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Li Y, Xue Y, Roy Chowdhury T, Graham DE, Tringe SG, Jansson JK, Taş N. Genomic insights into redox-driven microbial processes for carbon decomposition in thawing Arctic soils and permafrost. mSphere 2024; 9:e0025924. [PMID: 38860762 PMCID: PMC11288003 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00259-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is rapidly transforming Arctic landscapes where increasing soil temperatures speed up permafrost thaw. This exposes large carbon stocks to microbial decomposition, possibly worsening climate change by releasing more greenhouse gases. Understanding how microbes break down soil carbon, especially under the anaerobic conditions of thawing permafrost, is important to determine future changes. Here, we studied the microbial community dynamics and soil carbon decomposition potential in permafrost and active layer soils under anaerobic laboratory conditions that simulated an Arctic summer thaw. The microbial and viral compositions in the samples were analyzed based on metagenomes, metagenome-assembled genomes, and metagenomic viral contigs (mVCs). Following the thawing of permafrost, there was a notable shift in microbial community structure, with fermentative Firmicutes and Bacteroidota taking over from Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria over the 60-day incubation period. The increase in iron and sulfate-reducing microbes had a significant role in limiting methane production from thawed permafrost, underscoring the competition within microbial communities. We explored the growth strategies of microbial communities and found that slow growth was the major strategy in both the active layer and permafrost. Our findings challenge the assumption that fast-growing microbes mainly respond to environmental changes like permafrost thaw. Instead, they indicate a common strategy of slow growth among microbial communities, likely due to the thermodynamic constraints of soil substrates and electron acceptors, and the need for microbes to adjust to post-thaw conditions. The mVCs harbored a wide range of auxiliary metabolic genes that may support cell protection from ice formation in virus-infected cells. IMPORTANCE As the Arctic warms, thawing permafrost unlocks carbon, potentially accelerating climate change by releasing greenhouse gases. Our research delves into the underlying biogeochemical processes likely mediated by the soil microbial community in response to the wet and anaerobic conditions, akin to an Arctic summer thaw. We observed a significant shift in the microbial community post-thaw, with fermentative bacteria like Firmicutes and Bacteroidota taking over and switching to different fermentation pathways. The dominance of iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria likely constrained methane production in the thawing permafrost. Slow-growing microbes outweighed fast-growing ones, even after thaw, upending the expectation that rapid microbial responses to dominate after permafrost thaws. This research highlights the nuanced and complex interactions within Arctic soil microbial communities and underscores the challenges in predicting microbial response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Li
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forest University, Beijing, China
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yaxin Xue
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - David E. Graham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susannah G. Tringe
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Janet K. Jansson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Neslihan Taş
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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2
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Masuda T, Mareš J, Shiozaki T, Inomura K, Fujiwara A, Prášil O. Crocosphaera watsonii - A widespread nitrogen-fixing unicellular marine cyanobacterium. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:604-620. [PMID: 38551849 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Crocosphaera watsonii is a unicellular N2-fixing (diazotrophic) cyanobacterium observed in tropical and subtropical oligotrophic oceans. As a diazotroph, it can be a source of bioavailable nitrogen (N) to the microbial community in N-limited environments, and this may fuel primary production in the regions where it occurs. Crocosphaera watsonii has been the subject of intense study, both in culture and in field populations. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the phylogenetic and physiological diversity of C. watsonii, its distribution, and its ecological niche. Analysis of the relationships among the individual Crocosphaera species and related free-living and symbiotic lineages of diazotrophs based on the nifH gene have shown that the C. watsonii group holds a basal position and that its sequence is more similar to Rippkaea and Zehria than to other Crocosphaera species. This finding warrants further scrutiny to determine if the placement is related to a horizontal gene transfer event. Here, the nifH UCYN-B gene copy number from a recent synthesis effort was used as a proxy for relative C. watsonii abundance to examine patterns of C. watsonii distribution as a function of environmental factors, like iron and phosphorus concentration, and complimented with a synthesis of C. watsonii physiology. Furthermore, we have summarized the current knowledge of C. watsonii with regards to N2 fixation, photosynthesis, and quantitative modeling of physiology. Because N availability can limit primary production, C. watsonii is widely recognized for its importance to carbon and N cycling in ocean ecosystems, and we conclude this review by highlighting important topics for further research on this important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Masuda
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shiogama, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jan Mareš
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Takuhei Shiozaki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inomura
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Amane Fujiwara
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ondřej Prášil
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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3
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Ridley RS, Conrad RE, Lindner BG, Woo S, Konstantinidis KT. Potential routes of plastics biotransformation involving novel plastizymes revealed by global multi-omic analysis of plastic associated microbes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8798. [PMID: 38627476 PMCID: PMC11021508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing efforts across various disciplines, the fate, transport, and impact of synthetic plastics on the environment and public health remain poorly understood. To better elucidate the microbial ecology of plastic waste and its potential for biotransformation, we conducted a large-scale analysis of all publicly available meta-omic studies investigating plastics (n = 27) in the environment. Notably, we observed low prevalence of known plastic degraders throughout most environments, except for substantial enrichment in riverine systems. This indicates rivers may be a highly promising environment for discovery of novel plastic bioremediation products. Ocean samples associated with degrading plastics showed clear differentiation from non-degrading polymers, showing enrichment of novel putative biodegrading taxa in the degraded samples. Regarding plastisphere pathogenicity, we observed significant enrichment of antimicrobial resistance genes on plastics but not of virulence factors. Additionally, we report a co-occurrence network analysis of 10 + million proteins associated with the plastisphere. This analysis revealed a localized sub-region enriched with known and putative plastizymes-these may be useful for deeper investigation of nature's ability to biodegrade man-made plastics. Finally, the combined data from our meta-analysis was used to construct a publicly available database, the Plastics Meta-omic Database (PMDB)-accessible at plasticmdb.org. These data should aid in the integrated exploration of the microbial plastisphere and facilitate research efforts investigating the fate and bioremediation potential of environmental plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Ridley
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Roth E Conrad
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Blake G Lindner
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seongwook Woo
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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4
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Shah S, Damare SR, Mascarenhas-Pereira MBL, Patil J, Parab S, Nair S, Ghosh A. An insight into the prokaryotic diversity from a polymetallic nodule-rich region in the Central Indian Ocean Basin using next generation sequencing approach. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1295149. [PMID: 38567074 PMCID: PMC10985493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1295149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep sea is a vast, dark, and difficult-to-access terrain and is now looked upon as a unique niche harboring diverse microorganism. We used a metataxonomic approach to decipher the microbial diversity present in the water column (surface to near bottom), water overlaying the sediments, and the deep-sea sediments (up to 35 cm) from the Indian Contract Region (ICR) in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). Samples were collected from #IRZ (Impact Reference Zone), #PRZ (Potential Reference Zone), and #BC20 (Control site, outside potential mining area) with an average water depth of 5,200 m. 16S rRNA (V3-V4 region) amplicon sequencing on the MiSeq platform resulted in 942,851 ASVs across 65 water and sediment samples. Higher prokaryotic diversity was observed below 200 m in the water column to the seafloor. Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacterial phylum among all the water samples while Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and, Bacteroidota dominated the sediments. Sediment (below 10 cm) was co-dominated by Firmicutes. Thermoplasmata was the dominant archaeal group in the water column while Crenarchaeota was in the sediments. BC20 was less diverse than IRZ and PRZ. Deep Sea microorganisms could play a vital role in the mineralization processes, nutrient cycling, and also different biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Shah
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, India
- School of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigão, India
| | - Samir R. Damare
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, India
| | | | - Jayesh Patil
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, India
| | - Sneha Parab
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, India
| | - Sushil Nair
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, India
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5
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Brown S, Lloyd CC, Giljan G, Ghobrial S, Amann R, Arnosti C. Pulsed inputs of high molecular weight organic matter shift the mechanisms of substrate utilisation in marine bacterial communities. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16580. [PMID: 38254313 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Heterotrophic bacteria hydrolyze high molecular weight (HMW) organic matter extracellularly prior to uptake, resulting in diffusive loss of hydrolysis products. An alternative 'selfish' uptake mechanism that minimises this loss has recently been found to be common in the ocean. We investigated how HMW organic matter addition affects these two processing mechanisms in surface and bottom waters at three stations in the North Atlantic Ocean. A pulse of HMW organic matter increased cell numbers, as well as the rate and spectrum of extracellular enzymatic activities at both depths. The effects on selfish uptake were more differentiated: in Gulf Stream surface waters and productive surface waters south of Newfoundland, selfish uptake of structurally simple polysaccharides increased upon HMW organic matter addition. The number of selfish bacteria taking up structurally complex polysaccharides, however, was largely unchanged. In contrast, in the oligotrophic North Atlantic gyre, despite high external hydrolysis rates, the number of selfish bacteria was unchanged, irrespective of polysaccharide structure. In deep bottom waters (> 4000 m), structurally complex substrates were processed only by selfish bacteria. Mechanisms of substrate processing-and the extent to which hydrolysis products are released to the external environment-depend on substrate structural complexity and the resident bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brown
- Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Chad Lloyd
- Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greta Giljan
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sherif Ghobrial
- Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Carol Arnosti
- Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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6
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Hu C. Marine natural products and human immunity: novel biomedical resources for anti-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and related cardiovascular disease. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:12. [PMID: 38282092 PMCID: PMC10822835 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Marine natural products (MNPs) and marine organisms include sea urchin, sea squirts or ascidians, sea cucumbers, sea snake, sponge, soft coral, marine algae, and microalgae. As vital biomedical resources for the discovery of marine drugs, bioactive molecules, and agents, these MNPs have bioactive potentials of antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anti-diabetic effects, cancer treatment, and improvement of human immunity. This article reviews the role of MNPs on anti-infection of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and its major variants (such as Delta and Omicron) as well as tuberculosis, H. Pylori, and HIV infection, and as promising biomedical resources for infection related cardiovascular disease (irCVD), diabetes, and cancer. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of current MNPs against SARS-CoV-2 infection are also discussed. Since the use of other chemical agents for COVID-19 treatment are associated with some adverse effects in cardiovascular system, MNPs have more therapeutic advantages. Herein, it's time to protect this ecosystem for better sustainable development in the new era of ocean economy. As huge, novel and promising biomedical resources for anti-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and irCVD, the novel potential mechanisms of MNPs may be through multiple targets and pathways regulating human immunity and inhibiting inflammation. In conclusion, MNPs are worthy of translational research for further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang University, Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 461 Bayi Ave, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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7
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Stephens BM, Durkin CA, Sharpe G, Nguyen TTH, Albers J, Estapa ML, Steinberg DK, Levine NM, Gifford SM, Carlson CA, Boyd PW, Santoro AE. Direct observations of microbial community succession on sinking marine particles. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrad010. [PMID: 38365233 PMCID: PMC10811735 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microbial community dynamics on sinking particles control the amount of carbon that reaches the deep ocean and the length of time that carbon is stored, with potentially profound impacts on Earth's climate. A mechanistic understanding of the controls on sinking particle distributions has been hindered by limited depth- and time-resolved sampling and methods that cannot distinguish individual particles. Here, we analyze microbial communities on nearly 400 individual sinking particles in conjunction with more conventional composite particle samples to determine how particle colonization and community assembly might control carbon sequestration in the deep ocean. We observed community succession with corresponding changes in microbial metabolic potential on the larger sinking particles transporting a significant fraction of carbon to the deep sea. Microbial community richness decreased as particles aged and sank; however, richness increased with particle size and the attenuation of carbon export. This suggests that the theory of island biogeography applies to sinking marine particles. Changes in POC flux attenuation with time and microbial community composition with depth were reproduced in a mechanistic ecosystem model that reflected a range of POC labilities and microbial growth rates. Our results highlight microbial community dynamics and processes on individual sinking particles, the isolation of which is necessary to improve mechanistic models of ocean carbon uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Stephens
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
- Present address: Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Colleen A Durkin
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, United States
| | - Garrett Sharpe
- Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Trang T H Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Fulbright University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City 756000, Vietnam
| | - Justine Albers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Margaret L Estapa
- School of Marine Sciences, Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573, United States
| | - Deborah K Steinberg
- Coastal & Ocean Processes Section, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Scott M Gifford
- Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Craig A Carlson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alyson E Santoro
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
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8
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Gleich SJ, Hu SK, Krinos AI, Caron DA. Protistan community composition and metabolism in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Influences of mesoscale eddies and depth. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16556. [PMID: 38081167 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Marine protists and their metabolic activities are intricately tied to the cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy through microbial food webs. Physiochemical changes in the environment, such as those that result from mesoscale eddies, may impact protistan communities, but the effects that such changes have on protists are poorly known. A metatranscriptomic study was conducted to investigate how eddies affected protists at adjacent cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy sites in the oligotrophic ocean at four depths from 25 to 250 m. Eddy polarity impacted protists at all depths sampled, although the effects of eddy polarity were secondary to the impact of depth across the depth range. Eddy-induced vertical shifts in the water column yielded differences in the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy protistan communities, and these differences were the most pronounced at and just below the deep chlorophyll maximum. An analysis of transcripts associated with protistan nutritional physiology at 150 m revealed that cyclonic eddies may support a more heterotrophic community, while anticyclonic eddies promote a more phototrophic community. The results of this study indicate that eddies alter the metabolism of protists particularly in the lower euphotic zone and may therefore impact carbon export from the euphotic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Gleich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah K Hu
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Arianna I Krinos
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Comstock J, Henderson LC, Close HG, Liu S, Vergin K, Worden AZ, Wittmers F, Halewood E, Giovannoni S, Carlson CA. Marine particle size-fractionation indicates organic matter is processed by differing microbial communities on depth-specific particles. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae090. [PMID: 39165394 PMCID: PMC11334337 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Passive sinking flux of particulate organic matter in the ocean plays a central role in the biological carbon pump and carbon export to the ocean's interior. Particle-associated microbes colonize particulate organic matter, producing "hotspots" of microbial activity. We evaluated variation in particle-associated microbial communities to 500 m depth across four different particle size fractions (0.2-1.2, 1.2-5, 5-20, >20 μm) collected using in situ pumps at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site. In situ pump collections capture both sinking and suspended particles, complementing previous studies using sediment or gel traps, which capture only sinking particles. Additionally, the diagenetic state of size-fractionated particles was examined using isotopic signatures alongside microbial analysis. Our findings emphasize that different particle sizes contain distinctive microbial communities, and each size category experiences a similar degree of change in communities over depth, contradicting previous findings. The robust patterns observed in this study suggest that particle residence times may be long relative to microbial succession rates, indicating that many of the particles collected in this study may be slow sinking or neutrally buoyant. Alternatively, rapid community succession on sinking particles could explain the change between depths. Complementary isotopic analysis of particles revealed significant differences in composition between particles of different sizes and depths, indicative of organic particle transformation by microbial hydrolysis and metazoan grazing. Our results couple observed patterns in microbial communities with the diagenetic state of associated organic matter and highlight unique successional patterns in varying particle sizes across depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Comstock
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Lillian C Henderson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Hilary G Close
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Shuting Liu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
- Department of Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, United States
| | - Kevin Vergin
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, SH, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Wittmers
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, SH, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Halewood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Stephen Giovannoni
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Craig A Carlson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
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Sebastián M, Giner CR, Balagué V, Gómez-Letona M, Massana R, Logares R, Duarte CM, Gasol JM. The active free-living bathypelagic microbiome is largely dominated by rare surface taxa. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae015. [PMID: 38456147 PMCID: PMC10919342 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
A persistent microbial seed bank is postulated to sustain the marine biosphere, and recent findings show that prokaryotic taxa present in the ocean's surface dominate prokaryotic communities throughout the water column. Yet, environmental conditions exert a tight control on the activity of prokaryotes, and drastic changes in these conditions are known to occur from the surface to deep waters. The simultaneous characterization of the total (DNA) and active (i.e. with potential for protein synthesis, RNA) free-living communities in 13 stations distributed across the tropical and subtropical global ocean allowed us to assess their change in structure and diversity along the water column. We observed that active communities were surprisingly more similar along the vertical gradient than total communities. Looking at the vertical connectivity of the active vs. the total communities, we found that taxa detected in the surface sometimes accounted for more than 75% of the active microbiome of bathypelagic waters (50% on average). These active taxa were generally rare in the surface, representing a small fraction of all the surface taxa. Our findings show that the drastic vertical change in environmental conditions leads to the inactivation and disappearance of a large proportion of surface taxa, but some surface-rare taxa remain active (or with potential for protein synthesis) and dominate the bathypelagic active microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sebastián
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalunya E08003, Spain
| | - Caterina R Giner
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalunya E08003, Spain
| | - Vanessa Balagué
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalunya E08003, Spain
| | - Markel Gómez-Letona
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, s/n, Telde, Las Palmas 35214, Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalunya E08003, Spain
| | - Ramiro Logares
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalunya E08003, Spain
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalunya E08003, Spain
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11
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Trouche B, Schauberger C, Bouderka F, Auguet JC, Belser C, Poulain J, Thamdrup B, Wincker P, Arnaud-Haond S, Glud RN, Maignien L. Distribution and genomic variation of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in abyssal and hadal surface sediments. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:133. [PMID: 38135695 PMCID: PMC10746724 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in benthic sediments, at the interface between pelagic and subsurface ecosystems. However, our understanding of their niche separation and of the processes controlling their population structure in hadal and abyssal surface sediments is still limited. Here, we reconstructed 47 AOA metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from surface sediments of the Atacama and Kermadec trench systems. They formed deep-sea-specific groups within the family Nitrosopumilaceae and were assigned to six amoA gene-based clades. MAGs from different clades had distinct distribution patterns along oxygen-ammonium counter gradients in surface sediments. At the species level, MAGs thus seemed to form different ecotypes and follow deterministic niche-based distributions. In contrast, intraspecific population structure, defined by patterns of Single Nucleotide Variants (SNV), seemed to reflect more complex contributions of both deterministic and stochastic processes. Firstly, the bathymetric range had a strong effect on population structure, with distinct populations in abyssal plains and hadal trenches. Then, hadal populations were clearly separated by trench system, suggesting a strong isolation-by-topography effect, whereas abyssal populations were rather controlled by sediment depth or geographic distances, depending on the clade considered. Interestingly, genetic variability between samples was lowest in sediment layers where the mean MAG coverage was highest, highlighting the importance of selective pressure linked with each AOA clade's ecological niche. Overall, our results show that deep-sea AOA genome distributions seem to follow both deterministic and stochastic processes, depending on the genomic variability scale considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Trouche
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6197 Biologie et Ecologie des Ecosystèmes marins Profonds, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
- Hadal & Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Clemens Schauberger
- Hadal & Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feriel Bouderka
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6197 Biologie et Ecologie des Ecosystèmes marins Profonds, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Caroline Belser
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, University of Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, University of Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Bo Thamdrup
- Hadal & Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, University of Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Ronnie N Glud
- Hadal & Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Ocean and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Loïs Maignien
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6197 Biologie et Ecologie des Ecosystèmes marins Profonds, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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12
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Li F, Burger A, Eppley JM, Poff KE, Karl DM, DeLong EF. Planktonic microbial signatures of sinking particle export in the open ocean's interior. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7177. [PMID: 37935690 PMCID: PMC10630432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of particulate carbon produced by oceanic photosynthesis is exported to the deep-sea by the "gravitational pump" (~6.8 to 7.7 Pg C/year), sequestering it from the atmosphere for centuries. How particulate organic carbon (POC) is transformed during export to the deep sea however is not well understood. Here, we report that dominant suspended prokaryotes also found in sinking particles serve as informative tracers of particle export processes. In a three-year time series from oceanographic campaigns in the Pacific Ocean, upper water column relative abundances of suspended prokaryotes entrained in sinking particles decreased exponentially from depths of 75 to 250 m, conforming to known depth-attenuation patterns of carbon, energy, and mass fluxes in the epipelagic zone. Below ~250 m however, the relative abundance of suspended prokaryotes entrained in sinking particles increased with depth. These results indicate that microbial entrainment, colonization, and sinking particle formation are elevated at mesopelagic and bathypelagic depths. Comparison of suspended and sinking particle-associated microbes provides information about the depth-variability of POC export and biotic processes, that is not evident from biogeochemical data alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyan Li
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Andrew Burger
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - John M Eppley
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kirsten E Poff
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- McDonogh School, Owings Mills, MD, USA
| | - David M Karl
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Edward F DeLong
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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13
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Turk-Kubo KA, Gradoville MR, Cheung S, Cornejo-Castillo FM, Harding KJ, Morando M, Mills M, Zehr JP. Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs: global diversity, distribution, ecophysiology, and activity in marine waters. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuac046. [PMID: 36416813 PMCID: PMC10719068 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation supplies nitrogen to the oceans, supporting primary productivity, and is carried out by some bacteria and archaea referred to as diazotrophs. Cyanobacteria are conventionally considered to be the major contributors to marine N2 fixation, but non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) have been shown to be distributed throughout ocean ecosystems. However, the biogeochemical significance of marine NCDs has not been demonstrated. This review synthesizes multiple datasets, drawing from cultivation-independent molecular techniques and data from extensive oceanic expeditions, to provide a comprehensive view into the diversity, biogeography, ecophysiology, and activity of marine NCDs. A NCD nifH gene catalog was compiled containing sequences from both PCR-based and PCR-free methods, identifying taxa for future studies. NCD abundances from a novel database of NCD nifH-based abundances were colocalized with environmental data, unveiling distinct distributions and environmental drivers of individual taxa. Mechanisms that NCDs may use to fuel and regulate N2 fixation in response to oxygen and fixed nitrogen availability are discussed, based on a metabolic analysis of recently available Tara Oceans expedition data. The integration of multiple datasets provides a new perspective that enhances understanding of the biology, ecology, and biogeography of marine NCDs and provides tools and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Turk-Kubo
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Mary R Gradoville
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Shunyan Cheung
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Francisco M Cornejo-Castillo
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim Barceloneta, 37-49 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katie J Harding
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Michael Morando
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Matthew Mills
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan P Zehr
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
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14
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Dithugoe CD, Bezuidt OKI, Cavan EL, Froneman WP, Thomalla SJ, Makhalanyane TP. Bacteria and Archaea Regulate Particulate Organic Matter Export in Suspended and Sinking Marine Particle Fractions. mSphere 2023:e0042022. [PMID: 37093039 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00420-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological carbon pump (BCP) in the Southern Ocean is driven by phytoplankton productivity and is a significant organic matter sink. However, the role of particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and their diversity in influencing the efficiency of the BCP is still unclear. To investigate this, we analyzed the metagenomes linked to suspended and sinking marine particles from the Sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) by deploying a Marine Snow Catcher (MSC), obtaining suspended and sinking particulate material, determining organic carbon and nitrogen flux, and constructing metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). The suspended and sinking particle-pools were dominated by bacteria with the potential to degrade organic carbon. Bacterial communities associated with the sinking fraction had more genes related to the degradation of complex organic carbon than those in the suspended fraction. Archaea had the potential to drive nitrogen metabolism via nitrite and ammonia oxidation, altering organic nitrogen concentration. The data revealed several pathways for chemoautotrophy and the secretion of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) from CO2, with bacteria and archaea potentially sequestering particulate organic matter (POM) via the production of RDOC. These findings provide insights into the diversity and function of prokaryotes in suspended and sinking particles and their role in organic carbon/nitrogen export in the Southern Ocean. IMPORTANCE The biological carbon pump is crucial for the export of particulate organic matter in the ocean. Recent studies on marine microbes have shown the profound influence of bacteria and archaea as regulators of particulate organic matter export. Yet, despite the importance of the Southern Ocean as a carbon sink, we lack comparable insights regarding microbial contributions. This study provides the first insights regarding prokaryotic contributions to particulate organic matter export in the Southern Ocean. We reveal evidence that prokaryotic communities in suspended and sinking particle fractions harbor widespread genomic potential for mediating particulate organic matter export. The results substantially enhance our understanding of the role played by microorganisms in regulating particulate organic matter export in suspended and sinking marine fractions in the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choaro D Dithugoe
- Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa
- SARChI Chair: Marine Ecosystems and Resources, Department of Entomology & Zoology, Rhodes University (RU), Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- SARChI Chair: Marine Microbiomics, microbiome@UP, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria (UP), Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Oliver K I Bezuidt
- SARChI Chair: Marine Microbiomics, microbiome@UP, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria (UP), Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emma L Cavan
- Imperial College London, Berks, Silwood Park, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - William P Froneman
- SARChI Chair: Marine Ecosystems and Resources, Department of Entomology & Zoology, Rhodes University (RU), Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Sandy J Thomalla
- Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thulani P Makhalanyane
- SARChI Chair: Marine Microbiomics, microbiome@UP, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria (UP), Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Giljan G, Brown S, Lloyd CC, Ghobrial S, Amann R, Arnosti C. Selfish bacteria are active throughout the water column of the ocean. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:11. [PMID: 36739317 PMCID: PMC9899235 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic bacteria in the ocean invest carbon, nitrogen, and energy in extracellular enzymes to hydrolyze large substrates to smaller sizes suitable for uptake. Since hydrolysis products produced outside of a cell may be lost to diffusion, the return on this investment is uncertain. Selfish bacteria change the odds in their favor by binding, partially hydrolyzing, and transporting polysaccharides into the periplasmic space without loss of hydrolysis products. We expected selfish bacteria to be most common in the upper ocean, where phytoplankton produce abundant fresh organic matter, including complex polysaccharides. We, therefore, sampled water in the western North Atlantic Ocean at four depths from three stations differing in physiochemical conditions; these stations and depths also differed considerably in microbial community composition. To our surprise, we found that selfish bacteria are common throughout the water column of the ocean, including at depths greater than 5500 m. Selfish uptake as a strategy thus appears to be geographically-and phylogenetically-widespread. Since processing and uptake of polysaccharides require enzymes that are highly sensitive to substrate structure, the activities of these bacteria might not be reflected by measurements relying on uptake only of low molecular weight substrates. Moreover, even at the bottom of the ocean, the supply of structurally-intact polysaccharides, and therefore the return on enzymatic investment, must be sufficient to maintain these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Giljan
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sarah Brown
- Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C Chad Lloyd
- Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sherif Ghobrial
- Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Carol Arnosti
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
- Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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16
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Vincent F, Gralka M, Schleyer G, Schatz D, Cabrera-Brufau M, Kuhlisch C, Sichert A, Vidal-Melgosa S, Mayers K, Barak-Gavish N, Flores JM, Masdeu-Navarro M, Egge JK, Larsen A, Hehemann JH, Marrasé C, Simó R, Cordero OX, Vardi A. Viral infection switches the balance between bacterial and eukaryotic recyclers of organic matter during coccolithophore blooms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:510. [PMID: 36720878 PMCID: PMC9889395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Algal blooms are hotspots of marine primary production and play central roles in microbial ecology and global elemental cycling. Upon demise of the bloom, organic carbon is partly respired and partly transferred to either higher trophic levels, bacterial biomass production or sinking. Viral infection can lead to bloom termination, but its impact on the fate of carbon remains largely unquantified. Here, we characterize the interplay between viral infection and the composition of a bloom-associated microbiome and consequently the evolving biogeochemical landscape, by conducting a large-scale mesocosm experiment where we monitor seven induced coccolithophore blooms. The blooms show different degrees of viral infection and reveal that only high levels of viral infection are followed by significant shifts in the composition of free-living bacterial and eukaryotic assemblages. Intriguingly, upon viral infection the biomass of eukaryotic heterotrophs (thraustochytrids) rivals that of bacteria as potential recyclers of organic matter. By combining modeling and quantification of active viral infection at a single-cell resolution, we estimate that viral infection causes a 2-4 fold increase in per-cell rates of extracellular carbon release in the form of acidic polysaccharides and particulate inorganic carbon, two major contributors to carbon sinking into the deep ocean. These results reveal the impact of viral infection on the fate of carbon through microbial recyclers of organic matter in large-scale coccolithophore blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Vincent
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biological Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matti Gralka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02145, MA, USA.,Systems Biology Lab, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life)/Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Schleyer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Constanze Kuhlisch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreas Sichert
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02145, MA, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kyle Mayers
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Noa Barak-Gavish
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Michel Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Jorun Karin Egge
- Department of Biological Sciences (BIO), University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aud Larsen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, 5008, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences (BIO), University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Celia Marrasé
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Otto X Cordero
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02145, MA, USA
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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17
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Herndl GJ, Bayer B, Baltar F, Reinthaler T. Prokaryotic Life in the Deep Ocean's Water Column. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2023; 15:461-483. [PMID: 35834811 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oceanic waters below a depth of 200 m represent, in terms of volume, the largest habitat of the biosphere, harboring approximately 70% of the prokaryotic biomass in the oceanic water column. These waters are characterized by low temperature, increasing hydrostatic pressure, and decreasing organic matter supply with depth. Recent methodological advances in microbial oceanography have refined our view of the ecology of prokaryotes in the dark ocean. Here, we review the ecology of prokaryotes of the dark ocean, present data on the biomass distribution and heterotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic prokaryotic production in the major oceanic basins, and highlight the phylogenetic and functional diversity of this part of the ocean. We describe the connectivity of surface and deep-water prokaryotes and the molecular adaptations of piezophilic prokaryotes to high hydrostatic pressure. We also highlight knowledge gaps in the ecology of the dark ocean's prokaryotes and their role in the biogeochemical cycles in the largest habitat of the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard J Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Bayer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Baltar
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas Reinthaler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
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18
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Bonnet S, Benavides M, Le Moigne FAC, Camps M, Torremocha A, Grosso O, Dimier C, Spungin D, Berman-Frank I, Garczarek L, Cornejo-Castillo FM. Diazotrophs are overlooked contributors to carbon and nitrogen export to the deep ocean. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:47-58. [PMID: 36163270 PMCID: PMC9750961 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diazotrophs are widespread microorganisms that alleviate nitrogen limitation in 60% of our oceans, thereby regulating marine productivity. Yet, the group-specific contribution of diazotrophs to organic matter export has not been quantified, which so far has impeded an accurate assessment of their impact on the biological carbon pump. Here, we examine the fate of five groups of globally-distributed diazotrophs by using an original combination of mesopelagic particle sampling devices across the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. We demonstrate that cyanobacterial and non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs are exported down to 1000 m depth. Surprisingly, group-specific export turnover rates point to a more efficient export of small unicellular cyanobacterial diazotrophs (UCYN) relative to the larger and filamentous Trichodesmium. Phycoerythrin-containing UCYN-B and UCYN-C-like cells were recurrently found embedded in large (>50 µm) organic aggregates or organized into clusters of tens to hundreds of cells linked by an extracellular matrix, presumably facilitating their export. Beyond the South Pacific, our data are supported by analysis of the Tara Oceans metagenomes collected in other ocean basins, extending the scope of our results globally. We show that, when diazotrophs are found in the euphotic zone, they are also systematically present in mesopelagic waters, suggesting their transport to the deep ocean. We thus conclude that diazotrophs are a significant part of the carbon sequestered in the deep ocean and, therefore, they need to be accounted in regional and global estimates of export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bonnet
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - Mar Benavides
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.463763.30000 0004 0638 0577LEMAR, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin, UMR6539, CNRS, UBO, IFREMER, IRD, 29280 Plouzané, Technopôle Brest-Iroise France
| | - Mercedes Camps
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Torremocha
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Grosso
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Céline Dimier
- grid.499565.20000 0004 0366 8890Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Dina Spungin
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562University of Haifa, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa, 3498838 Israel
| | - Ilana Berman-Frank
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562University of Haifa, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa, 3498838 Israel
| | - Laurence Garczarek
- grid.464101.60000 0001 2203 0006Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment (AD2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Roscoff, France
| | - Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo
- grid.464101.60000 0001 2203 0006Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment (AD2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Roscoff, France ,grid.418218.60000 0004 1793 765XInstitut de Ciènces del Mar (ICM-CSIC), E08003 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Puigcorbé V, Ruiz-González C, Masqué P, Gasol JM. Impact of particle flux on the vertical distribution and diversity of size-fractionated prokaryotic communities in two East Antarctic polynyas. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1078469. [PMID: 36910225 PMCID: PMC9995690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1078469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antarctic polynyas are highly productive open water areas surrounded by ice where extensive phytoplankton blooms occur, but little is known about how these surface blooms influence carbon fluxes and prokaryotic communities from deeper waters. By sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, we explored the vertical connectivity of the prokaryotic assemblages associated with particles of three different sizes in two polynyas with different surface productivity, and we linked it to the magnitude of the particle export fluxes measured using thorium-234 (234Th) as particle tracer. Between the sunlit and the mesopelagic layers (700 m depth), we observed compositional changes in the prokaryotic communities associated with the three size-fractions, which were mostly dominated by Flavobacteriia, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Interestingly, the vertical differences between bacterial communities attached to the largest particles decreased with increasing 234Th export fluxes, indicating a more intense downward transport of surface prokaryotes in the most productive polynya. This was accompanied by a higher proportion of surface prokaryotic taxa detected in deep particle-attached microbial communities in the station with the highest 234Th export flux. Our results support recent studies evidencing links between surface productivity and deep prokaryotic communities and provide the first evidence of sinking particles acting as vectors of microbial diversity to depth in Antarctic polynyas, highlighting the direct influence of particle export in shaping the prokaryotic communities of mesopelagic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viena Puigcorbé
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Clara Ruiz-González
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Pere Masqué
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,International Atomic Energy Agency, City of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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20
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Amano C, Zhao Z, Sintes E, Reinthaler T, Stefanschitz J, Kisadur M, Utsumi M, Herndl GJ. Limited carbon cycling due to high-pressure effects on the deep-sea microbiome. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2022; 15:1041-1047. [PMID: 36504693 PMCID: PMC9726642 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-01081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea microbial communities are exposed to high-pressure conditions, which has a variable impact on prokaryotes depending on whether they are piezophilic (that is, pressure-loving), piezotolerant or piezosensitive. While it has been suggested that elevated pressures lead to higher community-level metabolic rates, the response of these deep-sea microbial communities to the high-pressure conditions of the deep sea is poorly understood. Based on microbial activity measurements in the major oceanic basins using an in situ microbial incubator, we show that the bulk heterotrophic activity of prokaryotic communities becomes increasingly inhibited at higher hydrostatic pressure. At 4,000 m depth, the bulk heterotrophic prokaryotic activity under in situ hydrostatic pressure was about one-third of that measured in the same community at atmospheric pressure conditions. In the bathypelagic zone-between 1,000 and 4,000 m depth-~85% of the prokaryotic community was piezotolerant and ~5% of the prokaryotic community was piezophilic. Despite piezosensitive-like prokaryotes comprising only ~10% (mainly members of Bacteroidetes, Alteromonas) of the deep-sea prokaryotic community, the more than 100-fold metabolic activity increase of these piezosensitive prokaryotes upon depressurization leads to high apparent bulk metabolic activity. Overall, the heterotrophic prokaryotic activity in the deep sea is likely to be substantially lower than hitherto assumed, with major impacts on the oceanic carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Amano
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Sintes
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía-CSIC, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Thomas Reinthaler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Stefanschitz
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Deep-Sea Biology Group, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Murat Kisadur
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Gerhard J. Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- NIOZ, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands
- Vienna Metabolomics & Proteomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Li S, Feng Q, Liu J, He Y, Shi L, Boyanov MI, O'Loughlin EJ, Kemner KM, Sanford RA, Shao H, He X, Sheng A, Cheng H, Shen C, Tu W, Dong Y. Carbonate Minerals and Dissimilatory Iron-Reducing Organisms Trigger Synergistic Abiotic and Biotic Chain Reactions under Elevated CO 2 Concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16428-16440. [PMID: 36301735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing CO2 emission has resulted in pressing climate and environmental issues. While abiotic and biotic processes mediating the fate of CO2 have been studied separately, their interactions and combined effects have been poorly understood. To explore this knowledge gap, an iron-reducing organism, Orenia metallireducens, was cultured under 18 conditions that systematically varied in headspace CO2 concentrations, ferric oxide loading, and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) availability. The results showed that abiotic and biotic processes interactively mediate CO2 acidification and sequestration through "chain reactions", with pH being the dominant variable. Specifically, dolomite alleviated CO2 stress on microbial activity, possibly via pH control that transforms the inhibitory CO2 to the more benign bicarbonate species. The microbial iron reduction further impacted pH via the competition between proton (H+) consumption during iron reduction and H+ generation from oxidization of the organic substrate. Under Fe(III)-rich conditions, microbial iron reduction increased pH, driving dissolved CO2 to form bicarbonate. Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses showed enhanced formation of siderite (FeCO3) under elevated CO2, supporting its incorporation into solids. The results of these CO2-microbe-mineral experiments provide insights into the synergistic abiotic and biotic processes that alleviate CO2 acidification and favor its sequestration, which can be instructive for practical applications (e.g., acidification remediation, CO2 sequestration, and modeling of carbon flux).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
| | - Qi Feng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
| | - Liang Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Maxim I Boyanov
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia1113, Bulgaria
| | - Edward J O'Loughlin
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Kenneth M Kemner
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Robert A Sanford
- Department of Geology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois60801, United States
| | - Hongbo Shao
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois61820, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Anxu Sheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Chunhua Shen
- Center for Materials Research and Analysis, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Wenmao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan430074, China
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22
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Zhang X, Wu K, Han Z, Chen Z, Liu Z, Sun Z, Shao L, Zhao Z, Zhou L. Microbial diversity and biogeochemical cycling potential in deep-sea sediments associated with seamount, trench, and cold seep ecosystems. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1029564. [PMID: 36386615 PMCID: PMC9650238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1029564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their extreme water depths and unique physicochemical conditions, deep-sea ecosystems develop uncommon microbial communities, which play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling. However, the differences in the compositions and functions of the microbial communities among these different geographic structures, such as seamounts (SM), marine trenches (MT), and cold seeps (CS), are still not fully understood. In the present study, sediments were collected from SM, MT, and CS in the Southwest Pacific Ocean, and the compositions and functions of the microbial communities were investigated by using amplicon sequencing combined with in-depth metagenomics. The results revealed that significantly higher richness levels and diversities of the microbial communities were found in SM sediments, followed by CS, and the lowest richness levels and diversities were found in MT sediments. Acinetobacter was dominant in the CS sediments and was replaced by Halomonas and Pseudomonas in the SM and MT sediments. We demonstrated that the microbes in deep-sea sediments were diverse and were functionally different (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling) from each other in the seamount, trench, and cold seep ecosystems. These results improved our understanding of the compositions, diversities and functions of microbial communities in the deep-sea environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyue Wu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Han
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Sanya, China
| | - Zihui Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuwang Sun
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Shao
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Lloyd CC, Brown S, Balmonte JP, Hoarfrost A, Ghobrial S, Arnosti C. Particles act as ‘specialty centers’ with expanded enzymatic function throughout the water column in the western North Atlantic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882333. [PMID: 36246226 PMCID: PMC9553992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophic bacteria initiate the degradation of high molecular weight organic matter by producing an array of extracellular enzymes to hydrolyze complex organic matter into sizes that can be taken up into the cell. These bacterial communities differ spatially and temporally in composition, and potentially also in their enzymatic complements. Previous research has shown that particle-associated bacteria can be considerably more active than bacteria in the surrounding bulk water, but most prior studies of particle-associated bacteria have been focused on the upper ocean - there are few measurements of enzymatic activities of particle-associated bacteria in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic ocean, although the bacterial communities in the deep are dependent upon degradation of particulate organic matter to fuel their metabolism. We used a broad suite of substrates to compare the glucosidase, peptidase, and polysaccharide hydrolase activities of particle-associated and unfiltered seawater microbial communities in epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic waters across 11 stations in the western North Atlantic. We concurrently determined bacterial community composition of unfiltered seawater and of samples collected via gravity filtration (>3 μm). Overall, particle-associated bacterial communities showed a broader spectrum of enzyme activities compared with unfiltered seawater communities. These differences in enzymatic activities were greater at offshore than at coastal locations, and increased with increasing depth in the ocean. The greater differences in enzymatic function measured on particles with depth coincided with increasing differences in particle-associated community composition, suggesting that particles act as ‘specialty centers’ that are essential for degradation of organic matter even at bathypelagic depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Chad Lloyd
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: C. Chad Lloyd,
| | - Sarah Brown
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John Paul Balmonte
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, HADAL and Nordcee, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adrienne Hoarfrost
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sherif Ghobrial
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Carol Arnosti
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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24
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Wietz M, Metfies K, Bienhold C, Wolf C, Janssen F, Salter I, Boetius A. Impact of preservation method and storage period on ribosomal metabarcoding of marine microbes: Implications for remote automated samplings. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999925. [PMID: 36160263 PMCID: PMC9490091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated sampling technologies can enhance the temporal and spatial resolution of marine microbial observations, particularly in remote and inaccessible areas. A critical aspect of automated microbiome sampling is the preservation of nucleic acids over long-term autosampler deployments. Understanding the impact of preservation method on microbial metabarcoding is essential for implementing genomic observatories into existing infrastructure, and for establishing best practices for the regional and global synthesis of data. The present study evaluates the effect of two preservatives commonly used in autosampler deployments (mercuric chloride and formalin) and two extraction kits (PowerWater and NucleoSpin) on amplicon sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA gene over 50 weeks of sample storage. Our results suggest the combination of mercuric chloride preservation and PowerWater extraction as most adequate for 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon-sequencing from the same seawater sample. This approach provides consistent information on species richness, diversity and community composition in comparison to control samples (nonfixed, filtered and frozen) when stored up to 50 weeks at in situ temperature. Preservation affects the recovery of certain taxa, with specific OTUs becoming overrepresented (SAR11 and diatoms) or underrepresented (Colwellia and pico-eukaryotes) after preservation. In case eukaryotic sequence information is the sole target, formalin preservation and NucleoSpin extraction performed best. Our study contributes to the design of long-term autonomous microbial observations in remote ocean areas, allowing cross-comparison of microbiome dynamics across sampling devices (e.g., water and particle samplers) and marine realms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wietz
- Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Katja Metfies
- Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christina Bienhold
- Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Wolf
- Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Felix Janssen
- Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ian Salter
- Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Faroe Marine Research Institute, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Antje Boetius
- Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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25
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Sood U, Dhingra GG, Anand S, Hira P, Kumar R, Kaur J, Verma M, Singhvi N, Lal S, Rawat CD, Singh VK, Kaur J, Verma H, Tripathi C, Singh P, Dua A, Saxena A, Phartyal R, Jayaraj P, Makhija S, Gupta R, Sahni S, Nayyar N, Abraham JS, Somasundaram S, Lata P, Solanki R, Mahato NK, Prakash O, Bala K, Kumari R, Toteja R, Kalia VC, Lal R. Microbial Journey: Mount Everest to Mars. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:323-337. [PMID: 35974919 PMCID: PMC9375815 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A rigorous exploration of microbial diversity has revealed its presence on Earth, deep oceans, and vast space. The presence of microbial life in diverse environmental conditions, ranging from moderate to extreme temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen, radiations, and altitudes, has provided the necessary impetus to search for them by extending the limits of their habitats. Microbiology started as a distinct science in the mid-nineteenth century and has provided inputs for the betterment of mankind during the last 150 years. As beneficial microbes are assets and pathogens are detrimental, studying both have its own merits. Scientists are nowadays working on illustrating the microbial dynamics in Earth's subsurface, deep sea, and polar regions. In addition to studying the role of microbes in the environment, the microbe-host interactions in humans, animals and plants are also unearthing newer insights that can help us to improve the health of the host by modulating the microbiota. Microbes have the potential to remediate persistent organic pollutants. Antimicrobial resistance which is a serious concern can also be tackled only after monitoring the spread of resistant microbes using disciplines of genomics and metagenomics The cognizance of microbiology has reached the top of the world. Space Missions are now looking for signs of life on the planets (specifically Mars), the Moon and beyond them. Among the most potent pieces of evidence to support the existence of life is to look for microbial, plant, and animal fossils. There is also an urgent need to deliberate and communicate these findings to layman and policymakers that would help them to take an adequate decision for better health and the environment around us. Here, we present a glimpse of recent advancements by scientists from around the world, exploring and exploiting microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Sood
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shailly Anand
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Princy Hira
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar India
| | | | - Mansi Verma
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sukanya Lal
- Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Priya Singh
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Dua
- Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Saxena
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Perumal Jayaraj
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Makhija
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Nayyar
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Pushp Lata
- Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Solanki
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Mahato
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand India
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra India
| | - Kiran Bala
- Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Ravi Toteja
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Rup Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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26
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Cruz BN, Neuer S. Particle-associated bacteria differentially influence the aggregation of the marine diatom Minutocellus polymorphus. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:73. [PMID: 37938280 PMCID: PMC9723735 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of phytoplankton leads to the settling of particulate organic carbon in the form of marine snow, making it an important process in marine biogeochemical cycles. Diatoms >20 µm in size are considered to contribute appreciably to sinking particle fluxes due to aggregation and the production of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP), the matrix for marine snow aggregates; however, it is not known whether nano-sized (2-20 µm) diatoms are able to aggregate and produce TEP. Here, we tested the aggregation and production of TEP by the nano-diatom Minutocellus polymorphus and investigated if interactions with bacteria influence aggregation by comparing axenic M. polymorphus cultures with co-cultures of the diatom with bacterial taxa known to colonize marine snow particles. We found that M. polymorphus form sinking aggregates and produce TEP comparably to other phytoplankton groups and that aggregation and TEP production were influenced depending on the species of bacteria added. Aggregation was enhanced in the presence of Marinobacter adhaerens HP15, but not in the presence of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora or Vibrio thalassae. Cell aggregation mediated by interactions with specific bacterial species are possible mechanisms behind the export of nano-sized diatoms, such as M. polymorphus, especially in oligotrophic open ocean regions where small phytoplankton dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Cruz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne Neuer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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27
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Diverse Genomic Traits Differentiate Sinking-Particle-Associated versus Free-Living Microbes throughout the Oligotrophic Open Ocean Water Column. mBio 2022; 13:e0156922. [PMID: 35862780 PMCID: PMC9426571 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01569-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and archaea are central to the production, consumption, and remineralization of dissolved and particulate organic matter and contribute critically to carbon delivery, nutrient availability, and energy transformations in the deep ocean. To explore environmentally relevant genomic traits of sinking-particle-associated versus free-living microbes, we compared habitat-specific metagenome-assembled genomes recovered throughout the water column in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The genomic traits of sinking-particle-associated versus free-living prokaryotes were compositionally, functionally, and phylogenetically distinct. Substrate-specific transporters and extracellular peptidases and carbohydrate-active enzymes were more enriched and diverse in particle-associated microbes at all depths than in free-living counterparts. These data indicate specific roles for particle-attached microbes in particle substrate hydrolysis, uptake, and remineralization. Shallow-water particle-associated microbes had elevated genomic GC content and proteome nitrogen content and reduced proteome carbon content in comparison to abyssal particle-associated microbes. An inverse trend was observed for their sympatric free-living counterparts. These different properties of attached microbes are postulated to arise in part due to elevated organic and inorganic nitrogen availability inside sinking particles. Particle-attached microbes also were enriched in genes for environmental sensing via two-component regulatory systems, and cell-cell interactions via extracellular secretion systems, reflecting their surface-adapted lifestyles. Finally, particle-attached bacteria had greater predicted maximal growth efficiencies than free-living bacterioplankton at all depths. All of these particle-associated specific genomic and proteomic features appear to be driven by microhabitat-specific elevated nutrient and energy availability as well as surface-associated competitive and synergistic ecological interactions. Although some of these characteristics have been previously postulated or observed individually, we report them together here in aggregate via direct comparisons of cooccurring free-living and sinking-particle-attached microbial genomes from the open ocean.
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Nishimura Y, Yoshizawa S. The OceanDNA MAG catalog contains over 50,000 prokaryotic genomes originated from various marine environments. Sci Data 2022; 9:305. [PMID: 35715423 PMCID: PMC9205870 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms are immensely diverse and play fundamental roles in global geochemical cycling. Recent metagenome-assembled genome studies, with particular attention to large-scale projects such as Tara Oceans, have expanded the genomic repertoire of marine microorganisms. However, published marine metagenome data is still underexplored. We collected 2,057 marine metagenomes covering various marine environments and developed a new genome reconstruction pipeline. We reconstructed 52,325 qualified genomes composed of 8,466 prokaryotic species-level clusters spanning 59 phyla, including genomes from the deep-sea characterized as deeper than 1,000 m (n = 3,337), low-oxygen zones of <90 μmol O2 per kg water (n = 7,884), and polar regions (n = 7,752). Novelty evaluation using a genome taxonomy database shows that 6,256 species (73.9%) are novel and include genomes of high taxonomic novelty, such as new class candidates. These genomes collectively expanded the known phylogenetic diversity of marine prokaryotes by 34.2%, and the species representatives cover 26.5-42.0% of prokaryote-enriched metagenomes. Thoroughly leveraging accumulated metagenomic data, this genome resource, named the OceanDNA MAG catalog, illuminates uncharacterized marine microbial 'dark matter' lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nishimura
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan.
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Susumu Yoshizawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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29
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Dominguez-Huerta G, Zayed AA, Wainaina JM, Guo J, Tian F, Pratama AA, Bolduc B, Mohssen M, Zablocki O, Pelletier E, Delage E, Alberti A, Aury JM, Carradec Q, da Silva C, Labadie K, Poulain J, Bowler C, Eveillard D, Guidi L, Karsenti E, Kuhn JH, Ogata H, Wincker P, Culley A, Chaffron S, Sullivan MB. Diversity and ecological footprint of Global Ocean RNA viruses. Science 2022; 376:1202-1208. [PMID: 35679415 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA viruses are increasingly recognized as influencing marine microbes and microbe-mediated biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about global marine RNA virus diversity, ecology, and ecosystem roles. In this study, we uncover patterns and predictors of marine RNA virus community- and "species"-level diversity and contextualize their ecological impacts from pole to pole. Our analyses revealed four ecological zones, latitudinal and depth diversity patterns, and environmental correlates for RNA viruses. Our findings only partially parallel those of cosampled plankton and show unexpectedly high polar ecological interactions. The influence of RNA viruses on ecosystems appears to be large, as predicted hosts are ecologically important. Moreover, the occurrence of auxiliary metabolic genes indicates that RNA viruses cause reprogramming of diverse host metabolisms, including photosynthesis and carbon cycling, and that RNA virus abundances predict ocean carbon export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Dominguez-Huerta
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed A Zayed
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James M Wainaina
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiarong Guo
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Funing Tian
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Akbar Adjie Pratama
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mohamed Mohssen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Olivier Zablocki
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric Pelletier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Erwan Delage
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France.,Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Adriana Alberti
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Quentin Carradec
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Corinne da Silva
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | | | - Chris Bowler
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damien Eveillard
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France.,Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lionel Guidi
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefanche, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Eric Karsenti
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.,Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François-Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Culley
- Département de Biochimie, Microbiologie et Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Samuel Chaffron
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France.,Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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30
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Bachy C, Sudek L, Choi CJ, Eckmann CA, Nöthig EM, Metfies K, Worden AZ. Phytoplankton Surveys in the Arctic Fram Strait Demonstrate the Tiny Eukaryotic Alga Micromonas and Other Picoprasinophytes Contribute to Deep Sea Export. Microorganisms 2022; 10:961. [PMID: 35630405 PMCID: PMC9144618 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical questions exist regarding the abundance and, especially, the export of picophytoplankton (≤2 µm diameter) in the Arctic. These organisms can dominate chlorophyll concentrations in Arctic regions, which are subject to rapid change. The picoeukaryotic prasinophyte Micromonas grows in polar environments and appears to constitute a large, but variable, proportion of the phytoplankton in these waters. Here, we analyze 81 samples from the upper 100 m of the water column from the Fram Strait collected over multiple years (2009−2015). We also analyze sediment trap samples to examine picophytoplankton contributions to export, using both 18S rRNA gene qPCR and V1-V2 16S rRNA Illumina amplicon sequencing to assess the Micromonas abundance within the broader diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes based on the phylogenetic placement of plastid-derived 16S amplicons. The material sequenced from the sediment traps in July and September 2010 showed that 11.2 ± 12.4% of plastid-derived amplicons are from picoplanktonic prasinophyte algae and other green lineage (Viridiplantae) members. In the traps, Micromonas dominated (83.6 ± 21.3%) in terms of the overall relative abundance of Viridiplantae amplicons, specifically the species Micromonas polaris. Temporal variations in Micromonas abundances quantified by qPCR were also observed, with higher abundances in the late-July traps and deeper traps. In the photic zone samples, four prasinophyte classes were detected in the amplicon data, with Micromonas again being the dominant prasinophyte, based on the relative abundance (89.4 ± 8.0%), but with two species (M. polaris and M. commoda-like) present. The quantitative PCR assessments showed that the photic zone samples with higher Micromonas abundances (>1000 gene copies per mL) had significantly lower standing stocks of phosphate and nitrate, and a shallower average depth (20 m) than those with fewer Micromonas. This study shows that despite their size, prasinophyte picophytoplankton are exported to the deep sea, and that Micromonas is particularly important within this size fraction in Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bachy
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Monterey, CA 95039, USA; (C.B.); (L.S.); (C.J.C.); (C.A.E.)
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisa Sudek
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Monterey, CA 95039, USA; (C.B.); (L.S.); (C.J.C.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Change Jae Choi
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Monterey, CA 95039, USA; (C.B.); (L.S.); (C.J.C.); (C.A.E.)
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte A. Eckmann
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Monterey, CA 95039, USA; (C.B.); (L.S.); (C.J.C.); (C.A.E.)
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Nöthig
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (E.-M.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Katja Metfies
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (E.-M.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Alexandra Z. Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Monterey, CA 95039, USA; (C.B.); (L.S.); (C.J.C.); (C.A.E.)
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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31
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Linney MD, Eppley JM, Romano AE, Luo E, DeLong EF, Karl DM. Microbial Sources of Exocellular DNA in the Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0209321. [PMID: 35311515 PMCID: PMC9004351 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02093-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocellular DNA is operationally defined as the fraction of the total DNA pool that passes through a membrane filter (0.1 μm). It is composed of DNA-containing vesicles, viruses, and free DNA and is ubiquitous in all aquatic systems, although the sources, sinks, and ecological consequences are largely unknown. Using a method that provides separation of these three fractions, we compared open ocean depth profiles of DNA associated with each fraction. Pelagibacter-like DNA dominated the vesicle fractions for all samples examined over a depth range of 75 to 500 m. Viral DNA consisted predominantly of myovirus-like and podovirus-like DNA and contained the highest proportion of unannotated sequences. Euphotic zone free DNA (75 to 125 m) contained primarily bacterial and viral sequences, with bacteria dominating samples from the mesopelagic zone (500 to 1,000 m). A high proportion of mesopelagic zone free DNA sequences appeared to originate from surface waters, including a large amount of DNA contributed by high-light Prochlorococcus ecotypes. Throughout the water column, but especially in the mesopelagic zone, the composition of free DNA sequences was not always reflective of cooccurring microbial communities that inhabit the same sampling depth. These results reveal the composition of free DNA in different regions of the water column (euphotic and mesopelagic zones), with implications for dissolved organic matter cycling and export (by way of sinking particles and/or migratory zooplankton) as a delivery mechanism. IMPORTANCE With advances in metagenomic sequencing, the microbial composition of diverse environmental systems has been investigated, providing new perspectives on potential ecological dynamics and dimensions for experimental investigations. Here, we characterized exocellular free DNA via metagenomics, using a newly developed method that separates free DNA from cells, viruses, and vesicles, and facilitated the independent characterization of each fraction. The fate of this free DNA has both ecological consequences as a nutrient (N and P) source and potential evolutionary consequences as a source of genetic transformation. Here, we document different microbial sources of free DNA at the surface (0 to 200 m) versus depths of 250 to 1,000 m, suggesting that distinct free DNA production mechanisms may be present throughout the oligotrophic water column. Examining microbial processes through the lens of exocellular DNA provides insights into the production of labile dissolved organic matter (i.e., free DNA) at the surface (likely by viral lysis) and processes that influence the fate of sinking, surface-derived organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D. Linney
- Department of Oceanography, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - John M. Eppley
- Department of Oceanography, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Anna E. Romano
- Department of Oceanography, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Elaine Luo
- Department of Oceanography, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Edward F. DeLong
- Department of Oceanography, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - David M. Karl
- Department of Oceanography, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
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32
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Nguyen TTH, Zakem EJ, Ebrahimi A, Schwartzman J, Caglar T, Amarnath K, Alcolombri U, Peaudecerf FJ, Hwa T, Stocker R, Cordero OX, Levine NM. Microbes contribute to setting the ocean carbon flux by altering the fate of sinking particulates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1657. [PMID: 35351873 PMCID: PMC8964765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinking particulate organic carbon out of the surface ocean sequesters carbon on decadal to millennial timescales. Predicting the particulate carbon flux is therefore critical for understanding both global carbon cycling and the future climate. Microbes play a crucial role in particulate organic carbon degradation, but the impact of depth-dependent microbial dynamics on ocean-scale particulate carbon fluxes is poorly understood. Here we scale-up essential features of particle-associated microbial dynamics to understand the large-scale vertical carbon flux in the ocean. Our model provides mechanistic insight into the microbial contribution to the particulate organic carbon flux profile. We show that the enhanced transfer of carbon to depth can result from populations struggling to establish colonies on sinking particles due to diffusive nutrient loss, cell detachment, and mortality. These dynamics are controlled by the interaction between multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Accurately capturing particle-microbe interactions is essential for predicting variability in large-scale carbon cycling. Micro-scale microbial community dynamics can substantially alter the fate of sinking particulates in the ocean thus playing a key role in setting the vertical flux of particulate carbon in the ocean.
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33
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Can Aggregate-Associated Organisms Influence the Fouling in a SWRO Desalination Plant? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040682. [PMID: 35456734 PMCID: PMC9032733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study investigates the formation of aggregates within a desalination plant, before and after pre-treatment, as well as their potential impact on fouling. The objective is to provide an understanding of the biofouling potential of the feed water within a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant, due to the limited removal of fouling precursors. The 16S and 18S rRNA was extracted from the water samples, and the aggregates and sequenced. Pre-treatment systems, within the plant remove < 5 µm precursors and organisms; however, smaller size particles progress through the plant, allowing for the formation of aggregates. These become hot spots for microbes, due to their nutrient gradients, facilitating the formation of niche environments, supporting the proliferation of those organisms. Aggregate-associated organisms are consistent with those identified on fouled SWRO membranes. This study examines, for the first time, the factors supporting the formation of aggregates within a desalination system, as well as their microbial communities and biofouling potential.
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34
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Overlooked and widespread pennate diatom-diazotroph symbioses in the sea. Nat Commun 2022; 13:799. [PMID: 35145076 PMCID: PMC8831587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent nitrogen depletion in sunlit open ocean waters provides a favorable ecological niche for nitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) cyanobacteria, some of which associate symbiotically with eukaryotic algae. All known marine examples of these symbioses have involved either centric diatom or haptophyte hosts. We report here the discovery and characterization of two distinct marine pennate diatom-diazotroph symbioses, which until now had only been observed in freshwater environments. Rhopalodiaceae diatoms Epithemia pelagica sp. nov. and Epithemia catenata sp. nov. were isolated repeatedly from the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, and analysis of sequence libraries reveals a global distribution. These symbioses likely escaped attention because the endosymbionts lack fluorescent photopigments, have nifH gene sequences similar to those of free-living unicellular cyanobacteria, and are lost in nitrogen-replete medium. Marine Rhopalodiaceae-diazotroph symbioses are a previously overlooked but widespread source of bioavailable nitrogen in marine habitats and provide new, easily cultured model organisms for the study of organelle evolution.
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35
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Cordier T, Angeles IB, Henry N, Lejzerowicz F, Berney C, Morard R, Brandt A, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Guidi L, Lombard F, Arbizu PM, Massana R, Orejas C, Poulain J, Smith CR, Wincker P, Arnaud-Haond S, Gooday AJ, de Vargas C, Pawlowski J. Patterns of eukaryotic diversity from the surface to the deep-ocean sediment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9309. [PMID: 35119936 PMCID: PMC8816347 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Remote deep-ocean sediment (DOS) ecosystems are among the least explored biomes on Earth. Genomic assessments of their biodiversity have failed to separate indigenous benthic organisms from sinking plankton. Here, we compare global-scale eukaryotic DNA metabarcoding datasets (18S-V9) from abyssal and lower bathyal surficial sediments and euphotic and aphotic ocean pelagic layers to distinguish plankton from benthic diversity in sediment material. Based on 1685 samples collected throughout the world ocean, we show that DOS diversity is at least threefold that in pelagic realms, with nearly two-thirds represented by abundant yet unknown eukaryotes. These benthic communities are spatially structured by ocean basins and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux from the upper ocean. Plankton DNA reaching the DOS originates from abundant species, with maximal deposition at high latitudes. Its seafloor DNA signature predicts variations in POC export from the surface and reveals previously overlooked taxa that may drive the biological carbon pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Cordier
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- NORCE Climate, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Corresponding author. (T.C.); (A.J.G.); (C.d.V.); (J.P.)
| | - Inès Barrenechea Angeles
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, ECOMAP,, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Franck Lejzerowicz
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cédric Berney
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, ECOMAP,, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Morard
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Angelika Brandt
- Department of Marine Zoology, Section Crustacea, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, FB 15, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Lionel Guidi
- Laboratoire d’océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Nice, France
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Laboratoire d’océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Nice, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Pedro Martinez Arbizu
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- FK V IBU, AG Marine Biodiversität, Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ramon Massana
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Covadonga Orejas
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Gijón,, Avda Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, 33212 Gijón, Spain
| | - Julie Poulain
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, University Evry, University Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, University Evry, University Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | | | - Andrew J. Gooday
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Corresponding author. (T.C.); (A.J.G.); (C.d.V.); (J.P.)
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, ECOMAP,, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75016 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (T.C.); (A.J.G.); (C.d.V.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- ID-Gene ecodiagnostics, Confignon, 1232 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
- Corresponding author. (T.C.); (A.J.G.); (C.d.V.); (J.P.)
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Fadeev E, Rogge A, Ramondenc S, Nöthig EM, Wekerle C, Bienhold C, Salter I, Waite AM, Hehemann L, Boetius A, Iversen MH. Sea ice presence is linked to higher carbon export and vertical microbial connectivity in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1255. [PMID: 34732822 PMCID: PMC8566512 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic Ocean sea ice cover is shrinking due to warming. Long-term sediment trap data shows higher export efficiency of particulate organic carbon in regions with seasonal sea ice compared to regions without sea ice. To investigate this sea-ice enhanced export, we compared how different early summer phytoplankton communities in seasonally ice-free and ice-covered regions of the Fram Strait affect carbon export and vertical dispersal of microbes. In situ collected aggregates revealed two-fold higher carbon export of diatom-rich aggregates in ice-covered regions, compared to Phaeocystis aggregates in the ice-free region. Using microbial source tracking, we found that ice-covered regions were also associated with more surface-born microbial clades exported to the deep sea. Taken together, our results showed that ice-covered regions are responsible for high export efficiency and provide strong vertical microbial connectivity. Therefore, continuous sea-ice loss may decrease the vertical export efficiency, and thus the pelagic-benthic coupling, with potential repercussions for Arctic deep-sea ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Fadeev
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.419529.20000 0004 0491 3210Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Present Address: Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Rogge
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute for Ecosystem Research, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Ramondenc
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Nöthig
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudia Wekerle
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christina Bienhold
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.419529.20000 0004 0491 3210Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ian Salter
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.424612.7Faroe Marine Research Institute, FO 100 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Anya M. Waite
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,Ocean Frontier Institute, NS, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Canada
| | - Laura Hehemann
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Antje Boetius
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.419529.20000 0004 0491 3210Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM and University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Morten H. Iversen
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM and University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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37
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Jain A, Balmonte JP, Singh R, Bhaskar PV, Krishnan KP. Spatially resolved assembly, connectivity and structure of particle-associated and free-living bacterial communities in a high Arctic fjord. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:fiab139. [PMID: 34626180 PMCID: PMC8536490 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly processes that underlie the composition and connectivity of free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) bacterial communities from surface to deep waters remain little understood. Here, using phylogenetic null modeling, we quantify the relative influence of selective and stochastic mechanisms that assemble FL and PA bacterial communities throughout the water column in a high Arctic fjord. We demonstrate that assembly processes acting on FL and PA bacterial communities are similar in surface waters, but become increasingly distinct in deep waters. As depth increases, the relative influence of homogeneous selection increases for FL but decreases for PA communities. In addition, dispersal limitation and variable selection increase with depth for PA, but not for FL communities, indicating increased residence time of taxa on particles and less frequent decolonization. As a consequence, beta diversity of PA communities is greater in bottom than in surface waters. The limited connectivity between these communities with increasing depth leads to highly distinct FL and PA bacterial communities in bottom waters. Finally, depth-related trends for FL and PA beta diversity and connectivity in this study are consistent with previous observations in the open ocean, suggesting that assembly processes for FL and PA bacterial communities may also be distinct in other aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Jain
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco da Gama 403 804, Goa, India
| | - John Paul Balmonte
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden
- HADAL and NordCEE, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Richa Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Parli Venkateswaran Bhaskar
- Ocean Science Group, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco da Gama 403 804, Goa, India
| | - Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco da Gama 403 804, Goa, India
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38
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Mena C, Balbín R, Reglero P, Martín M, Santiago R, Sintes E. Dynamic prokaryotic communities in the dark western Mediterranean Sea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17859. [PMID: 34504142 PMCID: PMC8429679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark ocean microbial dynamics are fundamental to understand ecosystem metabolism and ocean biogeochemical processes. Yet, the ecological response of deep ocean communities to environmental perturbations remains largely unknown. Temporal and spatial dynamics of the meso- and bathypelagic prokaryotic communities were assessed throughout a 2-year seasonal sampling across the western Mediterranean Sea. A common pattern of prokaryotic communities' depth stratification was observed across the different regions and throughout the seasons. However, sporadic and drastic alterations of the community composition and diversity occurred either at specific water masses or throughout the aphotic zone and at a basin scale. Environmental changes resulted in a major increase in the abundance of rare or low abundant phylotypes and a profound change of the community composition. Our study evidences the temporal dynamism of dark ocean prokaryotic communities, exhibiting long periods of stability but also drastic changes, with implications in community metabolism and carbon fluxes. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of monitoring the temporal patterns of dark ocean prokaryotic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Mena
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de Les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent s/n 07015, Palma, Spain.
- IFREMER - Centre Bretagne Z.I., Technopôle Brest-Iroise Pointe du Diable BP70, 29280Plouzané, France.
| | - Rosa Balbín
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de Les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent s/n 07015, Palma, Spain
| | - Patricia Reglero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de Les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent s/n 07015, Palma, Spain
| | - Melissa Martín
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de Les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent s/n 07015, Palma, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de Les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent s/n 07015, Palma, Spain
| | - Eva Sintes
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de Les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent s/n 07015, Palma, Spain
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39
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Valencia B, Stukel MR, Allen AE, McCrow JP, Rabines A, Palenik B, Landry MR. Relating sinking and suspended microbial communities in the California Current Ecosystem: digestion resistance and the contributions of phytoplankton taxa to export. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6734-6748. [PMID: 34431195 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We used 16S, 18S, plastid and internal transcribed spacer (for Synechococcus strains) sequencing to quantify relative microbial abundances in water-column samples and on sediment-trap-collected particles across an environmental gradient in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) spanning a > 60-fold range of surface chlorophyll. Most mixed-layer dominant eukaryotes and prokaryotes were consistently underrepresented on sinking particles. Diatoms were the only phototrophic taxa consistently overrepresented. Even within this class, however, one genus (Thalassiosira) was a particle-enriched dominant, while a similarly abundant species was poorly represented. Synechococcus was significantly enriched on sinking particles at only one of four sites, but clade I was disproportionately abundant on sinking particles throughout the region compared with clade IV, the euphotic-zone co-dominant. The most abundant microbes on particles across the CCE were organisms with distributional maxima close to the sediment-trap depth (rhizarians), microbes associated with metazoans or sinking particles as a nutritional habitat (certain alveolates, Gammaproteobacteria) and organisms that resist digestive degradation of their DNA (Thalassiosira, Synechococcus). For assessing taxon contributions of phytoplankton to carbon export, our results highlight the need for sequence-based quantitative approaches that can be used to integrate euphotic-zone abundances, compute rates and account for taxon differences in preservation of sequence markers through trophic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellineth Valencia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Stukel
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John P McCrow
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ariel Rabines
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian Palenik
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Landry
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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