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Nguyen MTH, Imanishi M, Li S, Chau K, Banerjee P, Velatooru LR, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Gi YJ, Lee LL, Abe RJ, McBeath E, Deswal A, Lin SH, Palaskas NL, Dantzer R, Fujiwara K, Borchrdt MK, Turcios EB, Olmsted-Davis EA, Kotla S, Cooke JP, Wang G, Abe JI, Le NT. Endothelial activation and fibrotic changes are impeded by laminar flow-induced CHK1-SENP2 activity through mechanisms distinct from endothelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1187490. [PMID: 37711550 PMCID: PMC10499395 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1187490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The deSUMOylase sentrin-specific isopeptidase 2 (SENP2) plays a crucial role in atheroprotection. However, the phosphorylation of SENP2 at T368 under disturbed flow (D-flow) conditions hinders its nuclear function and promotes endothelial cell (EC) activation. SUMOylation has been implicated in D-flow-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (endoMT), but the precise role of SENP2 in counteracting this process remains unclear. Method We developed a phospho-specific SENP2 S344 antibody and generated knock-in (KI) mice with a phospho-site mutation of SENP2 S344A using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We then investigated the effects of SENP2 S344 phosphorylation under two distinct flow patterns and during hypercholesteremia (HC)-mediated EC activation. Result Our findings demonstrate that laminar flow (L-flow) induces phosphorylation of SENP2 at S344 through the activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), leading to the inhibition of ERK5 and p53 SUMOylation and subsequent suppression of EC activation. We observed a significant increase in lipid-laden lesions in both the aortic arch (under D-flow) and descending aorta (under L-flow) of female hypercholesterolemic SENP2 S344A KI mice. In male hypercholesterolemic SENP2 S344A KI mice, larger lipid-laden lesions were only observed in the aortic arch area, suggesting a weaker HC-mediated atherogenesis in male mice compared to females. Ionizing radiation (IR) reduced CHK1 expression and SENP2 S344 phosphorylation, attenuating the pro-atherosclerotic effects observed in female SENP2 S344A KI mice after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), particularly in L-flow areas. The phospho-site mutation SENP2 S344A upregulates processes associated with EC activation, including inflammation, migration, and proliferation. Additionally, fibrotic changes and up-regulated expression of EC marker genes were observed. Apoptosis was augmented in ECs derived from the lungs of SENP2 S344A KI mice, primarily through the inhibition of ERK5-mediated expression of DNA damage-induced apoptosis suppressor (DDIAS). Summary In this study, we have revealed a novel mechanism underlying the suppressive effects of L-flow on EC inflammation, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and fibrotic changes through promoting CHK1-induced SENP2 S344 phosphorylation. The phospho-site mutation SENP2 S344A responds to L-flow through a distinct mechanism, which involves the upregulation of both mesenchymal and EC marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh T. H. Nguyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Life Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shengyu Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Khanh Chau
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Loka reddy Velatooru
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kyung Ae Ko
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Young J. Gi
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ling-Ling Lee
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rei J. Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elena McBeath
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H. Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas L. Palaskas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mae K. Borchrdt
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Estefani Berrios Turcios
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Olmsted-Davis
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P. Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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2
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Wong KM, Wegener E, Baradaran-Heravi A, Huppke B, Gärtner J, Huppke P. Evaluation of Novel Enhancer Compounds in Gentamicin-Mediated Readthrough of Nonsense Mutations in Rett Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11665. [PMID: 37511424 PMCID: PMC10380790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder, is primarily caused by mutations in the methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). Over 35% RTT patients carry nonsense mutation in MECP2, making it a suitable candidate disease for nonsense suppression therapy. In our previous study, gentamicin was found to induce readthrough of MECP2 nonsense mutations with modest efficiency. Given the recent discovery of readthrough enhancers, CDX compounds, we herein evaluated the potentiation effect of CDX5-1, CDX5-288, and CDX6-180 on gentamicin-mediated readthrough efficiency in transfected HeLa cell lines bearing the four most common MECP2 nonsense mutations. We showed that all three CDX compounds potentiated gentamicin-mediated readthrough and increased full-length MeCP2 protein levels in cells expressing the R168X, R255X, R270X, and R294X nonsense mutations. Among all three CDX compounds, CDX5-288 was the most potent enhancer and enabled the use of reduced doses of gentamicin, thus mitigating the toxicity. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated the upregulation of full-length Mecp2 protein expression in fibroblasts derived from Mecp2R255X/Y mice through combinatorial treatment. Taken together, findings demonstrate the feasibility of this combinatorial approach to nonsense suppression therapy for a subset of RTT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keit Men Wong
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Wegener
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neuropediatrics, Pediatric Neurology University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Heravi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brenda Huppke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neuropediatrics, Pediatric Neurology University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Huppke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
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3
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Lee NJ, Kang W, Kwon Y, Oh JW, Jung H, Seo M, Seol Y, Wi JB, Ban YH, Yoon YJ, Park JW. Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of Pseudo-trisaccharide Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Enhanced Nonsense Read-through Inducer Activity. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200497. [PMID: 36259357 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Over the last two decades, studies have reported the potential of AGs in the treatment of genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations, owing to their ability to induce the ribosomes to read through these mutations and produce a full-length protein. However, the principal limitation in the clinical application of AGs arises from their high toxicity, including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. In this study, five novel pseudo-trisaccharide analogs were synthesized by chemo-enzymatic synthesis by acid hydrolysis of commercially available AGs, followed by an enzymatic reaction using recombinant substrate-flexible KanM2 glycosyltransferase. The relationships between their structures and biological activities, including the antibacterial, nephrotoxic, and nonsense readthrough inducer (NRI) activities, were investigated. The absence of 1-N-acylation, 3',4'-dideoxygenation, and post-glycosyl transfer modifications on the third sugar moiety of AGs diminishes their antibacterial activities. The 3',4'-dihydroxy and 6'-hydroxy moieties regulate the in vitro nephrotoxicity of AGs in mammalian cell lines. The 3',4'-dihydroxy and 6'-methyl scaffolds are indispensable for the ex vivo NRI activity of AGs. Based on the alleviated in vitro antibacterial properties and nephrotoxicity, and the highest ex vivo NRI activity among the five compounds, a kanamycin analog (6'-methyl-3''-deamino-3''-hydroxykanamycin C) was selected as a novel AG hit for further studies on human genetic disorders caused by premature transcriptional termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Joon Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Woongshin Kang
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Younghae Kwon
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Oh
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Hogwuan Jung
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Minsuk Seo
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yurin Seol
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Wi
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Ban
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea.,School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
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Yu J, Tang B, He X, Zou P, Zeng Z, Xiao R. Nonsense Suppression Therapy: An Emerging Treatment for Hereditary Skin Diseases. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00658. [DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations cause the premature termination of protein translation via premature termination codons (PTCs), leading to the synthesis of incomplete functional proteins and causing large numbers of genetic disorders. The emergence of nonsense suppression therapy is considered to be an effective method for the treatment of hereditary diseases, but its application in hereditary skin diseases is relatively limited. This review summarizes the current research status of nonsense suppression therapy for hereditary skin diseases, and discusses the potential opportunities and challenges of applying new technologies related to nonsense suppression therapy to dermatology. Further research is needed into the possible use of nonsense suppression therapy as a strategy for the safer and specific treatment of hereditary skin diseases.
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Wang S, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhao MT, Zhao J, Zhang H, Liu ZY, Wang XL, Ma L, Yang YH. Application of topical gentamicin-a new era in the treatment of genodermatosis. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:568-575. [PMID: 34787828 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical use of gentamicin always lies in its antimicrobial activity in the past as an aminoglycoside antibiotic. However, in the past decade, there were considerable interests in therapeutic approaches in treating hereditary diseases. Some of the genodermatosis is caused by nonsense mutations that create premature termination codons and lead to the production of truncated or non-functional proteins. Gentamicin could induce readthrough of nonsense mutations and enable the synthesis of full-length proteins. We focus on previous publications on topical application of gentamicin and review its utility in genetic skin diseases. DATA SOURCES We search the MEDLINE through PubMed, EMBASE databases, and the Clinical Trials Registry Platform from January 1960 to July 2020 using the key search terms "gentamicin, topical gentamicin, genodermatosis, genetic skin diseases". RESULTS The application of gentamicin in genodermatosis yielded promising results, both in vivo and in vitro, including Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis, epidermolysis bullosa, Hailey-Hailey disease, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Topical gentamicin is a potential treatment option for genodermatosis caused by nonsense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Mu-Tong Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zong-Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Yong-Hong Yang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
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6
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Banfalvi G. Janus-Faced Molecules against Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12323. [PMID: 34830204 PMCID: PMC8623416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high cytotoxicity of the secondary metabolites of mycotoxins is capable of killing microbes and tumour cells alike, similarly to the genotoxic effect characteristic of Janus-faced molecules. The "double-edged sword" effect of several cytotoxins is known, and these agents have, therefore, been utilized only reluctantly against fungal infections. In this review, consideration was given to (a) toxins that could be used against plant and human pathogens, (b) animal models that measure the effect of antifungal agents, (c) known antifungal agents that have been described and efficiently prevent the growth of fungal cells, and (d) the chemical interactions that are characteristic of antifungal agents. The utilization of apoptotic effects against tumour growth by agents that, at the same time, induce mutations may raise ethical issues. Nevertheless, it deserves consideration despite the mutagenic impact of Janus-faced molecules for those patients who suffer from plant pathogenic fungal infections and are older than their fertility age, in the same way that the short-term cytotoxicity of cancer treatment is favoured over the long-term mutagenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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7
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Yao S, Chen Z, Yu Y, Zhang N, Jiang H, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Zhang B. Current Pharmacological Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689533. [PMID: 34490244 PMCID: PMC8417245 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by the absence of dystrophin protein, which is essential for muscle fiber integrity. Loss of dystrophin protein leads to recurrent myofiber damage, chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and dysfunction of muscle stem cells. There is still no cure for DMD so far and the standard of care is principally limited to symptom relief through glucocorticoids treatments. Current therapeutic strategies could be divided into two lines. Dystrophin-targeted therapeutic strategies that aim at restoring the expression and/or function of dystrophin, including gene-based, cell-based and protein replacement therapies. The other line of therapeutic strategies aims to improve muscle function and quality by targeting the downstream pathological changes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle atrophy. This review introduces the important developments in these two lines of strategies, especially those that have entered the clinical phase and/or have great potential for clinical translation. The rationale and efficacy of each agent in pre-clinical or clinical studies are presented. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of gene profiling in DMD patients has been performed to understand the molecular mechanisms of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zihao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hewen Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Baoting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Dmitriev SE, Vladimirov DO, Lashkevich KA. A Quick Guide to Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1389-1421. [PMID: 33280581 PMCID: PMC7689648 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic ribosome and cap-dependent translation are attractive targets in the antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic therapies. Currently, a broad array of small-molecule drugs is known that specifically inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Many of them are well-studied ribosome-targeting antibiotics that block translocation, the peptidyl transferase center or the polypeptide exit tunnel, modulate the binding of translation machinery components to the ribosome, and induce miscoding, premature termination or stop codon readthrough. Such inhibitors are widely used as anticancer, anthelmintic and antifungal agents in medicine, as well as fungicides in agriculture. Chemicals that affect the accuracy of stop codon recognition are promising drugs for the nonsense suppression therapy of hereditary diseases and restoration of tumor suppressor function in cancer cells. Other compounds inhibit aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, translation factors, and components of translation-associated signaling pathways, including mTOR kinase. Some of them have antidepressant, immunosuppressive and geroprotective properties. Translation inhibitors are also used in research for gene expression analysis by ribosome profiling, as well as in cell culture techniques. In this article, we review well-studied and less known inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis (with the exception of mitochondrial and plastid translation) classified by their targets and briefly describe the action mechanisms of these compounds. We also present a continuously updated database (http://eupsic.belozersky.msu.ru/) that currently contains information on 370 inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. .,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D O Vladimirov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - K A Lashkevich
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection 2020; 49:29-56. [PMID: 33367978 PMCID: PMC7851017 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. RESULTS Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. CONCLUSION The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.
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Dissociating antibacterial from ototoxic effects of gentamicin C-subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32423-32432. [PMID: 33288712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013065117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin is a potent broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic whose use is hampered by ototoxic side-effects. Hospital gentamicin is a mixture of five gentamicin C-subtypes and several impurities of various ranges of nonexact concentrations. We developed a purification strategy enabling assaying of individual C-subtypes and impurities for ototoxicity and antimicrobial activity. We found that C-subtypes displayed broad and potent in vitro antimicrobial activities comparable to the hospital gentamicin mixture. In contrast, they showed different degrees of ototoxicity in cochlear explants, with gentamicin C2b being the least and gentamicin C2 the most ototoxic. Structure-activity relationships identified sites in the C4'-C6' region on ring I that reduced ototoxicity while preserving antimicrobial activity, thus identifying targets for future drug design and mechanisms for hair cell toxicity. Structure-activity relationship data suggested and electrophysiological data showed that the C-subtypes both bind and permeate the hair cell mechanotransducer channel, with the stronger the binding the less ototoxic the compound. Finally, both individual and reformulated mixtures of C-subtypes demonstrated decreased ototoxicity while maintaining antimicrobial activity, thereby serving as a proof-of-concept of drug reformulation to minimizing ototoxicity of gentamicin in patients.
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11
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Abe RJ, Savage H, Imanishi M, Banerjee P, Kotla S, Paez-Mayorga J, Taunton J, Fujiwara K, Won JH, Yusuf SW, Palaskas NL, Banchs J, Lin SH, Schadler KL, Abe JI, Le NT. p90RSK-MAGI1 Module Controls Endothelial Permeability by Post-translational Modifications of MAGI1 and Hippo Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:542485. [PMID: 33304925 PMCID: PMC7693647 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.542485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of MAGI1, including S741 phosphorylation and K931 de-SUMOylation, both of which are regulated by p90RSK activation, lead to endothelial cell (EC) activation. However, roles for p90RSK and MAGI1-PTMs in regulating EC permeability remain unclear despite MAGI1 being a junctional molecule. Here, we show that thrombin (Thb)-induced EC permeability, detected by the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) based system, was decreased by overexpression of dominant negative p90RSK or a MAGI1-S741A phosphorylation mutant, but was accelerated by overexpression of p90RSK, siRNA-mediated knockdown of magi1, or the MAGI1-K931R SUMOylation mutant. MAGI1 depletion also increased the mRNA and protein expression of the large tumor suppressor kinases 1 and 2 (LATS1/2), which inhibited YAP/TAZ activity and increased EC permeability. Because the endothelial barrier is a critical mediator of tumor hypoxia, we also evaluated the role of p90RSK activation in tumor vessel leakiness by using a relatively low dose of the p90RSK specific inhibitor, FMK-MEA. FMK-MEA significantly inhibited tumor vessel leakiness at a dose that does not affect morphology and growth of tumor vessels in vivo. These results provide novel insights into crucial roles for p90RSK-mediated MAGI1 PTMs and the Hippo pathway in EC permeability, as well as p90RSK activation in tumor vessel leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hannah Savage
- Department of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jesus Paez-Mayorga
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jong Hak Won
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas L Palaskas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jose Banchs
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keri L Schadler
- Department of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Baiazitov RY, Friesen W, Johnson B, Mollin A, Sheedy J, Sierra J, Weetall M, Branstrom A, Welch E, Moon YC. Chemical modifications of G418 (geneticin): Synthesis of novel readthrough aminoglycosides results in an improved in vitro safety window but no improvements in vivo. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108058. [PMID: 32658832 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G418 is currently the most potent and active aminoglycoside to promote readthrough of eukaryotic nonsense mutations. However, owing to its toxicity G418 cannot be used in vivo to study readthrough activity A robust and scalable method for selective derivatization of G418 was developed to study the biological activity and toxicity of a series of analogs. Despite our synthetic efforts, an improvement in readthrough potency was not achieved. We discovered several analogs that demonstrated reduced zebra fish hair cell toxicity (a surrogate for ototoxicity), but this reduction in cellular toxicity did not translate to reduced in vivo toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramil Y Baiazitov
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA.
| | - Westley Friesen
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Briana Johnson
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Anna Mollin
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Jairo Sierra
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Arthur Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Ellen Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
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13
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Banfalvi G. Antifungal Activity of Gentamicin B1 Against Systemic Plant Mycoses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102401. [PMID: 32455775 PMCID: PMC7287848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora purpurea bacteria, effective against Gram-negative bacterial infections. Major fractions of the gentamicin complex (C1, C1a, C2, C2a) possess weak antifungal activity and one of the minor components (A, A1-A4, B, B1, X), gentamicin B1 was found to be a strong antifungal agent. METHODS This work uses in vitro and in vivo dilution methods to compare the antifusarial, antiaspergillic and anticryptococcal effects of gentamicin derivatives and structurally-related congeners. RESULTS The in vitro antifusarial activity of gentamicin B1 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.4 μg/mL) and structurally-related compounds (MIC 0.8-12.5 μg/mL) suggests that the purpuroseamine ring substituents are responsible for the specific antimycotic effect. The functional groups of the garoseamine and 2-deoxystreptamine rings of gentamicin derivatives are identical in gentamicin compounds and are unlikely to exert a significant antifungal effect. Among soil dermatophytes, Microsporum gypseum was more susceptible to gentamicin B1 (MIC 3.1 µg/mL) than Trichophyton gypseum (MIC 25 µg/mL). The in vitro antifungal effect of gentamicin B1 against plant pathogenic fungi was comparable to primary antifungal agents. CONCLUSION Gentamicin is already in medical use. In vitro and preclinical in vivo synergisms of gentamicin B1 with amphotericin B suggest immediate clinical trials starting with subtoxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Screening Readthrough Compounds to Suppress Nonsense Mutations: Possible Application to β-Thalassemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020289. [PMID: 31972957 PMCID: PMC7073686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of thalassemia (including β039-thalassemia) are caused by nonsense mutations in genes controlling globin production, leading to premature translation termination and mRNA destabilization mediated by the nonsense mediated mRNA decay. Drugs (for instance, aminoglycosides) can be designed to suppress premature translation termination by inducing readthrough (or nonsense suppression) at the premature termination codon. These findings have introduced new hopes for the development of a pharmacologic approach to cure this genetic disease. In the present review, we first summarize the principle and current status of the chemical relief for the expression of functional proteins from genes otherwise unfruitful for the presence of nonsense mutations. Second, we compare data available on readthrough molecules for β0-thalassemia. The examples reported in the review strongly suggest that ribosomal readthrough should be considered as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of β0-thalassemia caused by nonsense mutations. Concluding, the discovery of molecules, exhibiting the property of inducing β-globin, such as readthrough compounds, is of great interest and represents a hope for several patients, whose survival will depend on the possible use of drugs rendering blood transfusion and chelation therapy unnecessary.
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15
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Pasmooij AMG. Topical Gentamicin for the Treatment of Genetic Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 138:731-734. [PMID: 29579455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical application of topical gentamicin is a worthwhile option to investigate further for Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis and other genetic skin diseases caused by nonsense mutations. It is especially interesting to study gentamicin 1B because it may be more efficacious than other gentamicin components. Topical gentamicin has an acceptable safety profile, although prospective tracking of antibiotic resistance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M G Pasmooij
- Department of Dermatology, Center of Expertise of Blistering Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Complete reconstitution of the diverse pathways of gentamicin B biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:295-303. [PMID: 30643280 PMCID: PMC6488028 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin B (GB), a valuable starting material for the preparation of the semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic isepamicin, is produced in trace amounts by the wild-type Micromonospora echinospora. While the biosynthetic pathway to GB has remained obscure for decades, we have now identified three hidden pathways to GB production via seven hitherto unknown intermediates in M. echinospora. The narrow substrate specificity of a key glycosyltransferase and the C6′-amination enzymes, in combination with the weak and unsynchronized gene expression of the 2′-deamination enzymes, limit GB production in M. echinospora. The crystal structure of the aminotransferase involved in C6′-amination explains its substrate specificity. Some of the new intermediates displayed similar premature termination codon readthrough activity but with reduced toxicity compared to the natural aminoglycoside G418. This work not only led to the discovery of unknown biosynthetic routes to GB, but also demonstrated the potential to mine new aminoglycosides from nature for drug discovery.
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17
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Abstract
The term epidermolysis bullosa (EB) refers to a group of hereditary skin blistering diseases. The group is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, but all EB forms are associated with mechanically induced skin blistering and fragility. The causative gene mutations of most EB types are known. The current international consensus classification contains four main types: EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), dystrophic EB (DEB), and Kindler syndrome (KS). The classification is based on the morphological level of blister formation. In EBS, the split is intra-epidermal, in JEB along the basement membrane and in DEB below the basement membrane. In Kindler syndrome, the dermal-epidermal junction is disorganized, and blisters can occur on all three levels. Each major EB type has further subtypes which may differ in terms of their genetic, biological or clinical characteristics. Traditionally, EB treatments have been symptomatic, but increasing understanding of disease etio-pathogenesis is facilitating development of novel evidence-based therapy approaches. First gene- and cell-based therapies are being tested at preclinical level and in clinical trials. New knowledge on secondary disease mechanisms has led to development and clinical testing of urgently needed symptom-relief therapies using small molecules and biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, Freiburg 79104, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
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18
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Ng M, Zhang H, Weil A, Singh V, Jamiolkowski R, Baradaran-Heravi A, Roberge M, Jacobson A, Friesen W, Welch E, Goldman YE, Cooperman BS. New in Vitro Assay Measuring Direct Interaction of Nonsense Suppressors with the Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis Machinery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1285-1291. [PMID: 30613341 PMCID: PMC6295867 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsense suppressors (NonSups) induce "readthrough", i.e., the selection of near cognate tRNAs at premature termination codons and insertion of the corresponding amino acid into nascent polypeptide. Prior readthrough measurements utilized contexts in which NonSups can promote readthrough directly, by binding to one or more of the components of the protein synthesis machinery, or indirectly, by several other mechanisms. Here we utilize a new, highly purified in vitro assay to measure exclusively direct nonsense suppressor-induced readthrough. Of 16 NonSups tested, 12 display direct readthrough, with results suggesting that such NonSups act by at least two different mechanisms. In preliminary work we demonstrate the potential of single molecule fluorescence energy transfer measurements to elucidate mechanisms of NonSup-induced direct readthrough, which will aid efforts to identify NonSups having improved clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin
Y. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amy Weil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department
of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ryan Jamiolkowski
- Department
of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Heravi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Michel Roberge
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Allan Jacobson
- Department
of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Westley Friesen
- PTC
Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080, United States
| | - Ellen Welch
- PTC
Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080, United States
| | - Yale E. Goldman
- Department
of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Barry S. Cooperman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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19
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'Stop' in protein synthesis is modulated with exquisite subtlety by an extended RNA translation signal. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1615-1625. [PMID: 30420414 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Translational stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, form an integral part of the universal genetic code. They are of significant interest today for their underlying fundamental role in terminating protein synthesis, but also for their potential utilisation for programmed alternative translation events. In diverse organisms, UAA has wide usage, but it is puzzling that the high fidelity UAG is selected against and yet UGA, vulnerable to suppression, is widely used, particularly in those archaeal and bacterial genomes with a high GC content. In canonical protein synthesis, stop codons are interpreted by protein release factors that structurally and functionally mimic decoding tRNAs and occupy the decoding site on the ribosome. The release factors make close contact with the decoding complex through multiple interactions. Correct interactions cause conformational changes resulting in new and enhanced contacts with the ribosome, particularly between specific bases in the mRNA and rRNA. The base following the stop codon (fourth or +4 base) may strongly influence decoding efficiency, facilitating alternative non-canonical events like frameshifting or selenocysteine incorporation. The fourth base is drawn into the decoding site with a compacted stop codon in the eukaryotic termination complex. Surprisingly, mRNA sequences upstream and downstream of this core tetranucleotide signal have a significant influence on the strength of the signal. Since nine bases downstream of the stop codon are within the mRNA channel, their interactions with rRNA, and r-proteins may affect efficiency. With this understanding, it is now possible to design stop signals of desired strength for specific applied purposes.
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20
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Friesen WJ, Johnson B, Sierra J, Zhuo J, Vazirani P, Xue X, Tomizawa Y, Baiazitov R, Morrill C, Ren H, Babu S, Moon YC, Branstrom A, Mollin A, Hedrick J, Sheedy J, Elfring G, Weetall M, Colacino JM, Welch EM, Peltz SW. The minor gentamicin complex component, X2, is a potent premature stop codon readthrough molecule with therapeutic potential. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206158. [PMID: 30359426 PMCID: PMC6201930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations, resulting in a premature stop codon in the open reading frame of mRNAs are responsible for thousands of inherited diseases. Readthrough of premature stop codons by small molecule drugs has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to treat disorders resulting from premature termination of translation. The aminoglycoside antibiotics are a class of molecule known to promote readthrough at premature termination codons. Gentamicin consists of a mixture of major and minor aminoglycoside components. Here, we investigated the readthrough activities of the individual components and show that each of the four major gentamicin complex components representing 92–99% of the complex each had similar potency and activity to that of the complex itself. In contrast, a minor component (gentamicin X2) was found to be the most potent and active readthrough component in the gentamicin complex. The known oto- and nephrotoxicity associated with aminoglycosides preclude long-term use as readthrough agents. Thus, we evaluated the components of the gentamicin complex as well as the so-called “designer” aminoglycoside, NB124, for in vitro and in vivo safety. In cells, we observed that gentamicin X2 had a safety/readthrough ratio (cytotoxicity/readthrough potency) superior to that of gentamicin, G418 or NB124. In rodents, we observed that gentamicin X2 showed a safety profile that was superior to G418 overall including reduced nephrotoxicity. These results support further investigation of gentamicin X2 as a therapeutic readthrough agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Westley J. Friesen
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Briana Johnson
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jairo Sierra
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jin Zhuo
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Priya Vazirani
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Xiaojiao Xue
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Yuki Tomizawa
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ramil Baiazitov
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Christie Morrill
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Ren
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Suresh Babu
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Art Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Anna Mollin
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jean Hedrick
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gary Elfring
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | | | - Ellen M. Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
| | - Stuart W. Peltz
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, NJ, United States of America
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21
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Retrospective evaluation of in vitro effect of gentamicin B1 against Fusarium species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10353-10359. [PMID: 30315352 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro susceptibility of gentamicin fractions against Fusarium growth was the subject of this retrospective study. Fusariosis was earlier an exceptionally rare human disease and an unrealistic idea to treat soil saprophytes and plant pathogens with expensive antibiotics such as gentamicins or their minor components. Disseminated fusariosis is now the second most frequent lethal fungal infection after aspergillosis especially in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancy. Results of this study obtained between May and November 1973 were interesting but not practicable and remained unpublished. Seven Fusarium and 28 other fungal strains were tested for their susceptibility to gentamicin B1. The anti-Fusarium activity of gentamicin B1 was between 0.2 and 3.1 μg/ml minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The MIC values of clotrimazol and amphotericin B against Fusarium species were significantly higher, 3.1-12.5 μg/ml and 3.1-50 μg/ml, respectively. Gentamicin B1 and its structurally related congeners including hygromycin B, paromomycin, tobramycin (nebramycin factor 5'), nebramycin (nebramycin factor 4), and sisomicin exerted strong in vitro inhibition against Fusarium species between 0.2 and 12.5 μg/ml concentrations. The antibacterial MIC concentration of gentamicin B1 tested on 20 bacterial strains ranged between 0.1 and 50 μg/ml. Gentamicin B1, a minor fraction of the gentamicin complex, inhibited effectively the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis) bacteria and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas) pathogens. Gentamicins and related aminoglycoside antibiotics are used in medical practice. It is proposed that due to the increasing incidence of fusariosis and drug resistance, gentamicin components, particularly minor fraction B1 and related aminoglycoside antibiotics, could be tested for their in vivo activity against fusariosis and aspergillosis either alone or in combination with other antifungal agents.
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22
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Li W, Yin L, Shen C, Hu K, Ge J, Sun A. SCN5A Variants: Association With Cardiac Disorders. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1372. [PMID: 30364184 PMCID: PMC6191725 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SCN5A gene encodes the alpha subunit of the main cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5. This channel predominates inward sodium current (INa) and plays a critical role in regulation of cardiac electrophysiological function. Since 1995, SCN5A variants have been found to be causatively associated with Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, cardiac conduction system dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, etc. Previous genetic, electrophysiological, and molecular studies have identified the arrhythmic and cardiac structural characteristics induced by SCN5A variants. However, due to the variation of disease manifestations and genetic background, impact of environmental factors, as well as the presence of mixed phenotypes, the detailed and individualized physiological mechanisms in various SCN5A-related syndromes are not fully elucidated. This review summarizes the current knowledge of SCN5A genetic variations in different SCN5A-related cardiac disorders and the newly developed therapy strategies potentially useful to prevent and treat these disorders in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Paez-Mayorga J, Chen AL, Kotla S, Tao Y, Abe RJ, He ED, Danysh BP, Hofmann MCC, Le NT. Ponatinib Activates an Inflammatory Response in Endothelial Cells via ERK5 SUMOylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:125. [PMID: 30238007 PMCID: PMC6135907 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponatinib is a multi-targeted third generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients harboring the Abelson (Abl)-breakpoint cluster region (Bcr) T315I mutation. In spite of having superb clinical efficacy, ponatinib triggers severe vascular adverse events (VAEs) that significantly limit its therapeutic potential. On vascular endothelial cells (ECs), ponatinib promotes EC dysfunction and apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis. Furthermore, ponatinib-mediated anti-angiogenic effect has been suggested to play a partial role in systemic and pulmonary hypertension via inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Even though ponatinib-associated VAEs are well documented, their etiology remains largely unknown, making it difficult to efficiently counteract treatment-related adversities. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which ponatinib mediates VAEs is critical. In cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs) treated with ponatinib, we found an increase in nuclear factor NF-kB/p65 phosphorylation and NF-kB activity, inflammatory gene expression, cell permeability, and cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, ponatinib abolished extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) transcriptional activity even under activation by its upstream kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5α (CA-MEK5α). Ponatinib also diminished expression of ERK5 responsive genes such as Krüppel-like Factor 2/4 (klf2/4) and eNOS. Because ERK5 SUMOylation counteracts its transcriptional activity, we examined the effect of ponatinib on ERK5 SUMOylation, and found that ERK5 SUMOylation is increased by ponatinib. We also found that ponatibib-mediated increased inflammatory gene expression and decreased anti-inflammatory gene expression were reversed when ERK5 SUMOylation was inhibited endogenously or exogenously. Overall, we propose a novel mechanism by which ponatinib up-regulates endothelial ERK5 SUMOylation and shifts ECs to an inflammatory phenotype, disrupting vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Paez-Mayorga
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Andrew L. Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yunting Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rei J. Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emma D. He
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian P. Danysh
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Claude C. Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Strug LJ, Stephenson AL, Panjwani N, Harris A. Recent advances in developing therapeutics for cystic fibrosis. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:R173-R186. [PMID: 30060192 PMCID: PMC6061831 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite hope that a cure was imminent when the causative gene was cloned nearly 30 years ago, cystic fibrosis (CF [MIM: 219700]) remains a life-shortening disease affecting more than 70 000 individuals worldwide. However, within the last 6 years the Food and Drug Administration's approval of Ivacaftor, the first drug that corrects the defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein [CFTR (MIM: 602421)] in patients with the G551D mutation, marks a watershed in the development of novel therapeutics for this devastating disease. Here we review recent progress in diverse research areas, which all focus on curing CF at the genetic, biochemical or physiological level. In the near future it seems probable that development of mutation-specific therapies will be the focus, since it is unlikely that any one approach will be efficient in correcting the more than 2000 disease-associated variants. We discuss the new drugs and combinations of drugs that either enhance delivery of misfolded CFTR protein to the cell membrane, where it functions as an ion channel, or that activate channel opening. Next we consider approaches to correct the causative genetic lesion at the DNA or RNA level, through repressing stop mutations and nonsense-mediated decay, modulating splice mutations, fixing errors by gene editing or using novel routes to gene replacement. Finally, we explore how modifier genes, loci elsewhere in the genome that modify CF disease severity, may be used to restore a normal phenotype. Progress in all of these areas has been dramatic, generating enthusiasm that CF may soon become a broadly treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Strug
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne L Stephenson
- Department of Respirology, Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naim Panjwani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ann Harris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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McHugh DR, Steele MS, Valerio DM, Miron A, Mann RJ, LePage DF, Conlon RA, Cotton CU, Drumm ML, Hodges CA. A G542X cystic fibrosis mouse model for examining nonsense mutation directed therapies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199573. [PMID: 29924856 PMCID: PMC6010256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations are present in 10% of patients with CF, produce a premature termination codon in CFTR mRNA causing early termination of translation, and lead to lack of CFTR function. There are no currently available animal models which contain a nonsense mutation in the endogenous Cftr locus that can be utilized to test nonsense mutation therapies. In this study, we create a CF mouse model carrying the G542X nonsense mutation in Cftr using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The G542X mouse model has reduced Cftr mRNA levels, demonstrates absence of CFTR function, and displays characteristic manifestations of CF mice such as reduced growth and intestinal obstruction. Importantly, CFTR restoration is observed in G542X intestinal organoids treated with G418, an aminoglycoside with translational readthrough capabilities. The G542X mouse model provides an invaluable resource for the identification of potential therapies of CF nonsense mutations as well as the assessment of in vivo effectiveness of these potential therapies targeting nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. McHugh
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Miarasa S. Steele
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Valerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alexander Miron
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachel J. Mann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David F. LePage
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ronald A. Conlon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Calvin U. Cotton
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitchell L. Drumm
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Hodges
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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26
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Marcel V, Nguyen Van Long F, Diaz JJ. 40 Years of Research Put p53 in Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E152. [PMID: 29883412 PMCID: PMC5977125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1979, p53 has shown multiple facets. Initially the tumor suppressor p53 protein was considered as a stress sensor able to maintain the genome integrity by regulating transcription of genes involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. However, it rapidly came into light that p53 regulates gene expression to control a wider range of biological processes allowing rapid cell adaptation to environmental context. Among them, those related to cancer have been extensively documented. In addition to its role as transcription factor, scattered studies reported that p53 regulates miRNA processing, modulates protein activity by direct interaction or exhibits RNA-binding activity, thus suggesting a role of p53 in regulating several layers of gene expression not restricted to transcription. After 40 years of research, it appears more and more clearly that p53 is strongly implicated in translational regulation as well as in the control of the production and activity of the translational machinery. Translation control of specific mRNAs could provide yet unsuspected capabilities to this well-known guardian of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Marcel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Flora Nguyen Van Long
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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27
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Campbell MB, Campbell WC, Rogers J, Rogers N, Rogers Z, van den Hurk AM, Webb A, Webb T, Zaslaw P. Bloom syndrome: research and data priorities for the development of precision medicine as identified by some affected families. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a002816. [PMID: 29610394 PMCID: PMC5880269 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloom syndrome (BS) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by short stature, a skin rash associated with sun exposure, and an elevated likelihood of developing cancers of essentially all types, beginning at an early age. Cancer is the leading cause of death for persons with BS, and its early onset results in a reported median lifespan of <30 years. With fewer than 300 documented cases since BS was first described in 1954, its rarity has challenged progress in advancing both the care of and the cure for persons with BS. Presently, there are no known clinically actionable targets specific to persons with this cancer predisposition syndrome, despite the fact that standard cancer treatments are often contraindicated or must be substantially modified for persons with BS. Herein, Zachary Rogers recounts his experience as a cancer patient with BS contemplating a substantially customized chemotherapy regimen that highlights the need for development of individualized treatments in the BS community. We also outline a patient-centered research and community action road map with the goal of improving and prolonging the lives of persons with Bloom syndrome, including the facilitation of precision medicine development specific to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Campbell
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA.,Caltech Office of Technology Transfer and Corporate Partnerships, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Wesley C Campbell
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - James Rogers
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Natalie Rogers
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Zachary Rogers
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Anne Marie van den Hurk
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Annie Webb
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Talon Webb
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Paul Zaslaw
- 2017 Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Balciunas
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ferrarese M, Testa MF, Balestra D, Bernardi F, Pinotti M, Branchini A. Secretion of wild-type factor IX upon readthrough over F9 pre-peptide nonsense mutations causing hemophilia B. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:702-708. [PMID: 29388273 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-peptide regions of secreted proteins display wide sequence variability, even among highly homologous proteins such as coagulation factors, and are intracellularly removed, thus potentially favoring secretion of wild-type proteins upon suppression of nonsense mutations (translational readthrough). As models we selected F9 nonsense mutations with readthrough-favorable features affecting the pre-peptide and pro-peptide regions of coagulation factor IX (FIX), which cause hemophilia B (HB). Only the p.Gly21Ter (c.61G > T) in the variable pre-peptide hydrophobic core significantly responded (secretion, 4.1 ± 0.5% of wild-type; coagulant activity, 4.0 ± 0.3%) to the readthrough-inducer geneticin. Strikingly, for the p.Gly21Ter mutation, the resulting specific coagulant activity (0.96 ± 0.11) was compatible with normal function, thus suggesting secretion of FIX with wild-type features upon readthrough and removal of pre-peptide. Expression of the predicted readthrough-deriving missense variants (Gly21Trp/Cys/Arg) revealed a preserved specific activity (ranging from 0.84 to 0.98), thus supporting our observation. Conversely, rescue of the p.Cys28Ter (c.84T > A) and p.Lys45Ter (c.133A > T) was prevented by constraints of adjacent cleavage sites, a finding consistent with the association of most missense mutations affecting these regions with severe or moderate HB. Overall, our data indicate that suppression of nonsense mutations in the pre-peptide core preserves mature protein features, thus making this class of mutations preferred candidates for therapeutic readthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ferrarese
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Testa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Balestra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. Wild-type p53 can suppress tumour development by multiple pathways. However, mutation of TP53 and the resultant inactivation of p53 allow evasion of tumour cell death and rapid tumour progression. The high frequency of TP53 mutation in tumours has prompted efforts to restore normal function of mutant p53 and thereby trigger tumour cell death and tumour elimination. Small molecules that can reactivate missense-mutant p53 protein have been identified by different strategies, and two compounds are being tested in clinical trials. Novel approaches for targeting TP53 nonsense mutations are also underway. This Review discusses recent progress in pharmacological reactivation of mutant p53 and highlights problems and promises with these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir J N Bykov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofi E Eriksson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Bianchi
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Uitto J, Bruckner-Tuderman L, McGrath JA, Riedl R, Robinson C. EB2017-Progress in Epidermolysis Bullosa Research toward Treatment and Cure. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1010-1016. [PMID: 29391251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa, a group of heritable blistering disorders, shows extensive phenotypic variability due to mutations in as many as 20 distinct genes. There is no cure for this devastating group of disorders; however, a number of preclinical developments show promise, and some approaches have already reached the stage of early clinical trials. Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association (DEBRA) International, a global coalition of national patient organizations advocating on behalf of the patients and families with epidermolysis bullosa, supports research and organizes periodic scientific and clinical meetings on this disease. The most recent meeting, EB2017, was held in Salzburg in September 2017. This report summarizes some of the recent research and clinical developments that have identified promising avenues toward treatment and perhaps eventual cure, with improved quality of life for patients with epidermolysis bullosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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32
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Therapies for genetic extracellular matrix diseases of the skin. Matrix Biol 2017; 71-72:330-347. [PMID: 29274938 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A specialized, highly developed dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) provides the skin with its unique mechano-resilient properties and is vital for organ function. Accordingly, genetically acquired deficiency of dermal ECM proteins or proteins essential for the post-translational modification and homeostasis of the dermal ECM, results in diseases affecting the skin. Some of these diseases are lethal or lead to severe complications for the affected individuals. At present limited efficient and evidence-based treatment options exist for genetic ECM diseases of the skin. There is thus a high unmet medical need, creating an urgent demand to develop improved care for these diseases. Here, by drawing examples from the wealth of research on epidermolysis bullosa, we present the current status of biological and small molecule therapies for genetic ECM diseases with skin manifestations. We discuss challenges, and using existing data to propose strategies and future directions allowing development of more efficacious therapies and advancement of them into clinical practice.
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Abstract
Aminoglycosides are well known as antibiotics that target the bacterial ribosome. However, they also impact the eukaryotic translation mechanism to promote read-through of premature termination codons (PTCs) in mRNA. Aminoglycosides are therefore considered as potential therapies for PTC-associated human diseases. Here, we performed a comprehensive study of the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides in eukaryotes by applying a combination of structural and functional approaches. Our findings reveal complex interactions of aminoglycosides with eukaryotic 80S ribosome caused by their multiple binding sites, which lead to inhibition of intersubunit movement within the human ribosome that impact nearly every aspect of protein synthesis. Aminoglycosides are chemically diverse, broad-spectrum antibiotics that target functional centers within the bacterial ribosome to impact all four principle stages (initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling) of the translation mechanism. The propensity of aminoglycosides to induce miscoding errors that suppress the termination of protein synthesis supports their potential as therapeutic interventions in human diseases associated with premature termination codons (PTCs). However, the sites of interaction of aminoglycosides with the eukaryotic ribosome and their modes of action in eukaryotic translation remain largely unexplored. Here, we use the combination of X-ray crystallography and single-molecule FRET analysis to reveal the interactions of distinct classes of aminoglycosides with the 80S eukaryotic ribosome. Crystal structures of the 80S ribosome in complex with paromomycin, geneticin (G418), gentamicin, and TC007, solved at 3.3- to 3.7-Å resolution, reveal multiple aminoglycoside-binding sites within the large and small subunits, wherein the 6′-hydroxyl substituent in ring I serves as a key determinant of binding to the canonical eukaryotic ribosomal decoding center. Multivalent binding interactions with the human ribosome are also evidenced through their capacity to affect large-scale conformational dynamics within the pretranslocation complex that contribute to multiple aspects of the translation mechanism. The distinct impacts of the aminoglycosides examined suggest that their chemical composition and distinct modes of interaction with the ribosome influence PTC read-through efficiency. These findings provide structural and functional insights into aminoglycoside-induced impacts on the eukaryotic ribosome and implicate pleiotropic mechanisms of action beyond decoding.
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Jiang M, Karasawa T, Steyger PS. Aminoglycoside-Induced Cochleotoxicity: A Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:308. [PMID: 29062271 PMCID: PMC5640705 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used as prophylaxis, or urgent treatment, for many life-threatening bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, sepsis, respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis, complex urinary tract infections and endocarditis. Although aminoglycosides are clinically-essential antibiotics, the mechanisms underlying their selective toxicity to the kidney and inner ear continue to be unraveled despite more than 70 years of investigation. The following mechanisms each contribute to aminoglycoside-induced toxicity after systemic administration: (1) drug trafficking across endothelial and epithelial barrier layers; (2) sensory cell uptake of these drugs; and (3) disruption of intracellular physiological pathways. Specific factors can increase the risk of drug-induced toxicity, including sustained exposure to higher levels of ambient sound, and selected therapeutic agents such as loop diuretics and glycopeptides. Serious bacterial infections (requiring life-saving aminoglycoside treatment) induce systemic inflammatory responses that also potentiate the degree of ototoxicity and permanent hearing loss. We discuss prospective clinical strategies to protect auditory and vestibular function from aminoglycoside ototoxicity, including reduced cochlear or sensory cell uptake of aminoglycosides, and otoprotection by ameliorating intracellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jiang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Takatoshi Karasawa
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Peter S Steyger
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, Portland VA Medical Center (VHA), Portland, OR, United States
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35
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Aminoglycoside-driven biosynthesis of selenium-deficient Selenoprotein P. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4391. [PMID: 28663583 PMCID: PMC5491492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein biosynthesis relies on the co-translational insertion of selenocysteine in response to UGA codons. Aminoglycoside antibiotics interfere with ribosomal function and may cause codon misreading. We hypothesized that biosynthesis of the selenium (Se) transporter selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is particularly sensitive to antibiotics due to its ten in frame UGA codons. As liver regulates Se metabolism, we tested the aminoglycosides G418 and gentamicin in hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B and Hepa1-6) and in experimental mice. In vitro, SELENOP levels increased strongly in response to G418, whereas expression of the glutathione peroxidases GPX1 and GPX2 was marginally affected. Se content of G418-induced SELENOP was dependent on Se availability, and was completely suppressed by G418 under Se-poor conditions. Selenocysteine residues were replaced mainly by cysteine, tryptophan and arginine in a codon-specific manner. Interestingly, in young healthy mice, antibiotic treatment failed to affect Selenop biosynthesis to a detectable degree. These findings suggest that the interfering activity of aminoglycosides on selenoprotein biosynthesis can be severe, but depend on the Se status, and other parameters likely including age and general health. Focused analyses with aminoglycoside-treated patients are needed next to evaluate a possible interference of selenoprotein biosynthesis by the antibiotics and elucidate potential side effects.
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36
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Mucke HA. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications January–March 2017. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:127-132. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.29057.pq1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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O’Sullivan ME, Perez A, Lin R, Sajjadi A, Ricci AJ, Cheng AG. Towards the Prevention of Aminoglycoside-Related Hearing Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:325. [PMID: 29093664 PMCID: PMC5651232 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides are potent antibiotics deployed worldwide despite their known side-effect of sensorineural hearing loss. The main etiology of this sensory deficit is death of inner ear sensory hair cells selectively triggered by aminoglycosides. For decades, research has sought to unravel the molecular events mediating sensory cell demise, emphasizing the roles of reactive oxygen species and their potentials as therapeutic targets. Studies in recent years have revealed candidate transport pathways including the mechanotransducer channel for drug entry into sensory cells. Once inside sensory cells, intracellular targets of aminoglycosides, such as the mitochondrial ribosomes, are beginning to be elucidated. Based on these results, less ototoxic aminoglycoside analogs are being generated and may serve as alternate antimicrobial agents. In this article, we review the latest findings on mechanisms of aminoglycoside entry into hair cells, their intracellular actions and potential therapeutic targets for preventing aminoglycoside ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Adela Perez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Randy Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Autefeh Sajjadi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Anthony J. Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anthony J. Ricci Alan G. Cheng
| | - Alan G. Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anthony J. Ricci Alan G. Cheng
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