1
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Davidsson J, Onizhuk M, Vorwerk C, Galli G. Discovery of atomic clock-like spin defects in simple oxides from first principles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4812. [PMID: 38844443 PMCID: PMC11156963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Virtually noiseless due to the scarcity of spinful nuclei in the lattice, simple oxides hold promise as hosts of solid-state spin qubits. However, no suitable spin defect has yet been found in these systems. Using high-throughput first-principles calculations, we predict spin defects in calcium oxide with electronic properties remarkably similar to those of the NV center in diamond. These defects are charged complexes where a dopant atom - Sb, Bi, or I - occupies the volume vacated by adjacent cation and anion vacancies. The predicted zero phonon line shows that the Bi complex emits in the telecommunication range, and the computed many-body energy levels suggest a viable optical cycle required for qubit initialization. Notably, the high-spin nucleus of each dopant strongly couples to the electron spin, leading to many controllable quantum levels and the emergence of atomic clock-like transitions that are well protected from environmental noise. Specifically, the Hanh-echo coherence time increases beyond seconds at the clock-like transition in the defect with 209Bi. Our results pave the way to designing quantum states with long coherence times in simple oxides, making them attractive platforms for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mykyta Onizhuk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Christian Vorwerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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2
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Thomas JC, Chen W, Xiong Y, Barker BA, Zhou J, Chen W, Rossi A, Kelly N, Yu Z, Zhou D, Kumari S, Barnard ES, Robinson JA, Terrones M, Schwartzberg A, Ogletree DF, Rotenberg E, Noack MM, Griffin S, Raja A, Strubbe DA, Rignanese GM, Weber-Bargioni A, Hautier G. A substitutional quantum defect in WS 2 discovered by high-throughput computational screening and fabricated by site-selective STM manipulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3556. [PMID: 38670956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Point defects in two-dimensional materials are of key interest for quantum information science. However, the parameter space of possible defects is immense, making the identification of high-performance quantum defects very challenging. Here, we perform high-throughput (HT) first-principles computational screening to search for promising quantum defects within WS2, which present localized levels in the band gap that can lead to bright optical transitions in the visible or telecom regime. Our computed database spans more than 700 charged defects formed through substitution on the tungsten or sulfur site. We found that sulfur substitutions enable the most promising quantum defects. We computationally identify the neutral cobalt substitution to sulfur (CoS 0 ) and fabricate it with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The CoS 0 electronic structure measured by STM agrees with first principles and showcases an attractive quantum defect. Our work shows how HT computational screening and nanoscale synthesis routes can be combined to design promising quantum defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Thomas
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscicence, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Yihuang Xiong
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Bradford A Barker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Junze Zhou
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Weiru Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nolan Kelly
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA
- Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shalini Kumari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA
- Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA
- Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA
- Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Adam Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - D Frank Ogletree
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eli Rotenberg
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marcus M Noack
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sinéad Griffin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David A Strubbe
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Gian-Marco Rignanese
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscicence, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Alexander Weber-Bargioni
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Geoffroy Hautier
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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Ji C, Solomon MT, Grant GD, Tanaka K, Hua M, Wen J, Seth SK, Horn CP, Masiulionis I, Singh MK, Sullivan SE, Heremans FJ, Awschalom DD, Guha S, Dibos AM. Nanocavity-Mediated Purcell Enhancement of Er in TiO 2 Thin Films Grown via Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9929-9941. [PMID: 38533847 PMCID: PMC11008365 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of trivalent erbium (Er3+), typically embedded as an atomic defect in the solid-state, has widespread adoption as a dopant in telecommunication devices and shows promise as a spin-based quantum memory for quantum communication. In particular, its natural telecom C-band optical transition and spin-photon interface make it an ideal candidate for integration into existing optical fiber networks without the need for quantum frequency conversion. However, successful scaling requires a host material with few intrinsic nuclear spins, compatibility with semiconductor foundry processes, and straightforward integration with silicon photonics. Here, we present Er-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film growth on silicon substrates using a foundry-scalable atomic layer deposition process with a wide range of doping controls over the Er concentration. Even though the as-grown films are amorphous after oxygen annealing, they exhibit relatively large crystalline grains, and the embedded Er ions exhibit the characteristic optical emission spectrum from anatase TiO2. Critically, this growth and annealing process maintains the low surface roughness required for nanophotonic integration. Finally, we interface Er ensembles with high quality factor Si nanophotonic cavities via evanescent coupling and demonstrate a large Purcell enhancement (≈300) of their optical lifetime. Our findings demonstrate a low-temperature, nondestructive, and substrate-independent process for integrating Er-doped materials with silicon photonics. At high doping densities this platform can enable integrated photonic components such as on-chip amplifiers and lasers, while dilute concentrations can realize single ion quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael T. Solomon
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Gregory D. Grant
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Muchuan Hua
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Sagar Kumar Seth
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Connor P. Horn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ignas Masiulionis
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Singh
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sean E. Sullivan
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Department
of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Alan M. Dibos
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
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4
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Castelletto S, Lew CTK, Lin WX, Xu JS. Quantum systems in silicon carbide for sensing applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 87:014501. [PMID: 38029424 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad10b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes recent studies identifying key qubit systems in silicon carbide (SiC) for quantum sensing of magnetic, electric fields, and temperature at the nano and microscale. The properties of colour centres in SiC, that can be used for quantum sensing, are reviewed with a focus on paramagnetic colour centres and their spin Hamiltonians describing Zeeman splitting, Stark effect, and hyperfine interactions. These properties are then mapped onto various methods for their initialization, control, and read-out. We then summarised methods used for a spin and charge state control in various colour centres in SiC. These properties and methods are then described in the context of quantum sensing applications in magnetometry, thermometry, and electrometry. Current state-of-the art sensitivities are compiled and approaches to enhance the sensitivity are proposed. The large variety of methods for control and read-out, combined with the ability to scale this material in integrated photonics chips operating in harsh environments, places SiC at the forefront of future quantum sensing technology based on semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castelletto
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - C T-K Lew
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wu-Xi Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
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5
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Ali S, Nilsson FA, Manti S, Bertoldo F, Mortensen JJ, Thygesen KS. High-Throughput Search for Triplet Point Defects with Narrow Emission Lines in 2D Materials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21105-21115. [PMID: 37889165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
We employ a first-principles computational workflow to screen for optically accessible, high-spin point defects in wide band gap, two-dimensional (2D) crystals. Starting from an initial set of 5388 point defects, comprising both native and extrinsic, single and double defects in ten previously synthesized 2D host materials, we identify 596 defects with a triplet ground state. For these defects, we calculate the defect formation energy, hyperfine (HF) coupling, and zero-field splitting (ZFS) tensors. For 39 triplet transitions exhibiting particularly low Huang-Rhys factors, we calculate the full photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. Our approach reveals many spin defects with narrow PL line shapes and emission frequencies covering a broad spectral range. Most of the defects are hosted in hexagonal BN (hBN), which we ascribe to its high stiffness, but some are also found in MgI2, MoS2, MgBr2 and CaI2. As specific examples, we propose the defects vSMoS0 and NiSMoS0 in MoS2 as interesting candidates with potential applications to magnetic field sensors and quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fredrik Andreas Nilsson
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simone Manti
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabian Bertoldo
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Jørgen Mortensen
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Sommer Thygesen
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Machine-Guided Design of Oxidation-Resistant Superconductors for Quantum Information Applications. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Decoherence in superconducting qubits has long been attributed to two-level systems arising from the surfaces and interfaces present in real devices. A recent significant step in reducing decoherence was the replacement of superconducting niobium by superconducting tantalum, resulting in a tripling of transmon qubit lifetimes (T1). The identity, thickness, and quality of the native surface oxide, is thought to play a major role, as tantalum only has one oxide whereas niobium has several. Here we report the development of a thermodynamic metric to rank materials based on their potential to form a well-defined, thin, surface oxide. We first computed this metric for known binary and ternary metal alloys using data available from the Materials Project and experimentally validated the strengths and limits of this metric through the preparation and controlled oxidation of eight known metal alloys. Then we trained a convolutional neural network to predict the value of this metric from atomic composition and atomic properties. This allowed us to compute the metric for materials that are not present in the Materials Project, including a large selection of known superconductors, and, when combined with Tc, allowed us to identify new candidate superconductors for quantum information science and engineering (QISE) applications. We tested the oxidation resistance of a pair of these predictions experimentally. Our results are expected to lay the foundation for the tailored and rapid selection of improved superconductors for QISE.
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7
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Coherence protection of spin qubits in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2023; 14:461. [PMID: 36709208 PMCID: PMC9884286 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spin defects in foils of hexagonal boron nitride are an attractive platform for magnetic field imaging, since the probe can be placed in close proximity to the target. However, as a III-V material the electron spin coherence is limited by the nuclear spin environment, with spin echo coherence times of ∽100 ns at room temperature accessible magnetic fields. We use a strong continuous microwave drive with a modulation in order to stabilize a Rabi oscillation, extending the coherence time up to ∽ 4μs, which is close to the 10 μs electron spin lifetime in our sample. We then define a protected qubit basis, and show full control of the protected qubit. The coherence times of a superposition of the protected qubit can be as high as 0.8 μs. This work establishes that boron vacancies in hexagonal boron nitride can have electron spin coherence times that are competitive with typical nitrogen vacancy centres in small nanodiamonds under ambient conditions.
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8
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Xu X, Wang J, Blankevoort N, Daaoub A, Sangtarash S, Shi J, Fang C, Yuan S, Chen L, Liu J, Yang Y, Sadeghi H, Hong W. Scaling of quantum interference from single molecules to molecular cages and their monolayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211786119. [PMID: 36343232 PMCID: PMC9674264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211786119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of quantum interference (QI) is widely considered as an important advance in molecular electronics since it provides unique opportunities for achieving single-molecule devices with unprecedented performance. Although some pioneering studies suggested the presence of spin qubit coherence and QI in collective systems such as thin films, it remains unclear whether the QI can be transferred step-by-step from single molecules to different length scales, which hinders the application of QI in fabricating active molecular devices. Here, we found that QI can be transferred from a single molecule to their assemblies. We synthesized and investigated the charge transport through the molecular cages using 1,3-dipyridylbenzene (DPB) as a ligand block with a destructive quantum interference (DQI) effect and 2,5-dipyridylfuran (DPF) as a control building block with a constructive quantum interference (CQI) effect using both single-molecule break junction and large area junction techniques. Combined experiments and calculations revealed that both DQI and CQI had been transferred from the ligand blocks to the molecular cages and the monolayer thin film of the cages. Our work introduced QI effects from a ligand to the molecular cage comprising 732 atoms and even their monolayers, suggesting that the quantum interference could be scaled up within the phase-coherent distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nickel Blankevoort
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Abdalghani Daaoub
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Saisai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lichuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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9
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Dibos AM, Solomon MT, Sullivan SE, Singh MK, Sautter KE, Horn CP, Grant GD, Lin Y, Wen J, Heremans FJ, Guha S, Awschalom DD. Purcell Enhancement of Erbium Ions in TiO 2 on Silicon Nanocavities. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6530-6536. [PMID: 35939762 PMCID: PMC9413200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isolated solid-state atomic defects with telecom optical transitions are ideal quantum photon emitters and spin qubits for applications in long-distance quantum communication networks. Prototypical telecom defects, such as erbium, suffer from poor photon emission rates, requiring photonic enhancement using resonant optical cavities. Moreover, many of the traditional hosts for erbium ions are not amenable to direct incorporation with existing integrated photonics platforms, limiting scalable fabrication of qubit-based devices. Here, we present a scalable approach toward CMOS-compatible telecom qubits by using erbium-doped titanium dioxide thin films grown atop silicon-on-insulator substrates. From this heterostructure, we have fabricated one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities demonstrating quality factors in excess of 5 × 104 and corresponding Purcell-enhanced optical emission rates of the erbium ensembles in excess of 200. This easily fabricated materials platform represents an important step toward realizing telecom quantum memories in a scalable qubit architecture compatible with mature silicon technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Dibos
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Michael T. Solomon
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sean E. Sullivan
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Manish K. Singh
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Sautter
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Connor P. Horn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gregory D. Grant
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yulin Lin
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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10
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Haykal A, Tanos R, Minotto N, Durand A, Fabre F, Li J, Edgar JH, Ivády V, Gali A, Michel T, Dréau A, Gil B, Cassabois G, Jacques V. Decoherence of V[Formula: see text] spin defects in monoisotopic hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4347. [PMID: 35896526 PMCID: PMC9329290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are promising quantum systems for the design of flexible two-dimensional quantum sensing platforms. Here we rely on hBN crystals isotopically enriched with either 10B or 11B to investigate the isotope-dependent properties of a spin defect featuring a broadband photoluminescence signal in the near infrared. By analyzing the hyperfine structure of the spin defect while changing the boron isotope, we first confirm that it corresponds to the negatively charged boron-vacancy center ([Formula: see text]). We then show that its spin coherence properties are slightly improved in 10B-enriched samples. This is supported by numerical simulations employing cluster correlation expansion methods, which reveal the importance of the hyperfine Fermi contact term for calculating the coherence time of point defects in hBN. Using cross-relaxation spectroscopy, we finally identify dark electron spin impurities as an additional source of decoherence. This work provides new insights into the properties of [Formula: see text] spin defects, which are valuable for the future development of hBN-based quantum sensing foils.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Haykal
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - R. Tanos
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - N. Minotto
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Durand
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - F. Fabre
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - J. Li
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - J. H. Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - V. Ivády
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A. Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T. Michel
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Dréau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - B. Gil
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Cassabois
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - V. Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
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11
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Jahn SM, Canarie ER, Stoll S. Mechanism of Electron Spin Decoherence in a Partially Deuterated Glassy Matrix. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5474-5479. [PMID: 35687401 PMCID: PMC9503049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long electron spin coherence lifetimes are essential for applications in quantum information science and electron paramagnetic resonance, for instance, for nanoscale distance measurements in biomolecular systems using double electron-electron resonance. We experimentally investigate the decoherence dynamics under the Hahn echo sequence of the organic radical d18-TEMPO in a variably deuterated frozen water:glycerol matrix. The coherence time (phase memory time) TM scales with proton concentration as [1H]-0.65. For selectively deuterated matrices, decoherence is accelerated in the presence of proton clustering, that is, substantial short-range density in the proton-proton radial distribution functions (<3 Å). Simulations using molecular dynamics and many-body spin quantum dynamics show excellent agreement with experiment and show that geminal proton pairs such as CH2 and OH2 groups are major decoherence drivers. This provides a predictive tool for designing molecular systems with long electron spin coherence times.
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12
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Abstract
Atomic defects in solid-state materials are promising candidates as quantum bits, or qubits. New materials are actively being investigated as hosts for new defect qubits; however, there are no unifying guidelines that can quantitatively predict qubit performance in a new material. One of the most critical property of qubits is their quantum coherence. While cluster correlation expansion (CCE) techniques are useful to simulate the coherence of electron spins in defects, they are computationally expensive to investigate broad classes of stable materials. Using CCE simulations, we reveal a general scaling relation between the electron spin coherence time and the properties of qubit host materials that enables rapid and quantitative exploration of new materials hosting spin defects. Spin defect centers with long quantum coherence times (T2) are key solid-state platforms for a variety of quantum applications. Cluster correlation expansion (CCE) techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to simulate the T2 of defect electron spins in these solid-state systems with good accuracy. Here, based on CCE, we uncover an algebraic expression for T2 generalized for host compounds with dilute nuclear spin baths under a magnetic field that enables a quantitative and comprehensive materials exploration with a near instantaneous estimate of the coherence time. We investigated more than 12,000 host compounds at natural isotopic abundance and found that silicon carbide (SiC), a prominent widegap semiconductor for quantum applications, possesses the longest coherence times among widegap nonchalcogenides. In addition, more than 700 chalcogenides are shown to possess a longer T2 than SiC. We suggest potential host compounds with promisingly long T2 up to 47 ms and pave the way to explore unprecedented functional materials for quantum applications.
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13
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Anderson CP, Glen EO, Zeledon C, Bourassa A, Jin Y, Zhu Y, Vorwerk C, Crook AL, Abe H, Ul-Hassan J, Ohshima T, Son NT, Galli G, Awschalom DD. Five-second coherence of a single spin with single-shot readout in silicon carbide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5912. [PMID: 35108045 PMCID: PMC8809532 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An outstanding hurdle for defect spin qubits in silicon carbide (SiC) is single-shot readout, a deterministic measurement of the quantum state. Here, we demonstrate single-shot readout of single defects in SiC via spin-to-charge conversion, whereby the defect's spin state is mapped onto a long-lived charge state. With this technique, we achieve over 80% readout fidelity without pre- or postselection, resulting in a high signal-to-noise ratio that enables us to measure long spin coherence times. Combined with pulsed dynamical decoupling sequences in an isotopically purified host material, we report single-spin T2 > 5 seconds, over two orders of magnitude greater than previously reported in this system. The mapping of these coherent spin states onto single charges unlocks both single-shot readout for scalable quantum nodes and opportunities for electrical readout via integration with semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Anderson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elena O. Glen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cyrus Zeledon
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexandre Bourassa
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christian Vorwerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander L. Crook
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Nguyen T. Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Le Dantec M, Rančić M, Lin S, Billaud E, Ranjan V, Flanigan D, Bertaina S, Chanelière T, Goldner P, Erb A, Liu RB, Estève D, Vion D, Flurin E, Bertet P. Twenty-three-millisecond electron spin coherence of erbium ions in a natural-abundance crystal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9786. [PMID: 34910504 PMCID: PMC8673753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Erbium ions embedded in crystals have unique properties for quantum information processing, because of their optical transition at 1.5 μm and of the large magnetic moment of their effective spin-1/2 electronic ground state. Most applications of erbium require, however, long electron spin coherence times, and this has so far been missing. Here, by selecting a host matrix with a low nuclear-spin density (CaWO4) and by quenching the spectral diffusion due to residual paramagnetic impurities at millikelvin temperatures, we obtain a 23-ms coherence time on the Er3+ electron spin transition. This is the longest Hahn echo electron spin coherence time measured in a material with a natural abundance of nuclear spins and on a magnetically sensitive transition. Our results establish Er3+:CaWO4 as a potential platform for quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Le Dantec
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Miloš Rančić
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Coherence, and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Billaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Vishal Ranjan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Daniel Flanigan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Bertaina
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP (UMR 7334), Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Chanelière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Erb
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
| | - Ren Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Coherence, and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Estève
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Denis Vion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Flurin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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