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Vogelauer M, Cheng C, Karimian A, Iranpour HG, Kurdistani SK. Zinc is Essential for the Copper Reductase Activity of Yeast Nucleosomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557765. [PMID: 37745536 PMCID: PMC10515886 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The histone H3-H4 tetramer is a copper reductase enzyme, facilitating the production of cuprous (Cu1+) ions for distribution to copper-dependent enzymes. It was, however, unknown if this enzymatic activity occurred within nucleosomes. To investigate this, we obtained native nucleosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin in isolated nuclei and ion-exchange chromatographic purification. The purified nucleosomal fragments robustly reduced Cu2+ to Cu1+ ions, with the optimal activity dependent on the presence of zinc ions. Mutation of the histone H3 histidine 113 (H3H113) residue at the active site substantially reduced the enzymatic activity of nucleosomes, underscoring the catalytic role of histone H3. Consistently, limiting zinc ions reduced intracellular Cu1+ levels and compromised growth, phenotypes that were mitigated by genetically enhancing the copper reductase activity of histone H3. These results indicate that yeast nucleosomes possess copper reductase activity, suggesting that the fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromatin is an enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vogelauer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hooman Golshan Iranpour
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Siavash K. Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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García-Risco M, Calatayud S, Pedrini-Martha V, Albalat R, Palacios Ò, Capdevila M, Dallinger R. A de novo evolved domain improves the cadmium detoxification capacity of limpet metallothioneins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8895. [PMID: 37264073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) constitute an important family of metal binding proteins. Mollusk MTs, in particular, have been used as model systems to better understand the evolution of their metal binding features and functional adaptation. In the present study two recombinantly produced MTs, LgiMT1 and LgiMT2, and their de novo evolved γ domain, of the marine limpet Lottia gigantea, were analyzed by electronic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Both MT proteins, as well as their γ domains, exhibit a strong binding specificity for Cd(II), but not for Zn(II) or Cu(I). The LgiMTs' γ domain renders an MII4(SCys)10 cluster with an increased Cd stoichiometry (binding 4 instead of 3 Cd2+ ions), representing a novel structural element in the world of MTs, probably featuring an adamantane 3D structure. This cluster significantly improves the Cd(II)-binding performance of the full length proteins and thus contributes to the particularly high Cd coping capacity observed in free-living limpets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario García-Risco
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronika Pedrini-Martha
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ricard Albalat
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Òscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mercè Capdevila
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Reinhard Dallinger
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Dournes G, Dufourcq T, Suc L, Roland A, Mouret JR. Unravelling copper effect on the production of varietal thiols during Colombard and Gros Manseng grape juices fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101110. [PMID: 37180268 PMCID: PMC10167020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays the rapidly increasing organic vineyard management with the utilization of copper as sole fungal control pesticide against downy mildew raises once again the question of copper impact on varietal thiols in wine. For this purpose, Colombard and Gros Manseng grape juices were fermented under different copper levels (from 0.2 to 3.88 mg/l) to mimic the consequences in must of organic practices. The consumption of thiol precursors and the release of varietal thiols (both free and oxidized forms of 3-sulfanylhexanol and 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate) were monitored by LC-MS/MS. It was found that the highest copper level (3.6 and 3.88 mg/l for Colombard and Gros Manseng respectively) significantly increased yeast consumption of precursors (by 9.0 and 7.6% for Colombard and Gros Manseng respectively). For both grape varieties, free thiol content in wine significantly decreased (by 84 and 47% for Colombard and Gros Manseng respectively) with the increase of copper in the starting must as already described in the literature. However, the total thiol content produced throughout fermentation was constant regardless of copper conditions for the Colombard must, meaning that the effect of copper was only oxidative for this variety. Meanwhile, in Gros Manseng fermentation, the total thiol content increased along with copper content, resulting in an increase up to 90%; this suggests that copper may modify the regulation of the production pathways of varietal thiols, also underlining the key role of oxidation. These results complement our knowledge on copper effect during thiol-oriented fermentation and the importance of considering the total thiol production (reduced+oxidized) to better understand the effect of studied parameters and differenciate chemical from biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dournes
- UMR SPO, Univ Montpellier INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Dufourcq
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, Pôle Sud-Ouest, Caussens, France
| | - Lucas Suc
- UMR SPO, Univ Montpellier INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Roland
- UMR SPO, Univ Montpellier INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Roch Mouret
- UMR SPO, Univ Montpellier INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Vulpe CB, Matica MA, Kovačević R, Dascalu D, Stevanovic Z, Isvoran A, Ostafe V, Menghiu G. Copper Accumulation Efficiency in Different Recombinant Microorganism Strains Available for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Waters. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087575. [PMID: 37108736 PMCID: PMC10146616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the bioremediation conditions of copper in synthetic water. In the present study, copper ions accumulation efficiency was determined using various genetically modified strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EBY100, INVSc1, BJ5465, and GRF18), Pichia pastoris (X-33, KM71H), Escherichia coli (XL10 Gold, DH5α, and six types of BL21 (DE3)), and Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) OverExpress expressing two different peroxidases. Viability tests of yeast and bacterial strains showed that bacteria are viable at copper concentrations up to 2.5 mM and yeasts up to 10 mM. Optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that the tolerance of bacterial strains on media containing 1 mM copper was lower than the tolerance of yeast strains at the same copper concentration. The E. coli BL21 RIL strain had the best copper accumulation efficiency (4.79 mg/L of culture normalized at an optical density of 1.00), which was 1250 times more efficient than the control strain. The yeast strain S. cerevisiae BJ5465 was the most efficient in copper accumulation out of a total of six yeast strains used, accumulating over 400 times more than the negative control strain. In addition, E. coli cells that internally expressed recombinant peroxidase from Thermobifida fusca were able to accumulate 400-fold more copper than cells that produced periplasmic recombinant peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Bianca Vulpe
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4A, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mariana Adina Matica
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4A, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
- Institute for Advanced Environmental Research, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4C, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Renata Kovačević
- Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Zeleni Bulevar 35, 19210 Bor, Serbia
| | - Daniela Dascalu
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4A, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Zoran Stevanovic
- Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Zeleni Bulevar 35, 19210 Bor, Serbia
| | - Adriana Isvoran
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4A, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vasile Ostafe
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4A, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gheorghița Menghiu
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology-Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4A, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
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Liu B, Dong P, Zhang X, Feng Z, Wen Z, Shi L, Xia Y, Chen C, Shen Z, Lian C, Chen Y. Identification and characterization of eight metallothionein genes involved in heavy metal tolerance from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14430-14442. [PMID: 34617232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding proteins involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification. The increasing numbers of available genomic sequences of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi enable deeper insights into the characteristics of MT genes in these fungi that form the most important symbiosis with the host trees in forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive, genome-wide inventory of MT genes from the ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor. Eight MT genes in L. bicolor were cloned, and the expression patterns of their transcripts at various developmental stages based on expressed sequence tag (EST) counts were analyzed. The expression levels of four MTs were significantly increased during symbiosis stages. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that transcripts of LbMT1 were dominant in free-living mycelia and strongly induced by excessive copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To determine whether these eight MTs functioned as metal chelators, we expressed them in the Cu- and Cd-sensitive yeast mutants, cup1∆ and yap1∆, respectively. All LbMT proteins provided similar levels of Cu(II) or Cd(II) tolerance, but did not affect by H2O2. Our findings provide novel data on the evolution and diversification of fungal MT gene duplicates, a valuable resource for understanding the vast array of biological processes in which these proteins are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinzhe Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhihang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhugui Wen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
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6
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Wang L, Yang HZ, Ma WL, Chen CM, Wang L. Study on metal binding capacity of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense's recombinant copper specific binding metallothionein expressed in Escherichia coli. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:149-160. [PMID: 34751855 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The copper specific binding metallothionein (CuMT) is a type of cysteine-rich, metal-binding, small protein which plays an important role in Cu2+ metabolism in vertebrates. In this study, we investigated the metal tolerance and removing ability of recombinant strains harboring CuMT obtained in vivo from the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense (ShCuMT) in order to study its physiological functions and metal binding capacity. We performed a 3D modeling of ShCuMT and created its structural and functional models using the I-TASSER program. The shCumt gene was inserted into a pGEX-4t-1 vector and recombinant soluble ShCuMT was expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition, in order to characterize the tolerance and removing ability of heavy metals in E. coli with ShCuMT expression, the recombinant strains harboring ShCuMT were exposed to various concentrations of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The results showed that ShCuMT contains transition metal binding sites. In addition, E. coli cells expressing ShCuMT exhibited enhanced metal tolerance and higher removing ability of metal ions than control cells. However, compared with Cd2+ and Zn2+, E. coli cells expressing ShCuMT have stronger tolerance and higher removing ability of Cu2+. In general, ShCuMT contains multiple transition metal binding sites, and it could enhance tolerance and removing ability of metal ions. Therefore, ShCuMT can provide potential candidates for heavy metal bioremediation. This research on the metal binding properties of ShCuMT provides a scientific basis for bioremediation of heavy metal pollution by the recombinant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Hui Zhen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030600, China
| | - Wen Li Ma
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Chien Min Chen
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China.
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7
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Giometto A, Nelson DR, Murray AW. Antagonism between killer yeast strains as an experimental model for biological nucleation dynamics. eLife 2021; 10:62932. [PMID: 34866571 PMCID: PMC8730724 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions are widespread in the microbial world and affect microbial evolutionary dynamics. Natural microbial communities often display spatial structure, which affects biological interactions, but much of what we know about microbial antagonism comes from laboratory studies of well-mixed communities. To overcome this limitation, we manipulated two killer strains of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing different toxins, to independently control the rate at which they released their toxins. We developed mathematical models that predict the experimental dynamics of competition between toxin-producing strains in both well-mixed and spatially structured populations. In both situations, we experimentally verified theory’s prediction that a stronger antagonist can invade a weaker one only if the initial invading population exceeds a critical frequency or size. Finally, we found that toxin-resistant cells and weaker killers arose in spatially structured competitions between toxin-producing strains, suggesting that adaptive evolution can affect the outcome of microbial antagonism in spatial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giometto
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Andrew W Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Fan X, Liu Z, Jia Z, Wei Y, Xie D, Zhang J, Wang B, Zhang X. A novel preparation for siderophore‐assisted copper and zinc enrichment in yeast. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐ying Fan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Zi‐yu Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Zhi‐peng Jia
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Ya‐ru Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Dong‐dong Xie
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Bei Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Xin‐guo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal‐Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
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Li Y, Zhong X, Ye J, Guo H, Long Y. Proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under paraquat stress regulated by therapeutic concentration of copper ions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112245. [PMID: 33894630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a non-selective herbicide with strong toxicity to humans and mammals. However, the proteome regulation of cells by PQ is still unclear, limiting the development of effective antidotes. Studies have shown that a slight excess of intracellular copper levels could be beneficial to the survival under exposure to PQ. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model to explore the regulation effect of copper ions on PQ poisoning by the approach of date independent acquisition proteomics. The results showed that toxic effect of PQ was primarily induced by oxidative damage in the mitochondria and the disorder of gene expression. The addition of Cu2+ involved a series of favorable reactions to cell survival under PQ stress, including activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, regulation of processes such as sulfur metabolism, carbon metabolism and gene expression in cells. The generation of glutathione, heme and steroids advantageous to cell growth under stress was also increased. These findings inferred that therapeutic concentration of copper ions could prolong the survival of cells under PQ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Huiying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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10
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Williams KE, Olsen DR. Gelatin expression from an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae CUP1 promoter in Pichia pastoris. Yeast 2021; 38:382-387. [PMID: 33580598 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (reclassified as Komagataella phaffii) is a versatile protein expression system, yet many commonly used promoters have attributes undesirable for fermentation or its optimization. Hence, the copper-inducible CUP1 gene promoter from the related yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to express human gelatin. Multimerization of a potential copper response element in the CUP1 promoter, a S. cerevisiae Ace1p binding site, significantly increased gelatin expression. Expression was induced by copper in a dose-dependent fashion and was not dependent on cell density. Gelatin was additionally induced in standard copper-containing fermentation basal salts media. Removal of a S. cerevisiae heat shock factor (Hsf1p) binding site reduced copper-dependent gelatin induction suggesting that a similar protein may regulate this promoter in P. pastoris. This engineered copper inducible promoter expands the yeast recombinant protein production tool kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Williams
- Collagen and Gelatin Molecular Biology, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Olsen
- Collagen and Gelatin Molecular Biology, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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The N-Terminal Tail of Histone H3 Regulates Copper Homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00210-20. [PMID: 33257505 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00210-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper homeostasis is crucial for various cellular processes. The balance between nutritional and toxic copper levels is maintained through the regulation of its uptake, distribution, and detoxification via antagonistic actions of two transcription factors, Ace1 and Mac1. Ace1 responds to toxic copper levels by transcriptionally regulating detoxification genes CUP1 and CRS5 Cup1 metallothionein confers protection against toxic copper levels. CUP1 gene regulation is a multifactorial event requiring Ace1, TATA-binding protein (TBP), chromatin remodeler, acetyltransferase (Spt10), and histones. However, the role of histone H3 residues has not been fully elucidated. To investigate the role of the H3 tail in CUP1 transcriptional regulation, we screened the library of histone mutants in copper stress. We identified mutations in H3 (K23Q, K27R, K36Q, Δ5-16, Δ13-16, Δ13-28, Δ25-28, Δ28-31, and Δ29-32) that reduce CUP1 expression. We detected reduced Ace1 occupancy across the CUP1 promoter in K23Q, K36Q, Δ5-16, Δ13-28, Δ25-28, and Δ28-31 mutations correlating with the reduced CUP1 transcription. The majority of these mutations affect TBP occupancy at the CUP1 promoter, augmenting the CUP1 transcription defect. Additionally, some mutants displayed cytosolic protein aggregation upon copper stress. Altogether, our data establish previously unidentified residues of the H3 N-terminal tail and their modifications in CUP1 regulation.
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12
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Zúñiga A, Laporte D, González A, Gómez M, Sáez CA, Moenne A. Isolation and Characterization of Copper- and Zinc- Binding Metallothioneins from the Marine Alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E153. [PMID: 31881655 PMCID: PMC6981760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, transcripts encoding three metallothioneins from Ulva compressa (UcMTs) were amplified: The 5'and 3' UTRs by RACE-PCR, and the open reading frames (ORFs) by PCR. Transcripts encoding UcMT1.1 (Crassostrea-like), UcMT2 (Mytilus-like), and UcMT3 (Dreissena-like) showed a 5'UTR of 61, 71, and 65 nucleotides and a 3'UTR of 418, 235, and 193 nucleotides, respectively. UcMT1.1 ORF encodes a protein of 81 amino acids (MW 8.2 KDa) with 25 cysteines (29.4%), arranged as three motifs CC and nine motifs CXC; UcMT2 ORF encode a protein of 90 amino acids (9.05 kDa) with 27 cysteines (30%), arranged as three motifs CC, nine motifs CXC, and one motif CXXC; UcMT3 encode a protein of 139 amino acids (13.4 kDa) with 34 cysteines (24%), arranged as seven motifs CC and seven motifs CXC. UcMT1 and UcMT2 were more similar among each other, showing 60% similarity in amino acids; UcMT3 showed only 31% similarity with UcMT1 and UcMT2. In addition, UcMTs displayed structural similarity with MTs of marine invertebrates MTs and the terrestrial invertebrate Caenorhabtidis elegans MTs, but not with MTs from red or brown macroalgae. The ORFs fused with GST were expressed in bacteria allowing copper accumulation, mainly in MT1 and MT2, and zinc, in the case of the three MTs. Thus, the three MTs allowed copper and zinc accumulation in vivo. UcMTs may play a role in copper and zinc accumulation in U. compressa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
- HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Postgrado e Innovación, University of Playa Ancha, Avenida Carvallo 270, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Daniel Laporte
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Alberto González
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Claudio A. Sáez
- HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Postgrado e Innovación, University of Playa Ancha, Avenida Carvallo 270, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Center of Advances Studies, University of Playa Ancha, Traslaviña 450, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
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13
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Wang Y, Zhang K, Li H, Xu X, Xue H, Wang P, Fu YV. Fine-tuning the expression of target genes using a DDI2 promoter gene switch in budding yeast. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12538. [PMID: 31467340 PMCID: PMC6715627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuned gene expression is crucial to the proper growth and response to the environmental changes of an organism. To enable tunable gene expression as designed is desirable in both scientific research and industrial application. Here, we introduce a novel promoter switching method based on the DDI2 promoter (PDDI2) that can fine tune the expression of target genes. We constructed a recyclable cassette (PDDI2-URA3-PDDI2) and integrated it upstream of yeast target genes to replace the native promoters by DDI2 promoter without introducing any junk sequence. We found that the presence or absence of cyanamide as an inducer could turn on or off the expression of target genes. In addition, we showed that PDDI2 could act as a gene switch to linearly regulate the expression levels of target genes in vivo. We switched the original promoters of RAD18, TUP1, and CDC6 with PDDI2 as a proof-of-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kaining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hanfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huijun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Qingdao Baihuizhiye Biotech Co.Ltd, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu V Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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14
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Park SH, Hahn JS. Development of an efficient cytosolic isobutanol production pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by optimizing copy numbers and expression of the pathway genes based on the toxic effect of α-acetolactate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3996. [PMID: 30850698 PMCID: PMC6408573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Isobutanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is limited by subcellular compartmentalization of the pathway enzymes. In this study, we improved isobutanol production in S. cerevisiae by constructing an artificial cytosolic isobutanol biosynthetic pathway consisting of AlsS, α-acetolactate synthase from Bacillus subtilis, and two endogenous mitochondrial enzymes, ketol-acid reductoisomerase (Ilv5) and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (Ilv3), targeted to the cytosol. B. subtilis AlsS was more active than Ilv2ΔN54, an endogenous α-acetolactate synthase targeted to the cytosol. However, overexpression of alsS led to a growth inhibition, which was alleviated by overexpressing ILV5ΔN48 and ILV3ΔN19, encoding the downstream enzymes targeted to the cytosol. Therefore, accumulation of the intermediate α-acetolactate might be toxic to the cells. Based on these findings, we improved isobutanol production by expressing alsS under the control of a copper-inducible CUP1 promoter, and by increasing translational efficiency of the ILV5ΔN48 and ILV3ΔN19 genes by adding Kozak sequence. Furthermore, strains with multi-copy integration of alsS into the delta-sequences were screened based on growth inhibition upon copper-dependent induction of alsS. Next, the ILV5ΔN48 and ILV3ΔN19 genes were integrated into the rDNA sites of the alsS-integrated strain, and the strains with multi-copy integration were screened based on the growth recovery. After optimizing the induction conditions of alsS, the final engineered strain JHY43D24 produced 263.2 mg/L isobutanol, exhibiting about 3.3-fold increase in production compared to a control strain constitutively expressing ILV2ΔN54, ILV5ΔN48, and ILV3ΔN19 on plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hee Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Gündüz Ergün B, Hüccetoğulları D, Öztürk S, Çelik E, Çalık P. Established and Upcoming Yeast Expression Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1923:1-74. [PMID: 30737734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9024-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yeast was the first microorganism used by mankind for biotransformation of feedstock that laid the foundations of industrial biotechnology. Long historical use, vast amount of data, and experience paved the way for Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a first yeast cell factory, and still it is an important expression platform as being the production host for several large volume products. Continuing special needs of each targeted product and different requirements of bioprocess operations have led to identification of different yeast expression systems. Modern bioprocess engineering and advances in omics technology, i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, secretomics, and interactomics, allow the design of novel genetic tools with fine-tuned characteristics to be used for research and industrial applications. This chapter focuses on established and upcoming yeast expression platforms that have exceptional characteristics, such as the ability to utilize a broad range of carbon sources or remarkable resistance to various stress conditions. Besides the conventional yeast S. cerevisiae, established yeast expression systems including the methylotrophic yeasts Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha, the dimorphic yeasts Arxula adeninivorans and Yarrowia lipolytica, the lactose-utilizing yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and upcoming yeast platforms, namely, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida utilis, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, are compiled with special emphasis on their genetic toolbox for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gündüz Ergün
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Hüccetoğulları
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Öztürk
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Çelik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Çalık
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Industrial Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Zahrl RJ, Gasser B, Mattanovich D, Ferrer P. Detection and Elimination of Cellular Bottlenecks in Protein-Producing Yeasts. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1923:75-95. [PMID: 30737735 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9024-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts are efficient cell factories and are commonly used for the production of recombinant proteins for biopharmaceutical and industrial purposes. For such products high levels of correctly folded proteins are needed, which sometimes requires improvement and engineering of the expression system. The article summarizes major breakthroughs that led to the efficient use of yeasts as production platforms and reviews bottlenecks occurring during protein production. Special focus is given to the metabolic impact of protein production. Furthermore, strategies that were shown to enhance secretion of recombinant proteins in different yeast species are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Zahrl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Growth-Decoupled Protein Production in Yeast, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Vienna, Austria
| | - Pau Ferrer
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg. .,Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain.
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17
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Ruetenik A, Barrientos A. Exploiting Post-mitotic Yeast Cultures to Model Neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:400. [PMID: 30450036 PMCID: PMC6224518 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively used as a valuable organism to explore mechanisms of aging and human age-associated neurodegenerative disorders. Yeast models can be used to study loss of function of disease-related conserved genes and to investigate gain of function activities, frequently proteotoxicity, exerted by non-conserved human mutant proteins responsible for neurodegeneration. Most published models of proteotoxicity have used rapidly dividing cells and suffer from a high level of protein expression resulting in acute growth arrest or cell death. This contrasts with the slow development of neurodegenerative proteotoxicity during aging and the characteristic post-mitotic state of the affected cell type, the neuron. Here, we will review the efforts to create and characterize yeast models of neurodegeneration using the chronological life span model of aging, and the specific information they can provide regarding the chronology of physiological events leading to neurotoxic proteotoxicity-induced cell death and the identification of new pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruetenik
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Antonio Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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18
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Mejias Carpio IE, Ansari A, Rodrigues DF. Relationship of Biodiversity with Heavy Metal Tolerance and Sorption Capacity: A Meta-Analysis Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:184-194. [PMID: 29172474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial remediation of metals can alleviate the concerns of metal pollution in the environment. The microbial remediation, however, can be a complex process since microbial metal resistance and biodiversity can play a direct role in the bioremediation process. This study aims to understand the relationships among microbial metal resistance, biodiversity, and metal sorption capacity. Meta-analyses based on 735 literature data points of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Plantae, Bacteria, and Fungi exposed to As, Cd, Cr Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn showed that metal resistance depends on the microbial Kingdom and the type of heavy metal and that consortia are significantly more resistant to heavy metals than pure cultures. A similar meta-analysis comparing 517 MIC values from different bacterial genera (Bacillus, Cupriavidus, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Ralstonia) confirmed that metal tolerance depends on the type of genus. Another meta-analysis with 195 studies showed that the maximum sorption capacity is influenced by microbial Kingdoms, the type of biosorbent (whether consortia or pure cultures), and the type of metal. This study also suggests that bioremediation using microbial consortia is a valid option to reduce environmental metal contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis E Mejias Carpio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Ali Ansari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Debora F Rodrigues
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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19
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Ólafsson G, Thorpe PH. Rewiring the Budding Yeast Proteome using Synthetic Physical Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1672:599-612. [PMID: 29043650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7306-4_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Artificially tethering two proteins or protein fragments together is a powerful method to query molecular mechanisms. However, this approach typically relies upon a prior understanding of which two proteins, when fused, are most likely to provide a specific function and is therefore not readily amenable to large-scale screening. Here, we describe the Synthetic Physical Interaction (SPI) method to create proteome-wide forced protein associations in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method allows thousands of protein-protein associations to be screened for those that affect either normal growth or sensitivity to drugs or specific conditions. The method is amenable to proteins, protein domains, or any genetically encoded peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guðjón Ólafsson
- Mitotic Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter H Thorpe
- Mitotic Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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20
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Hochrein L, Machens F, Messerschmidt K, Mueller-Roeber B. PhiReX: a programmable and red light-regulated protein expression switch for yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9193-9205. [PMID: 28911120 PMCID: PMC5587811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly regulated induction systems enabling dose-dependent and reversible fine-tuning of protein expression output are beneficial for engineering complex biosynthetic pathways. To address this, we developed PhiReX, a novel red/far-red light-regulated protein expression system for use in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PhiReX is based on the combination of a customizable synTALE DNA-binding domain, the VP64 activation domain and the light-sensitive dimerization of the photoreceptor PhyB and its interacting partner PIF3 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Robust gene expression and high protein levels are achieved by combining genome integrated red light-sensing components with an episomal high-copy reporter construct. The gene of interest as well as the synTALE DNA-binding domain can be easily exchanged, allowing the flexible regulation of any desired gene by targeting endogenous or heterologous promoter regions. To allow low-cost induction of gene expression for industrial fermentation processes, we engineered yeast to endogenously produce the chromophore required for the effective dimerization of PhyB and PIF3. Time course experiments demonstrate high-level induction over a period of at least 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hochrein
- University of Potsdam, Cell2Fab Research Unit, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Machens
- University of Potsdam, Cell2Fab Research Unit, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katrin Messerschmidt
- University of Potsdam, Cell2Fab Research Unit, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Department of Molecular Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Ruta LL, Lin YF, Kissen R, Nicolau I, Neagoe AD, Ghenea S, Bones AM, Farcasanu IC. Anchoring plant metallothioneins to the inner face of the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells leads to heavy metal accumulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178393. [PMID: 28562640 PMCID: PMC5451056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we engineered yeast cells armed for heavy metal accumulation by targeting plant metallothioneins to the inner face of the yeast plasma membrane. Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich proteins involved in the buffering of excess metal ions, especially Cu(I), Zn(II) or Cd(II). The cDNAs of seven Arabidopsis thaliana MTs (AtMT1a, AtMT1c, AtMT2a, AtMT2b, AtMT3, AtMT4a and AtMT4b) and four Noccaea caerulescens MTs (NcMT1, NcMT2a, NcMT2b and NcMT3) were each translationally fused to the C-terminus of a myristoylation green fluorescent protein variant (myrGFP) and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The myrGFP cassette introduced a yeast myristoylation sequence which allowed directional targeting to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane along with direct monitoring of the intracellular localization of the recombinant protein by fluorescence microscopy. The yeast strains expressing plant MTs were investigated against an array of heavy metals in order to identify strains which exhibit the (hyper)accumulation phenotype without developing toxicity symptoms. Among the transgenic strains which could accumulate Cu(II), Zn(II) or Cd(II), but also non-canonical metal ions, such as Co(II), Mn(II) or Ni(II), myrGFP-NcMT3 qualified as the best candidate for bioremediation applications, thanks to the robust growth accompanied by significant accumulative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Fen Lin
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Simona Ghenea
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Teixeira PG, Ferreira R, Zhou YJ, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Dynamic regulation of fatty acid pools for improved production of fatty alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:45. [PMID: 28298234 PMCID: PMC5353878 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo production of fatty acid-derived chemicals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires strategies to increase the intracellular supply of either acyl-CoA or free fatty acids (FFAs), since their cytosolic concentrations are quite low in a natural state for this organism. Deletion of the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase genes FAA1 and FAA4 is an effective and straightforward way to disable re-activation of fatty acids and drastically increase FFA levels. However, this strategy causes FFA over-accumulation and consequential release to the extracellular medium, which results in a significant loss of precursors that compromises the process yield. In the present study, we aimed for dynamic expression of the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase gene FAA1 to regulate FFA and acyl-CoA pools in order to improve fatty alcohol production yields. Results We analyzed the metabolite dynamics of a faa1Δ faa4Δ strain constitutively expressing a carboxylic acid reductase from Mycobacterium marinum (MmCAR) and an endogenous alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh5) for in vivo production of fatty alcohols from FFAs. We observed production of fatty acids and fatty alcohols with different rates leading to high levels of FFAs not being converted to the final product. To address the issue, we expressed the MmCAR + Adh5 pathway together with a fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei to enable fatty alcohol production simultaneously from FFA and acyl-CoA, respectively. Then, we expressed FAA1 under the control of different promoters in order to balance FFA and acyl-CoA interconversion rates and to achieve optimal levels for conversion to fatty alcohols. Expressing FAA1 under control of the HXT1 promoter led to an increased accumulation of fatty alcohols per OD600 up to 41% while FFA levels were decreased by 63% compared with the control strain. Conclusions Fine-tuning and dynamic regulation of key metabolic steps can be used to improve cell factories when the rates of downstream reactions are limiting. This avoids loss of precursors to the extracellular medium or to competing reactions, hereby potentially improving the process yield. The study also provides knowledge of a key point of fatty acid regulation and homeostasis, which can be used for future design of cells factories for fatty acid-derived chemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0663-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gonçalves Teixeira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raphael Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Calvo J, Jung H, Meloni G. Copper metallothioneins. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:236-245. [PMID: 28296007 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low molecular weight and cysteine-rich metal binding proteins present in all the branches of the tree of life. MTs efficiently bind with high affinity several essential and toxic divalent and monovalent transition metals by forming characteristic polynuclear metal-thiolate clusters within their structure. MTs fulfil multiple biological functions related to their metal binding properties, with essential roles in both Zn(II) and Cu(I) homeostasis as well as metal detoxification. Depending on the organism considered, the primary sequence, and the specific physiological and metabolic status, Cu(I)-bound MT isoforms have been isolated, and their chemistry and biology characterized. Besides the recognized role in the biochemistry of divalent metals, it is becoming evident that unique biological functions in selectively controlling copper levels, its reactivity as well as copper-mediated biochemical processes have evolved in some members of the MT superfamily. Selected examples are reviewed to highlight the peculiar chemical properties and biological functions of copper MTs. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):236-245, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Hunmin Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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24
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Reid RJD, Du X, Sunjevaric I, Rayannavar V, Dittmar J, Bryant E, Maurer M, Rothstein R. A Synthetic Dosage Lethal Genetic Interaction Between CKS1B and PLK1 Is Conserved in Yeast and Human Cancer Cells. Genetics 2016; 204:807-819. [PMID: 27558135 PMCID: PMC5068864 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CKS1B gene located on chromosome 1q21 is frequently amplified in breast, lung, and liver cancers. CKS1B codes for a conserved regulatory subunit of cyclin-CDK complexes that function at multiple stages of cell cycle progression. We used a high throughput screening protocol to mimic cancer-related overexpression in a library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to identify genes whose functions become essential only when CKS1 is overexpressed, a synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interaction. Mutations in multiple genes affecting mitotic entry and mitotic exit are highly enriched in the set of SDL interactions. The interactions between Cks1 and the mitotic entry checkpoint genes require the inhibitory activity of Swe1 on the yeast cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), Cdc28. In addition, the SDL interactions of overexpressed CKS1 with mutations in the mitotic exit network are suppressed by modulating expression of the CDK inhibitor Sic1. Mutation of the polo-like kinase Cdc5, which functions in both the mitotic entry and mitotic exit pathways, is lethal in combination with overexpressed CKS1 Therefore we investigated the effect of targeting the human Cdc5 ortholog, PLK1, in breast cancers with various expression levels of human CKS1B Growth inhibition by PLK1 knockdown correlates with increased CKS1B expression in published tumor cell data sets, and this correlation was confirmed using shRNAs against PLK1 in tumor cell lines. In addition, we overexpressed CKS1B in multiple cell lines and found increased sensitivity to PLK1 knockdown and PLK1 drug inhibition. Finally, combined inhibition of WEE1 and PLK1 results in less apoptosis than predicted based on an additive model of the individual inhibitors, showing an epistatic interaction and confirming a prediction of the yeast data. Thus, identification of a yeast SDL interaction uncovers conserved genetic interactions that can affect human cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J D Reid
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Xing Du
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ivana Sunjevaric
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Vinayak Rayannavar
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - John Dittmar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Eric Bryant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Matthew Maurer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Rodney Rothstein
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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25
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang K, Zhang LJ, Fang YH, Jin XN, Qi L, Wu XC, Zheng DQ. Genomic structural variation contributes to phenotypic change of industrial bioethanol yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fov118. [PMID: 26733503 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic structural variation (GSV) is a ubiquitous phenomenon observed in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with different genetic backgrounds; however, the physiological and phenotypic effects of GSV are not well understood. Here, we first revealed the genetic characteristics of a widely used industrial S. cerevisiae strain, ZTW1, by whole genome sequencing. ZTW1 was identified as an aneuploidy strain and a large-scale GSV was observed in the ZTW1 genome compared with the genome of a diploid strain YJS329. These GSV events led to copy number variations (CNVs) in many chromosomal segments as well as one whole chromosome in the ZTW1 genome. Changes in the DNA dosage of certain functional genes directly affected their expression levels and the resultant ZTW1 phenotypes. Moreover, CNVs of large chromosomal regions triggered an aneuploidy stress in ZTW1. This stress decreased the proliferation ability and tolerance of ZTW1 to various stresses, while aneuploidy response stress may also provide some benefits to the fermentation performance of the yeast, including increased fermentation rates and decreased byproduct generation. This work reveals genomic characters of the bioethanol S. cerevisiae strain ZTW1 and suggests that GSV is an important kind of mutation that changes the traits of industrial S. cerevisiae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Hong Fang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Na Jin
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Chang Wu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dao-Qiong Zheng
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
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27
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Homologous and Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Genes Related to Plant Biomass Degradation. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Xie XX, Ma YF, Wang QS, Chen ZL, Liao RR, Pan YC. Yeast CUP1 protects HeLa cells against copper-induced stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:616-21. [PMID: 26083994 PMCID: PMC4512100 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As an essential trace element, copper can be toxic in mammalian cells when present in
excess. Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine-rich proteins that avidly bind
copper and thus play an important role in detoxification. YeastCUP1
is a member of the MT gene family. The aim of this study was to
determine whether yeast CUP1 could bind copper effectively and
protect cells against copper stress. In this study,CUP1 expression
was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and copper content was detected by
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Production of intracellular reactive
oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate
(DCFH-DA) assay. Cellular viability was detected using the
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the cell
cycle distribution of CUP1 was analyzed by fluorescence-activated
cell sorting. The data indicated that overexpression of yeast CUP1
in HeLa cells played a protective role against copper-induced stress, leading to
increased cellular viability (P<0.05) and decreased ROS production (P<0.05). It
was also observed that overexpression of yeast CUP1 reduced the
percentage of G1 cells and increased the percentage of S cells, which suggested that
it contributed to cell viability. We found that overexpression of yeast
CUP1 protected HeLa cells against copper stress. These results
offer useful data to elucidate the mechanism of the MT gene on
copper metabolism in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Xie
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y F Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q S Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z L Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - R R Liao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y C Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Fungal mediator tail subunits contain classical transcriptional activation domains. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1363-75. [PMID: 25645928 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01508-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical activation domains within DNA-bound eukaryotic transcription factors make weak interactions with coactivator complexes, such as Mediator, to stimulate transcription. How these interactions stimulate transcription, however, is unknown. The activation of reporter genes by artificial fusion of Mediator subunits to DNA binding domains that bind to their promoters has been cited as evidence that the primary role of activators is simply to recruit Mediator. We have identified potent classical transcriptional activation domains in the C termini of several tail module subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Candida dubliniensis Mediator, while their N-terminal domains are necessary and sufficient for their incorporation into Mediator but do not possess the ability to activate transcription when fused to a DNA binding domain. This suggests that Mediator fusion proteins actually are functioning in a manner similar to that of a classical DNA-bound activator rather than just recruiting Mediator. Our finding that deletion of the activation domains of S. cerevisiae Med2 and Med3, as well as C. dubliniensis Tlo1 (a Med2 ortholog), impairs the induction of certain genes shows these domains function at native promoters. Activation domains within coactivators are likely an important feature of these complexes and one that may have been uniquely leveraged by a common fungal pathogen.
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30
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Reddy MS, Prasanna L, Marmeisse R, Fraissinet-Tachet L. Differential expression of metallothioneins in response to heavy metals and their involvement in metal tolerance in the symbiotic basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2235-2242. [PMID: 25031424 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.080218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich peptides such as metallothioneins (MTs) are involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification in many eukaryotes. We report the characterization and expression of two MT genes, LbMT1 and LbMT2 from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor under metal stress conditions. LbMT1 and LbMT2 differ with respect to the length of the encoded peptides (58 versus 37 aa, respectively) and also by their expression patterns in response to metals. The expression levels of both LbMT1 and LbMT2 increased as a function of increased external Cu concentration, the expression levels for LbMT2 were always significantly higher compared with those of LbMT1. Only LbMT1, but not LbMT2, responded to Cd supply in the range of 25-100 µM while Zn did not affect the transcription of either LbMT1 or LbMT2. Both genes also responded to oxidative stress, but to a lesser extent compared to their responses to either Cu or Cd stress. Heterologous complementation assays in metal-sensitive yeast mutants indicated that both LbMT1 and LbMT2 encode peptides capable of conferring higher tolerance to both Cu and Cd. The present study identified LbMTs as potential determinants of the response of this mycorrhizal fungus to Cu and Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sudhakara Reddy
- Thapar University, Department of Biotechnology, Bhadson Road, Patiala 147 004, India
| | - Lakshmi Prasanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - R Marmeisse
- Microbial Ecology, CNRS UMR 5557, USC INRA 1364, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - L Fraissinet-Tachet
- Microbial Ecology, CNRS UMR 5557, USC INRA 1364, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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31
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Kommuguri UN, Satyaprasad Pallem PV, Bodiga S, Bodiga VL. Effect of dietary antioxidants on the cytostatic effect of acrylamide during copper-deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Funct 2014; 5:705-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Yeast grown on a copper deficient medium was used to study acrylamide toxicity, obviating the need for genetic manipulation and accompanying compensatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sreedhar Bodiga
- Department of Biochemistry
- Kakatiya University
- Warangal, India
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32
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Dong D, Xu X, Yin W, Kang YJ. Changes in copper concentrations affect the protein levels but not the mRNA levels of copper chaperones in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Metallomics 2013; 6:554-9. [PMID: 24343031 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00138e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper chaperones are critical regulators of intracellular copper metabolism and distribution. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of changes in copper concentrations on the abundance of copper chaperones. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with siRNA targeting copper transporter 1 (CTR1) or tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) to decrease, or with copper sulfide to increase, intracellular copper concentrations, assayed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Western blot analyses showed that CTR1 silencing or TEPA treatment increased the protein levels of copper chaperone ATOX1 and copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1 (CCS-1), but decreased copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase (COX17). In contrast, copper supplementation decreased the protein levels of ATOX1 and CCS-1 and increased COX17. Real-time RT-PCR analyses found no difference in the mRNA levels of the copper chaperones examined under the conditions defined above. This study thus demonstrated that changes in copper concentrations alter the protein levels, but not the mRNA levels, of copper chaperones, suggesting a role of copper in the post-translational modification of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.
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33
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Loebus J, Leitenmaier B, Meissner D, Braha B, Krauss GJ, Dobritzsch D, Freisinger E. The major function of a metallothionein from the aquatic fungus Heliscus lugdunensis is cadmium detoxification. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 127:253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
All living organisms require nutrient minerals for growth and have developed mechanisms to acquire, utilize, and store nutrient minerals effectively. In the aqueous cellular environment, these elements exist as charged ions that, together with protons and hydroxide ions, facilitate biochemical reactions and establish the electrochemical gradients across membranes that drive cellular processes such as transport and ATP synthesis. Metal ions serve as essential enzyme cofactors and perform both structural and signaling roles within cells. However, because these ions can also be toxic, cells have developed sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms to regulate their levels and avoid toxicity. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have characterized many of the gene products and processes responsible for acquiring, utilizing, storing, and regulating levels of these ions. Findings in this model organism have often allowed the corresponding machinery in humans to be identified and have provided insights into diseases that result from defects in ion homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how cation balance is achieved and modulated in baker's yeast. Control of intracellular pH is discussed, as well as uptake, storage, and efflux mechanisms for the alkali metal cations, Na(+) and K(+), the divalent cations, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), and the trace metal ions, Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Mn(2+). Signal transduction pathways that are regulated by pH and Ca(2+) are reviewed, as well as the mechanisms that allow cells to maintain appropriate intracellular cation concentrations when challenged by extreme conditions, i.e., either limited availability or toxic levels in the environment.
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35
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Ding C, Festa RA, Chen YL, Espart A, Palacios Ò, Espín J, Capdevila M, Atrian S, Heitman J, Thiele DJ. Cryptococcus neoformans copper detoxification machinery is critical for fungal virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:265-76. [PMID: 23498952 PMCID: PMC3668348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal that is toxic at high concentrations. Thus, pathogens often rely on host Cu for growth, but host cells can hyperaccumulate Cu to exert antimicrobial effects. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans encodes many Cu-responsive genes, but their role in infection is unclear. We determined that pulmonary C. neoformans infection results in Cu-specific induction of genes encoding the Cu-detoxifying metallothionein (Cmt) proteins. Mutant strains lacking CMTs or expressing Cmt variants defective in Cu-coordination exhibit severely attenuated virulence and reduced pulmonary colonization. Consistent with the upregulation of Cmt proteins, C. neoformans pulmonary infection results in increased serum Cu concentrations and increases and decreases alveolar macrophage expression of the Cu importer (Ctr1) and ATP7A, a transporter implicated in phagosomal Cu compartmentalization, respectively. These studies indicate that the host mobilizes Cu as an innate antifungal defense but C. neoformans senses and neutralizes toxic Cu to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Richard A. Festa
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Anna Espart
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Òscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Espín
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mercè Capdevila
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sílvia Atrian
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Dennis J. Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
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36
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Shen MWY, Fang F, Sandmeyer S, Da Silva NA. Development and characterization of a vector set with regulated promoters for systematic metabolic engineering inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2012; 29:495-503. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Y. Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; CA; 92697; USA
| | | | - Suzanne Sandmeyer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine; University of California, Irvine; CA; 92697; USA
| | - Nancy A. Da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; CA; 92697; USA
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37
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Bi WX, Kong F, Hu XY, Cui X. Role of glutathione in detoxification of copper and cadmium by yeast cells having different abilities to express cup1 protein. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 17:371-8. [PMID: 20020960 DOI: 10.1080/15376510601091392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although copper is an essential metal and cadmium is an environmental pollutant, both are toxic when present in excess. Metallothionein and glutathione are two of the key components that participate in detoxification of copper and cadmium. In the present study the role of glutathione in resistance to copper and cadmium was investigated with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast cells used in this study have different abilities to produce glutathione and Cup1 protein, the yeast metallothionein homolog encoded by CUP1 gene. It was demonstrated that Cup1 protein plays a dominant role in buffering excess copper, and yeast does not depend on glutathione to reduce copper toxicity whether it possesses single or multiple copies of CUP1. In fact, excess copper can cause glutathione oxidation and depletion and damage the glutathione system. On the other hand, it was indicated that Cup1 protein is an important cadmium-detoxifying component, and the glutathione system can positively respond to cadmium. In yeast containing single or multiple copies of CUP1, glutathione is an indispensable line of defense against cadmium. Yeast having glutathione and no Cup1 protein is not able to grow in medium containing excess copper, but can tolerate higher concentrations of cadmium. In addition, it was found that yeast, independent of glutathione, can efficiently remove excess copper, whereas it cannot promptly eliminate accumulated cadmium regardless of having glutathione or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- W X Bi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
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38
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Light-mediated control of DNA transcription in yeast. Methods 2012; 58:385-91. [PMID: 22922268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of methods exist for inducible control of DNA transcription in yeast. These include the use of native yeast promoters or regulatory elements that are responsive to small molecules such as galactose, methionine, and copper, or engineered systems that allow regulation by orthogonal small molecules such as estrogen. While chemically regulated systems are easy to use and can yield high levels of protein expression, they often provide imprecise control over protein levels. Moreover, chemically regulated systems can affect many other proteins and pathways in yeast, activating signaling pathways or physiological responses. Here, we describe several methods for light mediated control of DNA transcription in vivo in yeast. We describe methodology for using a red light and phytochrome dependent system to induce transcription of genes under GAL1 promoter control, as well as blue light/cryptochrome dependent systems to control transcription of genes under GAL1 promoter or LexA operator control. Light is dose dependent, inexpensive to apply, easily delivered, and does not interfere with cellular pathways, and thus has significant advantages over chemical systems.
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39
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Chromatin repositioning activity and transcription machinery are both recruited by Ace1p in yeast CUP1 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:658-63. [PMID: 22609398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship among transcriptional activators, nucleosome repositioning activity and transcription machinery at the yeast CUP1 gene was addressed. CUP1 encodes a cysteine-rich, copper-binding metallothionein that protects cells against copper toxicity through its ability to sequester copper. The induction of CUP1 requires the presence of Ace1p and the binding of Ace1p at the CUP1 promoter during activation provides evidence that Ace1p is directly involved in CUP1 induction. Furthermore, transcriptional activation of CUP1 resulted in nucleosome repositioning at the CUP1 promoter and sequences further downstream in the coding region, suggesting a gene-wide chromatin remodeling activity. Such remodeling activity depends on the presence of transcription activator Ace1p. The recruitment of RNA polymerase II also requires the presence of Ace1p. Therefore, these observations provide insight into the molecular mechanism of CUP1 activation.
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40
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Kommuguri UN, Bodiga S, Sankuru S, Bodiga VL. Copper deprivation modulates CTR1 and CUP1 expression and enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26:13-9. [PMID: 22365074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been established as a model system for cancer studies, due to the widely conserved family of genes involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation and apoptosis. In the current study, we sought to determine whether copper deprivation modulates sensitivity of yeast to cisplatin. Yeast cultures grown in low copper medium and exposed to bathocuproiene disulfate (BCS) resulted in significant reduction of intracellular copper. We report here that low copper medium rendered BY4741 hypersensitive to cisplatin (CDDP). Yeast grown in low copper medium exhibited ∼2.0 fold enhanced cytotoxicity in survival and colony-forming ability, compared to copper adequate control cells grown in YPD. The effect of copper restriction on CDDP sensitivity appeared to be associated with the up regulation of CTR1, facilitating enhanced uptake and accumulation of CDDP. Also, CDDP further lowered copper deprivation-induced changes in CUP1 metallothionein levels, SOD activity and GSH levels. These changes were associated with increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by CDDP. These results thus suggest that cisplatin cytotoxicity is potentiated under low copper conditions due to enhanced uptake and accumulation of cisplatin and also in part due to lowered antioxidant defense and increased oxidative stress imposed by copper deprivation.
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41
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Ding C, Yin J, Tovar EMM, Fitzpatrick DA, Higgins DG, Thiele DJ. The copper regulon of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans H99. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1560-76. [PMID: 21819456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen that is the causative agent of cryptococcosis and fatal meningitis in immuno-compromised hosts. Recent studies suggest that copper (Cu) acquisition plays an important role in C. neoformans virulence, as mutants that lack Cuf1, which activates the Ctr4 high affinity Cu importer, are hypo-virulent in mouse models. To understand the constellation of Cu-responsive genes in C. neoformans and how their expression might contribute to virulence, we determined the transcript profile of C. neoformans in response to elevated Cu or Cu deficiency. We identified two metallothionein genes (CMT1 and CMT2), encoding cysteine-rich Cu binding and detoxifying proteins, whose expression is dramatically elevated in response to excess Cu. We identified a new C. neoformans Cu transporter, CnCtr1, that is induced by Cu deficiency and is distinct from CnCtr4 and which shows significant phylogenetic relationship to Ctr1 from other fungi. Surprisingly, in contrast to other fungi, we found that induction of both CnCTR1 and CnCTR4 expression under Cu limitation, and CMT1 and CMT2 in response to Cu excess, are dependent on the CnCuf1 Cu metalloregulatory transcription factor. These studies set the stage for the evaluation of the specific Cuf1 target genes required for virulence in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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42
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Höckner M, Dallinger R, Stürzenbaum SR. Nematode and snail metallothioneins. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:1057-65. [PMID: 21822727 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metallobiologists have, at large, neglected soil dwelling invertebrates; exceptions are the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) and snails (Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus). This review aims to compare and contrast the molecular, protein and cellular mechanisms of the multifunctional nematode and snail metallothioneins (MTs). The C. elegans genome contains two MT genes, mtl-1, which is constitutively expressed in the pharynx and likely to act as an essential and/or toxic metal sensor, and mtl-2, which plays a negligible role under normal physiological conditions but is strongly induced (as mtl-1) in intestinal cells upon metal exposure. It has been possible to follow the intricate phenotypic responses upon the knockdown/knockout of single and multiple MT isoforms and we have started to decipher the multifunctional role of C. elegans MTs. The snails have contributed to our understanding regarding MT evolution and diversity, structure and metal-specific functionality. The H. pomatia and C. aspersus genomes contain at least three MT isoform genes. CdMT is responsible for cadmium detoxification, CuMT is involved in copper homeostasis and Cd/CuMT is a putative ancestral MT possibly only of minor importance in metal metabolism. Further investigations of nematode, snail and other invertebrate MTs will allow the development of alternative biomarker approaches and lead to an improved understanding of metallobiology, protein evolution and toxicogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Höckner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Mizutani K, Yoshioka S, Mizutani Y, Iwata S, Mikami B. High-throughput construction of expression system using yeast Pichia pastoris, and its application to membrane proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 77:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of small cysteine rich proteins, which since their discovery in 1957, have been implicated in a range of roles including toxic metal detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, and as a metallochaperone involved in the homeostasis of both zinc and copper. The most well studied member of the family is the mammalian metallothionein, which consists of two domains: a β-domain with 9 cysteine residues, which sequesters 3 Cd(2+) or Zn(2+) or 6 Cu(+) ions, and an α-domain with 11 cysteine residues and, which sequesters 4 Cd(2+) or Zn(2+) or 6 Cu(+) ions. Despite over half a century of research, the exact functions of MT are still unknown. Much of current research aims to elucidate the mechanism of metal binding, as well as to isolate intermediates in metal exchange reactions; reactions necessary to maintain homeostatic equilibrium. These studies further our understanding of the role(s) of this remarkable and ubiquitous protein. Recently, supermetallated forms of the protein, where supermetallation describes metallation in excess of traditional levels, have been reported. These species may potentially be the metal exchange intermediates necessary to maintain homeostatic equilibrium. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the mechanistic properties of metal binding, the implications for the metal induced protein folding reactions proposed for metallothionein metallation, the value of "magic numbers", which we informally define as the commonly determined metal-to-protein stoichiometric ratios and the significance of the new supermetallated states of the protein and the possible interpretation of the structural properties of this new metallation status. Together we provide a commentary on current experimental and theoretical advances and frame our consideration in terms of the possible functions of MT.
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Palacios O, Pagani A, Pérez-Rafael S, Egg M, Höckner M, Brandstätter A, Capdevila M, Atrian S, Dallinger R. Shaping mechanisms of metal specificity in a family of metazoan metallothioneins: evolutionary differentiation of mollusc metallothioneins. BMC Biol 2011; 9:4. [PMID: 21255385 PMCID: PMC3033865 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The degree of metal binding specificity in metalloproteins such as metallothioneins (MTs) can be crucial for their functional accuracy. Unlike most other animal species, pulmonate molluscs possess homometallic MT isoforms loaded with Cu+ or Cd2+. They have, so far, been obtained as native metal-MT complexes from snail tissues, where they are involved in the metabolism of the metal ion species bound to the respective isoform. However, it has not as yet been discerned if their specific metal occupation is the result of a rigid control of metal availability, or isoform expression programming in the hosting tissues or of structural differences of the respective peptides determining the coordinative options for the different metal ions. In this study, the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) Cu-loaded and Cd-loaded isoforms (HpCuMT and HpCdMT) were used as model molecules in order to elucidate the biochemical and evolutionary mechanisms permitting pulmonate MTs to achieve specificity for their cognate metal ion. Results HpCuMT and HpCdMT were recombinantly synthesized in the presence of Cd2+, Zn2+ or Cu2+ and corresponding metal complexes analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) and ultra violet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Both MT isoforms were only able to form unique, homometallic and stable complexes (Cd6-HpCdMT and Cu12-HpCuMT) with their cognate metal ions. Yeast complementation assays demonstrated that the two isoforms assumed metal-specific functions, in agreement with their binding preferences, in heterologous eukaryotic environments. In the snail organism, the functional metal specificity of HpCdMT and HpCuMT was contributed by metal-specific transcription programming and cell-specific expression. Sequence elucidation and phylogenetic analysis of MT isoforms from a number of snail species revealed that they possess an unspecific and two metal-specific MT isoforms, whose metal specificity was achieved exclusively by evolutionary modulation of non-cysteine amino acid positions. Conclusion The Roman snail HpCdMT and HpCuMT isoforms can thus be regarded as prototypes of isoform families that evolved genuine metal-specificity within pulmonate molluscs. Diversification into these isoforms may have been initiated by gene duplication, followed by speciation and selection towards opposite needs for protecting copper-dominated metabolic pathways from nonessential cadmium. The mechanisms enabling these proteins to be metal-specific could also be relevant for other metalloproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Palacios
- Departamento Química, Faculty Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Reid RJD, González-Barrera S, Sunjevaric I, Alvaro D, Ciccone S, Wagner M, Rothstein R. Selective ploidy ablation, a high-throughput plasmid transfer protocol, identifies new genes affecting topoisomerase I-induced DNA damage. Genome Res 2010; 21:477-86. [PMID: 21173034 DOI: 10.1101/gr.109033.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have streamlined the process of transferring plasmids into any yeast strain library by developing a novel mating-based, high-throughput method called selective ploidy ablation (SPA). SPA uses a universal plasmid donor strain that contains conditional centromeres on every chromosome. The plasmid-bearing donor is mated to a recipient, followed by removal of all donor-strain chromosomes, producing a haploid strain containing the transferred plasmid. As proof of principle, we used SPA to transfer plasmids containing wild-type and mutant alleles of DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1) into the haploid yeast gene-disruption library. Overexpression of Top1 identified only one sensitive mutation, rpa34, while overexpression of top1-T(722)A allele, a camptothecin mimetic, identified 190 sensitive gene-disruption strains along with rpa34. In addition to known camptothecin-sensitive strains, this set contained mutations in genes involved in the Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex, the kinetochore, and vesicle trafficking. We further show that mutations in several ESCRT vesicle trafficking components increase Top1 levels, which is dependent on SUMO modification. These findings demonstrate the utility of the SPA technique to introduce plasmids into the haploid gene-disruption library to discover new interacting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J D Reid
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Genetics & Development, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bolchi A, Ruotolo R, Marchini G, Vurro E, di Toppi LS, Kohler A, Tisserant E, Martin F, Ottonello S. Genome-wide inventory of metal homeostasis-related gene products including a functional phytochelatin synthase in the hypogeous mycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 48:573-84. [PMID: 21094264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are thought to enhance mineral nutrition of their host plants and to confer increased tolerance toward toxic metals. However, a global view of metal homeostasis-related genes and pathways in these organisms is still lacking. Building upon the genome sequence of Tuber melanosporum and on transcriptome analyses, we set out to systematically identify metal homeostasis-related genes in this plant-symbiotic ascomycete. Candidate gene products (101) were subdivided into three major functional classes: (i) metal transport (58); (ii) oxidative stress defence (32); (iii) metal detoxification (11). The latter class includes a small-size metallothionein (TmelMT) that was functionally validated in yeast, and phytochelatin synthase (TmelPCS), the first enzyme of this kind to be described in filamentous ascomycetes. Recombinant TmelPCS was shown to support GSH-dependent, metal-activated phytochelatin synthesis in vitro and to afford increased Cd/Cu tolerance to metal hypersensitive yeast strains. Metal transporters, especially those related to Cu and Zn trafficking, displayed the highest expression levels in mycorrhizae, suggesting extensive translocation of both metals to root cells as well as to fungal metalloenzymes (e.g., laccase) that are strongly upregulated in symbiotic hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Bolchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Functional Biology, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Grill E, Winnacker EL, Zenk MH. Phytochelatins, a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plants, are functionally analogous to metallothioneins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 84:439-43. [PMID: 16593801 PMCID: PMC304223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.2.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins are a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides previously isolated from cell suspension cultures of several dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. These peptides consist of repetitive gamma-glutamylcysteine units with a carboxyl-terminal glycine and range from 5 to 17 amino acids in length. In the present paper we show that all plants tested synthesized phytochelatins upon exposure to heavy metal ions. No evidence for the occurrence of metallothionein-like proteins was found. All data so far obtained indicate that phytochelatins are involved in detoxification and homeostasis of heavy metals in plants and thus serve functions analogous to those of metallothioneins in animals and some fungi. Phytochelatins are induced by a wide range of metal anions and cations. Phytochelatin synthesis in suspension cultures was inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (EC 6.3.2.2). This finding and kinetic studies of phytochelatin induction point to a synthesis from glutathione or its precursor, gamma-glutamylcysteine, in a sequential manner, thereby generating the set of homologous peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität München, D-8000 München 2, Federal Republic of Germany
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Zhang Z, Scharer J, Moo-Young M. Protein production using recombinant yeast in an immobilized-cell-film airlift bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 55:241-51. [PMID: 18636482 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970720)55:2<241::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae C468/pGAC9 (ATCC 20690), which expresses Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase gene under the control of the yeast enolase I (ENO1) promoter and secretes glucoamylase into the extracellular medium, was used as a model system to investigate the effect of cell immobilization on bioreactor culture performance. Free suspension cultures in stirred-tank and airlift bioreactors confirmed inherent genetic instability of the recombinant yeast. An immobilized-cell-film airlift bioreactor was developed by employing cotton cloth sheets to immobilize the yeast cells by attachment. Enhanced enzyme productivity and production stability in the immobilized-cell system were observed. Experimental data indicated that the immobilized cells maintained a higher proportion of plasmid-bearing cells for longer periods under continuous operation. The higher plasmid maintenance with immobilized cells is possibly due to reduced specific growth rate and increased plasmid copy number. Double-selection pressure was used to select and maintain the recombinant yeast. The selected strain showed better production performance than the original strain. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 241-251, 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Struthers MS, Shanks SG, MacDonald C, Carpp LN, Drozdowska AM, Kioumourtzoglou D, Furgason MLM, Munson M, Bryant NJ. Functional homology of mammalian syntaxin 16 and yeast Tlg2p reveals a conserved regulatory mechanism. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2292-9. [PMID: 19509055 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion in all eukaryotic cells is regulated by the formation of specific SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complexes. The molecular mechanisms that control this process are conserved through evolution and require several protein families, including Sec1p/Munc18 (SM) proteins. Here, we demonstrate that the mammalian SNARE protein syntaxin 16 (Sx16, also known as Syn16) is a functional homologue of the yeast SNARE Tlg2p, in that its expression fully complements the mutant phenotypes of tlg2Delta mutant yeast. We have used this functional homology to demonstrate that, as observed for Tlg2p, the function of Sx16 is regulated by the SM protein Vps45p. Furthermore, in vitro SNARE-complex assembly studies demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of Tlg2p is inhibitory to the formation of SNARE complexes, and that this inhibition can be lifted by the addition of purified Vps45p. By combining these cell-biological and biochemical analyses, we propose an evolutionarily conserved regulatory mechanism for Vps45p function. Our data support a model in which the SM protein is required to facilitate a switch of Tlg2p and Sx16 from a closed to an open conformation, thus allowing SNARE-complex assembly and membrane fusion to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion S Struthers
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Davidson Building, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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