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Zhao Y, Wan J, Liao B, Qi M. The Neglected Internodal Tract-A Cardiac Conduction System Structure Homologous to the Development and Regulation of the Sinoatrial Node. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025; 26:27882. [PMID: 40351691 PMCID: PMC12059794 DOI: 10.31083/rcm27882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
The existence of internodal tracts (ITs) is controversial. Indeed, ITs in the cardiac conduction system (CCS), connected to the sinoatrial node (SAN), transmit electrical signals quickly to the left atrium and the atrioventricular node (AVN). Interestingly, research has suggested that the ITs and the tail of the SAN may share developmental homology. Additionally, many studies indicate that ITs blockage can lead to atrial conduction block and is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, few studies have been reported on the morphogenesis, development, and function of ITs. Therefore, this paper aims to review the morphogenesis, development, and function of ITs, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms of transcription factors (TFs), such as NK2 homeobox 5 (NKX2.5), SHOX homeobox 2 (SHOX2), hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4), and T-box transcription factor 3 (TBX3) in the development and morphogenesis of ITs. This review also explores the causes of arrhythmias, especially atrial block, in order to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CCS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037 Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Dysfunction, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Juyi Wan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Dysfunction, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Dysfunction, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Man Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037 Beijing, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 100091 Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120 Shanghai, China
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2
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Choi YH, Leng J, Fan J, Ramirez RJ, Cho HC. Tissue elasticity modulates cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2025; 328:H978-H990. [PMID: 40080390 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00813.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/15/2025]
Abstract
Tissue elasticity is essential to a broad spectrum of cell biology and organ function including the heart. Routine cell culture models on rigid polystyrene dishes are limited in studying the impact of tissue elasticity in distinct regions of the myocardium such as the cardiac conduction system. Gelatin, a derivative of collagen, is a simple and tunable platform for modeling tissue elasticity. We sought to study the effects of increasing tissue stiffness on cardiac pacemaker cell function by using transcription factor-reprogrammed pacemaker cells cultured on gelatin hydrogels with specific elasticity. Our data indicate that automaticity of the pacemaker cells, measured in rhythmic contractions and oscillating intracellular Ca2+ transients, was enhanced when cultured on a stiffer matrix of 14 kPa. This was accompanied by increased expression of cardiac pacemaker ion channel, Hcn4, and a reciprocal decrease in Cx43 expression compared with control conditions. Propagation of Ca2+ transients was slower in the pacemaker cell monolayers compared with control, which recapitulates a hallmark feature in the native pacemaker tissue. Ca2+ transient propagation of pacemaker cell monolayer was slower on stiffer than on softer hydrogel, and this was dependent on enhanced proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts rather than differences in gap junctional coupling. Culturing the pacemaker cells on rigid plastic plates led to irregular or loss of synchronous contractions as well as unusually long Ca2+ transient durations. Taken together, our data demonstrate that automaticity of pacemaker cells is augmented by stiffer extracellular matrix substrates within the elasticity range of the healthy myocardium. This simple approach presents a physiological in vitro model to study mechanoelectric feedback of cardiomyocytes including the conduction system cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The major achievement of this work is development of a robust and straightforward approach to model cardiac conduction system cells with a range of cardiac tissue elasticity with a goal to understand the impact of tissue stiffness on cardiac pacing. Our data provide a framework for further investigation of the heart rhythm in health and disease in the context of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Choi
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jing Leng
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jinqi Fan
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rafael J Ramirez
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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3
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Wu Y, Wang Q, Granger J, Reyes Gaido O, Lopez-Cecetaite G, Aguilar EN, Ludwig A, Moroni A, Bianchet MA, Anderson ME. HCN4 channels sense temperature and determine heart rate responses to heat. Nat Commun 2025; 16:2102. [PMID: 40025061 PMCID: PMC11873294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/04/2025] Open
Abstract
The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 4 (HCN4) current increases due to cAMP binding and is well-recognized to contribute to adrenergically driven heart rate acceleration. HCN4 current also increases with heat by an unknown mechanism(s). We use thermodynamical and homology computational modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and mouse models to identify a concise motif on the S4-S5 linker of HCN4 channels (M407/Y409) that determines HCN4 current (If) responses to heat. This motif is required for heat-triggered rate acceleration in cardiac pacemaker cells, isolated hearts and in vivo. Surprisingly, a loss of function M407/Y409 motif mutation prevented not only normal heat but also cAMP responses, suggesting that the heat-sensing machinery within the S4-S5 linker is essential for operating the cAMP allosteric pathway and is central to HCN4 gating modulation. The M407/Y409 motif is conserved across all HCN family members suggesting that HCN channels participate broadly in coupling heat to changes in cell membrane excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Granger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oscar Reyes Gaido
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eric Nunez Aguilar
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario A Bianchet
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Copier JS, Verkerk AO, Lodder EM. HCN4 in the atrioventricular node. Heart Rhythm 2025:S1547-5271(25)00200-0. [PMID: 39988103 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2025.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) drives the funny current in cardiac pacemaker regions. Its involvement in sinoatrial node pacemaker generation is well known, but its function in the atrioventricular (AV) node (AVN) has not intensively been studied. HCN4 is expressed in the AVN, and its expression within the AVN seems similar across mammalian species with HCN4 presence in the inferior nodal extensions, compact node, and AV bundle. The main direct regulators of HCN4 are cAMP and protein kinase A. In addition, indirect regulators may affect HCN4 via trafficking and localization. However, these effects are underexplored in the AVN. AVN-specific effects in knockout and knockin mice include reduced funny current density and increased AV block. HCN4 expression in the AVN could be affected by aging, exercise, heart failure, and diabetes. This could underlie changes in PR interval, atria-His interval, Wenckebach cycle length, and AVN effective refractory period. Clinical reports link the HCN4 variant G1097W to AV block. Other clinical data come from studies assessing ivabradine, an HCN4 inhibitor. In animals, ivabradine resulted in prolonged PR and atrial-his intervals. To date, uncertainty regarding the role of HCN4 in the AVN remains. However, AVN-focused studies suggest HCN4's importance for AVN function. This review summarizes recent findings and highlights the involvement of HCN4 in normal and pathological AVN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaël S Copier
- Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Vo QD, Nakamura K, Saito Y, Iida T, Yoshida M, Amioka N, Akagi S, Miyoshi T, Yuasa S. iPSC-Derived Biological Pacemaker-From Bench to Bedside. Cells 2024; 13:2045. [PMID: 39768137 PMCID: PMC11674228 DOI: 10.3390/cells13242045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 12/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived biological pacemakers have emerged as an alternative to traditional electronic pacemakers for managing cardiac arrhythmias. While effective, electronic pacemakers face challenges such as device failure, lead complications, and surgical risks, particularly in children. iPSC-derived pacemakers offer a promising solution by mimicking the sinoatrial node's natural pacemaking function, providing a more physiological approach to rhythm control. These cells can differentiate into cardiomyocytes capable of autonomous electrical activity, integrating into heart tissue. However, challenges such as achieving cellular maturity, long-term functionality, and immune response remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Future research should focus on refining gene-editing techniques, optimizing differentiation, and developing scalable production processes to enhance the safety and effectiveness of these biological pacemakers. With further advancements, iPSC-derived pacemakers could offer a patient-specific, durable alternative for cardiac rhythm management. This review discusses key advancements in differentiation protocols and preclinical studies, demonstrating their potential in treating dysrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Duy Vo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Kazufumi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
- Center for Advanced Heart Failure, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Toshihiro Iida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Masashi Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Naofumi Amioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Satoshi Akagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shinsuke Yuasa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Q.D.V.); (T.I.); (M.Y.); (S.A.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
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6
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Ryvkin A, Furman A, Lebedeva E, Gonotkov M. Analysis of changes in the action potential morphology of the mouse sinoatrial node true pacemaker cells during ontogenetic development in vitro and in silico. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:895-905. [PMID: 38459937 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturation of the mouse is accompanied by the increase in heart rate. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. We performed an action potentials (APs) recordings in mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) true pacemaker cells and in silico analysis to clarify the mechanisms underlying pre-postnatal period heart rate changes. RESULTS The APs of true pacemaker cells at different stages had similar configurations and dV/dtmax values. The cycle length, action potential duration (APD90), maximal diastolic potential (MDP), and AP amplitude decreased, meanwhile the velocity of diastolic depolarization (DDR) increased from E12.5 stage to adult. Using a pharmacological approach we found that in SAN true pacemaker cells ivabradine reduces the DDR and the cycle length significantly stronger in E12.5 than in newborn and adult mice, whereas the effects of Ni2+ and nifedipine were significantly stronger in adult mice. Computer simulations further suggested that the density of the hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker сurrent (If) decreased during development, whereas transmembrane and intracellular Ca2+ flows increased. CONCLUSIONS The ontogenetic decrease in IK1 density from E12.5 to adult leads to depolarization of MDP to the voltage range in which calcium currents are activated, thereby shifting the balance from the "membrane-clock" to the "calcium-clock."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arseniy Furman
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Elena Lebedeva
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Mikhail Gonotkov
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
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7
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Lin Z, Lin B, Hang C, Lu R, Xiong H, Liu J, Wang S, Gong Z, Zhang M, Li D, Fang G, Ding J, Su X, Guo H, Shi D, Xie D, Liu Y, Liang D, Yang J, Chen YH. A new paradigm for generating high-quality cardiac pacemaker cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:230. [PMID: 39237509 PMCID: PMC11377569 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac biological pacing (BP) is one of the future directions for bradyarrhythmias intervention. Currently, cardiac pacemaker cells (PCs) used for cardiac BP are mainly derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). However, the production of high-quality cardiac PCs from PSCs remains a challenge. Here, we developed a cardiac PC differentiation strategy by adopting dual PC markers and simulating the developmental route of PCs. First, two PC markers, Shox2 and Hcn4, were selected to establish Shox2:EGFP; Hcn4:mCherry mouse PSC reporter line. Then, by stepwise guiding naïve PSCs to cardiac PCs following naïve to formative pluripotency transition and manipulating signaling pathways during cardiac PCs differentiation, we designed the FSK method that increased the yield of SHOX2+; HCN4+ cells with typical PC characteristics, which was 12 and 42 folds higher than that of the embryoid body (EB) and the monolayer M10 methods respectively. In addition, the in vitro cardiac PCs differentiation trajectory was mapped by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), which resembled in vivo PCs development, and ZFP503 was verified as a key regulator of cardiac PCs differentiation. These PSC-derived cardiac PCs have the potential to drive advances in cardiac BP technology, help with the understanding of PCs (patho)physiology, and benefit drug discovery for PC-related diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bowen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chengwen Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Renhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Mingshuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Desheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guojian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Huixin Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Dan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Duanyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dandan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yi-Han Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
- Shanghai Arrhythmia Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Clinical Center for Heart Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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8
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Boulgakoff L, D'Amato G, Miquerol L. Molecular Regulation of Cardiac Conduction System Development. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024; 26:943-952. [PMID: 38990492 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The cardiac conduction system, composed of pacemaker cells and conducting cardiomyocytes, orchestrates the propagation of electrical activity to synchronize heartbeats. The conduction system plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias. In the embryo, the cells of the conduction system derive from the same cardiac progenitors as the contractile cardiomyocytes and and the key question is how this choice is made during development. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on recent advances in developmental biology using the mouse as animal model to better understand the cellular origin and molecular regulations that control morphogenesis of the cardiac conduction system, including the latest findings in single-cell transcriptomics. The conducting cell fate is acquired during development starting with pacemaking activity and last with the formation of a complex fast-conducting network. Cardiac conduction system morphogenesis is controlled by complex transcriptional and gene regulatory networks that differ in the components of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France.
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9
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Hennis K, Piantoni C, Biel M, Fenske S, Wahl-Schott C. Pacemaker Channels and the Chronotropic Response in Health and Disease. Circ Res 2024; 134:1348-1378. [PMID: 38723033 PMCID: PMC11081487 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Loss or dysregulation of the normally precise control of heart rate via the autonomic nervous system plays a critical role during the development and progression of cardiovascular disease-including ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. While the clinical significance of regulating changes in heart rate, known as the chronotropic effect, is undeniable, the mechanisms controlling these changes remain not fully understood. Heart rate acceleration and deceleration are mediated by increasing or decreasing the spontaneous firing rate of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node. During the transition from rest to activity, sympathetic neurons stimulate these cells by activating β-adrenergic receptors and increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The same signal transduction pathway is targeted by positive chronotropic drugs such as norepinephrine and dobutamine, which are used in the treatment of cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate-sensitive hyperpolarization-activated current (If) in pacemaker cells is passed by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels and is critical for generating the autonomous heartbeat. In addition, this current has been suggested to play a central role in the chronotropic effect. Recent studies demonstrate that cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent regulation of HCN4 (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel isoform 4) acts to stabilize the heart rate, particularly during rapid rate transitions induced by the autonomic nervous system. The mechanism is based on creating a balance between firing and recently discovered nonfiring pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node. In this way, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels may protect the heart from sinoatrial node dysfunction, secondary arrhythmia of the atria, and potentially fatal tachyarrhythmia of the ventricles. Here, we review the latest findings on sinoatrial node automaticity and discuss the physiological and pathophysiological role of HCN pacemaker channels in the chronotropic response and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Hennis
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center Munich, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (K.H., C.P., C.W.-S.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Chiara Piantoni
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center Munich, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (K.H., C.P., C.W.-S.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research (M.B., S.F.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.B., S.F.)
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research (M.B., S.F.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.B., S.F.)
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center Munich, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (K.H., C.P., C.W.-S.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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10
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Baudic M, Murata H, Bosada FM, Melo US, Aizawa T, Lindenbaum P, van der Maarel LE, Guedon A, Baron E, Fremy E, Foucal A, Ishikawa T, Ushinohama H, Jurgens SJ, Choi SH, Kyndt F, Le Scouarnec S, Wakker V, Thollet A, Rajalu A, Takaki T, Ohno S, Shimizu W, Horie M, Kimura T, Ellinor PT, Petit F, Dulac Y, Bru P, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Redon R, Le Marec H, Le Tourneau T, Gourraud JB, Yoshida Y, Makita N, Vieyres C, Makiyama T, Mundlos S, Christoffels VM, Probst V, Schott JJ, Barc J. TAD boundary deletion causes PITX2-related cardiac electrical and structural defects. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3380. [PMID: 38643172 PMCID: PMC11032321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While 3D chromatin organization in topologically associating domains (TADs) and loops mediating regulatory element-promoter interactions is crucial for tissue-specific gene regulation, the extent of their involvement in human Mendelian disease is largely unknown. Here, we identify 7 families presenting a new cardiac entity associated with a heterozygous deletion of 2 CTCF binding sites on 4q25, inducing TAD fusion and chromatin conformation remodeling. The CTCF binding sites are located in a gene desert at 1 Mb from the Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 gene (PITX2). By introducing the ortholog of the human deletion in the mouse genome, we recapitulate the patient phenotype and characterize an opposite dysregulation of PITX2 expression in the sinoatrial node (ectopic activation) and ventricle (reduction), respectively. Chromatin conformation assay performed in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes harboring the minimal deletion identified in family#1 reveals a conformation remodeling and fusion of TADs. We conclude that TAD remodeling mediated by deletion of CTCF binding sites causes a new autosomal dominant Mendelian cardiac disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Baudic
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Hiroshige Murata
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernanda M Bosada
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uirá Souto Melo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Takanori Aizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pierre Lindenbaum
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Lieve E van der Maarel
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amaury Guedon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Baron
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Enora Fremy
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Adrien Foucal
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Taisuke Ishikawa
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ushinohama
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sean J Jurgens
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seung Hoan Choi
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florence Kyndt
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Solena Le Scouarnec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Wakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Thollet
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Annabelle Rajalu
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Tadashi Takaki
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications, Fujisawa, Japan
- Department of Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiko Ohno
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florence Petit
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
- University of Lille, EA 7364-RADEME, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Yves Dulac
- Unité de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Bru
- Service de Cardiologie, GH La Rochelle, F-17019, La Rochelle, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Richard Redon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Hervé Le Marec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Gourraud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart: ERN GUARD-Heart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naomasa Makita
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Sapporo Teishinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Claude Vieyres
- Cabinet Cardiologique, Clinique St. Joseph, F-16000, Angoulême, France
| | - Takeru Makiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine Supporting System, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Stephan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Probst
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart: ERN GUARD-Heart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Jacques Schott
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France.
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart: ERN GUARD-Heart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Julien Barc
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France.
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart: ERN GUARD-Heart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Takeshita N, Sakaki S, Saba R, Inoue S, Nishikawa K, Ueyama A, Nakajima Y, Matsuo K, Shigeta M, Kobayashi D, Yamazaki H, Yamada K, Iehara T, Yashiro K. Acto3D: an open-source user-friendly volume rendering software for high-resolution 3D fluorescence imaging in biology. Development 2024; 151:dev202550. [PMID: 38657972 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Advances in fluorescence microscopy and tissue-clearing have revolutionised 3D imaging of fluorescently labelled tissues, organs and embryos. However, the complexity and high cost of existing software and computing solutions limit their widespread adoption, especially by researchers with limited resources. Here, we present Acto3D, an open-source software, designed to streamline the generation and analysis of high-resolution 3D images of targets labelled with multiple fluorescent probes. Acto3D provides an intuitive interface for easy 3D data import and visualisation. Although Acto3D offers straightforward 3D viewing, it performs all computations explicitly, giving users detailed control over the displayed images. Leveraging an integrated graphics processing unit, Acto3D deploys all pixel data to system memory, reducing visualisation latency. This approach facilitates accurate image reconstruction and efficient data processing in 3D, eliminating the need for expensive high-performance computers and dedicated graphics processing units. We have also introduced a method for efficiently extracting lumen structures in 3D. We have validated Acto3D by imaging mouse embryonic structures and by performing 3D reconstruction of pharyngeal arch arteries while preserving fluorescence information. Acto3D is a cost-effective and efficient platform for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takeshita
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sakaki
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rie Saba
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishikawa
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ueyama
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Nakajima
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masaki Shigeta
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hideya Yamazaki
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoko Iehara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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12
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Lee C, Xu S, Samad T, Goodyer WR, Raissadati A, Heinrich P, Wu SM. The cardiac conduction system: History, development, and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:157-200. [PMID: 38556422 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development, establishing the circulatory infrastructure necessary to sustain life and enable downstream organogenesis. Critical to the heart's function is its ability to initiate and propagate electrical impulses that allow for the coordinated contraction and relaxation of its chambers, and thus, the movement of blood and nutrients. Several specialized structures within the heart, collectively known as the cardiac conduction system (CCS), are responsible for this phenomenon. In this review, we discuss the discovery and scientific history of the mammalian cardiac conduction system as well as the key genes and transcription factors implicated in the formation of its major structures. We also describe known human diseases related to CCS development and explore existing challenges in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Lee
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sidra Xu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tahmina Samad
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William R Goodyer
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alireza Raissadati
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul Heinrich
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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13
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Kussauer S, Dilk P, Elleisy M, Michaelis C, Lichtwark S, Rimmbach C, David R, Jung J. Heart rhythm in vitro: measuring stem cell-derived pacemaker cells on microelectrode arrays. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1200786. [PMID: 38450366 PMCID: PMC10915086 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1200786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac arrhythmias have markedly increased in recent decades, highlighting the urgent need for appropriate test systems to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new pharmaceuticals and the potential side effects of established drugs. Methods The Microelectrode Array (MEA) system may be a suitable option, as it provides both real-time and non-invasive monitoring of cellular networks of spontaneously active cells. However, there is currently no commercially available cell source to apply this technology in the context of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). In response to this problem, our group has previously developed a protocol for the generation of pure functional cardiac pacemaker cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In addition, we compared the hanging drop method, which was previously utilized, with spherical plate-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) and the pacemaker cells that are differentiated from these. Results We described the application of these pacemaker cells on the MEA platform, which required a number of crucial optimization steps in terms of coating, dissociation, and cell density. As a result, we were able to generate a monolayer of pure pacemaker cells on an MEA surface that is viable and electromechanically active for weeks. Furthermore, we introduced spherical plates as a convenient and scalable method to be applied for the production of induced sinoatrial bodies. Conclusion We provide a tool to transfer modeling and analysis of cardiac rhythm diseases to the cell culture dish. Our system allows answering CCS-related queries within a cellular network, both under baseline conditions and post-drug exposure in a reliable and affordable manner. Ultimately, our approach may provide valuable guidance not only for cardiac pacemaker cells but also for the generation of an MEA test platform using other sensitive non-proliferating cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kussauer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Dilk
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Moustafa Elleisy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Michaelis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sarina Lichtwark
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Rimmbach
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert David
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Jung
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light, & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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14
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van der Maarel LE, Christoffels VM. Development of the Cardiac Conduction System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:185-200. [PMID: 38884712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The electrical impulses that coordinate the sequential, rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles are initiated and tightly regulated by the specialized tissues of the cardiac conduction system. In the mature heart, these impulses are generated by the pacemaker cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node, propagated through the atria to the atrioventricular node where they are delayed and then rapidly propagated to the atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and finally, the peripheral ventricular conduction system. Each of these specialized components arise by complex patterning events during embryonic development. This chapter addresses the origins and transcriptional networks and signaling pathways that drive the development and maintain the function of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve E van der Maarel
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Jonker T, Barnett P, Boink GJJ, Christoffels VM. Role of Genetic Variation in Transcriptional Regulatory Elements in Heart Rhythm. Cells 2023; 13:4. [PMID: 38201209 PMCID: PMC10777909 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic predisposition to cardiac arrhythmias has been a field of intense investigation. Research initially focused on rare hereditary arrhythmias, but over the last two decades, the role of genetic variation (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in heart rate, rhythm, and arrhythmias has been taken into consideration as well. In particular, genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genomic loci associated with quantitative electrocardiographic traits, atrial fibrillation, and less common arrhythmias such as Brugada syndrome. A significant number of associated variants have been found to systematically localize in non-coding regulatory elements that control the tissue-specific and temporal transcription of genes encoding transcription factors, ion channels, and other proteins. However, the identification of causal variants and the mechanism underlying their impact on phenotype has proven difficult due to the complex tissue-specific, time-resolved, condition-dependent, and combinatorial function of regulatory elements, as well as their modest conservation across different model species. In this review, we discuss research efforts aimed at identifying and characterizing-trait-associated variant regulatory elements and the molecular mechanisms underlying their impact on heart rate or rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jonker
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.J.); (P.B.); (G.J.J.B.)
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.J.); (P.B.); (G.J.J.B.)
| | - Gerard J. J. Boink
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.J.); (P.B.); (G.J.J.B.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.J.); (P.B.); (G.J.J.B.)
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16
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Sharma AK, Singh S, Bhat M, Gill K, Zaid M, Kumar S, Shakya A, Tantray J, Jose D, Gupta R, Yangzom T, Sharma RK, Sahu SK, Rathore G, Chandolia P, Singh M, Mishra A, Raj S, Gupta A, Agarwal M, Kifayat S, Gupta A, Gupta P, Vashist A, Vaibhav P, Kathuria N, Yadav V, Singh RP, Garg A. New drug discovery of cardiac anti-arrhythmic drugs: insights in animal models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16420. [PMID: 37775650 PMCID: PMC10541452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rhythm regulated by micro-macroscopic structures of heart. Pacemaker abnormalities or disruptions in electrical conduction, lead to arrhythmic disorders may be benign, typical, threatening, ultimately fatal, occurs in clinical practice, patients on digitalis, anaesthesia or acute myocardial infarction. Both traditional and genetic animal models are: In-vitro: Isolated ventricular Myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscles, Patch-Clamp Experiments, Porcine Atrial Myocytes, Guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscle: action potential and refractory period, Langendorff technique, Arrhythmia by acetylcholine or potassium. Acquired arrhythmia disorders: Transverse Aortic Constriction, Myocardial Ischemia, Complete Heart Block and AV Node Ablation, Chronic Tachypacing, Inflammation, Metabolic and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia. In-Vivo: Chemically induced arrhythmia: Aconitine antagonism, Digoxin-induced arrhythmia, Strophanthin/ouabain-induced arrhythmia, Adrenaline-induced arrhythmia, and Calcium-induced arrhythmia. Electrically induced arrhythmia: Ventricular fibrillation electrical threshold, Arrhythmia through programmed electrical stimulation, sudden coronary death in dogs, Exercise ventricular fibrillation. Genetic Arrhythmia: Channelopathies, Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Short QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome. Genetic with Structural Heart Disease: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Atrioventricular Block, Preexcitation Syndrome. Arrhythmia in Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Both traditional and genetic, experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias' characteristics and significance help in development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India.
| | - Shivam Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mehvish Bhat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Kartik Gill
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohammad Zaid
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anjali Shakya
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Junaid Tantray
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Divyamol Jose
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Tsering Yangzom
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | | | - Gulshan Rathore
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Priyanka Chandolia
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Shobhit Raj
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Archita Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sumaiya Kifayat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ankit Vashist
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Parth Vaibhav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Nancy Kathuria
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Vipin Yadav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ravindra Pal Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Arun Garg
- MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, India
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17
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Wu Y, Wang Q, Granger J, Gaido OR, Aguilar EN, Ludwig A, Moroni A, Bianchet MA, Anderson ME. HCN channels sense temperature and determine heart rate responses to heat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.02.556046. [PMID: 37693513 PMCID: PMC10491304 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.02.556046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate increases with heat, [1-3] constituting a fundamental physiological relationship in vertebrates. Each normal heartbeat is initiated by an action potential generated in a sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are enriched with hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (HCN) that deliver cell membrane depolarizing inward current that triggers action potentials. HCN channel current increases due to cAMP binding, a mechanism coupling adrenergic tone to physiological 'fight or flight' heart rate acceleration. However, the mechanism(s) for heart rate response to thermal energy is unknown. We used thermodynamical and homology computational modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and mouse models to identify a concise motif on the S4-S5 linker of the cardiac pacemaker HCN4 channels (M407/Y409) that determines HCN4 current (If) and cardiac pacemaker cell responses to heat. This motif is required for heat sensing in cardiac pacemaker cells and in isolated hearts. In contrast, the cyclic nucleotide binding domain is not required for heat induced HCN4 current increases. However, a loss of function M407/Y409 motif mutation prevented normal heat and cAMP responses, suggesting that heat sensing machinery is essential for operating the cAMP allosteric pathway and is central to HCN4 modulation. The M407/Y409 motif is conserved across all HCN family members suggesting that HCN channels participate broadly in coupling heat to changes in cell membrane excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Granger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oscar Reyes Gaido
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Nunez Aguilar
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario A Bianchet
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Farsi Z, Sheng M. Molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia: Insights from human genetics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102731. [PMID: 37245257 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide; however, its etiology is poorly understood at the molecular and neurobiological levels. A particularly important advance in recent years is the discovery of rare genetic variants associated with a greatly increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These primarily loss-of-function variants are found in genes that overlap with those implicated by common variants and are involved in the regulation of glutamate signaling, synaptic function, DNA transcription, and chromatin remodeling. Animal models harboring mutations in these large-effect schizophrenia risk genes show promise in providing additional insights into the molecular mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Farsi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Häfele M, Kreitz S, Ludwig A, Hess A, Wank I. The impact of HCN4 channels on CNS brain networks as a new target in pain development. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1090502. [PMID: 37496803 PMCID: PMC10368246 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
While it is well established that the isoform 2 of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (HCN2) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of pain, the role of the closely related HCN4 isoform in the processing of nociceptive signals is not known. HCN4 channels are highly expressed in the thalamus, a region important for stimulus transmission and information processing. We used a brain-specific HCN4-knockout mouse line (HCN4-KO) to explore the role of HCN4 channels in acute nociceptive processing using several behavioral tests as well as a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach. Functional MRI (fMRI) brain responses were measured during acute peripheral thermal stimulation complemented by resting state (RS) before and after stimulation. The data were analyzed by conventional and graph-theoretical approaches. Finally, high-resolution anatomical brain data were acquired. HCN4-KO animals showed a central thermal, but not a mechanical hypersensitivity in behavioral experiments. The open field analysis showed no significant differences in motor readouts between HCN4-KO and controls but uncovered increased anxiety in the HCN4-KO mice. Thermal stimulus-driven fMRI (s-fMRI) data revealed increased response volumes and response amplitudes for HCN4-KO, most pronounced at lower stimulation temperatures in the subcortical input, the amygdala as well as in limbic/hippocampal regions, and in the cerebellum. These findings could be cross-validated by graph-theoretical analyses. Assessment of short-term RS before and after thermal stimulation revealed that stimulation-related modulations of the functional connectivity only occurred in control animals. This was consistent with the finding that the hippocampus was found to be smaller in HCN4-KO. In summary, the deletion of HCN4 channels impacts on processing of acute nociception, which is remarkably manifested as a thermal hypersensitive phenotype. This was mediated by the key regions hypothalamus, somatosensory cortex, cerebellum and the amygdala. As consequence, HCN4-KO mice were more anxious, and their brain-wide RS functional connectivity could not be modulated by thermal nociceptive stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Häfele
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Kreitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU NeW—Research Center for New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Wank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Henley T, Goudy J, Easterling M, Donley C, Wirka R, Bressan M. Local tissue mechanics control cardiac pacemaker cell embryonic patterning. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201799. [PMID: 36973005 PMCID: PMC10043993 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac pacemaker cells (CPCs) initiate the electric impulses that drive the rhythmic beating of the heart. CPCs reside in a heterogeneous, ECM-rich microenvironment termed the sinoatrial node (SAN). Surprisingly, little is known regarding the biochemical composition or mechanical properties of the SAN, and how the unique structural characteristics present in this region of the heart influence CPC function remains poorly understood. Here, we have identified that SAN development involves the construction of a "soft" macromolecular ECM that specifically encapsulates CPCs. In addition, we demonstrate that subjecting embryonic CPCs to substrate stiffnesses higher than those measured in vivo results in loss of coherent electrical oscillation and dysregulation of the HCN4 and NCX1 ion channels required for CPC automaticity. Collectively, these data indicate that local mechanics play a critical role in maintaining the embryonic CPC function while also quantitatively defining the range of material properties that are optimal for embryonic CPC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Henley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie Goudy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marietta Easterling
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carrie Donley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert Wirka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Bressan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Pereira CH, Bare DJ, Rosas PC, Dias FAL, Banach K. The role of P21-activated kinase (Pak1) in sinus node function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 179:90-101. [PMID: 37086972 PMCID: PMC10294268 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction (SND) and atrial arrhythmia frequently occur simultaneously with a hazard ratio of 4.2 for new onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in SND patients. In the atrial muscle attenuated activity of p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) increases the risk for AF by enhancing NADPH oxidase 2 dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of Pak1 dependent ROS regulation in SAN function has not yet been determined. We hypothesize that Pak1 activity maintains SAN activity by regulating the expression of the hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel (HCN). To determine Pak1 dependent changes in heart rate (HR) regulation we quantified the intrinsic sinus rhythm in wild type (WT) and Pak1 deficient (Pak1-/-) mice of both sexes in vivo and in isolated Langendorff perfused hearts. Pak1-/- hearts displayed an attenuated HR in vivo after autonomic blockage and in isolated hearts. The contribution of the Ca2+ clock to pacemaker activity remained unchanged, but Ivabradine (3 μM), a blocker of HCN channels that are a membrane clock component, eliminated the differences in SAN activity between WT and Pak1-/- hearts. Reduced HCN4 expression was confirmed in Pak1-/- right atria. The reduced HCN activity in Pak1-/- could be rescued by class II HDAC inhibition (LMK235), ROS scavenging (TEMPOL) or attenuation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity (SCH772984). No sex specific differences in Pak1 dependent SAN regulation were determined. Our results establish Pak1 as a class II HDAC regulator and a potential therapeutic target to attenuate SAN bradycardia and AF susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Pereira
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Biological Science Center, Department of Physiology, Av. Cel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, 19031 Centro Politécnico-Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Dan J Bare
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, The Ohio State University, 5018 Graves Hall, 333 W.10th Ave., Columbus, OH 4321, USA.
| | - Paola C Rosas
- Dept. of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Fernando A L Dias
- Biological Science Center, Department of Physiology, Av. Cel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, 19031 Centro Politécnico-Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Kathrin Banach
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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22
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Zhang H, Graham V, Nepliouev I, Stiber JA, Rosenberg P. STIM1 interacts with HCN4 channels to coordinate diastolic depolarization in the mouse Sinoatrial node. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.03.539287. [PMID: 37205552 PMCID: PMC10187156 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.03.539287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes in the sinoatrial node (SAN) are specialized to undergo spontaneous diastolic depolarization (DD) to create action potentials (AP) that serve as the origin of the heartbeat. Two cellular clocks govern DD: the membrane clock where ion channels contribute ionic conductance to create DD and the Ca 2+ clock where rhythmic Ca 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during diastole contributes pacemaking. How the membrane and Ca 2+ clocks interact to synchronize and drive DD is not well understood. Here, we identified stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), the activator of store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), in the P-cell cardiomyocytes of the SAN. Functional studies from STIM1 KO mice reveal dramatic changes in properties of AP and DD. Mechanistically, we show that STIM1 regulates the funny currents and HCN4 channels that are required to initiate DD and maintain sinus rhythm in mice. Taken together, our studies suggest that STIM1 acts as a sensor for both the Ca 2+ and membrane clocks for mouse SAN for cardiac pacemaking.
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23
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Congreve SD, Main A, Butler AS, Gao X, Brown E, Du C, Choisy SC, Cheng H, Hancox JC, Fuller W. Palmitoylation regulates the magnitude of HCN4-mediated currents in mammalian cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1163339. [PMID: 37123274 PMCID: PMC10133559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1163339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) and subsidiary pacemakers in the cardiac conduction system generate spontaneous electrical activity which is indispensable for electrical and therefore contractile function of the heart. The hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel HCN4 is responsible for genesis of the pacemaker "funny" current during diastolic depolarisation. S-palmitoylation, the reversible conjugation of the fatty acid palmitate to protein cysteine sulfhydryls, regulates the activity of key cardiac Na+ and Ca2+ handling proteins, influencing their membrane microdomain localisation and function. We investigated HCN4 palmitoylation and its functional consequences in engineered human embryonic kidney 293T cells as well as endogenous HCN4 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. HCN4 was palmitoylated in all experimental systems investigated. We mapped the HCN4 palmitoylation sites to a pair of cysteines in the HCN4 intracellular amino terminus. A double cysteine-to-alanine mutation CC93A/179AA of full length HCN4 caused a ∼67% reduction in palmitoylation in comparison to wild type HCN4. We used whole-cell patch clamp to evaluate HCN4 current (IHCN4) in stably transfected 293T cells. Removal of the two N-terminal palmitoylation sites did not significantly alter half maximal activation voltage of IHCN4 or the activation slope factor. IHCN4 was significantly larger in cells expressing wild type compared to non-palmitoylated HCN4 across a range of voltages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that although cysteine 93 is widely conserved across all classes of HCN4 vertebrate orthologs, conservation of cysteine 179 is restricted to placental mammals. Collectively, we provide evidence for functional regulation of HCN4 via palmitoylation of its amino terminus in vertebrates. We suggest that by recruiting the amino terminus to the bilayer, palmitoylation enhances the magnitude of HCN4-mediated currents, but does not significantly affect the kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samitha Dilini Congreve
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Main
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Butler
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xing Gao
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chunyun Du
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanié C. Choisy
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jules C. Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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24
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Manoj P, Kim JA, Kim S, Li T, Sewani M, Chelu MG, Li N. Sinus node dysfunction: current understanding and future directions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H259-H278. [PMID: 36563014 PMCID: PMC9886352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart. Normal SAN function is crucial in maintaining proper cardiac rhythm and contraction. Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is due to abnormalities within the SAN, which can affect the heartbeat frequency, regularity, and the propagation of electrical pulses through the cardiac conduction system. As a result, SND often increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. SND is most commonly seen as a disease of the elderly given the role of degenerative fibrosis as well as other age-dependent changes in its pathogenesis. Despite the prevalence of SND, current treatment is limited to pacemaker implantation, which is associated with substantial medical costs and complications. Emerging evidence has identified various genetic abnormalities that can cause SND, shedding light on the molecular underpinnings of SND. Identification of these molecular mechanisms and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of SND is hoped to identify novel therapeutic targets for the development of more effective therapies for this disease. In this review article, we examine the anatomy of the SAN and the pathophysiology and epidemiology of SND. We then discuss in detail the most common genetic mutations correlated with SND and provide our perspectives on future research and therapeutic opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Manoj
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jitae A Kim
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Li
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maham Sewani
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihail G Chelu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Na Li
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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25
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Barbuti A, Baruscotti M, Bucchi A. The “Funny” Pacemaker Current. HEART RATE AND RHYTHM 2023:63-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-33588-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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26
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Fan W, Sun X, Yang C, Wan J, Luo H, Liao B. Pacemaker activity and ion channels in the sinoatrial node cells: MicroRNAs and arrhythmia. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 177:151-167. [PMID: 36450332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary pacemaking activity of the heart is determined by a spontaneous action potential (AP) within sinoatrial node (SAN) cells. This unique AP generation relies on two mechanisms: membrane clocks and calcium clocks. Nonhomologous arrhythmias are caused by several functional and structural changes in the myocardium. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression in cardiomyocytes. These miRNAs play a vital role in regulating the stability of cardiac conduction and in the remodeling process that leads to arrhythmias. Although it remains unclear how miRNAs regulate the expression and function of ion channels in the heart, these regulatory mechanisms may support the development of emerging therapies. This study discusses the spread and generation of AP in the SAN as well as the regulation of miRNAs and individual ion channels. Arrhythmogenicity studies on ion channels will provide a research basis for miRNA modulation as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Juyi Wan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
| | - Hongli Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
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27
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Peters CH, Rickert C, Morotti S, Grandi E, Aronow KA, Beam KG, Proenza C. The funny current If is essential for the fight-or-flight response in cardiac pacemaker cells. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:e202213193. [PMID: 36305844 PMCID: PMC9812006 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system fight-or-flight response is characterized by a rapid increase in heart rate, which is mediated by an increase in the spontaneous action potential (AP) firing rate of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node. Sympathetic neurons stimulate sinoatrial myocytes (SAMs) by activating β adrenergic receptors (βARs) and increasing cAMP. The funny current (If) is among the cAMP-sensitive currents in SAMs. If is critical for pacemaker activity, however, its role in the fight-or-flight response remains controversial. In this study, we used AP waveform analysis, machine learning, and dynamic clamp experiments in acutely isolated SAMs from mice to quantitatively define the AP waveform changes and role of If in the fight-or-flight increase in AP firing rate. We found that while βAR stimulation significantly altered nearly all AP waveform parameters, the increase in firing rate was only correlated with changes in a subset of parameters (diastolic duration, late AP duration, and diastolic depolarization rate). Dynamic clamp injection of the βAR-sensitive component of If showed that it accounts for ∼41% of the fight-or-flight increase in AP firing rate and 60% of the decrease in the interval between APs. Thus, If is an essential contributor to the fight-or-flight increase in heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H. Peters
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Christian Rickert
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Stefano Morotti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | | | - Kurt G. Beam
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Catherine Proenza
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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28
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Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines from dilated cardiomyopathy patients caused by heterozygous mutations in the HCN4 gene. Stem Cell Res 2022; 65:102951. [PMID: 36332467 PMCID: PMC9881502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a progressive heart muscle disease that can culminate with heart failure and death. Mutations in several genes can cause DCM, including hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN4), which has a critical function in the autonomic control of the heart rate. Here, we generated two human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines generated from two DCM patients carrying variants in the HCN4 gene (c.2587G > T and c.2846G > A). Both lines display normal karyotype, typical morphology of pluripotent stem cells, and differentiate into all three germ layers in vitro. These lines are valuable resources for studying the pathological mechanisms of DCM.
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29
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Zheng M, Li RG, Song J, Zhao X, Tang L, Erhardt S, Chen W, Nguyen BH, Li X, Li M, Wang J, Evans SM, Christoffels VM, Li N, Wang J. Hippo-Yap Signaling Maintains Sinoatrial Node Homeostasis. Circulation 2022; 146:1694-1711. [PMID: 36317529 PMCID: PMC9897204 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.058777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sinoatrial node (SAN) functions as the pacemaker of the heart, initiating rhythmic heartbeats. Despite its importance, the SAN is one of the most poorly understood cardiac entities because of its small size and complex composition and function. The Hippo signaling pathway is a molecular signaling pathway fundamental to heart development and regeneration. Although abnormalities of the Hippo pathway are associated with cardiac arrhythmias in human patients, the role of this pathway in the SAN is unknown. METHODS We investigated key regulators of the Hippo pathway in SAN pacemaker cells by conditionally inactivating the Hippo signaling kinases Lats1 and Lats2 using the tamoxifen-inducible, cardiac conduction system-specific Cre driver Hcn4CreERT2 with Lats1 and Lats2 conditional knockout alleles. In addition, the Hippo-signaling effectors Yap and Taz were conditionally inactivated in the SAN. To determine the function of Hippo signaling in the SAN and other cardiac conduction system components, we conducted a series of physiological and molecular experiments, including telemetry ECG recording, echocardiography, Masson Trichrome staining, calcium imaging, immunostaining, RNAscope, cleavage under targets and tagmentation sequencing using antibodies against Yap1 or H3K4me3, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. We also performed comprehensive bioinformatics analyses of various datasets. RESULTS We found that Lats1/2 inactivation caused severe sinus node dysfunction. Compared with the controls, Lats1/2 conditional knockout mutants exhibited dysregulated calcium handling and increased fibrosis in the SAN, indicating that Lats1/2 function through both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. It is notable that the Lats1/2 conditional knockout phenotype was rescued by genetic deletion of Yap and Taz in the cardiac conduction system. These rescued mice had normal sinus rhythm and reduced fibrosis of the SAN, indicating that Lats1/2 function through Yap and Taz. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation sequencing data showed that Yap potentially regulates genes critical for calcium homeostasis such as Ryr2 and genes encoding paracrine factors important in intercellular communication and fibrosis induction such as Tgfb1 and Tgfb3. Consistent with this, Lats1/2 conditional knockout mutants had decreased Ryr2 expression and increased Tgfb1 and Tgfb3 expression compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS We reveal, for the first time to our knowledge, that the canonical Hippo-Yap pathway plays a pivotal role in maintaining SAN homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.Z., X.Z., S.E., W.C., Jun Wang)
| | - Rich G Li
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.G.L., X.L.)
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Research), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.S., N.L.)
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.Z., X.Z., S.E., W.C., Jun Wang)
| | - Li Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (L.T., M.L., Jianxin Wang)
| | - Shannon Erhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.Z., X.Z., S.E., W.C., Jun Wang)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston (S.E., Jun Wang)
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.Z., X.Z., S.E., W.C., Jun Wang)
| | - Bao H Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.H.N.)
| | - Xiao Li
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.G.L., X.L.)
| | - Min Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (L.T., M.L., Jianxin Wang)
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (L.T., M.L., Jianxin Wang)
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (S.M.E.)
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.)
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Research), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.S., N.L.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.Z., X.Z., S.E., W.C., Jun Wang)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston (S.E., Jun Wang)
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30
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Lemtiri-Chlieh F, Baker DS, Al-Naggar IM, Ramasamy R, Kuchel GA, Levine ES, Robson P, Smith PP. The hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel resides on myocytes in mouse bladders and contributes to adrenergic-induced detrusor relaxation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R110-R122. [PMID: 35503519 PMCID: PMC9236879 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00277.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Control of urinary continence is predicated on sensory signaling about bladder volume. Bladder sensory nerve activity is dependent on tension, implicating autonomic control over detrusor myocyte activity during bladder filling. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels are known contributors to bladder control, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. The lack of a definitive identification of cell type(s) expressing HCN in the bladder presents a significant knowledge gap. We recently reported a complete transcriptomic atlas of the C57BL/6 mouse bladder showing the dominant HCN paralog in mouse bladder, Hcn1, is limited to a subpopulation of detrusor smooth myocytes (DSMs). Here, we report details of these findings, along with results of patch-clamp experiments, immunohistochemistry, and functional myobath/tension experiments in bladder strips. With the use of a transgenic mouse expressing fluorescence-tagged α-smooth muscle actin, our data confirmed location and function of DSM HCN channels. Despite previous associations of HCN with postulated bladder interstitial cells, neither evidence of specific interstitial cell types nor an association of nonmyocytes with HCN was discovered. We confirm that HCN activation participates in reducing sustained (tonic) detrusor tension via cAMP, with no effect on intermittent (phasic) detrusor activity. In contrast, blockade of HCN increases phasic activity induced by a protein kinase A (PKA) blocker or a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel opener. Our findings, therefore, suggest a central role for detrusor myocyte HCN in regulating and constraining detrusor myocyte activity during bladder filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,5Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Dylan S. Baker
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,4Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut,7The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Iman M. Al-Naggar
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,6Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ramalakshmi Ramasamy
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,5Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - George A. Kuchel
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eric S. Levine
- 2Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut,5Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Paul Robson
- 4Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut,7The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Phillip P. Smith
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,2Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut,3Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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31
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Okada D, Okamoto Y, Io T, Oka M, Kobayashi D, Ito S, Yamada R, Ishii K, Ono K. Comparative Study of Transcriptome in the Hearts Isolated from Mice, Rats, and Humans. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060859. [PMID: 35740984 PMCID: PMC9221511 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is a significant organ in mammalian life, and the heartbeat mechanism has been an essential focus of science. However, few studies have focused on species differences. Accordingly, challenges remain in studying genes that have universal functions across species and genes that determine species differences. Here, we analyzed transcriptome data in mouse, rat, and human atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial nodes (SA) obtained from different platforms and compared them by calculating specificity measure (SPM) values in consideration of species differences. Among the three heart regions, the species differences in SA were the greatest, and we searched for genes that determined the essential characteristics of SA, which was SHOX2 in our criteria. The SPM value of SHOX2 was prominently high across species. Similarly, by calculating SPM values, we identified 3 atrial-specific, 11 ventricular-specific, and 17 SA-specific markers. Ontology analysis identified 70 cardiac region- and species-specific ontologies. These results suggest that reanalyzing existing data by calculating SPM values may identify novel tissue-specific genes and species-dependent gene expression. This study identified the importance of SHOX2 as an SA-specific transcription factor, a novel cardiac regional marker, and species-dependent ontologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Okada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoinkawahara-cho, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (D.O.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yosuke Okamoto
- Department of Cell Physiology, Akita Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; (D.K.); (S.I.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Toshiro Io
- Research Department, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyutaromachi, Osaka 618-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Miho Oka
- Research Department, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyutaromachi, Osaka 618-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Akita Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; (D.K.); (S.I.); (K.O.)
| | - Suzuka Ito
- Department of Cell Physiology, Akita Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; (D.K.); (S.I.); (K.O.)
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoinkawahara-cho, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (D.O.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kuniaki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Kyoichi Ono
- Department of Cell Physiology, Akita Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; (D.K.); (S.I.); (K.O.)
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32
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Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 10% to 15% of all deaths. Although most arrhythmias are due to acquired heart disease, inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies disproportionately affect children and young adults. Arrhythmogenesis is complex, involving anatomic structure, ion channels and regulatory proteins, and the interplay between cells in the conduction system, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and the immune system. Animal models of arrhythmia are powerful tools for studying not only molecular and cellular mechanism of arrhythmogenesis but also more complex mechanisms at the whole heart level, and for testing therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes basic and clinical arrhythmia mechanisms followed by an in-depth review of published animal models of genetic and acquired arrhythmia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Blackwell
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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33
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Lankford C, Houtman J, Baker SA. Identification of HCN1 as a 14-3-3 client. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268335. [PMID: 35679272 PMCID: PMC9182292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 (HCN1) is expressed throughout the nervous system and is critical for regulating neuronal excitability, with mutations being associated with multiple forms of epilepsy. Adaptive modulation of HCN1 has been observed, as has pathogenic dysregulation. While the mechanisms underlying this modulation remain incompletely understood, regulation of HCN1 has been shown to include phosphorylation. A candidate phosphorylation-dependent regulator of HCN1 channels is 14-3-3. We used bioinformatics to identify three potential 14-3-3 binding sites in HCN1. We confirmed that 14-3-3 could pull down HCN1 from multiple tissue sources and used HEK293 cells to detail the interaction. Two sites in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of HCN1 were necessary and sufficient for a phosphorylation-dependent interaction with 14-3-3. The same region of HCN1 containing the 14-3-3 binding peptides is required for phosphorylation-independent protein degradation. We propose a model in which phosphorylation of mouse S810 and S867 (human S789 and S846) recruits 14-3-3 to inhibit a yet unidentified factor signaling for protein degradation, thus increasing the half-life of HCN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten Lankford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jon Houtman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sheila A. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Paradigm shift: new concepts for HCN4 function in cardiac pacemaking. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:649-663. [PMID: 35556164 PMCID: PMC9192375 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are the molecular correlate of the If current and are critically involved in controlling neuronal excitability and the autonomous rhythm of the heart. The HCN4 isoform is the main HCN channel subtype expressed in the sinoatrial node (SAN), a tissue composed of specialized pacemaker cells responsible for generating the intrinsic heartbeat. More than 40 years ago, the If current was first discovered in rabbit SAN tissue. Along with this discovery, a theory was proposed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent modulation of If mediates heart rate regulation by the autonomic nervous system—a process called chronotropic effect. However, up to the present day, this classical theory could not be reliably validated. Recently, new concepts emerged confirming that HCN4 channels indeed play an important role in heart rate regulation. However, the cellular mechanism by which HCN4 controls heart rate turned out to be completely different than originally postulated. Here, we review the latest findings regarding the physiological role of HCN4 in the SAN. We describe a newly discovered mechanism underlying heart rate regulation by HCN4 at the tissue and single cell levels, and we discuss these observations in the context of results from previously studied HCN4 mouse models.
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35
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Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS. Physiological roles of mammalian transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:815-857. [PMID: 34698552 PMCID: PMC8759965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1-9, that serve as major effector enzymes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The transmembrane ACs display varying expression patterns across tissues, giving the potential for them to have a wide array of physiological roles. Cells express multiple AC isoforms, implying that ACs have redundant functions. Furthermore, all transmembrane ACs are activated by Gαs, so it was long assumed that all ACs are activated by Gαs-coupled GPCRs. AC isoforms partition to different microdomains of the plasma membrane and form prearranged signaling complexes with specific GPCRs that contribute to cAMP signaling compartments. This compartmentation allows for a diversity of cellular and physiological responses by enabling unique signaling events to be triggered by different pools of cAMP. Isoform-specific pharmacological activators or inhibitors are lacking for most ACs, making knockdown and overexpression the primary tools for examining the physiological roles of a given isoform. Much progress has been made in understanding the physiological effects mediated through individual transmembrane ACs. GPCR-AC-cAMP signaling pathways play significant roles in regulating functions of every cell and tissue, so understanding each AC isoform's role holds potential for uncovering new approaches for treating a vast array of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California
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36
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Depuydt AS, Peigneur S, Tytgat J. Review: HCN Channels in the Heart. Curr Cardiol Rev 2022; 18:e040222200836. [PMID: 35125083 PMCID: PMC9893134 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x18666220204142436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacemaker cells are the basis of rhythm in the heart. Cardiovascular diseases, and in particular, arrhythmias are a leading cause of hospital admissions and have been implicated as a cause of sudden death. The prevalence of people with arrhythmias will increase in the next years due to an increase in the ageing population and risk factors. The current therapies are limited, have a lot of side effects, and thus, are not ideal. Pacemaker channels, also called hyperpolarizationactivated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, are the molecular correlate of the hyperpolarization- activated current, called Ih (from hyperpolarization) or If (from funny), that contribute crucially to the pacemaker activity in cardiac nodal cells and impulse generation and transmission in neurons. HCN channels have emerged as interesting targets for the development of drugs, in particular, to lower the heart rate. Nonetheless, their pharmacology is still rather poorly explored in comparison to many other voltage-gated ion channels or ligand-gated ion channels. Ivabradine is the first and currently the only clinically approved compound that specifically targets HCN channels. The therapeutic indication of ivabradine is the symptomatic treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris in patients with coronary artery disease with a normal sinus rhythm. Several other pharmacological agents have been shown to exert an effect on heart rate, although this effect is not always desired. This review is focused on the pacemaking process taking place in the heart and summarizes the current knowledge on HCN channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Depuydt
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000Leuven, Belgium
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Greenberg B. Medical Management of Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Korean Circ J 2022; 52:173-197. [PMID: 35257531 PMCID: PMC8907986 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2021.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The options for treating heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have expanded considerably over the past decade. While neurohormonal modulation using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists remain the cornerstone of therapy, additional novel approaches including angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, ivrabradine, vericiguat and omecamtiv mecarbil have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with HFrEF. This reviews summarizes currently available approaches as well as promising additional strategies that may be used in the future. Treatment options for patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have expanded considerably over the past few decades. Whereas neurohormonal modulation remains central to the management of patients with HFrEF, other pathways have been targeted with drugs that have novel mechanisms of action. The angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) which enhance levels of compensatory molecules such as the natriuretic peptides while simultaneously providing angiotensin receptor blockade have emerged as the preferred strategy for inhibiting the renin angiotensin system. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors which were developed as hypoglycemic agents have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with HF regardless of their diabetic status. These agents along with beta blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are the core medical therapies for patients with HFrEF. Additional approaches using ivabradine to slow heart rate in patients with sinus rhythm, the hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate combination to unload the heart, digoxin to provide inotropic support and vericiguat to augment cyclic guanosine monophosphate production have been shown in well-designed trials to have beneficial effects in the HFrEF population and are used as adjuncts to the core therapies in selected patients. This review provides an overview of the medical management of patients with HFrEF with focus on the major developments that have taken place in the field. It offers prospective of how these drugs should be employed in clinical practice and also a glimpse into some strategies that may prove to be useful in the future.
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Ottolia M, John S, Hazan A, Goldhaber JI. The Cardiac Na + -Ca 2+ Exchanger: From Structure to Function. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2681-2717. [PMID: 34964124 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for cell function and survival. As such, the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is tightly controlled by a wide number of specialized Ca2+ handling proteins. One among them is the Na+ -Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), a ubiquitous plasma membrane transporter that exploits the electrochemical gradient of Na+ to drive Ca2+ out of the cell, against its concentration gradient. In this critical role, this secondary transporter guides vital physiological processes such as Ca2+ homeostasis, muscle contraction, bone formation, and memory to name a few. Herein, we review the progress made in recent years about the structure of the mammalian NCX and how it relates to function. Particular emphasis will be given to the mammalian cardiac isoform, NCX1.1, due to the extensive studies conducted on this protein. Given the degree of conservation among the eukaryotic exchangers, the information highlighted herein will provide a foundation for our understanding of this transporter family. We will discuss gene structure, alternative splicing, topology, regulatory mechanisms, and NCX's functional role on cardiac physiology. Throughout this article, we will attempt to highlight important milestones in the field and controversial topics where future studies are required. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-37, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ottolia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott John
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adina Hazan
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua I Goldhaber
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Cai W, Liu SS, Li BM, Zhang XH. Presynaptic HCN channels constrain GABAergic synaptic transmission in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex. Biol Open 2021; 11:272636. [PMID: 34709375 PMCID: PMC8966777 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are widely expressed in neurons in the central nervous system. It has been documented that HCN channels regulate the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rodents. Here, we report that HCN channels limited GABAergic transmission onto pyramidal cells in rat mPFC. The pharmacological blockade of HCN channels resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of both spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in mPFC pyramidal cells, whereas potentiation of HCN channels reversely decreases the frequency of mIPSCs. Furthermore, such facilitation effect on mIPSC frequency required presynaptic Ca2+ influx. Immunofluorescence staining showed that HCN channels expressed in presynaptic GABAergic terminals, as well as in both soma and neurite of parvalbumin-expressing (PV-expressing) basket cells in mPFC. The present results indicate that HCN channels in GABAergic interneurons, most likely PV-expressing basket cells, constrain inhibitory control over layer 5-6 pyramidal cells by restricting presynaptic Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Su Liu
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xue-Han Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Minhas R, Loeffler-Wirth H, Siddiqui YH, Obrębski T, Vashisht S, Abu Nahia K, Paterek A, Brzozowska A, Bugajski L, Piwocka K, Korzh V, Binder H, Winata CL. Transcriptome profile of the sinoatrial ring reveals conserved and novel genetic programs of the zebrafish pacemaker. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:715. [PMID: 34600492 PMCID: PMC8487553 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinoatrial Node (SAN) is part of the cardiac conduction system, which controls the rhythmic contraction of the vertebrate heart. The SAN consists of a specialized pacemaker cell population that has the potential to generate electrical impulses. Although the SAN pacemaker has been extensively studied in mammalian and teleost models, including the zebrafish, their molecular nature remains inadequately comprehended. RESULTS To characterize the molecular profile of the zebrafish sinoatrial ring (SAR) and elucidate the mechanism of pacemaker function, we utilized the transgenic line sqet33mi59BEt to isolate cells of the SAR of developing zebrafish embryos and profiled their transcriptome. Our analyses identified novel candidate genes and well-known conserved signaling pathways involved in pacemaker development. We show that, compared to the rest of the heart, the zebrafish SAR overexpresses several mammalian SAN pacemaker signature genes, which include hcn4 as well as those encoding calcium- and potassium-gated channels. Moreover, genes encoding components of the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as members of the Tbx family, which have previously been implicated in pacemaker development, were also overexpressed in the SAR. Among SAR-overexpressed genes, 24 had human homologues implicated in 104 different ClinVar phenotype entries related to various forms of congenital heart diseases, which suggest the relevance of our transcriptomics resource to studying human heart conditions. Finally, functional analyses of three SAR-overexpressed genes, pard6a, prom2, and atp1a1a.2, uncovered their novel role in heart development and physiology. CONCLUSION Our results established conserved aspects between zebrafish and mammalian pacemaker function and revealed novel factors implicated in maintaining cardiac rhythm. The transcriptome data generated in this study represents a unique and valuable resource for the study of pacemaker function and associated heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Minhas
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yusra H Siddiqui
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Tomasz Obrębski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shikha Vashisht
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karim Abu Nahia
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexandra Paterek
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Brzozowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bugajski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cecilia Lanny Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Komosa ER, Wolfson DW, Bressan M, Cho HC, Ogle BM. Implementing Biological Pacemakers: Design Criteria for Successful. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2021; 14:e009957. [PMID: 34592837 PMCID: PMC8530973 DOI: 10.1161/circep.121.009957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Each heartbeat that pumps blood throughout the body is initiated by an electrical impulse generated in the sinoatrial node (SAN). However, a number of disease conditions can hamper the ability of the SAN's pacemaker cells to generate consistent action potentials and maintain an orderly conduction path, leading to arrhythmias. For symptomatic patients, current treatments rely on implantation of an electronic pacing device. However, complications inherent to the indwelling hardware give pause to categorical use of device therapy for a subset of populations, including pediatric patients or those with temporary pacing needs. Cellular-based biological pacemakers, derived in vitro or in situ, could function as a therapeutic alternative to current electronic pacemakers. Understanding how biological pacemakers measure up to the SAN would facilitate defining and demonstrating its advantages over current treatments. In this review, we discuss recent approaches to creating biological pacemakers and delineate design criteria to guide future progress based on insights from basic biology of the SAN. We emphasize the need for long-term efficacy in vivo via maintenance of relevant proteins, source-sink balance, a niche reflective of the native SAN microenvironment, and chronotropic competence. With a focus on such criteria, combined with delivery methods tailored for disease indications, clinical implementation will be attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Komosa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R.K., B.M.O.), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
- Stem Cell Institute (E.R.K., B.M.O.), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
| | - David W Wolfson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (D.W.W., H.C.C.)
| | - Michael Bressan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (M.B.), University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- McAllister Heart Institute (M.B.), University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (D.W.W., H.C.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (H.C.C.)
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R.K., B.M.O.), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
- Stem Cell Institute (E.R.K., B.M.O.), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
- Department of Pediatrics (B.M.O), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
- Lillehei Heart Institute (B.M.O), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine (B.M.O), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
- Masonic Cancer Center (B.M.O), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis
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Abu Nahia K, Migdał M, Quinn TA, Poon KL, Łapiński M, Sulej A, Liu J, Mondal SS, Pawlak M, Bugajski Ł, Piwocka K, Brand T, Kohl P, Korzh V, Winata C. Genomic and physiological analyses of the zebrafish atrioventricular canal reveal molecular building blocks of the secondary pacemaker region. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6669-6687. [PMID: 34557935 PMCID: PMC8558220 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The atrioventricular canal (AVC) is the site where key structures responsible for functional division between heart regions are established, most importantly, the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system and cardiac valves. To elucidate the mechanism underlying AVC development and function, we utilized transgenic zebrafish line sqet31Et expressing EGFP in the AVC to isolate this cell population and profile its transcriptome at 48 and 72 hpf. The zebrafish AVC transcriptome exhibits hallmarks of mammalian AV node, including the expression of genes implicated in its development and those encoding connexins forming low conductance gap junctions. Transcriptome analysis uncovered protein-coding and noncoding transcripts enriched in AVC, which have not been previously associated with this structure, as well as dynamic expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers and components of TGF-β, Notch, and Wnt signaling pathways likely reflecting ongoing AVC and valve development. Using transgenic line Tg(myl7:mermaid) encoding voltage-sensitive fluorescent protein, we show that abolishing the pacemaker-containing sinoatrial ring (SAR) through Isl1 loss of function resulted in spontaneous activation in the AVC region, suggesting that it possesses inherent automaticity although insufficient to replace the SAR. The SAR and AVC transcriptomes express partially overlapping species of ion channels and gap junction proteins, reflecting their distinct roles. Besides identifying conserved aspects between zebrafish and mammalian conduction systems, our results established molecular hallmarks of the developing AVC which underlies its role in structural and electrophysiological separation between heart chambers. This data constitutes a valuable resource for studying AVC development and function, and identification of novel candidate genes implicated in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abu Nahia
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Migdał
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kar-Lai Poon
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore , Singapore.,Developmental Dynamics, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maciej Łapiński
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sulej
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Shamba S Mondal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Pawlak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre, Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cecilia Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhang H, Li L, Hao M, Chen K, Lu Y, Qi J, Chen W, Ren L, Cai X, Chen C, Liu Z, Zhao B, Li Z, Hou P. Yixin-Fumai granules improve sick sinus syndrome in aging mice through Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway: A new target for sick sinus syndrome. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114254. [PMID: 34062246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yixin-Fumai granules (YXFMs)-composed of Ginseng quinquefolium (L.) Alph. Wood, Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl, Schisandra arisanensis Hayata, Astragalus aaronsohnianus Eig, Salvia cryptantha Montbret & Aucher ex Benth, and Ligusticum striatum DC-are compound granules used in traditional Chinese medicine to increase heart rate and thus treat bradyarrhythmia. It may be effective in treating sick sinus syndrome (SSS). AIM To observe the effect of YXFMs on aging-induced SSS in mice and explore whether this effect is related to the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice with a significant decrease in the heart rate due to natural aging were selected to construct an SSS model. After the mice were administered YXFMs, the damage to their sinoartrial node (SAN) was assessed through electrocardiography, Masson's trichrome staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Dihydroethidium staining and immunofluorescence staining were used to assay reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and HCN4, respectively. Moreover, to observe the effects of YXFMs in vitro, the HL-1 cell line, derived from mouse atrial myocytes, was used to simulate SAN pacemaker cells, with H2O2 used as the cellular oxidative stress (OS) inducer. 2,7-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining was used to assay ROS content, whereas immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were used to elucidate the related protein expression. Finally, mice were injected the Nrf-2 inhibitor ML385 to reversely verify the effects of YXFMs. RESULTS In our in vivo experiments, YXFMs significantly inhibited aging-induced SSS, shortened the R-R interval, increased heart rate, alleviated fibrosis, reduced apoptosis rate and ROS content, and promote HCN4 expression in the SAN. In our in vitro experiments, YXFMs significantly inhibited H2O2-induced cell peroxidation damage, promoted Nrf-2 activation and nuclear metastasis, increased HO-1 expression- thereby inhibiting ROS accumulation-and finally, upregulated HCN4 expression through the inhibition of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) expression and its nuclear metastasis. Finally, injection of the Nrf-2 inhibitor ML385 after YXFMs administration inhibited their protective effect in the mice. CONCLUSION Here, we elaborated on the relationship between aging-induced SSS and the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway for the first time and proposed that YXFMs improve SSS via the Nrf-2/HO-1 axis. Specifically, YXFMs promoted Nrf-2 activation and plasma-nuclear transfer to enhance HO-1 expression via the Nrf-2/HO-1 axis. This inhibited OS and reduced ROS accumulation in the SAN, and then, through the ROS/HDAC4 axis, reduced HDAC4 expression and plasma-nuclear transfer. Thereby, the OS-induced HCN4 loss in the SAN was inhibited-improving the function of If channel and thus producing SAN protection effect against SSS and improving the heart rate and R-R interval. In the future, we plan to use bioinformatics analysis technology to execute the next step of our research, namely to determine the effect of isolated, purified components of YXFMs in SSS, to increase its efficiency and reduce the toxicity of YXFMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Lingkang Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Miao Hao
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Keyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yongping Lu
- Department of NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning (The Affiliated Reproductive Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Lu Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Xintong Cai
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Zhishuang Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Ping Hou
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110000, China.
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Developmental HCN channelopathy results in decreased neural progenitor proliferation and microcephaly in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009393118. [PMID: 34429357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009393118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex relies on the controlled division of neural stem and progenitor cells. The requirement for precise spatiotemporal control of proliferation and cell fate places a high demand on the cell division machinery, and defective cell division can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations. Cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors govern the capacity of cortical progenitors to produce large numbers of neurons and glia within a short developmental time window. In particular, ion channels shape the intrinsic biophysical properties of precursor cells and neurons and control their membrane potential throughout the cell cycle. We found that hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channel subunits are expressed in mouse, rat, and human neural progenitors. Loss of HCN channel function in rat neural stem cells impaired their proliferation by affecting the cell-cycle progression, causing G1 accumulation and dysregulation of genes associated with human microcephaly. Transgene-mediated, dominant-negative loss of HCN channel function in the embryonic mouse telencephalon resulted in pronounced microcephaly. Together, our findings suggest a role for HCN channel subunits as a part of a general mechanism influencing cortical development in mammals.
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Scalco A, Moro N, Mongillo M, Zaglia T. Neurohumoral Cardiac Regulation: Optogenetics Gets Into the Groove. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726895. [PMID: 34531763 PMCID: PMC8438220 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the main modulator of heart function, adapting contraction force, and rate to the continuous variations of intrinsic and extrinsic environmental conditions. While the parasympathetic branch dominates during rest-and-digest sympathetic neuron (SN) activation ensures the rapid, efficient, and repeatable increase of heart performance, e.g., during the "fight-or-flight response." Although the key role of the nervous system in cardiac homeostasis was evident to the eyes of physiologists and cardiologists, the degree of cardiac innervation, and the complexity of its circuits has remained underestimated for too long. In addition, the mechanisms allowing elevated efficiency and precision of neurogenic control of heart function have somehow lingered in the dark. This can be ascribed to the absence of methods adequate to study complex cardiac electric circuits in the unceasingly moving heart. An increasing number of studies adds to the scenario the evidence of an intracardiac neuron system, which, together with the autonomic components, define a little brain inside the heart, in fervent dialogue with the central nervous system (CNS). The advent of optogenetics, allowing control the activity of excitable cells with cell specificity, spatial selectivity, and temporal resolution, has allowed to shed light on basic neuro-cardiology. This review describes how optogenetics, which has extensively been used to interrogate the circuits of the CNS, has been applied to untangle the knots of heart innervation, unveiling the cellular mechanisms of neurogenic control of heart function, in physiology and pathology, as well as those participating to brain-heart communication, back and forth. We discuss existing literature, providing a comprehensive view of the advancement in the understanding of the mechanisms of neurogenic heart control. In addition, we weigh the limits and potential of optogenetics in basic and applied research in neuro-cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Scalco
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Moro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tania Zaglia
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mika D, Fischmeister R. Cyclic nucleotide signaling and pacemaker activity. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 166:29-38. [PMID: 34298001 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the natural pacemaker of the heart, producing the electrical impulse that initiates every heart beat. Its activity is tightly controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and by circulating and locally released factors. Neurohumoral regulation of heart rate plays a crucial role in the integration of vital functions and influences behavior and ability to respond to changing environmental conditions. At the cellular level, modulation of SAN activity occurs through intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic nucleotides: cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). In this Review, dedicated to Professor Dario DiFrancesco and his accomplishements in the field of cardiac pacemaking, we summarize all findings on the role of cyclic nucleotides signaling in regulating the key actors of cardiac automatism, and we provide an up-to-date review on cAMP- and cGMP-phosphodiesterases (PDEs), compellingly involved in this modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Mika
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S, 1180, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Mantri S, Wu SM, Goodyer WR. Molecular Profiling of the Cardiac Conduction System: the Dawn of a New Era. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:103. [PMID: 34196831 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent technological advances have led to an increased ability to define the gene expression profile of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). Here, we review the most salient studies to emerge in recent years and discuss existing gaps in our knowledge as well as future areas of investigation. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular profiling of the CCS spans several decades. However, the advent of high-throughput sequencing strategies has allowed for the discovery of unique transcriptional programs of the many diverse CCS cell types. The CCS, a diverse structure with significant inter- and intra-component cellular heterogeneity, is essential to the normal function of the heart. Progress in transcriptomic profiling has improved the resolution and depth of characterization of these unique and clinically relevant CCS cell types. Future studies leveraging this big data will play a crucial role in improving our understanding of CCS development and function as well as translating these findings into tangible translational tools for the improved detection, prevention, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Mantri
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sean M Wu
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William R Goodyer
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Electrophysiology, Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Room G1105 Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Hoekstra M, van Ginneken ACG, Wilders R, Verkerk AO. HCN4 current during human sinoatrial node-like action potentials. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 166:105-118. [PMID: 34153331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the many studies carried out over the past 40 years, the contribution of the HCN4 encoded hyperpolarization-activated 'funny' current (If) to pacemaker activity in the mammalian sinoatrial node (SAN), and the human SAN in particular, is still controversial and not fully established. OBJECTIVE To study the contribution of If to diastolic depolarization of human SAN cells and its dependence on heart rate, cAMP levels, and atrial load. METHODS HCN4 channels were expressed in human cardiac myocyte progenitor cells (CMPCs) and HCN4 currents assessed using perforated patch-clamp in traditional voltage clamp mode and during action potential clamp with human SAN-like action potential waveforms with 500-1500 ms cycle length, in absence or presence of forskolin to mimic β-adrenergic stimulation and a -15 mV command potential offset to mimic atrial load. RESULTS Forskolin significantly increased the fully-activated HCN4 current density at -140 mV by 14% and shifted the steady-state activation curve by +7.4 mV without affecting its slope. In addition, forskolin significantly accelerated current activation but slowed deactivation. The HCN4 current did not completely deactivate before the subsequent diastolic depolarization during action potential clamp. The amplitude of HCN4 current increased with increasing cycle length, was significantly larger in the presence of forskolin at all cycle lengths, and was significantly increased upon the negative offset to the command potential. CONCLUSIONS If is active during a human SAN action potential waveform and its amplitude is modulated by heart rate, β-adrenergic stimulation, and diastolic voltage range, such that If is under delicate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Hoekstra
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni C G van Ginneken
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Wilders
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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DiFrancesco ML, Mesirca P, Bidaud I, Isbrandt D, Mangoni ME. The funny current in genetically modified mice. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 166:39-50. [PMID: 34129872 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since its first description in 1979, the hyperpolarization-activated funny current (If) has been the object of intensive research aimed at understanding its role in cardiac pacemaker activity and its modulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. If was described in isolated tissue strips of the rabbit sinoatrial node using the double-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Since then, the rabbit has been the principal animal model for studying pacemaker activity and If for more than 20 years. In 2001, the first study describing the electrophysiological properties of mouse sinoatrial pacemaker myocytes and those of If was published. It was soon followed by the description of murine myocytes of the atrioventricular node and the Purkinje fibres. The sinoatrial node of genetically modified mice has become a very popular model for studying the mechanisms of cardiac pacemaker activity. This field of research benefits from the impressive advancement of in-vivo exploration techniques of physiological parameters, imaging, genetics, and large-scale genomic approaches. The present review discusses the influence of mouse genetic on the most recent knowledge of the funny current's role in the physiology and pathophysiology of cardiac pacemaker activity. Genetically modified mice have provided important insights into the role of If in determining intrinsic automaticity in vivo and in myocytes of the conduction system. In addition, gene targeting of f-(HCN) channel isoforms have contributed to elucidating the current's role in the regulation of heart rate by the parasympathetic nervous system. This review is dedicated to Dario DiFrancesco on his retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia L DiFrancesco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; LabEx Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics (ICST), France.
| | - Pietro Mesirca
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; LabEx Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics (ICST), France
| | - Isabelle Bidaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; LabEx Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics (ICST), France
| | - Dirk Isbrandt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erktankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; University of Cologne, Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matteo E Mangoni
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; LabEx Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics (ICST), France.
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Zhang C, Li Y, Cao J, Yu B, Zhang K, Li K, Xu X, Guo Z, Liang Y, Yang X, Yang Z, Sun Y, Kaartinen V, Ding K, Wang J. Hedgehog signalling controls sinoatrial node development and atrioventricular cushion formation. Open Biol 2021; 11:210020. [PMID: 34062094 PMCID: PMC8169207 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoothened is a key receptor of the hedgehog pathway, but the roles of Smoothened in cardiac development remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that the conditional knockout of Smoothened from the mesoderm impaired the development of the venous pole of the heart and resulted in hypoplasia of the atrium/inflow tract (IFT) and a low heart rate. The blockage of Smoothened led to reduced expression of genes critical for sinoatrial node (SAN) development in the IFT. In a cardiac cell culture model, we identified a Gli2–Tbx5–Hcn4 pathway that controls SAN development. In the mutant embryos, the endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the atrioventricular cushion failed, and Bmp signalling was downregulated. The addition of Bmp2 rescued the EndMT in mutant explant cultures. Furthermore, we analysed Gli2+ scRNAseq and Tbx5−/− RNAseq data and explored the potential genes downstream of hedgehog signalling in posterior second heart field derivatives. In conclusion, our study reveals that Smoothened-mediated hedgehog signalling controls posterior cardiac progenitor commitment, which suggests that the mutation of Smoothened might be involved in the aetiology of congenital heart diseases related to the cardiac conduction system and heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaheng Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinming Liang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Keyue Ding
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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