1
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Pinello N, Song R, Lee Q, Calonne E, Duan KL, Wong E, Tieng J, Mehravar M, Rong B, Lan F, Roediger B, Ma CJ, Yuan BF, Rasko JEJ, Larance M, Ye D, Fuks F, Wong JJL. Dynamic changes in RNA m 6A and 5 hmC influence gene expression programs during macrophage differentiation and polarisation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:229. [PMID: 38780787 PMCID: PMC11116364 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
RNA modifications are essential for the establishment of cellular identity. Although increasing evidence indicates that RNA modifications regulate the innate immune response, their role in monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarisation is unclear. While m6A has been widely studied, other RNA modifications, including 5 hmC, remain poorly characterised. We profiled m6A and 5 hmC epitranscriptomes, transcriptomes, translatomes and proteomes of monocytes and macrophages at rest and pro- and anti-inflammatory states. Transcriptome-wide mapping of m6A and 5 hmC reveals enrichment of m6A and/or 5 hmC on specific categories of transcripts essential for macrophage differentiation. Our analyses indicate that m6A and 5 hmC modifications are present in transcripts with critical functions in pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages. Notably, we also discover the co-occurrence of m6A and 5 hmC on alternatively-spliced isoforms and/or opposing ends of the untranslated regions (UTR) of mRNAs with key roles in macrophage biology. In specific examples, RNA 5 hmC controls the decay of transcripts independently of m6A. This study provides (i) a comprehensive dataset to interrogate the role of RNA modifications in a plastic system (ii) a resource for exploring different layers of gene expression regulation in the context of human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarisation, (iii) new insights into RNA modifications as central regulators of effector cells in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pinello
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Renhua Song
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kun-Long Duan
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emilie Wong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Jessica Tieng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Majid Mehravar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Bowen Rong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ben Roediger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Skin Inflammation Group, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation (ATI) Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cheng-Jie Ma
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bi-Feng Yuan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - John E J Rasko
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Dan Ye
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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2
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Wang Y, Heymann F, Peiseler M. Intravital imaging: dynamic insights into liver immunity in health and disease. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2023-331739. [PMID: 38777574 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of most acute and chronic liver diseases. The liver is a unique immunological organ with a dense vascular network, leading to intense crosstalk between tissue-resident immune cells, passenger leucocytes and parenchymal cells. During acute and chronic liver diseases, the multifaceted immune response is involved in disease promoting and repair mechanisms, while upholding core liver immune functions. In recent years, single-cell technologies have unravelled a previously unknown heterogeneity of immune cells, reshaping the complexity of the hepatic immune response. However, inflammation is a dynamic biological process, encompassing various immune cells, orchestrated in temporal and spatial dimensions, and driven by multiorgan signals. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate immunity by visualising the dynamic interplay between different immune cells and their surroundings within a near-natural environment. In this review, we summarise the experimental considerations to perform IVM and highlight recent technological developments. Furthermore, we outline the unique contributions of IVM to our understanding of liver immunity. Through the lens of liver disease, we discuss novel immune-mediated disease mechanisms uncovered by imaging-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wu K, Zhang G, Shen C, Zhu L, Yu C, Sartorius K, Ding W, Jiang Y, Lu Y. Role of T cells in liver metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:341. [PMID: 38755133 PMCID: PMC11099083 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a major metastatic site (organ) for gastrointestinal cancers (such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers) as well as non-gastrointestinal cancers (such as lung, breast, and melanoma cancers). Due to the innate anatomical position of the liver, the apoptosis of T cells in the liver, the unique metabolic regulation of hepatocytes and other potential mechanisms, the liver tends to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment and subsequently form a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which can promote metastasis and colonization by various tumor cells(TCs). As a result, the critical role of immunoresponse in liver based metastasis has become increasingly appreciated. T cells, a centrally important member of adaptive immune response, play a significant role in liver based metastases and clarifying the different roles of the various T cells subsets is important to guide future clinical treatment. In this review, we first introduce the predisposing factors and related mechanisms of liver metastasis (LM) before introducing the PMN and its transition to LM. Finally, we detail the role of different subsets of T cells in LM and advances in the management of LM in order to identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changbing Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated with Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chongyuan Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kurt Sartorius
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China.
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
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Zhu L, Yu X, Tang X, Hu C, Wu L, Liu Y, Zhou Q. Evolving landscape of treatments targeting the microenvironment of liver metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1019-1032. [PMID: 38251678 PMCID: PMC11062672 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Liver metastases (LMs) are common in lung cancer. Despite substantial advances in diagnosis and treatment, the survival rate of patients with LM remains low as the immune-suppressive microenvironment of the liver allows tumor cells to evade the immune system. The impact of LMs on the outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with solid tumors has been the main focus of recent translational and clinical research. Growing evidence indicates that the hepatic microenvironment delivers paracrine and autocrine signals from non-parenchymal and parenchymal cells. Overall, these microenvironments create pre- and post-metastatic conditions for the progression of LMs. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiology, physiology, pathology and immunology, of LMs associated with non-small cell lung cancer and the role and potential targets of the liver microenvironment in LM in each phase of metastasis. Additionally, we reviewed the current treatment strategies and challenges that should be overcome in preclinical and clinical investigations. These approaches target liver elements as the basis for future clinical trials, including combinatorial interventions reported to resolve hepatic immune suppression, such as immunotherapy plus chemotherapy, immunotherapy plus radiotherapy, immunotherapy plus anti-angiogenesis therapy, and surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xianzhe Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Lung Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chenggong Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Lung Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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5
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Ganguly N, Das T, Bhuniya A, Guha I, Chakravarti M, Dhar S, Sarkar A, Bera S, Dhar J, Dasgupta S, Saha A, Ghosh T, Das J, Sk UH, Banerjee S, Laskar S, Bose A, Baral R. Neem leaf glycoprotein binding to Dectin-1 receptors on dendritic cell induces type-1 immunity through CARD9 mediated intracellular signal to NFκB. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:237. [PMID: 38649988 PMCID: PMC11036628 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A water-soluble ingredient of mature leaves of the tropical mahogany 'Neem' (Azadirachta indica), was identified as glycoprotein, thus being named as 'Neem Leaf Glycoprotein' (NLGP). This non-toxic leaf-component regressed cancerous murine tumors (melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma) recurrently in different experimental circumstances by boosting prime antitumor immune attributes. Such antitumor immunomodulation, aid cytotoxic T cell (Tc)-based annihilation of tumor cells. This study focused on identifying and characterizing the signaling gateway that initiate this systemic immunomodulation. In search of this gateway, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were explored, which activate and induce the cytotoxic thrust in Tc cells. METHODS Six glycoprotein-binding C-type lectins found on APCs, namely, MBR, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, DC-SIGN, DEC205 and DNGR-1 were screened on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 J mice. Fluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and ELISA revealed Dectin-1 as the NLGP-binding receptor, followed by verifications through RNAi. Following detection of β-Glucans in NLGP, their interactions with Dectin-1 were explored in silico. Roles of second messengers and transcription factors in the downstream signal were studied by co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation. Intracellularization of FITC-coupled NLGP was observed by processing confocal micrographs of DCs. RESULTS Considering extents of hindrance in NLGP-driven transcription rates of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-12p35 by receptor-neutralization, Dectin-1 receptors on dendritic cells were found to bind NLGP through the ligand's peripheral β-Glucan chains. The resulting signal phosphorylates PKCδ, forming a trimolecular complex of CARD9, Bcl10 and MALT1, which in turn activates the canonical NFκB-pathway of transcription-regulation. Consequently, the NFκB-heterodimer p65:p50 enhances Il12a transcription and the p50:p50 homodimer represses Il10 transcription, bringing about a cytokine-based systemic-bias towards type-1 immune environment. Further, NLGP gets engulfed within dendritic cells, possibly through endocytic activities of Dectin-1. CONCLUSION NLGP's binding to Dectin-1 receptors on murine dendritic cells, followed by the intracellular signal, lead to NFκB-mediated contrasting regulation of cytokine-transcriptions, initiating a pro-inflammatory immunopolarization, which amplifies further by the responding immune cells including Tc cells, alongside their enhanced cytotoxicity. These insights into the initiation of mammalian systemic immunomodulation by NLGP at cellular and molecular levels, may help uncovering its mode of action as a novel immunomodulator against human cancers, following clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Ganguly
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Tapasi Das
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Avishek Bhuniya
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Ipsita Guha
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Mohona Chakravarti
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Sukanya Dhar
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Anirban Sarkar
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Saurav Bera
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Jesmita Dhar
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, 96, Digital Park Rd, Yesvantpur Industrial Suburb, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560022, India
| | - Shayani Dasgupta
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Akata Saha
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Tithi Ghosh
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Juhina Das
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Ugir Hossain Sk
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Saptak Banerjee
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Subrata Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology-Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),-S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
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Reis E Sousa C, Yamasaki S, Brown GD. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in innate immune recognition. Immunity 2024; 57:700-717. [PMID: 38599166 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by myeloid cells constitute a versatile family of receptors that play a key role in innate immune recognition. Myeloid CLRs exhibit a remarkable ability to recognize an extensive array of ligands, from carbohydrates and beyond, and encompass pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and markers of altered self. These receptors, classified into distinct subgroups, play pivotal roles in immune recognition and modulation of immune responses. Their intricate signaling pathways orchestrate a spectrum of cellular responses, influencing processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation. Beyond their contributions to host defense in viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, myeloid CLRs have been implicated in non-infectious diseases such as cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity. A nuanced understanding of myeloid CLR interactions with endogenous and microbial triggers is starting to uncover the context-dependent nature of their roles in innate immunity, with implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Reis E Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK.
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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7
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Hu A, Sun L, Lin H, Liao Y, Yang H, Mao Y. Harnessing innate immune pathways for therapeutic advancement in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:68. [PMID: 38523155 PMCID: PMC10961329 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune pathway is receiving increasing attention in cancer therapy. This pathway is ubiquitous across various cell types, not only in innate immune cells but also in adaptive immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells. Agonists targeting the innate immune pathway have shown profound changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and improved tumor prognosis in preclinical studies. However, to date, the clinical success of drugs targeting the innate immune pathway remains limited. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that activation of the innate immune pathway can paradoxically promote tumor progression. The uncertainty surrounding the therapeutic effectiveness of targeted drugs for the innate immune pathway is a critical issue that needs immediate investigation. In this review, we observe that the role of the innate immune pathway demonstrates heterogeneity, linked to the tumor development stage, pathway status, and specific cell types. We propose that within the TME, the innate immune pathway exhibits multidimensional diversity. This diversity is fundamentally rooted in cellular heterogeneity and is manifested as a variety of signaling networks. The pro-tumor effect of innate immune pathway activation essentially reflects the suppression of classical pathways and the activation of potential pro-tumor alternative pathways. Refining our understanding of the tumor's innate immune pathway network and employing appropriate targeting strategies can enhance our ability to harness the anti-tumor potential of the innate immune pathway and ultimately bridge the gap from preclinical to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuheng Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), and Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (Ministry of Education), and Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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8
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Grasset EM, Barillé-Nion S, Juin PP. Stress in the metastatic journey - the role of cell communication and clustering in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050542. [PMID: 38506114 PMCID: PMC10979546 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent malignancy afflicting women. Despite significant advancements in its diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer metastasis continues to be a leading cause of mortality among women. To metastasize, cancer cells face numerous challenges: breaking away from the primary tumor, surviving in the circulation, establishing in a distant location, evading immune detection and, finally, thriving to initiate a new tumor. Each of these sequential steps requires cancer cells to adapt to a myriad of stressors and develop survival mechanisms. In addition, most patients with breast cancer undergo surgical removal of their primary tumor and have various therapeutic interventions designed to eradicate cancer cells. Despite this plethora of attacks and stresses, certain cancer cells not only manage to persist but also proliferate robustly, giving rise to substantial tumors that frequently culminate in the patient's demise. To enhance patient outcomes, there is an imperative need for a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that empower cancer cells to not only survive but also expand. Herein, we delve into the intrinsic stresses that cancer cells encounter throughout the metastatic journey and the additional stresses induced by therapeutic interventions. We focus on elucidating the remarkable strategies adopted by cancer cells, such as cell-cell clustering and intricate cell-cell communication mechanisms, to ensure their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse M. Grasset
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CRCI2NA, 44000 Nantes, France
- Équipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer CRCI2NA, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Barillé-Nion
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CRCI2NA, 44000 Nantes, France
- Équipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer CRCI2NA, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe P. Juin
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CRCI2NA, 44000 Nantes, France
- Équipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer CRCI2NA, 44000 Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, 44805 Saint Herblain, France
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9
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Deng Z, Loyher PL, Lazarov T, Li L, Shen Z, Bhinder B, Yang H, Zhong Y, Alberdi A, Massague J, Sun JC, Benezra R, Glass CK, Elemento O, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Geissmann F. The nuclear factor ID3 endows macrophages with a potent anti-tumour activity. Nature 2024; 626:864-873. [PMID: 38326607 PMCID: PMC10881399 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage activation is controlled by a balance between activating and inhibitory receptors1-7, which protect normal tissues from excessive damage during infection8,9 but promote tumour growth and metastasis in cancer7,10. Here we report that the Kupffer cell lineage-determining factor ID3 controls this balance and selectively endows Kupffer cells with the ability to phagocytose live tumour cells and orchestrate the recruitment, proliferation and activation of natural killer and CD8 T lymphoid effector cells in the liver to restrict the growth of a variety of tumours. ID3 shifts the macrophage inhibitory/activating receptor balance to promote the phagocytic and lymphoid response, at least in part by buffering the binding of the transcription factors ELK1 and E2A at the SIRPA locus. Furthermore, loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrate that ID3 is sufficient to confer this potent anti-tumour activity to mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages and human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived macrophages. Expression of ID3 is therefore necessary and sufficient to endow macrophages with the ability to form an efficient anti-tumour niche, which could be harnessed for cell therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihou Deng
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Li
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeyang Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hairu Yang
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Araitz Alberdi
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joan Massague
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Xu J, Gao F, Liu W, Guan X. Cell-cell communication characteristics in breast cancer metastasis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:55. [PMID: 38243240 PMCID: PMC10799417 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a highly fatal disease due to its tendency to metastasize, is the most prevalent form of malignant tumors among women worldwide. Numerous studies indicate that breast cancer exhibits a unique predilection for metastasis to specific organs including the bone, liver, lung, and brain. However, different types of, The understanding of the heterogeneity of metastatic breast cancer has notably improved with the recent advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques. Focusing on the modification in the microenvironment of the metastatic organs and the crosstalk between tumor cells and in situ cells, noteworthy research points include the identification of two distinct modes of tumor growth in bone metastases, the influence of type II pneumocyte on lung metastases, the paradoxical role of Kupffer cells in liver metastases, and the breakthrough of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breach in brain metastases. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of breast cancer metastases, shedding light on the pivotal roles of immune and resident cells in the development of distinct metastatic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fangyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Weici Liu
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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11
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Clemente B, Denis M, Silveira CP, Schiavetti F, Brazzoli M, Stranges D. Straight to the point: targeted mRNA-delivery to immune cells for improved vaccine design. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1294929. [PMID: 38090568 PMCID: PMC10711611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the deepening of our understanding of adaptive immunity at the cellular and molecular level, targeting antigens directly to immune cells has proven to be a successful strategy to develop innovative and potent vaccines. Indeed, it offers the potential to increase vaccine potency and/or modulate immune response quality while reducing off-target effects. With mRNA-vaccines establishing themselves as a versatile technology for future applications, in the last years several approaches have been explored to target nanoparticles-enabled mRNA-delivery systems to immune cells, with a focus on dendritic cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells and key mediators of B- and T-cell immunity, and therefore considered as an ideal target for cell-specific antigen delivery. Indeed, improved potency of DC-targeted vaccines has been proved in vitro and in vivo. This review discusses the potential specific targets for immune system-directed mRNA delivery, as well as the different targeting ligand classes and delivery systems used for this purpose.
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12
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Li J, Liu XG, Ge RL, Yin YP, Liu YD, Lu WP, Huang M, He XY, Wang J, Cai G, Sun SH, Yuan JH. The ligation between ERMAP, galectin-9 and dectin-2 promotes Kupffer cell phagocytosis and antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1813-1824. [PMID: 37813965 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, the liver tissue resident macrophages, are critical in the detection and clearance of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their detection and phagocytosis of cancer cells are still unclear. Using in vivo genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening, we found that the cell-surface transmembrane protein ERMAP expressed on various cancer cells signaled to activate phagocytosis in Kupffer cells and to control of liver metastasis. ERMAP interacted with β-galactoside binding lectin galectin-9 expressed on the surface of Kupffer cells in a manner dependent on glycosylation. Galectin-9 formed a bridging complex with ERMAP and the transmembrane receptor dectin-2, expressed on Kupffer cells, to induce the detection and phagocytosis of cancer cells by Kupffer cells. Patients with low expression of ERMAP on tumors had more liver metastases. Thus, our study identified the ERMAP-galectin-9-dectin-2 axis as an 'eat me' signal for Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Liang Ge
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Peng Yin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-da Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Peng Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ying He
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shu-Han Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ji-Hang Yuan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Cogliati B, Yashaswini CN, Wang S, Sia D, Friedman SL. Friend or foe? The elusive role of hepatic stellate cells in liver cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:647-661. [PMID: 37550577 PMCID: PMC10671228 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a substantial risk factor for the development and progression of liver cancer, which includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Studies utilizing cell fate mapping and single-cell transcriptomics techniques have identified quiescent perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as the primary source of activated collagen-producing HSCs and liver cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in HCC and liver metastasis, complemented in iCCA by contributions from portal fibroblasts. At the same time, integrative computational analysis of single-cell, single-nucleus and spatial RNA sequencing data have revealed marked heterogeneity among HSCs and CAFs, with distinct subpopulations displaying unique gene expression signatures and functions. Some of these subpopulations have divergent roles in promoting or inhibiting liver fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the dual roles of HSC subpopulations in liver fibrogenesis and their contribution to liver cancer promotion, progression and metastasis. We review the transcriptomic and functional similarities between HSC and CAF subpopulations, highlighting the pathways that either promote or prevent fibrosis and cancer, and the immunological landscape from which these pathways emerge. Insights from ongoing studies will yield novel strategies for developing biomarkers, assessing prognosis and generating new therapies for both HCC and iCCA prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cogliati
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Shuang Wang
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Sia
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Zhao L, Niu J, Feng D, Wang X, Zhang R. Immune functions of pattern recognition receptors in Lepidoptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203061. [PMID: 37398667 PMCID: PMC10312389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the "sensors" in the immune response, play a prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating an effective defense response to pathogens in Lepidoptera. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) normally play a physiological role within cells; however, when exposed to extracellular, they may become "part-time" critical signals of the immune response. Based on research in recent years, we review herein typical PRRs of Lepidoptera, including peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), gram-negative binding protein (GNBP), β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), C-type lectin (CTL), and scavenger receptor (SR). We also outline the ways in which DAMPs participate in the immune response and the correlation between PRRs and immune escape. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of PRRs in insect innate immunity may be much greater than expected and that it is possible to recognize a broader range of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlan Niu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Disong Feng
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Lazarov T, Juarez-Carreño S, Cox N, Geissmann F. Physiology and diseases of tissue-resident macrophages. Nature 2023; 618:698-707. [PMID: 37344646 PMCID: PMC10649266 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are the first representatives of the haematopoietic lineage to emerge in metazoans. In mammals, resident macrophages originate from early yolk sac progenitors and are specified into tissue-specific subsets during organogenesis-establishing stable spatial and functional relationships with specialized tissue cells-and persist in adults. Resident macrophages are an integral part of tissues together with specialized cells: for instance, microglia reside with neurons in brain, osteoclasts reside with osteoblasts in bone, and fat-associated macrophages reside with white adipocytes in adipose tissue. This ancillary cell type, which is developmentally and functionally distinct from haematopoietic stem cell and monocyte-derived macrophages, senses and integrates local and systemic information to provide specialized tissue cells with the growth factors, nutrient recycling and waste removal that are critical for tissue growth, homeostasis and repair. Resident macrophages contribute to organogenesis, promote tissue regeneration following damage and contribute to tissue metabolism and defence against infectious disease. A correlate is that genetic or environment-driven resident macrophage dysfunction is a cause of degenerative, metabolic and possibly inflammatory and tumoural diseases. In this Review, we aim to provide a conceptual outline of our current understanding of macrophage physiology and its importance in human diseases, which may inform and serve the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Juarez-Carreño
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Quinn LM, Haldenby S, Antzcak P, Fowler A, Bullock K, Kenny J, Gilbert T, Andrews T, Diaz-Nieto R, Fenwick S, Jones R, Costello-Goldring E, Poston G, Greenhalf W, Palmer D, Malik H, Goldring C. Genomic profiling of idiopathic peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma reveals new targets and mutational pathways. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6681. [PMID: 37095160 PMCID: PMC10126102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is chemorefractory and limited genomic analyses have been undertaken in Western idiopathic disease. We undertook comprehensive genomic analyses of a U.K. idiopathic pCCA cohort to characterize its mutational profile and identify new targets. Whole exome and targeted DNA sequencing was performed on forty-two resected pCCA tumors and normal bile ducts, with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using one-tailed testing to generate false discovery rates (FDR). 60% of patients harbored one cancer-associated mutation, with two mutations in 20%. High frequency somatic mutations in genes not typically associated with cholangiocarcinoma included mTOR, ABL1 and NOTCH1. We identified non-synonymous mutation (p.Glu38del) in MAP3K9 in ten tumors, associated with increased peri-vascular invasion (Fisher's exact, p < 0.018). Mutation-enriched pathways were primarily immunological, including innate Dectin-2 (FDR 0.001) and adaptive T-cell receptor pathways including PD-1 (FDR 0.007), CD4 phosphorylation (FDR 0.009) and ZAP70 translocation (FDR 0.009), with overlapping HLA genes. We observed cancer-associated mutations in over half of our patients. Many of these mutations are not typically associated with cholangiocarcinoma yet may increase eligibility for contemporary targeted trials. We also identified a targetable MAP3K9 mutation, in addition to oncogenic and immunological pathways hitherto not described in any cholangiocarcinoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard M Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Sam Haldenby
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Antzcak
- Computational Biology Facility, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna Fowler
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Bullock
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Kenny
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timothy Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timothy Andrews
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Stephen Fenwick
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Jones
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eithne Costello-Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme Poston
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - William Greenhalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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17
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Sadhukhan P, Seiwert TY. The role of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and tumor metabolism. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:187-201. [PMID: 37002376 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The complexity and plasticity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) make it difficult to fully understand the intratumoral regulation of different cell types and their activities. Macrophages play a crucial role in the signaling dynamics of the TME. Among the different subtypes of macrophages, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often associated with poor prognosis, although some subtypes of TAMs can at the same time improve treatment responsiveness and lead to favorable clinical outcomes. TAMs are key regulators of cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, tumor metabolism, and importantly immunosuppression in the TME by modulating various chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. TAMs have been identified as a key contributor to resistance to chemotherapy and cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, we aim to discuss the mechanisms by which TAMs regulate innate and adaptive immune signaling in the TME and summarize recent preclinical research on the development of therapeutics targeting TAMs and tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Sadhukhan
- Johns Hopkins University, Skip Viragh Outpatient Cancer Building, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Tanguy Y Seiwert
- Johns Hopkins University, Skip Viragh Outpatient Cancer Building, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Li B, Sun S, Li JJ, Yuan JP, Sun SR, Wu Q. Adipose tissue macrophages: implications for obesity-associated cancer. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:1. [PMID: 36593475 PMCID: PMC9809128 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious global health problems, with an incidence that increases yearly and coincides with the development of cancer. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are particularly important in this context and contribute to linking obesity-related inflammation and tumor progression. However, the functions of ATMs on the progression of obesity-associated cancer remain unclear. In this review, we describe the origins, phenotypes, and functions of ATMs. Subsequently, we summarize the potential mechanisms on the reprogramming of ATMs in the obesity-associated microenvironment, including the direct exchange of dysfunctional metabolites, inordinate cytokines and other signaling mediators, transfer of extracellular vesicle cargo, and variations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites. A better understanding of the properties and functions of ATMs under conditions of obesity will lead to the development of new therapeutic interventions for obesity-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China. .,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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19
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Yu X, Zhu L, Wang T, Chen J. Immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma: Biological concepts and treatment strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1037945. [PMID: 37138880 PMCID: PMC10150070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1037945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is characterized by a poor prognosis with limited treatment and management options. Chemotherapy using gemcitabine with cisplatin is the only available first-line therapy for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, although it offers only palliation and yields a median survival of < 1 year. Recently there has been a resurgence of immunotherapy studies focusing on the ability of immunotherapy to inhibit cancer growth by impacting the tumor microenvironment. Based on the TOPAZ-1 trial, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved the combination of durvalumab and gemcitabine with cisplatin as the first-line treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. However, immunotherapy, like immune checkpoint blockade, is less effective in cholangiocarcinoma than in other types of cancer. Although several factors such as the exuberant desmoplastic reaction are responsible for cholangiocarcinoma treatment resistance, existing literature on cholangiocarcinoma cites the inflammatory and immunosuppressive environment as the most common factor. However, mechanisms activating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment contributing to cholangiocarcinoma drug resistance are complicated. Therefore, gaining insight into the interplay between immune cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells, as well as the natural development and evolution of the immune tumor microenvironment, would provide targets for therapeutic intervention and improve therapeutic efficacy by developing multimodal and multiagent immunotherapeutic approaches of cholangiocarcinoma to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of the inflammatory microenvironment-cholangiocarcinoma crosstalk and reinforce the importance of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment, thereby highlighting the explanatory and therapeutic shortcomings of immunotherapy monotherapy and proposing potentially promising combinational immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Chen,
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20
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Qu W, Qiao S, Liu L, Chen Y, Peng C, Hou Y, Xu Z, Lv M, Wang T. Dectin3 protects against hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating glycolysis of macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Zhang L, Chai D, Chen C, Li C, Qiu Z, Kuang T, Parveena M, Dong K, Yu J, Deng W, Wang W. Mycobiota and C-Type Lectin Receptors in Cancers: Know thy Neighbors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946995. [PMID: 35910636 PMCID: PMC9326027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of gut bacteria in the development of malignancy, while relatively little research has been done on gut mycobiota. As a part of the gut microbiome, the percentage of gut mycobiota is negligible compared to gut bacteria. However, the effect of gut fungi on human health and disease is significant. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on mycobiota, especially gut fungi, in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung carcinoma-induced cachexia. Moreover, we also describe, for the first time in detail, the role of the fungal recognition receptors, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Dectin-3, and Mincle) and their downstream effector caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), in tumors to provide a reference for further research on intestinal fungi in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongqi Chai
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianrui Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Mungur Parveena
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshuai Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhong Deng,
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Weixing Wang,
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22
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Dectin-2 promotes house dust mite-skewed Th2 response through the activation of cDC2s. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104558. [PMID: 35717749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of Dectin-2 (gene symbol, Clec4n) in house dust mite (HDM) induced Th2 immune response and the exact mechanism remains controversial. In this study, we illustrated that, Clec4n-/- mice had decreased Th2 immune response following HDM challenge, which may ascribe to dramatically reduced type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) in lung of Clec4n-/- mice, as cDC2s from lung of Clec4n-/- mice after challenging had less ability to induce Th2 response with decreased production of IL-4/IL-13. Further in vitro experiments showed the activation of Clec4n-/--BMDCs significantly decreased after HDM stimulation accompanied with decreased activation of Syk-NF-κB and Syk-JNK signal pathway. Importantly, Dectin-2 expression in PBMCs from asthmatic patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Dectin-2 could promote cDC2s activation in lung, which polarizes Th2 immune response outlining a novel mechanism of asthma development.
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23
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Russo M, Nastasi C. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: A Close Up of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871513. [PMID: 35664746 PMCID: PMC9160747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in dynamically regulating cancer progression and influencing the therapeutic outcome is widely accepted and appreciated. Several therapeutic strategies to modify or modulate the TME, like angiogenesis or immune checkpoint inhibitors, showed clinical efficacy and received approval from regulatory authorities. Within recent decades, new promising strategies targeting myeloid cells have been implemented in preclinical cancer models. The predominance of specific cell phenotypes in the TME has been attributed to pro- or anti-tumoral. Hence, their modulation can, in turn, alter the responses to standard-of-care treatments, making them more or less effective. Here, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge and the correlated challenges about the tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils targeting strategies, current treatments, and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Russo
- Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
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24
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Ander SE, Li FS, Carpentier KS, Morrison TE. Innate immune surveillance of the circulation: A review on the removal of circulating virions from the bloodstream. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010474. [PMID: 35511797 PMCID: PMC9070959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the lymphohematogenous route for dissemination; however, they may not freely use this highway unchecked. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is an innate defense system that surveys circulating blood, recognizing and capturing viral particles. Examination of the literature shows that the bulk of viral clearance is mediated by the liver; however, the precise mechanism(s) mediating viral vascular clearance vary between viruses and, in many cases, remains poorly defined. Herein, we summarize what is known regarding the recognition and capture of virions from the circulation prior to the generation of a specific antibody response. We also discuss the consequences of viral capture on viral pathogenesis and the fate of the captor cell. Finally, this understudied topic has implications beyond viral pathogenesis, including effects on arbovirus ecology and the application of virus-vectored gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frances S. Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Natural Sciences, Greensboro College, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Advances in the Immunomodulatory Properties of Glycoantigens in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081854. [PMID: 35454762 PMCID: PMC9032556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work reviews the role of aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells during tumour growth and spreading, as well as in immune evasion. The interaction of tumour-associated glycans with the immune system through C-type lectin receptors can favour immune escape but can also provide opportunities to develop novel tumour immunotherapy strategies. This work highlights the main findings in this area and spotlights the challenges that remain to be investigated. Abstract Aberrant glycosylation in tumour progression is currently a topic of main interest. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are expressed in a wide variety of epithelial cancers, being both a diagnostic tool and a potential treatment target, as they have impact on patient outcome and disease progression. Glycans affect both tumour-cell biology properties as well as the antitumor immune response. It has been ascertained that TACAs affect cell migration, invasion and metastatic properties both when expressed by cancer cells or by their extracellular vesicles. On the other hand, tumour-associated glycans recognized by C-type lectin receptors in immune cells possess immunomodulatory properties which enable tumour growth and immune response evasion. Yet, much remains unknown, concerning mechanisms involved in deregulation of glycan synthesis and how this affects cell biology on a major level. This review summarises the main findings to date concerning how aberrant glycans influence tumour growth and immunity, their application in cancer treatment and spotlights of unanswered challenges remaining to be solved.
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26
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Kraus RF, Gruber MA. Neutrophils-From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767175. [PMID: 35003081 PMCID: PMC8732951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells; PMNs) form a first line of defense against pathogens and are therefore an important component of the innate immune response. As a result of poorly controlled activation, however, PMNs can also mediate tissue damage in numerous diseases, often by increasing tissue inflammation and injury. According to current knowledge, PMNs are not only part of the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases but also of conditions with disturbed tissue homeostasis such as trauma and shock. Scientific advances in the past two decades have changed the role of neutrophils from that of solely immune defense cells to cells that are responsible for the general integrity of the body, even in the absence of pathogens. To better understand PMN function in the human organism, our review outlines the role of PMNs within the innate immune system. This review provides an overview of the migration of PMNs from the vascular compartment to the target tissue as well as their chemotactic processes and illuminates crucial neutrophil immune properties at the site of the lesion. The review is focused on the formation of chemotactic gradients in interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the influence of the ECM on PMN function. In addition, our review summarizes current knowledge about the phenomenon of bidirectional and reverse PMN migration, neutrophil microtubules, and the microtubule organizing center in PMN migration. As a conclusive feature, we review and discuss new findings about neutrophil behavior in cancer environment and tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Felix Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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27
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Zhao W, Dai S, Yue L, Xu F, Gu J, Dai X, Qian X. Emerging mechanisms progress of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1081585. [PMID: 36568117 PMCID: PMC9772455 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1081585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. A total of 20% of CRC patients present with distant metastasis. The hepatic portal venous system, responsible for collecting most intestinal blood, makes the liver the most common site of CRC metastasis. The formation of liver metastases from colorectal cancer is a long and complex process. It involves the maintenance of primary tumors, vasculature invasion, distant colonization, and metastasis formation. In this review, we serve on how the CRC cells acquire stemness, invade the vascular, and colonize the liver. In addition, we highlight how the resident cells of the liver and immune cells interact with CRC cells. We also discuss the current immunotherapy approaches and challenges we face, and finally, we look forward to finding new therapeutic targets based on novel sequencing technologies.
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28
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Koide R, Hirane N, Kambe D, Yokoi Y, Otaki M, Nishimura SI. Antiadhesive nanosome elicits role of glycocalyx of tumor cell-derived exosomes in the organotropic cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121314. [PMID: 34906850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite emerging importance of tumor cells-derived exosomes in cancer metastasis, the heterogeneity of exosome populations has largely hampered systemic characterization of their molecular composition, biogenesis, and functions. This study communicates a novel method for predicting and targeting pre-metastatic sites based on an exosome model "fluorescent cancer glyconanosomes" displaying N-glycans of cultured tumor cells. Glycoblotting by antiadhesive quantum dots provides a nice tool to shed light on the pivotal functions of the glycocalyx reconstructed from four cancer cell types without bias due to other compositions of exosomes. In vivo imaging revealed that circulation, clearance, and organotropic biodistribution of cancer glyconanosomes in mice depend strongly on cancer cell-type-specific N-glycosylation patterns, the compositions of key glycotypes, particularly dominant abundances of high mannose-type N-glycans and the position-specific sialylation. Notably, organ biodistribution of cancer glyconanosomes is reproducible artificially by mimicking cancer cell-type-specific N-glycosylation patterns, demonstrating that nanosomal glycoblotting method serves as promising tools for predicting and targeting pre-metastatic sites determined by the glycocalyx of extracellular vesicles disseminated from the primary cancer site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Koide
- Graduate School of Life Science and Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hirane
- Graduate School of Life Science and Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Daiki Kambe
- Graduate School of Life Science and Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yokoi
- ENU Pharma, Co., Ltd., N7 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0807, Japan
| | - Michiru Otaki
- Graduate School of Life Science and Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Life Science and Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan; ENU Pharma, Co., Ltd., N7 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0807, Japan.
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29
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Shen M, Du Y, Ye Y. Tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils: biological roles, crosstalk, and therapeutic relevance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:222-243. [PMID: 37724296 PMCID: PMC10388790 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells constitute a series of plastic and heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and exhibit different phenotypes and functions in response to various microenvironmental signals. In light of promising preclinical data indicating that myeloid-based therapy can effectively suppress tumor growth, a series of novel immune-based therapies and approaches are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. A better understanding of the diversity and functional roles of different myeloid cell subtypes and of how they are associated with TME remodeling may help to improve cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on myeloid cells and discuss how tumor cells can simultaneously reprogram these cells through tumor-derived factors and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the interactions between myeloid cells and other cells in the TME that have the potential to directly or indirectly regulate tumor initiation, invasion, or angiogenesis. We further discuss the current and future potential applications of myeloid cells in the development of focused therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Shen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Yoshikawa M, Yamada S, Sugamata M, Kanauchi O, Morita Y. Dectin-2 mediates phagocytosis of Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 and IL-10 production by macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17737. [PMID: 34489491 PMCID: PMC8421511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are most generally used as probiotics and some strains of LAB are known to have anti-inflammatory effects. A specific strain of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 (KW3110), activates macrophages to produce interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine; however, the biological mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we showed that the amount of incorporated KW3110 into a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was higher than other genetically related strains using fluorescence microscopy. RNA-seq analysis indicated that treatment of macrophages with KW3110 induced Dectin-2 gene expression, which is a pattern recognition receptor, recognizing α-mannose. In addition, antibody treatment and knock down of Dectin-2, or factors downstream in the signaling pathway, decreased the amount of incorporated KW3110 and IL-10 production. Substantial lectin array analysis also revealed that KW3110 had higher binding affinities to lectins, which recognize the carbohydrate chains comprised of α-mannose, than two other LAB. In conclusion, KW3110 is readily incorporated into macrophages, leading to IL-10 production. Dectin-2 mediated the phagocytosis of KW3110 into macrophages and this may be involved with the characteristic carbohydrate chains of KW3110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Yoshikawa
- KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Yamada
- KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Sugamata
- KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kanauchi
- KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Morita
- KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Li X, Ramadori P, Pfister D, Seehawer M, Zender L, Heikenwalder M. The immunological and metabolic landscape in primary and metastatic liver cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:541-557. [PMID: 34326518 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the sixth most common site of primary cancer in humans, and generally arises in a background of cirrhosis and inflammation. Moreover, the liver is frequently colonized by metastases from cancers of other organs (particularly the colon) because of its anatomical location and organization, as well as its unique metabolic and immunosuppressive environment. In this Review, we discuss how the hepatic microenvironment adapts to pathologies characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic alterations. We illustrate how these immunological or metabolic changes alter immunosurveillance and thus hinder or promote the development of primary liver cancer. In addition, we describe how inflammatory and metabolic niches affect the spreading of cancer metastases into or within the liver. Finally, we review the current therapeutic options in this context and the resulting challenges that must be surmounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pfister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Seehawer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena M, Del Rincón-Loza I, Martín-Antonio B. Tumor Secretome to Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy: Reduce Me Before I Make You My Partner. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717850. [PMID: 34447383 PMCID: PMC8382692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells are common immune cell sources administered to treat cancer patients. In detail, whereas CAR-T cells induce outstanding responses in a subset of hematological malignancies, responses are much more deficient in solid tumors. Moreover, NK cells have not shown remarkable results up to date. In general, immune cells present high plasticity to change their activity and phenotype depending on the stimuli they receive from molecules secreted in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Consequently, immune cells will also secrete molecules that will shape the activities of other neighboring immune and tumor cells. Specifically, NK cells can polarize to activities as diverse as angiogenic ones instead of their killer activity. In addition, tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages, which is required to remove dying tumor cells after the attack of NK cells or CAR-T cells, can be avoided in the TME. In addition, chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments can induce senescence in tumor cells modifying their secretome to a known as “senescence-associated secretory phenotype” (SASP) that will also impact the immune response. Whereas the SASP initially attracts immune cells to eliminate senescent tumor cells, at high numbers of senescent cells, the SASP becomes detrimental, impacting negatively in the immune response. Last, CAR-T cells are an attractive option to overcome these events. Here, we review how molecules secreted in the TME by either tumor cells or even by immune cells impact the anti-tumor activity of surrounding immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Del Rincón-Loza
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Osei-Bordom DC, Kamarajah S, Christou N. Colorectal Cancer, Liver Metastases and Biotherapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:894. [PMID: 34440099 PMCID: PMC8389538 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest causes of death by cancer worldwide. Its first main metastatic diffusion spreads to the liver. Different mechanisms such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis are the characteristics of this invasion. At this stage, different options are possible and still in debate, especially regarding the use of targeted therapeutics and biotherapies. (2) Methods: A review of the literature has been done focusing on the clinical management of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer and the contribution of biotherapies in this field. (3) Results: In a clinical setting, surgeons and oncologists consider liver metastasis in CRC into two groups to launch adapted therapeutics: resectable and non-resectable. Around these two entities, the combination of targeted therapies and biotherapies are of high interest and are currently tested to know in which molecular and clinical conditions they have to be applied to impact positively both on survival and quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel-Clement Osei-Bordom
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (D.-C.O.-B.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sivesh Kamarajah
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (D.-C.O.-B.); (S.K.)
| | - Niki Christou
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (D.-C.O.-B.); (S.K.)
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- EA3842 CAPTuR Laboratory “Cell Activation Control, Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Resistance”, Faculty of Medicine, 2 Rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
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Role of Dectin-2 in the phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0033021. [PMID: 34251289 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00330-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell walls and capsules of Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-type fungal pathogen, are rich in polysaccharides. Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin receptor (CLR) that recognizes high-mannose polysaccharides. Previously, we demonstrated that Dectin-2 is involved in cytokine production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) in response to stimulation with C. neoformans. In the present study, we analyzed the role of Dectin-2 in the phagocytosis of C. neoformans by BM-DCs. The engulfment of this fungus by BM-DCs was significantly decreased in mice lacking Dectin-2 (Dectin-2KO) or caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9KO), a common adapter molecule that delivers signals triggered by CLRs, compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Phagocytosis was likewise inhibited, to a similar degree, by the inhibition of Syk, a signaling molecule involved in CLR-triggered activation. A PI3K inhibitor, in contrast, completely abrogated the phagocytosis of C. neoformans. Actin polymerization, i.e., conformational changes in cytoskeletons detected at sites of contact with C. neoformans, was also decreased in BM-DCs of Dectin-2KO and CARD9KO mice. Finally, the engulfment of C. neoformans by macrophages was significantly decreased in the lungs of Dectin-2KO mice compared to WT mice. These results suggest that Dectin-2 may play an important role in the actin polymerization and phagocytosis of C. neoformans by DCs, possibly through signaling via CARD9 and a signaling pathway mediated by Syk and PI3K.
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Orchestration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment by ubiquitous cellular protein TCTP released by tumor cells. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:947-957. [PMID: 34239121 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of most challenging issues in tumor immunology is a better understanding of the dynamics in the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment (TIME), as this would lead to the development of new cancer therapeutics. Here, we show that translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) released by dying tumor cells is an immunomodulator crucial to full-blown MDSC accumulation in the TIME. We provide evidence that extracellular TCTP mediates recruitment of the polymorphonuclear MDSC (PMN-MDSC) population in the TIME via activation of Toll-like receptor-2. As further proof of principle, we show that inhibition of TCTP suppresses PMN-MDSC accumulation and tumor growth. In human cancers, we find an elevation of TCTP and an inverse correlation of TCTP gene dosage with antitumor immune signatures and clinical prognosis. This study reveals the hitherto poorly understood mechanism of the MDSC dynamics in the TIME, offering a new rationale for cancer immunotherapy.
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Abstract
In this review, Shen and Kang provide an overview of the tumor-intrinsic and microenvironment- and treatment-induced stresses that tumor cells encounter in the metastatic cascade and the molecular pathways they develop to relieve these stresses. Metastasis is the ultimate “survival of the fittest” test for cancer cells, as only a small fraction of disseminated tumor cells can overcome the numerous hurdles they encounter during the transition from the site of origin to a distinctly different distant organ in the face of immune and therapeutic attacks and various other stresses. During cancer progression, tumor cells develop a variety of mechanisms to cope with the stresses they encounter, and acquire the ability to form metastases. Restraining these stress-releasing pathways could serve as potentially effective strategies to prevent or reduce metastasis and improve the survival of cancer patients. Here, we provide an overview of the tumor-intrinsic, microenvironment- and treatment-induced stresses that tumor cells encounter in the metastatic cascade and the molecular pathways they develop to relieve these stresses. We also summarize the preclinical and clinical studies that evaluate the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting these stress-relieving pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Hangai S, Kimura Y, Taniguchi T, Yanai H. Signal-transducing innate receptors in tumor immunity. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2578-2591. [PMID: 33570784 PMCID: PMC8253268 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal‐transducing innate receptors represent classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play crucial roles in the first line of the host defense against infections by the recognition of pathogen‐derived molecules. Because of their poorly discriminative nature compared with antigen receptors of the adaptive immune system, they also recognize endogenous molecules and evoke immune responses without infection, resulting in the regulation of tumor immunity. Therefore, PRRs may be promising targets for effective cancer immunotherapy, either by activating or inhibiting them. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of signal‐transducing PRRs in the regulation of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hangai
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimura
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal, or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and multifunctional macrophage originating from hematopoietic stem cells; nor does it fit a pro- versus anti-inflammatory paradigm. This review presents and discusses current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages from an evolutionary perspective focused on the function of macrophages, which may aid in study of developmental, inflammatory, tumoral, and degenerative diseases. We also propose a framework to investigate the functions of macrophages in vivo and discuss how inherited germline and somatic mutations may contribute to the roles of macrophages in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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Abstract
Liver metastases are commonly detected in a range of malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, lung cancer and breast cancer, although CRC is the most common primary cancer that metastasizes to the liver. Interactions between tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment play an important part in the engraftment, survival and progression of the metastases. Various cells including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, parenchymal hepatocytes, dendritic cells, resident natural killer cells as well as other immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in promoting and sustaining metastases in the liver. Four key phases (microvascular, pre-angiogenic, angiogenic and growth phases) have been identified in the process of liver metastasis. Imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, CT, MRI and PET scans are typically used for the diagnosis of liver metastases. Surgical resection remains the main potentially curative treatment among patients with resectable liver metastases. The role of liver transplantation in the management of liver metastasis remains controversial. Systemic therapies, newer biologic agents (for example, bevacizumab and cetuximab) and immunotherapeutic agents have revolutionized the treatment options for liver metastases. Moving forward, incorporation of genetic tests can provide more accurate information to guide clinical decision-making and predict prognosis among patients with liver metastases.
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Duan Z, Luo Y. Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:127. [PMID: 33767177 PMCID: PMC7994399 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and small-molecule inhibitors, have achieved certain successes. In this review, we summarize the role of macrophages in current immunotherapies and the advantages of targeting macrophages. To better understand and make better use of this type of cell, their development and differentiation characteristics, categories, typical markers, and functions were collated at the beginning of the review. Therapeutic strategies based on or combined with macrophages have the potential to improve the treatment efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Duan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Luo
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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41
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Mass E, Gentek R. Fetal-Derived Immune Cells at the Roots of Lifelong Pathophysiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648313. [PMID: 33708774 PMCID: PMC7940384 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident innate immune cells exert a wide range of functions in both adult homeostasis and pathology. Our understanding of when and how these cellular networks are established has dramatically changed with the recognition that many lineages originate at least in part from fetal sources and self-maintain independently from hematopoietic stem cells. Indeed, fetal-derived immune cells are found in most organs and serous cavities of our body, where they reside throughout the entire lifespan. At the same time, there is a growing appreciation that pathologies manifesting in adulthood may be caused by adverse early life events, a concept known as “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD). Yet, whether fetal-derived immune cells are mechanistically involved in DOHaD remains elusive. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of fetal hematopoiesis and its contribution to adult immune compartments, which results in a “layered immune system.” Based on their ontogeny, we argue that fetal-derived immune cells are prime transmitters of long-term consequences of prenatal adversities. In addition to increasing disease susceptibility, these may also directly cause inflammatory, degenerative, and metabolic disorders. We explore this notion for cells generated from erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP) produced in the extra-embryonic yolk sac. Focusing on macrophages and mast cells, we present emerging evidence implicating them in lifelong disease by either somatic mutations or developmental programming events resulting from maternal and early environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Yu X, Zhu L, Liu J, Xie M, Chen J, Li J. Emerging Role of Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11645-11658. [PMID: 33223838 PMCID: PMC7671511 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s271955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with the liver as the most common site of distant metastasis. The prognosis of CRC with liver metastasis is poor, and most patients cannot undergo surgery. In addition, conventional antitumor approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery result in unsatisfactory outcomes. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown good prospects in the treatment of assorted tumors by enhancing the host's antitumor immune function, and it may become a new effective treatment for liver metastasis of CRC. However, challenges remain in applying immunotherapy to CRC with liver metastasis. This review examines how the microenvironment and immunosuppressive landscape of the liver favor tumor progression. It also highlights the latest research advances in immunotherapy for colorectal liver metastasis and identifies immunotherapy as a treatment regimen with a promising future in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xie
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
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43
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Li L, Zeng Z. Live Imaging of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Liver. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564768. [PMID: 33042143 PMCID: PMC7527534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the liver is determined by the spatial organization and cellular dynamics of hepatic immune cells. The liver vasculature accommodates abundant tissue-resident innate immune cells, such as Kupffer cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, to ensure efficient intravascular immunosurveillance. The fenestrated sinusoids also allow direct contact between circulating T cells and non-canonical antigen-presenting cells, such as hepatocytes, to instruct adaptive immune responses. Distinct cellular behaviors are exploited by liver immune cells to exert proper functions. Intravital imaging enables real-time visualization of individual immune cell in living animals, representing a powerful tool in dissecting the spatiotemporal features of intrahepatic immune cells during steady state and liver diseases. This review summarizes current advances in liver immunology prompted by in vivo imaging, with a particular focus on liver-resident innate immune cells and hepatic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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44
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Xu L, Fang H, Xu D, Wang G. HIPK2 sustains inflammatory cytokine production by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:171. [PMID: 33101464 PMCID: PMC7579773 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages contributes to numerous conditions, including infection, endotoxemia and sepsis. A previous study proposed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress acts as an essential process in inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. The present study used a mouse sepsis model and in vitro macrophages to demonstrate that homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) sustained cytokine production in an ER stress-dependent manner. HIPK2 expression was upregulated in the early phase of lipopolysaccharide stimulation. HIPK2 knockdown attenuated IL-6 and TNF-α production, and p65 phosphorylation in macrophages. Furthermore, the attenuated cytokine production was abolished by the ER stress agonist tunicamycin. The activation of ER stress increased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, and the phosphorylation of p65, in macrophages following knockdown of HIPK2. Furthermore, HIPK2 inhibition attenuated the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, HIPK2 sustained inflammatory cytokine production by promoting ER stress in macrophages. Targeting HIPK2 may be a potential strategy for the management of uncontrolled inflammation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Center of Burns and Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - He Fang
- Center of Burns and Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dayuan Xu
- Center of Burns and Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center of Burns and Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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45
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Lindenwald DL, Lepenies B. C-Type Lectins in Veterinary Species: Recent Advancements and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145122. [PMID: 32698416 PMCID: PMC7403975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.
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46
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Ciner AT, Jones K, Muschel RJ, Brodt P. The unique immune microenvironment of liver metastases: Challenges and opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:143-156. [PMID: 32526354 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver metastases from gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal malignancies remain a major cause of cancer-related mortality and a major clinical challenge. The liver has unique properties that facilitate metastatic expansion, including a complex immune system that evolved to dampen immunity to neoantigens entering the liver from the gut, through the portal circulation. In this review, we describe the unique microenvironment encountered by cancer cells in the liver, focusing on elements of the innate and adaptive immune response that can act as a double-edge sword, contributing to the elimination of cancer cells on the one hand and promoting their survival and growth, on the other. We discuss this microenvironment in a clinical context, particularly for colorectal carcinoma, and highlight how a better understanding of the role of the microenvironment has spurred an intense effort to develop novel and innovative strategies for targeting liver metastatic disease, some of which are currently being tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Ciner
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Keaton Jones
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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47
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Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins having at least one C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) on the cell surface and either a short intracellular signaling tail or a transmembrane domain that facilitates interaction with a second protein, often the Fc receptor common gamma chain (FcRγ), that mediates signaling. Many CLRs directly recognize microbial cell walls and influence innate immunity by activating inflammatory and antimicrobial responses in phagocytes. In this review, we examine the contributions of certain CLRs to activation and regulation of phagocytosis in cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils.
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48
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Basile MS, Mazzon E, Fagone P, Longo A, Russo A, Fallico M, Bonfiglio V, Nicoletti F, Avitabile T, Reibaldi M. Immunobiology of Uveal Melanoma: State of the Art and Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1145. [PMID: 31750244 PMCID: PMC6848265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal Melanoma (UM) represents the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Although it originates from melanocytes as cutaneous melanoma, it shows significant clinical and biological differences with the latter, including high resistance to immune therapy. Indeed, UM can evade immune surveillance via multiple mechanisms, such as the expression of inhibitory checkpoints (e.g., PD-L1, CD47, CD200) and the production of IDO-1 and soluble FasL, among others. More in-depth understanding of these mechanisms will suggest potential targets for the design of novel and more effective management strategies for UM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, C.da Casazza, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Fallico
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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49
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Abstract
The C-type lectins are a superfamily of proteins that recognize a broad repertoire of ligands and that regulate a diverse range of physiological functions. Most research attention has focused on the ability of C-type lectins to function in innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses, but these proteins are increasingly being recognized to have a major role in autoimmune diseases and to contribute to many other aspects of multicellular existence. Defects in these molecules lead to developmental and physiological abnormalities, as well as altered susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious diseases. In this Review, we present an overview of the roles of C-type lectins in immunity and homeostasis, with an emphasis on the most exciting recent discoveries.
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50
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Haider M, Dambuza IM, Asamaphan P, Stappers M, Reid D, Yamasaki S, Brown GD, Gow NAR, Erwig LP. The pattern recognition receptors dectin-2, mincle, and FcRγ impact the dynamics of phagocytosis of Candida, Saccharomyces, Malassezia, and Mucor species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220867. [PMID: 31393930 PMCID: PMC6687134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process critical to innate immune clearance of pathogens. It proceeds in a regulated sequence of stages: (a) migration of phagocytes towards pathogens, (b) recognition of PAMPs and binding through PRRs, (c) engulfment and internalisation into phagosomes, (d) phagosome maturation, and (e) killing of pathogen or host cells. However, little is known about the role that individual receptors play in these discrete stages in the recognition of fungal cells. In a previous study, we found that dectin-2 deficiency impacted some but not all stages of macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of Candida glabrata. Because the C-type lectin receptor dectin-2 critically requires coupling to the FcRγ chain for signalling, we hypothesised that this coupling may be important for regulating phagocytosis of fungal cargo. We therefore examined how deficiency in FcRγ itself or two receptors to which it couples (dectin-2 and mincle) impacts phagocytosis of six fungal organisms representing three different fungal taxa. Our data show that deficiency in these proteins impairs murine bone marrow-derived macrophage migration, engulfment, and phagosome maturation, but not macrophage survival. Therefore, FcRγ engagement with selective C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) critically affects the spatio-temporal dynamics of fungal phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Haider
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ivy M. Dambuza
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patawee Asamaphan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stappers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth Reid
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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