameters such as chemical composition, scale, periodicity and lattice symmetry. In particular, silica nanospheres -which assemble to form colloidal crystals- are ideal for this purpose, because of the ability to infiltrate their templates with semiconductors or metals. However characterization of these crystals is often limited to techniques such as grazing incidence small-angle scattering that provide only global structural information and also often require synchrotron sources. Here we demonstrate small-angle Bragg scattering from nanostructured materials using a tabletop-scale setup based on high-harmonic generation, to reveal important information about the local order of nanosphere grains, separated by grain boundaries and discontinuities. We also apply full-field quantitative ptychographic imaging to visualize the extended structure of a silica close-packed nanosphere multilayer, with thickness information encoded in the phase. These combined techniques allow us to simultaneously characterize the silica nanospheres size, their symmetry and distribution within single colloidal crystal grains, the local arrangement of nearest-neighbor grains, as well as to quantitatively determine the number of layers within the sample. Key to this advance is the good match between the high harmonic wavelength used (13.5nm) and the high transmission, high scattering efficiency, and low sample damage of the silica colloidal crystal at this wavelength. As a result, the relevant distances in the sample - namely, the interparticle distance (≈124nm) and the colloidal grains local arrangement (≈1μm) - can be investigated with Bragg coherent EUV scatterometry and ptychographic imaging within the same experiment simply by tuning the EUV spot size at the sample plane (5μm and 15μm respectively). In addition, the high spatial coherence of high harmonics light, combined with advances in imaging techniques, makes it possible to image near-periodic structures quantitatively and nondestructively, and enables the observation of the extended order of quasi-periodic colloidal crystals, with a spatial resolution better than 20nm. In the future, by harnessing the high time-resolution of tabletop high harmonics, this technique can be extended to dynamically image the three-dimensional electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of functional nanosystems.
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38
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Popmintchev D, Galloway BR, Chen MC, Dollar F, Mancuso CA, Hankla A, Miaja-Avila L, O'Neil G, Shaw JM, Fan G, Ališauskas S, Andriukaitis G, Balčiunas T, Mücke OD, Pugzlys A, Baltuška A, Kapteyn HC, Popmintchev T, Murnane MM. Near- and Extended-Edge X-Ray-Absorption Fine-Structure Spectroscopy Using Ultrafast Coherent High-Order Harmonic Supercontinua. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:093002. [PMID: 29547333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.093002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in high-order harmonic generation have made it possible to use a tabletop-scale setup to produce spatially and temporally coherent beams of light with bandwidth spanning 12 octaves, from the ultraviolet up to x-ray photon energies >1.6 keV. Here we demonstrate the use of this light for x-ray-absorption spectroscopy at the K- and L-absorption edges of solids at photon energies near 1 keV. We also report x-ray-absorption spectroscopy in the water window spectral region (284-543 eV) using a high flux high-order harmonic generation x-ray supercontinuum with 10^{9} photons/s in 1% bandwidth, 3 orders of magnitude larger than has previously been possible using tabletop sources. Since this x-ray radiation emerges as a single attosecond-to-femtosecond pulse with peak brightness exceeding 10^{26} photons/s/mrad^{2}/mm^{2}/1% bandwidth, these novel coherent x-ray sources are ideal for probing the fastest molecular and materials processes on femtosecond-to-attosecond time scales and picometer length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming-Chang Chen
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Photonics Technologies, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Franklin Dollar
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | | | - Amelia Hankla
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Luis Miaja-Avila
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Galen O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Justin M Shaw
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Guangyu Fan
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Skirmantas Ališauskas
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tadas Balčiunas
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver D Mücke
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Audrius Pugzlys
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrius Baltuška
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Tenio Popmintchev
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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39
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Yu SJ, Ouyang M. Coherent Discriminatory Modal Manipulation of Acoustic Phonons at the Nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1124-1129. [PMID: 29314852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the phononic characteristics in solids is crucial to elucidate many physical phenomena and develop new phononic devices with optimal performance. Although substantial progress on the spatial control of phonons by material design has been achieved, the manipulation of phonons in the time domain has been less studied but can elucidate in-depth insight into various phonon-coupling processes. In this work, we explore different time-domain pump-control(s)-probe phonon manipulation schemes in both simulations and experiments with good consistency. In particular, we use an Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticle with a manifestation of multiple phonon vibrational modes as a model system for multimodal-phonon manipulation, and we demonstrate that the simple addition of a femtosecond optical control pulse to an all-optical pump-probe phonon measurement can enhance or suppress the fundamental breathing phonon mode of nanoparticles depending on the time separation between the pump and the control pulses. A more advanced control of the higher-order phonon modes and their interplay has also been achieved using two sequential and independently tunable optical control pulses, which enables the discriminatory modal manipulation of phonons for the first time. This work represents a significant step toward a deep understanding of the phonon-mediated physical and chemical processes and a development of new nanoscale materials with desirable functionalities and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Min Ouyang
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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40
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Ziabari A, Torres P, Vermeersch B, Xuan Y, Cartoixà X, Torelló A, Bahk JH, Koh YR, Parsa M, Ye PD, Alvarez FX, Shakouri A. Full-field thermal imaging of quasiballistic crosstalk reduction in nanoscale devices. Nat Commun 2018; 9:255. [PMID: 29343700 PMCID: PMC5772674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding nanoscale thermal transport is of substantial importance for designing contemporary semiconductor technologies. Heat removal from small sources is well established to be severely impeded compared to diffusive predictions due to the ballistic nature of the dominant heat carriers. Experimental observations are commonly interpreted through a reduction of effective thermal conductivity, even though most measurements only probe a single aggregate thermal metric. Here, we employ thermoreflectance thermal imaging to directly visualise the 2D temperature field produced by localised heat sources on InGaAs with characteristic widths down to 100 nm. Besides displaying effective thermal performance reductions up to 50% at the active junctions in agreement with prior studies, our steady-state thermal images reveal that, remarkably, 1-3 μm adjacent to submicron devices the crosstalk is actually reduced by up to fourfold. Submicrosecond transient imaging additionally shows responses to be faster than conventionally predicted. A possible explanation based on hydrodynamic heat transport, and some open questions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirkoushyar Ziabari
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pol Torres
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Bjorn Vermeersch
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Le Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Yi Xuan
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xavier Cartoixà
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Alvar Torelló
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Je-Hyeong Bahk
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Yee Rui Koh
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Maryam Parsa
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peide D Ye
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - F Xavier Alvarez
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Ali Shakouri
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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41
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Feist A, Rubiano da Silva N, Liang W, Ropers C, Schäfer S. Nanoscale diffractive probing of strain dynamics in ultrafast transmission electron microscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:014302. [PMID: 29464187 PMCID: PMC5801750 DOI: 10.1063/1.5009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The control of optically driven high-frequency strain waves in nanostructured systems is an essential ingredient for the further development of nanophononics. However, broadly applicable experimental means to quantitatively map such structural distortion on their intrinsic ultrafast time and nanometer length scales are still lacking. Here, we introduce ultrafast convergent beam electron diffraction with a nanoscale probe beam for the quantitative retrieval of the time-dependent local deformation gradient tensor. We demonstrate its capabilities by investigating the ultrafast acoustic deformations close to the edge of a single-crystalline graphite membrane. Tracking the structural distortion with a 28-nm/700-fs spatio-temporal resolution, we observe an acoustic membrane breathing mode with spatially modulated amplitude, governed by the optical near field structure at the membrane edge. Furthermore, an in-plane polarized acoustic shock wave is launched at the membrane edge, which triggers secondary acoustic shear waves with a pronounced spatio-temporal dependency. The experimental findings are compared to numerical acoustic wave simulations in the continuous medium limit, highlighting the importance of microscopic dissipation mechanisms and ballistic transport channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Feist
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nara Rubiano da Silva
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenxi Liang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Sascha Schäfer
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Torres P, Mohammed A, Torelló À, Bafaluy J, Camacho J, Cartoixà X, Shakouri A, Alvarez FX. Collective thermal transport in pure and alloy semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6805-6810. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07738f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Suppressing collective effects from momentum-conserving phonon collisions cause fast drop in thermal conductivity at small semiconductor alloy impurity concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Torres
- Departament de Física
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Amr Mohammed
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Àlvar Torelló
- Departament de Física
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Javier Bafaluy
- Departament de Física
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Departament de Física
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Xavier Cartoixà
- Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Ali Shakouri
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - F. Xavier Alvarez
- Departament de Física
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
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43
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Danesi S, Gandolfi M, Carletti L, Bontempi N, De Angelis C, Banfi F, Alessandri I. Photo-induced heat generation in non-plasmonic nanoantennas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15307-15315. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The photo-induced heat generation in SiO2/Si core/shell nanoantennas is analysed on the basis of their optothermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Danesi
- INSTM-UdR Brescia
- 2513 Brescia
- Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- 2513 Brescia
| | - Marco Gandolfi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP)
- 25121 Brescia
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering
- University of Brescia
- 2513 Brescia
- Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Banfi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP)
- 25121 Brescia
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Ivano Alessandri
- INSTM-UdR Brescia
- 2513 Brescia
- Italy
- Department of Information Engineering
- University of Brescia
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44
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Kang JS, Wu H, Hu Y. Thermal Properties and Phonon Spectral Characterization of Synthetic Boron Phosphide for High Thermal Conductivity Applications. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7507-7514. [PMID: 29115845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat dissipation is an increasingly critical technological challenge in modern electronics and photonics as devices continue to shrink to the nanoscale. To address this challenge, high thermal conductivity materials that can efficiently dissipate heat from hot spots and improve device performance are urgently needed. Boron phosphide is a unique high thermal conductivity and refractory material with exceptional chemical inertness, hardness, and high thermal stability, which holds high promises for many practical applications. So far, however, challenges with boron phosphide synthesis and characterization have hampered the understanding of its fundamental properties and potential applications. Here, we describe a systematic thermal transport study based on a synergistic synthesis-experimental-modeling approach: we have chemically synthesized high-quality boron phosphide single crystals and measured their thermal conductivity as a record-high 460 W/mK at room temperature. Through nanoscale ballistic transport, we have, for the first time, mapped the phonon spectra of boron phosphide and experimentally measured its phonon mean free-path spectra with consideration of both natural and isotope-pure abundances. We have also measured the temperature- and size-dependent thermal conductivity and performed corresponding calculations by solving the three-dimensional and spectral-dependent phonon Boltzmann transport equation using the variance-reduced Monte Carlo method. The experimental results are in good agreement with that predicted by multiscale simulations and density functional theory, which together quantify the heat conduction through the phonon mode dependent scattering process. Our finding underscores the promise of boron phosphide as a high thermal conductivity material for a wide range of applications, including thermal management and energy regulation, and provides a detailed, microscopic-level understanding of the phonon spectra and thermal transport mechanisms of boron phosphide. The present study paves the way toward the establishment of a new framework, based on the phonon spectra-material structure relationship, for the rational design of high thermal conductivity materials and nano- to multiscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Sang Kang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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45
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Xiong D, Saadatmand D, Dmitriev SV. Crossover from ballistic to normal heat transport in the ϕ^{4} lattice: If nonconservation of momentum is the reason, what is the mechanism? Phys Rev E 2017; 96:042109. [PMID: 29347584 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.042109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous (non-Fourier) heat transport is no longer just a theoretical issue since it has been observed experimentally in a number of low-dimensional nanomaterials, such as SiGe nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and others. To understand these anomalous behaviors, exploring the microscopic origin of normal (Fourier) heat transport is a fascinating theoretical topic. However, this issue has not yet been fully understood even for one-dimensional (1D) model chains, in spite of a great amount of thorough studies done to date. From those studies, it has been widely accepted that the conservation of momentum is a key ingredient to induce anomalous heat transport, while momentum-nonconserving systems usually support normal heat transport where Fourier's law is valid. But if the nonconservation of momentum is the reason, what is the underlying microscopic mechanism for the observed normal heat transport? Here we carefully revisit a typical 1D momentum-nonconserving ϕ^{4} model, and we present evidence that the mobile discrete breathers, or, in other words, the moving intrinsic localized modes with frequency components above the linear phonon band, can be responsible for that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Xiong
- Department of Physics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Danial Saadatmand
- Department of Physics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sergey V Dmitriev
- Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of RAS, Khalturin St. 39, 450001 Ufa, Russia.,National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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46
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Ellis JL, Dorney KM, Durfee CG, Hernández-García C, Dollar F, Mancuso CA, Fan T, Zusin D, Gentry C, Grychtol P, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Hickstein DD. Phase matching of noncollinear sum and difference frequency high harmonic generation above and below the critical ionization level. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:10126-10144. [PMID: 28468388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the macroscopic physics of noncollinear high harmonic generation (HHG) at high pressures. We make the first experimental demonstration of phase matching of noncollinear high-order-difference-frequency generation at ionization fractions above the critical ionization level, which normally sets an upper limit on the achievable cutoff photon energies. Additionally, we show that noncollinear high-order-sum-frequency generation requires much higher pressures for phase matching than single-beam HHG does, which mitigates the short interaction region in this geometry. We also dramatically increase the experimentally realized cutoff energy of noncollinear circularly polarized HHG, reaching photon energies of 90 eV. Finally, we achieve complete angular separation of high harmonic orders without the use of a spectrometer.
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47
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Hernandez-Charpak JN, Hoogeboom-Pot KM, Li Q, Frazer TD, Knobloch JL, Tripp M, King SW, Anderson EH, Chao W, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Nardi D. Full Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 11-50 nm Ultrathin Films: Influence of Network Connectivity on the Poisson's Ratio. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2178-2183. [PMID: 28240907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Precise characterization of the mechanical properties of ultrathin films is of paramount importance for both a fundamental understanding of nanoscale materials and for continued scaling and improvement of nanotechnology. In this work, we use coherent extreme ultraviolet beams to characterize the full elastic tensor of isotropic ultrathin films down to 11 nm in thickness. We simultaneously extract the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of low-k a-SiC:H films with varying degrees of hardness and average network connectivity in a single measurement. Contrary to past assumptions, we find that the Poisson's ratio of such films is not constant but rather can significantly increase from 0.25 to >0.4 for a network connectivity below a critical value of ∼2.5. Physically, the strong hydrogenation required to decrease the dielectric constant k results in bond breaking, lowering the network connectivity, and Young's modulus of the material but also decreases the compressibility of the film. This new understanding of ultrathin films demonstrates that coherent EUV beams present a new nanometrology capability that can probe a wide range of novel complex materials not accessible using traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N Hernandez-Charpak
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Kathleen M Hoogeboom-Pot
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Qing Li
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Marie Tripp
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Sean W King
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Erik H Anderson
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Weilun Chao
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Damiano Nardi
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
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48
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Profile of Henry Kapteyn. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11646-11648. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614516113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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49
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Mancuso CA, Dorney KM, Hickstein DD, Chaloupka JL, Ellis JL, Dollar FJ, Knut R, Grychtol P, Zusin D, Gentry C, Gopalakrishnan M, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Controlling Nonsequential Double Ionization in Two-Color Circularly Polarized Femtosecond Laser Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:133201. [PMID: 27715086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.133201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atoms undergoing strong-field ionization in two-color circularly polarized femtosecond laser fields exhibit unique two-dimensional photoelectron trajectories and can emit bright circularly polarized extreme ultraviolet and soft-x-ray beams. In this Letter, we present the first experimental observation of nonsequential double ionization in these tailored laser fields. Moreover, we can enhance or suppress nonsequential double ionization by changing the intensity ratio and helicity of the two driving laser fields to maximize or minimize high-energy electron-ion rescattering. Our experimental results are explained through classical simulations, which also provide insight into how to optimize the generation of circularly polarized high harmonic beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mancuso
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jan L Chaloupka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Franklin J Dollar
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Ronny Knut
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Patrik Grychtol
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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50
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Wang L, Cheaito R, Braun JL, Giri A, Hopkins PE. Thermal conductivity measurements of non-metals via combined time- and frequency-domain thermoreflectance without a metal film transducer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:094902. [PMID: 27782592 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The thermoreflectance-based techniques time- and frequency-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR and FDTR, respectively) have emerged as robust platforms to measure the thermophysical properties of a wide array of systems on varying length scales. Routine in the implementation of these techniques is the application of a thin metal film on the surface of the sample of interest to serve as an opto-thermal transducer ensuring the measured modulated reflectivity is dominated by the change in thermoreflectance of the sample. Here, we outline a method to directly measure the thermal conductivities of bulk materials without using a metal transducer layer using a standard TDTR/FDTR experiment. A major key in this approach is the use of a thermal model with z-dependent heat source when the optical penetration depth is comparable to the beam sizes and measuring the FDTR response at a long delay time to minimize non-thermoreflectivity contributions to the modulated reflectance signals (such as free carrier excitations). Using this approach, we demonstrate the ability to measure the thermal conductivity on three semiconductors, intrinsic Si (100), GaAs (100), and InSb (100), the results of which are validated with FDTR measurements on the same wafers with aluminum transducers. We outline the major sources of uncertainty in this approach, including frequency dependent heating and precise knowledge of the pump and probe spot sizes. As a result, we discuss appropriate pump-frequency ranges in which to implement this TDTR/FDTR approach and present a procedure to measure the effective spot sizes by fitting the FDTR data of an 80 nm Al/SiO2 sample at a time delay in which the spot size sensitivity dominates an FDTR measurement over the substrate thermal properties. Our method provides a more convenient way to directly measure the thermal conductivities of semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - R Cheaito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - J L Braun
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - A Giri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - P E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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