1
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Recouvreux P, Pai P, Dunsing V, Torro R, Ludanyi M, Mélénec P, Boughzala M, Bertrand V, Lenne PF. Transfer of polarity information via diffusion of Wnt ligands in C. elegans embryos. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1853-1865.e6. [PMID: 38604167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Different signaling mechanisms concur to ensure robust tissue patterning and cell fate instruction during animal development. Most of these mechanisms rely on signaling proteins that are produced, transported, and detected. The spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling molecules are largely unknown, yet they determine signal activity's spatial range and time frame. Here, we use the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo to study how Wnt ligands, an evolutionarily conserved family of signaling proteins, dynamically organize to establish cell polarity in a developing tissue. We identify how Wnt ligands, produced in the posterior half of the embryos, spread extracellularly to transmit information to distant target cells in the anterior half. With quantitative live imaging and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we show that Wnt ligands diffuse through the embryo over a timescale shorter than the cell cycle, in the intercellular space, and outside the tissue below the eggshell. We extracted diffusion coefficients of Wnt ligands and their receptor Frizzled and characterized their co-localization. Integrating our different measurements and observations in a simple computational framework, we show how fast diffusion in the embryo can polarize individual cells through a time integration of the arrival of the ligands at the target cells. The polarity established at the tissue level by a posterior Wnt source can be transferred to the cellular level. Our results support a diffusion-based long-range Wnt signaling, which is consistent with the dynamics of developing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Recouvreux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Pritha Pai
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Valentin Dunsing
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Torro
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Monika Ludanyi
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Mariem Boughzala
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Bertrand
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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2
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Mangeol P, Massey-Harroche D, Sebbagh M, Richard F, Le Bivic A, Lenne PF. The zonula adherens matura redefines the apical junction of intestinal epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316722121. [PMID: 38377188 PMCID: PMC10907237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316722121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell apical junctions of epithelia consist of multiprotein complexes that organize as belts regulating cell-cell adhesion, permeability, and mechanical tension: the tight junction (zonula occludens), the zonula adherens (ZA), and the macula adherens. The prevailing dogma is that at the ZA, E-cadherin and catenins are lined with F-actin bundles that support and transmit mechanical tension between cells. Using super-resolution microscopy on human intestinal biopsies and Caco-2 cells, we show that two distinct multiprotein belts are basal of the tight junctions as the intestinal epithelia mature. The most apical is populated with nectins/afadin and lined with F-actin; the second is populated with E-cad/catenins. We name this dual-belt architecture the zonula adherens matura. We find that the apical contraction apparatus and the dual-belt organization rely on afadin expression. Our study provides a revised description of epithelial cell-cell junctions and identifies a module regulating the mechanics of epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mangeol
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - Dominique Massey-Harroche
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - Michael Sebbagh
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Dynamics and Nanoenvironment of Biological Membrane, DyNaMo, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Fabrice Richard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille13009, France
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3
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Lenne PF, Tlili S. Learning the mechanobiology of development from gastruloids. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:417-422. [PMID: 38054574 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastruloids acquire their organization and shape through cell biochemical and mechanical activities. Such activities determine the physical forces and changes in material properties that transform simple spherical aggregates into organized tissues. In this Perspective, we discuss why the concepts and approaches of mechanobiology, a discipline that focuses on cell and tissue mechanics and its contribution to the organization and functions of living systems, are essential to the gastruloid field and, in turn, what gastruloids may teach us about mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM (UMR 7288), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Sham Tlili
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM (UMR 7288), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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4
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Nishizawa K, Lin SZ, Chardès C, Rupprecht JF, Lenne PF. Two-point optical manipulation reveals mechanosensitive remodeling of cell-cell contacts in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212389120. [PMID: 36947511 PMCID: PMC10068846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212389120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues acquire reproducible shapes during development through dynamic cell behaviors. Most of these behaviors involve the remodeling of cell-cell contacts. During epithelial morphogenesis, contractile actomyosin networks remodel cell-cell contacts by shrinking and extending junctions between lateral cell surfaces. However, actomyosin networks not only generate mechanical stresses but also respond to them, confounding our understanding of how mechanical stresses remodel cell-cell contacts. Here, we develop a two-point optical manipulation method to impose different stress patterns on cell-cell contacts in the early epithelium of the Drosophila embryo. The technique allows us to produce junction extension and shrinkage through different push and pull manipulations at the edges of junctions. We use these observations to expand classical vertex-based models of tissue mechanics, incorporating negative and positive mechanosensitive feedback depending on the type of remodeling. In particular, we show that Myosin-II activity responds to junction strain rate and facilitates full junction shrinkage. Altogether our work provides insight into how stress produces efficient deformation of cell-cell contacts in vivo and identifies unanticipated mechanosensitive features of their remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishizawa
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
| | - Shao-Zhen Lin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7332, France
| | - Claire Chardès
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7332, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
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5
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Nishizawa K, Chardès C, Clément R, Lenne PF. Two-Point Optical Manipulation of Cell Junctions in the Early Epithelium of the Drosophila Embryo. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:107-118. [PMID: 36587093 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Laser manipulation is widely used to study mechanics from the molecular to the tissue scale. We implemented optical tweezers to directly manipulate single cell-cell junctions in a developing tissue. We further extended the approach to two-point laser manipulation to enable extensive remodeling of cell-cell junctions. Here, we describe two-point laser manipulation and its implementation to probe the mechanics of cell junctions in the Drosophila embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishizawa
- CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Claire Chardès
- CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Clément
- CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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6
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Mangeol P, Massey-Harroche D, Richard F, Concordet JP, Lenne PF, Le Bivic A. Super-resolution imaging uncovers the nanoscopic segregation of polarity proteins in epithelia. eLife 2022; 11:62087. [DOI: 10.7554/elife.62087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues acquire their integrity and function through the apico-basal polarization of their constituent cells. Proteins of the PAR and Crumbs complexes are pivotal to epithelial polarization, but the mechanistic understanding of polarization is challenging to reach, largely because numerous potential interactions between these proteins and others have been found, without a clear hierarchy in importance. We identify the regionalized and segregated organization of members of the PAR and Crumbs complexes at epithelial apical junctions by imaging endogenous proteins using STED microscopy on Caco-2 cells, and human and murine intestinal samples. Proteins organize in submicrometric clusters, with PAR3 overlapping with the tight junction (TJ) while PALS1-PATJ and aPKC-PAR6β form segregated clusters that are apical of the TJ and present in an alternated pattern related to actin organization. CRB3A is also apical of the TJ and partially overlaps with other polarity proteins. Of the numerous potential interactions identified between polarity proteins, only PALS1-PATJ and aPKC-PAR6β are spatially relevant in the junctional area of mature epithelial cells, simplifying our view of how polarity proteins could cooperate to drive and maintain cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mangeol
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7288
| | | | - Fabrice Richard
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7288
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, Inserm U 1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7288
| | - André Le Bivic
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7288
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7
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Mao Q, Acharya A, Rodríguez-delaRosa A, Marchiano F, Dehapiot B, Al Tanoury Z, Rao J, Díaz-Cuadros M, Mansur A, Wagner E, Chardes C, Gupta V, Lenne PF, Habermann BH, Theodoly O, Pourquié O, Schnorrer F. Tension-driven multi-scale self-organisation in human iPSC-derived muscle fibers. eLife 2022; 11:76649. [PMID: 35920628 PMCID: PMC9377800 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human muscle is a hierarchically organised tissue with its contractile cells called myofibers packed into large myofiber bundles. Each myofiber contains periodic myofibrils built by hundreds of contractile sarcomeres that generate large mechanical forces. To better understand the mechanisms that coordinate human muscle morphogenesis from tissue to molecular scales, we adopted a simple in vitro system using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human myogenic precursors. When grown on an unrestricted two-dimensional substrate, developing myofibers spontaneously align and self-organise into higher-order myofiber bundles, which grow and consolidate to stable sizes. Following a transcriptional boost of sarcomeric components, myofibrils assemble into chains of periodic sarcomeres that emerge across the entire myofiber. More efficient myofiber bundling accelerates the speed of sarcomerogenesis suggesting that tension generated by bundling promotes sarcomerogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by directly probing tension and found that tension build-up precedes sarcomere assembly and increases within each assembling myofibril. Furthermore, we found that myofiber ends stably attach to other myofibers using integrin-based attachments and thus myofiber bundling coincides with stable myofiber bundle attachment in vitro. A failure in stable myofiber attachment results in a collapse of the myofibrils. Overall, our results strongly suggest that mechanical tension across sarcomeric components as well as between differentiating myofibers is key to coordinate the multi-scale self-organisation of muscle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Mao
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Achyuth Acharya
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabio Marchiano
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jyoti Rao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Arian Mansur
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Erica Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Claire Chardes
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Bianca H Habermann
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
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8
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Hashmi A, Tlili S, Perrin P, Lowndes M, Peradziryi H, Brickman JM, Martínez Arias A, Lenne PF. Cell-state transitions and collective cell movement generate an endoderm-like region in gastruloids. eLife 2022; 11:59371. [PMID: 35404233 PMCID: PMC9033300 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shaping the animal body plan is a complex process that involves the spatial organization and patterning of the different germ layers. Recent advances in live imaging have started to unravel the cellular choreography underlying this process in mammals, however, the sequence of events transforming an unpatterned cell ensemble into structured territories is largely unknown. Here, using gastruloids –3D aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells- we study the formation of one of the three germ layers, the endoderm. We show that the endoderm is generated from an epiblast-like homogeneous state by a three-step mechanism: (i) a loss of E-cadherin mediated contacts in parts of the aggregate leading to the appearance of islands of E-cadherin expressing cells surrounded by cells devoid of E-cadherin, (ii) a separation of these two populations with islands of E-cadherin expressing cells flowing toward the aggregate tip, and (iii) their differentiation into an endoderm population. During the flow, the islands of E-cadherin expressing cells are surrounded by cells expressing T-Brachyury, reminiscent of the process occurring at the primitive streak. Consistent with recent in vivo observations, the endoderm formation in the gastruloids does not require an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, but rather a maintenance of an epithelial state for a subset of cells coupled with fragmentation of E-cadherin contacts in the vicinity, and a sorting process. Our data emphasize the role of signaling and tissue flows in the establishment of the body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hashmi
- IBDM, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Sham Tlili
- IBDM, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Perrin
- IBDM, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Molly Lowndes
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanna Peradziryi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua M Brickman
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Abstract
Biological systems display a rich phenomenology of states that resemble the physical states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. These phases result from the interactions between the microscopic constituent components - the cells - that manifest in macroscopic properties such as fluidity, rigidity and resistance to changes in shape and volume. Looked at from such a perspective, phase transitions from a rigid to a flowing state or vice versa define much of what happens in many biological processes especially during early development and diseases such as cancer. Additionally, collectively moving confluent cells can also lead to kinematic phase transitions in biological systems similar to multi-particle systems where the particles can interact and show sub-populations characterised by specific velocities. In this Perspective we discuss the similarities and limitations of the analogy between biological and inert physical systems both from theoretical perspective as well as experimental evidence in biological systems. In understanding such transitions, it is crucial to acknowledge that the macroscopic properties of biological materials and their modifications result from the complex interplay between the microscopic properties of cells including growth or death, neighbour interactions and secretion of matrix, phenomena unique to biological systems. Detecting phase transitions in vivo is technically difficult. We present emerging approaches that address this challenge and may guide our understanding of the organization and macroscopic behaviour of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
During embryogenesis, organisms acquire their shape given boundary conditions that impose geometrical, mechanical and biochemical constraints. A detailed integrative understanding how these morphogenetic information modules pattern and shape the mammalian embryo is still lacking, mostly owing to the inaccessibility of the embryo in vivo for direct observation and manipulation. These impediments are circumvented by the developmental engineering of embryo-like structures (stembryos) from pluripotent stem cells that are easy to access, track, manipulate and scale. Here, we explain how unlocking distinct levels of embryo-like architecture through controlled modulations of the cellular environment enables the identification of minimal sets of mechanical and biochemical inputs necessary to pattern and shape the mammalian embryo. We detail how this can be complemented with precise measurements and manipulations of tissue biochemistry, mechanics and geometry across spatial and temporal scales to provide insights into the mechanochemical feedback loops governing embryo morphogenesis. Finally, we discuss how, even in the absence of active manipulations, stembryos display intrinsic phenotypic variability that can be leveraged to define the constraints that ensure reproducible morphogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V. Veenvliet
- Stembryogenesis Lab, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - David A. Turner
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Iftach Nachman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratories (EMBL), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Lenne PF, Munro E, Heemskerk I, Warmflash A, Bocanegra-Moreno L, Kishi K, Kicheva A, Long Y, Fruleux A, Boudaoud A, Saunders TE, Caldarelli P, Michaut A, Gros J, Maroudas-Sacks Y, Keren K, Hannezo E, Gartner ZJ, Stormo B, Gladfelter A, Rodrigues A, Shyer A, Minc N, Maître JL, Di Talia S, Khamaisi B, Sprinzak D, Tlili S. Roadmap for the multiscale coupling of biochemical and mechanical signals during development. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33276350 PMCID: PMC8380410 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abd0db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The way in which interactions between mechanics and biochemistry lead to the emergence of complex cell and tissue organization is an old question that has recently attracted renewed interest from biologists, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists. Rapid advances in optical physics, microscopy and computational image analysis have greatly enhanced our ability to observe and quantify spatiotemporal patterns of signalling, force generation, deformation, and flow in living cells and tissues. Powerful new tools for genetic, biophysical and optogenetic manipulation are allowing us to perturb the underlying machinery that generates these patterns in increasingly sophisticated ways. Rapid advances in theory and computing have made it possible to construct predictive models that describe how cell and tissue organization and dynamics emerge from the local coupling of biochemistry and mechanics. Together, these advances have opened up a wealth of new opportunities to explore how mechanochemical patterning shapes organismal development. In this roadmap, we present a series of forward-looking case studies on mechanochemical patterning in development, written by scientists working at the interface between the physical and biological sciences, and covering a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, organisms, and modes of development. Together, these contributions highlight the many ways in which the dynamic coupling of mechanics and biochemistry shapes biological dynamics: from mechanoenzymes that sense force to tune their activity and motor output, to collectives of cells in tissues that flow and redistribute biochemical signals during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, United States of America
| | | | - Kasumi Kishi
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Kicheva
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuchen Long
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Caldarelli
- Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Sorbonne Université, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St. Box 2280, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Stormo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Alan Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Amy Shyer
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Bassma Khamaisi
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sham Tlili
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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12
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Lenne PF, Rupprecht JF, Viasnoff V. Cell Junction Mechanics beyond the Bounds of Adhesion and Tension. Dev Cell 2021; 56:202-212. [PMID: 33453154 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions, in particular adherens junctions, are major determinants of tissue mechanics during morphogenesis and homeostasis. In attempts to link junctional mechanics to tissue mechanics, many have utilized explicitly or implicitly equilibrium approaches based on adhesion energy, surface energy, and contractility to determine the mechanical equilibrium at junctions. However, it is increasingly clear that they have significant limitations, such as that it remains challenging to link the dynamics of the molecular components to the resulting physical properties of the junction, to its remodeling ability, and to its adhesion strength. In this perspective, we discuss recent attempts to consider the aspect of energy dissipation at junctions to draw contact points with soft matter physics where energy loss plays a critical role in adhesion theories. We set the grounds for a theoretical framework of the junction mechanics that bridges the dynamics at the molecular scale to the mechanics at the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; CNRS Biomechanics of Cell Contacts, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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13
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Kaur S, Mélénec P, Murgan S, Bordet G, Recouvreux P, Lenne PF, Bertrand V. Wnt ligands regulate the asymmetric divisions of neuronal progenitors in C. elegans embryos. Development 2020; 147:dev183186. [PMID: 32156756 PMCID: PMC10679509 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling has been implicated in the terminal asymmetric divisions of neuronal progenitors in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the role of Wnt ligands in this process remains poorly characterized. Here, we used the terminal divisions of the embryonic neuronal progenitors in C. elegans to characterize the role of Wnt ligands during this process, focusing on a lineage that produces the cholinergic interneuron AIY. We observed that, during interphase, the neuronal progenitor is elongated along the anteroposterior axis, then divides along its major axis, generating an anterior and a posterior daughter with different fates. Using time-controlled perturbations, we show that three Wnt ligands, which are transcribed at higher levels at the posterior of the embryo, regulate the orientation of the neuronal progenitor and its asymmetric division. We also identify a role for a Wnt receptor (MOM-5) and a cortical transducer APC (APR-1), which are, respectively, enriched at the posterior and anterior poles of the neuronal progenitor. Our study establishes a role for Wnt ligands in the regulation of the shape and terminal asymmetric divisions of neuronal progenitors, and identifies downstream components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kaur
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Sabrina Murgan
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Guillaume Bordet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Pierre Recouvreux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Vincent Bertrand
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
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14
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Kong W, Loison O, Chavadimane Shivakumar P, Chan EH, Saadaoui M, Collinet C, Lenne PF, Clément R. Experimental validation of force inference in epithelia from cell to tissue scale. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14647. [PMID: 31601854 PMCID: PMC6787039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis relies on the active generation of forces, and the transmission of these forces to surrounding cells and tissues. Hence measuring forces directly in developing embryos is an essential task to study the mechanics of development. Among the experimental techniques that have emerged to measure forces in epithelial tissues, force inference is particularly appealing. Indeed it only requires a snapshot of the tissue, as it relies on the topology and geometry of cell contacts, assuming that forces are balanced at each vertex. However, establishing force inference as a reliable technique requires thorough validation in multiple conditions. Here we performed systematic comparisons of force inference with laser ablation experiments in four epithelial tissues from two animals, the fruit fly and the quail. We show that force inference accurately predicts single junction tension, tension patterns in stereotyped groups of cells, and tissue-scale stress patterns, in wild type and mutant conditions. We emphasize its ability to capture the distribution of forces at different scales from a single image, which gives it a critical advantage over perturbative techniques such as laser ablation. Overall, our results demonstrate that force inference is a reliable and efficient method to quantify the mechanical state of epithelia during morphogenesis, especially at larger scales when inferred tensions and pressures are binned into a coarse-grained stress tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Kong
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Loison
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Eunice HoYee Chan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Saadaoui
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Claudio Collinet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Raphaël Clément
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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15
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Bailles A, Collinet C, Philippe JM, Lenne PF, Munro E, Lecuit T. Genetic induction and mechanochemical propagation of a morphogenetic wave. Nature 2019; 572:467-473. [PMID: 31413363 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis arises from coordinated changes in cell shape driven by actomyosin contractions. Patterns of gene expression regionalize cell behaviours by controlling actomyosin contractility. Here we report two modes of control over Rho1 and myosin II (MyoII) activation in the Drosophila endoderm. First, Rho1-MyoII are induced in a spatially restricted primordium via localized transcription of the G-protein-coupled receptor ligand Fog. Second, a tissue-scale wave of Rho1-MyoII activation and cell invagination progresses anteriorly away from the primordium. The wave does not require sustained gene transcription, and is not governed by regulated Fog delivery. Instead, MyoII inhibition blocks Rho1 activation and propagation, revealing a mechanical feedback driven by MyoII. We find that MyoII activation and invagination in each row of cells drives adhesion to the vitelline membrane mediated by integrins, apical spreading, MyoII activation and invagination in the next row. Endoderm morphogenesis thus emerges from local transcriptional initiation and a mechanically driven cycle of cell deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Bailles
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Collinet
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France. .,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France. .,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France. .,Collège de France, Paris, France.
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16
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Kale GR, Yang X, Philippe JM, Mani M, Lenne PF, Lecuit T. Distinct contributions of tensile and shear stress on E-cadherin levels during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5021. [PMID: 30479400 PMCID: PMC6258672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During epithelial morphogenesis, cell contacts (junctions) are constantly remodeled by mechanical forces that work against adhesive forces. E-cadherin complexes play a pivotal role in this process by providing persistent cell adhesion and by transmitting mechanical tension. In this context, it is unclear how mechanical forces affect E-cadherin adhesion and junction dynamics. During Drosophila embryo axis elongation, Myosin-II activity in the apico-medial and junctional cortex generates mechanical forces to drive junction remodeling. Here we report that the ratio between Vinculin and E-cadherin intensities acts as a ratiometric readout for these mechanical forces (load) at E-cadherin complexes. Medial Myosin-II loads E-cadherin complexes on all junctions, exerts tensile forces, and increases levels of E-cadherin. Junctional Myosin-II, on the other hand, biases the distribution of load between junctions of the same cell, exerts shear forces, and decreases the levels of E-cadherin. This work suggests distinct effects of tensile versus shear stresses on E-cadherin adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish R Kale
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France
- National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Xingbo Yang
- Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Madhav Mani
- Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France.
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17
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Abstract
Morphogenesis requires coordination between genetic patterning and mechanical forces to robustly shape the cells and tissues. Hence, a challenge to understand morphogenetic processes is to directly measure cellular forces and mechanical properties in vivo during embryogenesis. Here, we present a setup of optical tweezers coupled to a light sheet microscope, which allows to directly apply forces on cell-cell contacts of the early Drosophila embryo, while imaging at a speed of several frames per second. This technique has the advantage that it does not require the injection of beads into the embryo, usually used as intermediate probes on which optical forces are exerted. We detail step by step the implementation of the setup, and propose tools to extract mechanical information from the experiments. By monitoring the displacements of cell-cell contacts in real time, one can perform tension measurements and investigate cell contacts' rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chardès
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Raphael Clement
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Olivier Blanc
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université
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18
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19
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Loison O, Weitkunat M, Kaya-Çopur A, Nascimento Alves C, Matzat T, Spletter ML, Luschnig S, Brasselet S, Lenne PF, Schnorrer F. Polarization-resolved microscopy reveals a muscle myosin motor-independent mechanism of molecular actin ordering during sarcomere maturation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004718. [PMID: 29702642 PMCID: PMC5955565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeres are stereotyped force-producing mini-machines of striated muscles. Each sarcomere contains a pseudocrystalline order of bipolar actin and myosin filaments, which are linked by titin filaments. During muscle development, these three filament types need to assemble into long periodic chains of sarcomeres called myofibrils. Initially, myofibrils contain immature sarcomeres, which gradually mature into their pseudocrystalline order. Despite the general importance, our understanding of myofibril assembly and sarcomere maturation in vivo is limited, in large part because determining the molecular order of protein components during muscle development remains challenging. Here, we applied polarization-resolved microscopy to determine the molecular order of actin during myofibrillogenesis in vivo. This method revealed that, concomitantly with mechanical tension buildup in the myotube, molecular actin order increases, preceding the formation of immature sarcomeres. Mechanistically, both muscle and nonmuscle myosin contribute to this actin order gain during early stages of myofibril assembly. Actin order continues to increase while myofibrils and sarcomeres mature. Muscle myosin motor activity is required for the regular and coordinated assembly of long myofibrils but not for the high actin order buildup during sarcomere maturation. This suggests that, in muscle, other actin-binding proteins are sufficient to locally bundle or cross-link actin into highly regular arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Weitkunat
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Muscle Dynamics Group, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Aynur Kaya-Çopur
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Muscle Dynamics Group, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Till Matzat
- Institute of Neurobiology and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria L. Spletter
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Muscle Dynamics Group, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute of Neurobiology and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sophie Brasselet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | | | - Frank Schnorrer
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Muscle Dynamics Group, Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Toret CP, Shivakumar PC, Lenne PF, Le Bivic A. The elmo-mbc complex and rhogap19d couple Rho family GTPases during mesenchymal-to-epithelial-like transitions. Development 2018:dev.157495. [PMID: 29437779 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many metazoan developmental processes require cells to transition between migratory mesenchymal- and adherent epithelial-like states. These transitions require Rho GTPase-mediated actin rearrangements downstream of integrin and cadherin pathways. A regulatory toolbox of GEF and GAP proteins precisely coordinates Rho protein activities, yet defining the involvement of specific regulators within a cellular context remains a challenge due to overlapping and coupled activities. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila dorsal closure is a powerful model for Rho GTPase regulation during transitions from leading edges to cadherin contacts. During these transitions a Rac GEF elmo-mbc complex regulates both lamellipodia and Rho1-dependent, actomyosin-mediated tension at initial cadherin contacts. Moreover, the Rho GAP Rhogap19d controls Rac and Rho GTPases during the same processes and genetically regulates the elmo-mbc complex. This study presents a fresh framework to understand the inter-relationship between GEF and GAP proteins that tether Rac and Rho cycles during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andre Le Bivic
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
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21
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Chan EH, Chavadimane Shivakumar P, Clément R, Laugier E, Lenne PF. Patterned cortical tension mediated by N-cadherin controls cell geometric order in the Drosophila eye. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28537220 PMCID: PMC5443664 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules hold cells together but also couple cell membranes to a contractile actomyosin network, which limits the expansion of cell contacts. Despite their fundamental role in tissue morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis, how adhesion molecules control cell shapes and cell patterns in tissues remains unclear. Here we address this question in vivo using the Drosophila eye. We show that cone cell shapes depend little on adhesion bonds and mostly on contractile forces. However, N-cadherin has an indirect control on cell shape. At homotypic contacts, junctional N-cadherin bonds downregulate Myosin-II contractility. At heterotypic contacts with E-cadherin, unbound N-cadherin induces an asymmetric accumulation of Myosin-II, which leads to a highly contractile cell interface. Such differential regulation of contractility is essential for morphogenesis as loss of N-cadherin disrupts cell rearrangements. Our results establish a quantitative link between adhesion and contractility and reveal an unprecedented role of N-cadherin on cell shapes and cell arrangements. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22796.001
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22
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Abstract
Development, homeostasis and regeneration of tissues result from a complex combination of genetics and mechanics, and progresses in the former have been quicker than in the latter. Measurements of in situ forces and stresses appear to be increasingly important to delineate the role of mechanics in development. We review here several emerging techniques: contact manipulation, manipulation using light, visual sensors, and non-mechanical observation techniques. We compare their fields of applications, their advantages and limitations, and their validations. These techniques complement measurements of deformations and of mechanical properties. We argue that such approaches could have a significant impact on our understanding of the development of living tissues in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sugimura
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), iCeMS Complex 2, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan JST, PRESTO, 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - François Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systémes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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23
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Kamada K, Namikawa T, Senatore S, Matthews C, Lenne PF, Maury O, Andraud C, Ponce-Vargas M, Le Guennic B, Jacquemin D, Agbo P, An DD, Gauny SS, Liu X, Abergel RJ, Fages F, D'Aléo A. Boron Difluoride Curcuminoid Fluorophores with Enhanced Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Emission and Versatile Living-Cell Imaging Properties. Chemistry 2016; 22:5219-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kamada
- IFMRI; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda; Osaka 563-8577 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda; Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Tomotaka Namikawa
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda; Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Sébastien Senatore
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; Institutde Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288; 13288 Marseille 9 France
| | - Cédric Matthews
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; Institutde Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288; 13288 Marseille 9 France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; Institutde Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288; 13288 Marseille 9 France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Université Lyon 1; ENS Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5182, 69364; Lyon France
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Université Lyon 1; ENS Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5182, 69364; Lyon France
| | - Miguel Ponce-Vargas
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS; Université de Rennes 1; 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS; Université de Rennes 1; 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1 Rue Descartes 75005 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Peter Agbo
- Chemical Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Dahlia D. An
- Chemical Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Stacey S. Gauny
- Chemical Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Chemical Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rebecca J. Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Frédéric Fages
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy; Case 913 13288 Marseille France
| | - Anthony D'Aléo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy; Case 913 13288 Marseille France
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24
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Abstract
Laser ablation is nowadays a widespread technique to probe tissue mechanics during development. Here we describe the setup of one such ablation system and ablation experiments performed on the embryo and pupa of Drosophila. We describe in detail the process of sample preparation, how to disrupt single-cell junctions and perform linear or circular cuts at the tissue scale, and how to analyze the data to determine relevant mechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi C Shivakumar
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM UMR7288, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy case 907, 13009, Marseille, France
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25
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Kim E, Felouat A, Zaborova E, Ribierre JC, Wu JW, Senatore S, Matthews C, Lenne PF, Baffert C, Karapetyan A, Giorgi M, Jacquemin D, Ponce-Vargas M, Le Guennic B, Fages F, D'Aléo A. Borondifluoride complexes of hemicurcuminoids as bio-inspired push-pull dyes for bioimaging. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:1311-24. [PMID: 26660280 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hemicurcuminoids are based on half of the π-conjugated backbone of curcuminoids. The synthesis of a series of such systems and their borondifluoride complexes is described. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of difluorodioxaborine species were investigated as a function of the nature of electron donor and acceptor groups appended at either terminal positions of the molecular backbone. The emissive character of these dipolar dyes was attributed to an intraligand charge transfer process, leading to fluorescence emission that is strongly dependent on solvent polarity. Quasi-quantitative quenching of fluorescence in high polarity solvents was attributed to photoinduced electron transfer. These dyes were shown to behave as versatile fluorophores. Indeed, they display efficient two-photon excited fluorescence emission leading to high two-photon brightness values. Furthermore, they form nanoparticles in water whose fluorescence emission quantum yield is less than that of the dye in solution, owing to aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching. When cos7 living cells were exposed to these weakly-emitting nanoparticles, one- and two-photon excited fluorescence spectra showed a strong emission within the cytoplasm that originated from the individual molecules. Dye uptake thus involved a disaggregation mechanism at the cell membrane which restored fluorescence emission. This off-on fluorescence switching allows a selective optical monitoring of those molecules that do enter the cell, which offers improved sensitivity and selectivity of detection for bioimaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Kim
- Department of Physics, CNRS-Ewha International Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Collinet C, Rauzi M, Lenne PF, Lecuit T. Local and tissue-scale forces drive oriented junction growth during tissue extension. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1247-58. [PMID: 26389664 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Convergence-extension is a widespread morphogenetic process driven by polarized cell intercalation. In the Drosophila germ band, epithelial intercalation comprises loss of junctions between anterior-posterior neighbours followed by growth of new junctions between dorsal-ventral neighbours. Much is known about how active stresses drive polarized junction shrinkage. However, it is unclear how tissue convergence-extension emerges from local junction remodelling and what the specific role, if any, of junction growth is. Here we report that tissue convergence and extension correlate mostly with new junction growth. Simulations and in vivo mechanical perturbations reveal that junction growth is due to local polarized stresses driven by medial actomyosin contractions. Moreover, we find that tissue-scale pulling forces at the boundary with the invaginating posterior midgut actively participate in tissue extension by orienting junction growth. Thus, tissue extension is akin to a polarized fluid flow that requires parallel and concerted local and tissue-scale forces to drive junction growth and cell-cell displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Collinet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Matteo Rauzi
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288 13009 Marseille, France
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27
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Abstract
Calcium ion acts in nearly every aspect of cellular life. The versatility and specificity required for such a ubiquitous role is ensured by the spatio-temporal dynamics of calcium concentration variations. While calcium signal dynamics has been extensively studied in cell cultures and adult tissues, little is known about calcium activity during early tissue morphogenesis. We monitored intracellular calcium concentration in Drosophila gastrula and revealed single cell calcium spikes that were short-lived, rare and showed strong variability among embryos. We quantitatively described the spatio-temporal dynamics of these spikes and analyzed their potential origins and nature by introducing physical and chemical perturbations. Our data highlight the inter- and intra-tissue variability of calcium activity during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Claire Chardès
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, 13288, Marseille, France
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28
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Abstract
Visualization and quantification of supramolecular assemblies in cells are essential to understand the design principles of cells and tissues. The advent of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and related techniques has offered unprecedented information on protein supramolecular assemblies in 3-D with a spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. Yet application of PALM microscopy for in vivo studies remains challenging. This chapter describes how to implement PALM microscopy for quantitative analysis of intercellular adhesion in the Drosophila embryo. Our protocol describes the sample preparation, the imaging setup, and the acquisition procedure. We also discuss how to proceed with quantitative analysis of data. Initially designed and implemented for Drosophila embryo imaging of intercellular adhesion, this protocol can be readily adapted to other structures than adhesions and other organisms such as Zebrafish or Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh-An Truong Quang
- Institute for Developmental Biology of Marseille (IBDM), CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Institute for Developmental Biology of Marseille (IBDM), CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Marseille Cedex, France
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29
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Markova O, Alberts J, Munro E, Lenne PF. Clustering of low-valence particles: structure and kinetics. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:022301. [PMID: 25215732 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.022301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We compute the structure and kinetics of two systems of low-valence particles with three or six freely oriented bonds in two dimensions. The structure of clusters formed by trivalent particles is complex with loops and holes, while hexavalent particles self-organize into regular and compact structures. We identify the elementary structures which compose the clusters of trivalent particles. At initial stages of clustering, the clusters of trivalent particles grow with a power-law time dependence. Yet at longer times fusion and fission of clusters equilibrates and clusters form a heterogeneous phase with polydispersed sizes. These results emphasize the role of valence in the kinetics and stability of finite-size clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Jonathan Alberts
- University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
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30
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Abstract
Fast and low phototoxic imaging techniques are pre-requisite to study the development of organisms in toto. Light sheet based microscopy reduces photo-bleaching and phototoxic effects compared to confocal microscopy, while providing 3D images with subcellular resolution. Here we present the setup of a light sheet based microscope, which is composed of an upright microscope and a small set of opto-mechanical elements for the generation of the light sheet. The protocol describes how to build, align the microscope and characterize the light sheet. In addition, it details how to implement the method for in toto imaging of C. elegans embryos using a simple observation chamber. The method allows the capture of 3D two-colors time-lapse movies over few hours of development. This should ease the tracking of cell shape, cell divisions and tagged proteins over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chardès
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Vincent Bertrand
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université;
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université;
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31
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Abstract
The plasma membrane is a composite material, which forms a semi-permeable barrier and an interface for communication between the intracellular and extracellular environments. While the existence of membrane microdomains with nanoscale organization has been proved by the application of numerous biochemical and physical methods, direct observation of these heterogeneities using optical microscopy has remained challenging for decades, partly due to the optical diffraction limit, which restricts the resolution to ~200 nm. During the past years, new optical methods which circumvent this fundamental limit have emerged. Not only do these techniques allow direct visualization, but also quantitative characterization of nanoscopic structures. We discuss how these emerging optical methods have refined our knowledge of membrane microdomains and how they may shed light on the basic principles of the mesoscopic membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- *Correspondence: Pierre-François Lenne, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles, UMR 7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France e-mail:
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32
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Truong Quang BA, Mani M, Markova O, Lecuit T, Lenne PF. Principles of E-cadherin supramolecular organization in vivo. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2197-2207. [PMID: 24184100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cadherin plays a pivotal role in tissue morphogenesis by forming clusters that support intercellular adhesion and transmit tension. What controls E-cadherin mesoscopic organization in clusters is unclear. RESULTS We use 3D superresolution quantitative microscopy in Drosophila embryos to characterize the size distribution of E-cadherin nanometric clusters. The cluster size follows power-law distributions over three orders of magnitude with exponential decay at large cluster sizes. By exploring the predictions of a general theoretical framework including cluster fusion and fission events and recycling of E-cadherin, we identify two distinct active mechanisms setting the cluster-size distribution. Dynamin-dependent endocytosis targets large clusters only, thereby imposing a cutoff size. Moreover, interactions between E-cadherin clusters and actin filaments control the fission in a size-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin clustering depends on key cortical regulators, which provide tunable and local control over E-cadherin organization. Our data provide the foundation for a quantitative understanding of how E-cadherin distribution affects adhesion and might regulate force transmission in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh-An Truong Quang
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles, UMR 7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Madhav Mani
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; University of California, Department of Physics, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Olga Markova
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles, UMR 7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles, UMR 7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles, UMR 7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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33
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Markova O, Alberts J, Munro E, Lenne PF. Bond flexibility and low valence promote finite clusters of self-aggregating particles. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:078101. [PMID: 23006403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.078101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Systems of complex particles such as proteins or colloidal particles have a widely observed tendency to form nonconnected nanometer-size clusters at steady state, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report here a numerical study on the self-aggregation of low-valence particles with flexible bonds (i.e., free bond orientations) in two dimensions and predict the formation of a stable cluster phase for average valences ranging from 2 to 3.6. For the intermediate case of trivalent particles, we show that a cluster phase is present over a wide range of concentrations and interaction energies. The clusters are polydisperse in size, have a fractal dimension of 1.5, and tend to fully saturate their bonds at high interaction energies. The number of unformed bonds scales linearly with the number of particles in a cluster, which implies the absence of phase transition in the explored region of interaction energies and concentrations. We discuss possible implications of our model for membrane protein clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, UMR CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, France
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34
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Markova O, Lenne PF. Calcium signaling in developing embryos: focus on the regulation of cell shape changes and collective movements. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:298-307. [PMID: 22414534 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During morphogenesis tissues significantly remodel by coordinated cell migrations and cell rearrangements. Central to this problem are cell shape changes that are driven by distinct cytoskeletal reorganization responsible for force generation. Calcium is a versatile and universal messenger that is implicated in the regulation of embryonic development. Although calcium transients accrue clearly and more intensely in tissues undergoing rearrangement/migration, it is far from clear what the role of these calcium signals is. Here we summarize the evidence implicating calcium participation in tissue movements, cell shape changes and the reorganization of contractile cytoskeletal elements in developing embryos. We also discuss a novel hypothesis that short-lived calcium spikes are required in cells and tissues undergoing migration and rearrangements as a fine tuning response mechanism to prevent local, abnormally high fluctuations in cytoskeletal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- IBDML, UMR7288 CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France.
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35
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Abstract
Cell shape changes underlie a large set of biological processes ranging from cell division to cell motility. Stereotyped patterns of cell shape changes also determine tissue remodeling events such as extension or invagination. In vitro and cell culture systems have been essential to understanding the fundamental physical principles of subcellular mechanics. These are now complemented by studies in developing organisms that emphasize how cell and tissue morphogenesis emerge from the interplay between force-generating machines, such as actomyosin networks, and adhesive clusters that transmit tensile forces at the cell cortex and stabilize cell-cell and cell-substrate interfaces. Both force production and transmission are self-organizing phenomena whose adaptive features are essential during tissue morphogenesis. A new era is opening that emphasizes the similarities of and allows comparisons between distant dynamic biological phenomena because they rely on core machineries that control universal features of cytomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lecuit
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles-Luminy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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36
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Favard C, Wenger J, Lenne PF, Rigneault H. FCS diffusion laws in two-phase lipid membranes: determination of domain mean size by experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Biophys J 2011; 100:1242-51. [PMID: 21354397 PMCID: PMC3043218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been undertaken over the last few decades to characterize the diffusion process in model and cellular lipid membranes. One of the techniques developed for this purpose, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), has proved to be a very efficient approach, especially if the analysis is extended to measurements on different spatial scales (referred to as FCS diffusion laws). In this work, we examine the relevance of FCS diffusion laws for probing the behavior of a pure lipid and a lipid mixture at temperatures below, within and above the phase transitions, both experimentally and numerically. The accuracy of the microscopic description of the lipid mixtures found here extends previous work to a more complex model in which the geometry is unknown and the molecular motion is driven only by the thermodynamic parameters of the system itself. For multilamellar vesicles of both pure lipid and lipid mixtures, the FCS diffusion laws recorded at different temperatures exhibit large deviations from pure Brownian motion and reveal the existence of nanodomains. The variation of the mean size of these domains with temperature is in perfect correlation with the enthalpy fluctuation. This study highlights the advantages of using FCS diffusion laws in complex lipid systems to describe their temporal and spatial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Favard
- Institut Fresnel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, École Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
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37
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Abstract
Cortical forces drive a variety of cell shape changes and cell movements during tissue morphogenesis. While the molecular components underlying these forces have been largely identified, how they assemble and spatially and temporally organize at cell surfaces to promote cell shape changes in developing tissues are open questions. We present here different key aspects of cortical forces: their physical nature, some rules governing their emergence, and how their deployment at cell surfaces drives important morphogenetic movements in epithelia. We review a wide range of literature combining genetic/molecular, biophysical and modeling approaches, which explore essential features of cortical force generation and transmission in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rauzi
- IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS-Université de Méditerraneé, Campus de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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38
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Rauzi M, Lenne PF, Lecuit T. Planar polarized actomyosin contractile flows control epithelial junction remodelling. Nature 2010; 468:1110-4. [PMID: 21068726 DOI: 10.1038/nature09566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Force generation by Myosin-II motors on actin filaments drives cell and tissue morphogenesis. In epithelia, contractile forces are resisted at apical junctions by adhesive forces dependent on E-cadherin, which also transmits tension. During Drosophila embryonic germband extension, tissue elongation is driven by cell intercalation, which requires an irreversible and planar polarized remodelling of epithelial cell junctions. We investigate how cell deformations emerge from the interplay between force generation and cortical force transmission during this remodelling in Drosophila melanogaster. The shrinkage of dorsal-ventral-oriented ('vertical') junctions during this process is known to require planar polarized junctional contractility by Myosin II (refs 4, 5, 7, 12). Here we show that this shrinkage is not produced by junctional Myosin II itself, but by the polarized flow of medial actomyosin pulses towards 'vertical' junctions. This anisotropic flow is oriented by the planar polarized distribution of E-cadherin complexes, in that medial Myosin II flows towards 'vertical' junctions, which have relatively less E-cadherin than transverse junctions. Our evidence suggests that the medial flow pattern reflects equilibrium properties of force transmission and coupling to E-cadherin by α-Catenin. Thus, epithelial morphogenesis is not properly reflected by Myosin II steady state distribution but by polarized contractile actomyosin flows that emerge from interactions between E-cadherin and actomyosin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rauzi
- IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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39
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Wenger J, Rigneault H, Dintinger J, Marguet D, Lenne PF. Single-fluorophore diffusion in a lipid membrane over a subwavelength aperture. J Biol Phys 2010; 32:SN1-4. [PMID: 19669430 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-006-2909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We use submicrometer apertures milled in an aluminium film to study the diffusion dynamics of beta-Bodipy-FL-C(5)-HPC (Bodipy-PC) fluorophores in a lipid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) multilayer. The observation volume is limited by the aperture diameter, well below the optical wavelength. This spatial resolution improvement comes together with an enhancement of the detected fluorescence per molecule as compared to an open sample, with a significant increase up to 3.5 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Wenger
- Institut Fresnel, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III, CNRS UMR 6133, Domaine Universitaire de Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
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40
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Lenne PF, Rigneault H, Marguet D, Wenger J. Fluorescence fluctuations analysis in nanoapertures: physical concepts and biological applications. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:795-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Lasserre R, Guo XJ, Conchonaud F, Hamon Y, Hawchar O, Bernard AM, Soudja SM, Lenne PF, Rigneault H, Olive D, Bismuth G, Nunès JA, Payrastre B, Marguet D, He HT. Raft nanodomains contribute to Akt/PKB plasma membrane recruitment and activation. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4:538-47. [PMID: 18641634 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane rafts are thought to be sphingolipid- and cholesterol-dependent lateral assemblies involved in diverse cellular functions. Their biological roles and even their existence, however, remain controversial. Using an original fluorescence correlation spectroscopy strategy that recently enabled us to identify nanoscale membrane organizations in live cells, we report here that highly dynamic nanodomains exist in both the outer and inner leaflets of the plasma membrane. Through specific inhibition of biosynthesis, we show that sphingolipids and cholesterol are essential and act in concert for formation of nanodomains, thus corroborating their raft nature. Moreover, we find that nanodomains play a crucial role in triggering the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway, by facilitating Akt recruitment and activation upon phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate accumulation in the plasma membrane. Thus, through direct monitoring and controlled alterations of rafts in living cells, we demonstrate that rafts are critically involved in the activation of a signaling axis that is essential for cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Lasserre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Parc scientifique de Luminy, Case 906, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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42
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Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis requires the execution of complex mechanisms that regulate the local behaviour of groups of cells. The orchestration of such mechanisms has been mainly deciphered through the identification of conserved families of signalling pathways that spatially and temporally control cell behaviour. However, how this information is processed to control cell shape and cell dynamics is an open area of investigation. The framework that emerges from diverse disciplines such as cell biology, physics and developmental biology points to adhesion and cortical actin networks as regulators of cell surface mechanics. In this context, a range of developmental phenomena can be explained by the regulation of cell surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lecuit
- Institute of Developmental Biology of Marseille-Luminy, UMR6216 CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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43
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Conchonaud F, Nicolas S, Amoureux MC, Ménager C, Marguet D, Lenne PF, Rougon G, Matarazzo V. Polysialylation increases lateral diffusion of neural cell adhesion molecule in the cell membrane. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26266-74. [PMID: 17623676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608590200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a polymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues added post-translationally to the membrane-bound neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). The large excluded volume created by PSA polymer is thought to facilitate cell migration by decreasing cell adhesion. Here we used live cell imaging (spot fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) combined with biochemical approaches in an attempt to uncover a link between cell motility and the impact of polysialylation on NCAM dynamics. We show that PSA regulates specifically NCAM lateral diffusion and this is dependent on the integrity of the cytoskeleton. However, whereas the glial-derivative neurotrophic factor chemotactic effect is dependent on PSA, the molecular dynamics of PSA-NCAM is not directly affected by glial-derivative neurotrophic factor. These findings reveal a new intrinsic mechanism by which polysialylation regulates NCAM dynamics and thereby a biological function like cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Conchonaud
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy and Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, MOSAIC Group, Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
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44
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Popov E, Nevière M, Sentenac A, Bonod N, Fehrembach AL, Wenger J, Lenne PF, Rigneault H. Single-scattering theory of light diffraction by a circular subwavelength aperture in a finitely conducting screen. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2007; 24:339-58. [PMID: 17206250 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.24.000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A perturbation theory based on a single-scattering approximation is developed from the rigorous differential theory of diffraction in cylindrical coordinates. It results in analytical formulas in the inverse space for the field amplitudes providing results that are in quantitative agreement with the results of the rigorous method, in both the near- and far-field regions, when a proper correction to the incident field inside the aperture is made by using the renormalized Born approximation. When working in reflection by a screen having permittivity high in modulus, the method proposes an equivalence with the simple model consisting of the emission by a single magnetic dipole excited inside the pierced layer, emission that is then transferred back into the cladding following the Fresnel's coefficients of transmission from the layer into the cladding. The theory predicts a directivity of the radiation pattern that increases for smaller values of modulus of permittivity, both for dielectrics and metals, thus independently of the possibility of plasmon surface wave excitation along the interface. The theory can take into account such surface wave resonances, as well as the waveguide supported by a dielectric slab, but cannot implicitly recognize the modes carried out by the cylindrical waveguide corresponding to the aperture. This fact limits its domain of validity when used in transmission, although the far- and near-field maps can be reconstructed sufficiently well within a multiplicative factor corresponding to the enhanced transmission due to the excitation of these modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Popov
- Institut Fresnel, Domaine Universitaire de Saint Jérôme, Universite d'Aix Marseille III, CNRS UMR 6133, Marseille, France.
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45
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Wenger J, Gérard D, Lenne PF, Rigneault H, Dintinger J, Ebbesen TW, Boned A, Conchonaud F, Marguet D. Dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy in a single nanoaperture : towards rapid multicomponent screening at high concentrations. Opt Express 2006; 14:12206-12216. [PMID: 19529650 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.012206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single nanometric apertures in a metallic film are used to develop a simple and robust setup for dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) at high concentrations. If the nanoaperture concept has already proven to be useful for single-species analysis, its extension to the dual-color case brings new interesting specificities. The alignment and overlap of the two excitation beams are greatly simplified. No confocal pinhole is used, relaxing the requirement for accurate correction of chromatic aberrations. Compared to two-photon excitation, nanoapertures have the advantage to work with standard fluorophore constructions having high absorption cross-section and well-known absorption/emission spectra. Thanks to the ultra-low volume analysed within one single aperture, fluorescence correlation analysis can be performed with single molecule resolution at micromolar concentrations, resulting in 3 orders of magnitude gain compared to conventional setups. As applications of this technique, we follow the kinetics of an enzymatic cleavage reaction at 2 muM DNA oligonucleotide concentration.We also demonstrate that FCCS in nanoaper-tures can be applied to the fast screening of a sample for dual-labeled species within 1 s acquisition time. This offers new possibilities for rapid screening applications in biotechnology at high concentrations.
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Wenger J, Conchonaud F, Dintinger J, Wawrezinieck L, Ebbesen TW, Rigneault H, Marguet D, Lenne PF. Diffusion analysis within single nanometric apertures reveals the ultrafine cell membrane organization. Biophys J 2006; 92:913-9. [PMID: 17085499 PMCID: PMC1779989 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.096586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the development of a new methodology to probe the plasma membrane organization of living cells at the nanometric scale. Single nanometric apertures in a metallic film limit the observed membrane area below the optical diffraction barrier. The new approach performs fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with increasing aperture sizes and extracts information on the diffusion process from the whole set of data. In particular, transient diffusion regimes are clearly observed when the probed area comes close to the size of the confining structures. First, this strategy allows identification of the mechanism controlling the diffusion of various fluorescent lipid analogs and green fluorescent protein-tagged proteins. Second, it gives an estimate of the characteristic size of the nanometric membrane heterogeneities, allowing a quantitative study of membrane domains such as lipid rafts. Compared to other optical techniques, this method combines the advantages of high spatio-temporal resolution and direct statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Wenger
- Institut Fresnel, Mosaic Group, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III, Domaine Universitaire de Saint Jérôme, Marseille Cedex, France.
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Popov E, Nevière M, Wenger J, Lenne PF, Rigneault H, Chaumet P, Bonod N, Dintinger J, Ebbesen T. Field enhancement in single subwavelength apertures. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2006; 23:2342-8. [PMID: 16912764 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.23.002342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A peak of the detected fluorescence rate per molecule has recently been observed in experiments of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy carried out on subwavelength apertures in metallic screens, a phenomenon that appears at a diameter-to-wavelength ratio below the fundamental mode cutoff. Although the origin of the resonant transmission through a subwavelength aperture has been well explained in terms of excitation of plasmon surface modes on the aperture ridge, the origin of the maximum that occurs at a radius-to-wavelength ratio smaller than 1/4 was not clear. Using a rigorous electromagnetic theory of light diffraction in cylindrical geometry, we show that it is linked to the appearance of the fundamental mode propagating inside the aperture. We obtain good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Popov
- Institut Fresnel, Domaine Universitaire de Saint Jérôme, Université d'Aix Marseille III, CNRS UMR 6133, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Lenne PF, Wawrezinieck L, Conchonaud F, Wurtz O, Boned A, Guo XJ, Rigneault H, He HT, Marguet D. Dynamic molecular confinement in the plasma membrane by microdomains and the cytoskeleton meshwork. EMBO J 2006; 25:3245-56. [PMID: 16858413 PMCID: PMC1523176 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is by now widely recognized that cell membranes show complex patterns of lateral organization. Two mechanisms involving either a lipid-dependent (microdomain model) or cytoskeleton-based (meshwork model) process are thought to be responsible for these plasma membrane organizations. In the present study, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements on various spatial scales were performed in order to directly identify and characterize these two processes in live cells with a high temporal resolution, without any loss of spatial information. Putative raft markers were found to be dynamically compartmented within tens of milliseconds into small microdomains (Ø <120 nm) that are sensitive to the cholesterol and sphingomyelin levels, whereas actin-based cytoskeleton barriers are responsible for the confinement of the transferrin receptor protein. A free-like diffusion was observed when both the lipid-dependent and cytoskeleton-based organizations were disrupted, which suggests that these are two main compartmentalizing forces at work in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Institut Fresnel, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6133, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Wawrezinieck
- Institut Fresnel, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6133, Marseille, France
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Conchonaud
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Annie Boned
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physicochimie des Membranes Biologiques, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Rigneault
- Institut Fresnel, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6133, Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 13009, France. Tel.: +33 491 269 128; Fax: +33 491 269 430; E-mail:
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Marguet D, Lenne PF, Rigneault H, He HT. Dynamics in the plasma membrane: how to combine fluidity and order. EMBO J 2006; 25:3446-57. [PMID: 16900097 PMCID: PMC1538569 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes are fascinating supramolecular aggregates that not only form a barrier between compartments but also harbor many chemical reactions essential to the existence and functioning of a cell. Here, it is proposed to review the molecular dynamics and mosaic organization of the plasma membrane, which are thought to have important functional implications. We will first summarize the basic concepts of Brownian diffusion and lipid domain formation in model membranes and then track the development of ideas and tools in this field, outlining key results obtained on the dynamic processes at work in membrane structure and assembly. We will focus in particular on findings made using fluorescent labeling and imaging procedures to record these dynamic processes. We will also discuss a few examples showing the impact of lateral diffusion on cell signal transduction, and outline some future methodological challenges which must be met before we can answer some of the questions arising in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Marguet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Etienne E, Lenne PF, Sturgis JN, Rigneault H. Confined diffusion in tubular structures analyzed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy on a mirror. Appl Opt 2006; 45:4497-507. [PMID: 16778960 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.004497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) analysis it is generally assumed that molecular species diffuse freely in volumes much larger than the three-dimensional FCS observation volume. However, this standard assumption is not valid in many measurement conditions, particularly in tubular structures with diameters in the micrometer range, such as those found in living cells (organelles, dendrites) and microfluidic devices (capillaries, reaction chambers). As a result the measured autocorrelation functions (ACFs) deviate from those predicted for free diffusion, and this can shift the measured diffusion coefficient by as much as ~50% when the tube diameter is comparable with the axial extension of the FCS observation volume. We show that the range of validity of the FCS measurements can be drastically improved if the tubular structures are located in the close vicinity of a mirror on which FCS is performed. In this case a new fluctuation time in the ACF, arising from the diffusion of fluorescent probes in optical fringes, permits measurement of the real diffusion coefficient within the tubular structure without assumptions about either the confined geometry or the FCS observation volume geometry. We show that such a measurement can be done when the tubular structure contains at least one pair of dark and bright fringes resulting from interference between the incoming and the reflected excitation beams on the mirror surface. Measurement of the diffusion coefficient of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and IscS-EGFP in the cytoplasm of living Escherichia coli illustrates the capabilities of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Etienne
- Institut Fresnel, Mosaic Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III, France.
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