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Papafilippou E, Baldauf L, Charras G, Kabla AJ, Bonfanti A. Interplay of damage and repair in the control of epithelial tissue integrity in response to cyclic loading. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2025; 94:102511. [PMID: 40233605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2025.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are continuously exposed to cyclic stretch in vivo. Physiological stretching has been found to regulate soft tissue function at the molecular, cellular, and tissue scales, allowing tissues to preserve their homeostasis and adapt to challenges. In contrast, dysregulated or pathological stretching can induce damage and tissue fragilisation. Many mechanisms have been described for the repair of epithelial tissues across a range of timescales. In this review, we present the timescales of (i) physiological cyclic loading regimes, (ii) strain-regulated remodeling and damage accumulation, and (iii) repair mechanisms in epithelial tissues. We discuss how the response to cyclic loading in biological tissues differs from synthetic materials, in that damage can be partially or fully reversed by repair mechanisms acting on timescales shorter than cyclic loading. We highlight that timescales are critical to understanding the interplay between damage and repair in tissues that experience cyclic loading, opening up new avenues for exploring soft tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Baldauf
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Alessandra Bonfanti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Alibrandi S, Rinaldi C, Vinci SL, Conti A, Donato L, Scimone C, Sidoti A, D’Angelo R. Mechanotransduction in Development: A Focus on Angiogenesis. BIOLOGY 2025; 14:346. [PMID: 40282211 PMCID: PMC12024848 DOI: 10.3390/biology14040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2025] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Cells respond to external mechanical cues and transduce these forces into biological signals. This process is known as mechanotransduction and requires a group of proteins called mechanosensors. This peculiar class of receptors include extracellular matrix proteins, plasma membrane proteins, the cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope. These cell components are responsive to a wide spectrum of physical cues including stiffness, tensile force, hydrostatic pressure and shear stress. Among mechanotransducers, the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) and the PIEZO family members are mechanosensitive ion channels, coupling force transduction with intracellular cation transport. Their activity contributes to embryo development, tissue remodeling and repair, and cell homeostasis. In particular, vessel development is driven by hemodynamic cues such as flow direction and shear stress. Perturbed mechanotransduction is involved in several pathological vascular phenotypes including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. This review is conceived to summarize the most recent findings of mechanotransduction in development. We first collected main features of mechanosensitive proteins. However, we focused on the role of mechanical cues during development. Mechanosensitive ion channels and their function in vascular development are also discussed, with a focus on brain vessel morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Street Michele Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sergio Lucio Vinci
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Conti
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Street Altura 3, 40123 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Street Michele Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Street Michele Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Street Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
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3
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Yan X, Ogita G, Ishihara S, Sugimura K. Bayesian parameter inference for epithelial mechanics. J Theor Biol 2024; 595:111960. [PMID: 39395535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell-based mechanical models, such as the Cell Vertex Model (CVM), have proven useful for studying the mechanical control of epithelial tissue dynamics. We recently developed a statistical method called image-based parameter inference for formulating CVM model functions and estimating their parameters from image data of epithelial tissues. In this study, we employed Bayesian statistics to improve the utility and flexibility of image-based parameter inference. Tests on synthetic data confirmed that both our non-hierarchical and hierarchical Bayesian models provide accurate estimates of model parameters. By applying this method to Drosophila wings, we demonstrated that the reliability of parameter estimation is closely linked to the mechanical anisotropies present in the tissue. Moreover, we revealed that the cortical elasticity term is dispensable for explaining force-shape correlations in vivo. We anticipate that the flexibility of the Bayesian statistical framework will facilitate the integration of various types of information, thereby contributing to the quantitative dissection of the mechanical control of tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Goshi Ogita
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Shuji Ishihara
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugimura
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan; Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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4
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Sugimura K, Otani T. Vertex remodeling during epithelial morphogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 91:102427. [PMID: 39332144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells adhere to each other via intercellular junctions that can be classified into bicellular junctions and tricellular contacts (vertices). Epithelial morphogenesis involves cell rearrangement and requires remodeling of bicellular junctions and vertices. Although our understanding of how bicellular junction mechanics drive epithelial morphogenesis has advanced, the mechanisms underlying vertex remodeling during this process have only received attention recently. In this review, we outline recent progress in our understanding of how cells reorganize cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton to trigger the displacement and resolution of cell vertices. We will also discuss how cells achieve the optimal balance between the structural flexibility and stability of their vertices. Finally, we introduce new modeling frameworks designed to analyze mechanics at cell vertices. Integration of live imaging and modeling techniques is providing new insights into the active roles of cell vertices during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sugimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Saitama, Japan.
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Katoh TA, Fukai YT, Ishibashi T. Optical microscopic imaging, manipulation, and analysis methods for morphogenesis research. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:226-242. [PMID: 38102756 PMCID: PMC11154147 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a developmental process of organisms being shaped through complex and cooperative cellular movements. To understand the interplay between genetic programs and the resulting multicellular morphogenesis, it is essential to characterize the morphologies and dynamics at the single-cell level and to understand how physical forces serve as both signaling components and driving forces of tissue deformations. In recent years, advances in microscopy techniques have led to improvements in imaging speed, resolution and depth. Concurrently, the development of various software packages has supported large-scale, analyses of challenging images at the single-cell resolution. While these tools have enhanced our ability to examine dynamics of cells and mechanical processes during morphogenesis, their effective integration requires specialized expertise. With this background, this review provides a practical overview of those techniques. First, we introduce microscopic techniques for multicellular imaging and image analysis software tools with a focus on cell segmentation and tracking. Second, we provide an overview of cutting-edge techniques for mechanical manipulation of cells and tissues. Finally, we introduce recent findings on morphogenetic mechanisms and mechanosensations that have been achieved by effectively combining microscopy, image analysis tools and mechanical manipulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A Katoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yohsuke T Fukai
- Nonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Countryman AD, Doherty CA, Herrera-Perez RM, Kasza KE. Endogenous OptoRhoGEFs reveal biophysical principles of epithelial tissue furrowing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.12.593711. [PMID: 38766210 PMCID: PMC11100791 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.12.593711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
During development, epithelia function as malleable substrates that undergo extensive remodeling to shape developing embryos. Optogenetic control of Rho signaling provides an avenue to investigate the mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis, but transgenic optogenetic tools can be limited by variability in tool expression levels and deleterious effects of transgenic overexpression on development. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to tag Drosophila RhoGEF2 and Cysts/Dp114RhoGEF with components of the iLID/SspB optogenetic heterodimer, permitting light-dependent control over endogenous protein activities. Using quantitative optogenetic perturbations, we uncover a dose-dependence of tissue furrow depth and bending behavior on RhoGEF recruitment, revealing mechanisms by which developing embryos can shape tissues into particular morphologies. We show that at the onset of gastrulation, furrows formed by cell lateral contraction are oriented and size-constrained by a stiff basal actomyosin layer. Our findings demonstrate the use of quantitative, 3D-patterned perturbations of cell contractility to precisely shape tissue structures and interrogate developmental mechanics.
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Campàs O, Noordstra I, Yap AS. Adherens junctions as molecular regulators of emergent tissue mechanics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:252-269. [PMID: 38093099 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Tissue and organ development during embryogenesis relies on the collective and coordinated action of many cells. Recent studies have revealed that tissue material properties, including transitions between fluid and solid tissue states, are controlled in space and time to shape embryonic structures and regulate cell behaviours. Although the collective cellular flows that sculpt tissues are guided by tissue-level physical changes, these ultimately emerge from cellular-level and subcellular-level molecular mechanisms. Adherens junctions are key subcellular structures, built from clusters of classical cadherin receptors. They mediate physical interactions between cells and connect biochemical signalling to the physical characteristics of cell contacts, hence playing a fundamental role in tissue morphogenesis. In this Review, we take advantage of the results of recent, quantitative measurements of tissue mechanics to relate the molecular and cellular characteristics of adherens junctions, including adhesion strength, tension and dynamics, to the emergent physical state of embryonic tissues. We focus on systems in which cell-cell interactions are the primary contributor to morphogenesis, without significant contribution from cell-matrix interactions. We suggest that emergent tissue mechanics is an important direction for future research, bridging cell biology, developmental biology and mechanobiology to provide a holistic understanding of morphogenesis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otger Campàs
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ivar Noordstra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Pérez-Verdugo F, Banerjee S. Tension Remodeling Regulates Topological Transitions in Epithelial Tissues. PRX LIFE 2023; 1:023006. [PMID: 39450340 PMCID: PMC11500814 DOI: 10.1103/prxlife.1.023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Cell neighbor exchanges play a critical role in regulating tissue fluidity during epithelial morphogenesis and repair. In vivo, these neighbor exchanges are often hindered by the formation of transiently stable fourfold vertices, which can develop into complex multicellular rosettes where five or more cell junctions meet. Despite their importance, the mechanical origins of multicellular rosettes have remained elusive, and current cellular models lack the ability to explain their formation and maintenance. Here we present a dynamic vertex model of epithelial tissues with strain-dependent tension remodeling and mechanical memory dissipation. We show that an increase in cell junction tension upon contraction and reduction in tension upon extension can stabilize higher-order vertices, temporarily stalling cell rearrangements. On the other hand, inducing mechanical memory dissipation via relaxation of junction strain and stress promotes the resolution of higher-order vertices, facilitating cell neighbor exchanges. We demonstrate that by tuning the rates of tension remodeling and mechanical memory dissipation, we can control topological transitions and tissue material properties, recapitulating complex cellular topologies seen in developing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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El-Beyrouthy J, Makhoul-Mansour M, Gulle J, Freeman E. Morphogenesis-inspired two-dimensional electrowetting in droplet networks. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18. [PMID: 37074106 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acc779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Living tissues dynamically reshape their internal cellular structures through carefully regulated cell-to-cell interactions during morphogenesis. These cellular rearrangement events, such as cell sorting and mutual tissue spreading, have been explained using the differential adhesion hypothesis, which describes the sorting of cells through their adhesive interactions with their neighbors. In this manuscript we explore a simplified form of differential adhesion within a bioinspired lipid-stabilized emulsion approximating cellular tissues. The artificial cellular tissues are created as a collection of aqueous droplets adhered together in a network of lipid membranes. Since this abstraction of the tissue does not retain the ability to locally vary the adhesion of the interfaces through biological mechanisms, instead we employ electrowetting with offsets generated by spatial variations in lipid compositions to capture a simple form of bioelectric control over the tissue characteristics. This is accomplished by first conducting experiments on electrowetting in droplet networks, next creating a model for describing electrowetting in collections of adhered droplets, then validating the model against the experimental measurements. This work demonstrates how the distribution of voltage within a droplet network may be tuned through lipid composition then used to shape directional contraction of the adhered structure using two-dimensional electrowetting events. Predictions from this model were used to explore the governing mechanics for complex electrowetting events in networks, including directional contraction and the formation of new interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce El-Beyrouthy
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Michelle Makhoul-Mansour
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- College of Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jesse Gulle
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Eric Freeman
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Nishizawa K, Lin SZ, Chardès C, Rupprecht JF, Lenne PF. Two-point optical manipulation reveals mechanosensitive remodeling of cell-cell contacts in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212389120. [PMID: 36947511 PMCID: PMC10068846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212389120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues acquire reproducible shapes during development through dynamic cell behaviors. Most of these behaviors involve the remodeling of cell-cell contacts. During epithelial morphogenesis, contractile actomyosin networks remodel cell-cell contacts by shrinking and extending junctions between lateral cell surfaces. However, actomyosin networks not only generate mechanical stresses but also respond to them, confounding our understanding of how mechanical stresses remodel cell-cell contacts. Here, we develop a two-point optical manipulation method to impose different stress patterns on cell-cell contacts in the early epithelium of the Drosophila embryo. The technique allows us to produce junction extension and shrinkage through different push and pull manipulations at the edges of junctions. We use these observations to expand classical vertex-based models of tissue mechanics, incorporating negative and positive mechanosensitive feedback depending on the type of remodeling. In particular, we show that Myosin-II activity responds to junction strain rate and facilitates full junction shrinkage. Altogether our work provides insight into how stress produces efficient deformation of cell-cell contacts in vivo and identifies unanticipated mechanosensitive features of their remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishizawa
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
| | - Shao-Zhen Lin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7332, France
| | - Claire Chardès
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7332, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
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