1
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Miller CL, Sun D, Thornton LH, McGuigan K. The Contribution of Mutation to Variation in Temperature-Dependent Sprint Speed in Zebrafish, Danio rerio. Am Nat 2023; 202:519-533. [PMID: 37792923 DOI: 10.1086/726011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe contribution of new mutations to phenotypic variation and the consequences of this variation for individual fitness are fundamental concepts for understanding genetic variation and adaptation. Here, we investigated how mutation influenced variation in a complex trait in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Typical of many ecologically relevant traits in ectotherms, swimming speed in fish is temperature dependent, with evidence of adaptive evolution of thermal performance. We chemically induced novel germline point mutations in males and measured sprint speed in their sons at six temperatures (between 16°C and 34°C). Heterozygous mutational effects on speed were strongly positively correlated among temperatures, resulting in statistical support for only a single axis of mutational variation, reflecting temperature-independent variation in speed (faster-slower mode). These results suggest pleiotropic effects on speed across different temperatures; however, spurious correlations arise via linkage or heterogeneity in mutation number when mutations have consistent directional effects on each trait. Here, mutation did not change mean speed, indicating no directional bias in mutational effects. The results contribute to emerging evidence that mutations may predominantly have synergistic cross-environment effects, in contrast to conditionally neutral or antagonistic effects that underpin thermal adaptation. We discuss several aspects of experimental design that may affect resolution of mutations with nonsynergistic effects.
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2
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Richardson C, Kelsh RN, J. Richardson R. New advances in CRISPR/Cas-mediated precise gene-editing techniques. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049874. [PMID: 36847161 PMCID: PMC10003097 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing has become a powerful tool for generating mutations in a variety of model organisms, from Escherichia coli to zebrafish, rodents and large mammals. CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing effectively generates insertions or deletions (indels), which allow for rapid gene disruption. However, a large proportion of human genetic diseases are caused by single-base-pair substitutions, which result in more subtle alterations to protein function, and which require more complex and precise editing to recreate in model systems. Precise genome editing (PGE) methods, however, typically have efficiencies of less than a tenth of those that generate less-specific indels, and so there has been a great deal of effort to improve PGE efficiency. Such optimisations include optimal guide RNA and mutation-bearing donor DNA template design, modulation of DNA repair pathways that underpin how edits result from Cas-induced cuts, and the development of Cas9 fusion proteins that introduce edits via alternative mechanisms. In this Review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in optimising PGE methods and their potential for generating models of human genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Rebecca J. Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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3
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Nath P, Maiti D. A review of the mutagenic potential of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) to induce hematological malignancies. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23067. [PMID: 35393684 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to summarize the existing literature on the mutagenicity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in inducing hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. Blood or hematological malignancies are the most common malignant disorders seen in people of all age groups. Driven by a number of genetic alterations, leukemia rule out the normal proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) and severely affects blood functions. Out of all hematological malignancies, AML is the most aggressive type, with a high incidence and mortality rate. AML is found as either de novo or secondary therapeutic AML (t-AML). t-AML is a serious adverse consequence of alkylator chemotherapy to the cancer patient and alone constitutes about 10%-20% of all reported AML cases. Cancer patients who received alkylator chemotherapy are at an elevated risk of developing t-AML. ENU has a long history of use as a potent carcinogen that induces blood malignancies in mice and rats that are pathologically similar to human AML and t-AML. ENU, once entered into the body, circulates all over the body tissues and reaches BM. It creates an overall state of suppression within the BM by damaging the marrow cells, alkylating the DNA, and forming DNA adducts within the early and late hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The BM holds a weak DNA repair mechanism due to low alkyltransferase, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) enzyme content often fails to obliterate those adducts, acting as a catalyst to bring genetic abnormalities, including point gene mutations as well as chromosomal alterations, for example, translocation and inversion. Taking advantage of ENU-induced immune-suppressed state and weak immune surveillance, these mutations remain viable and slowly give rise to transformed HSCs. This review also highlights the carcinogenic nature of ENU and the complex relation between the ENU's overall toxicity in the induction of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatosh Nath
- Immunology Microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Debasish Maiti
- Immunology Microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
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4
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Mei X, Singson AW. The molecular underpinnings of fertility: Genetic approaches in Caenorhabditis elegans. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 2:e10034. [PMID: 34322672 PMCID: PMC8315475 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of mutations that impact fertility has a catch-22. Fertility mutants are often lost since they cannot simply be propagated and maintained. This has hindered progress in understanding the genetics of fertility. In mice, several molecules are found to be required for the interactions between the sperm and egg, with JUNO and IZUMO1 being the only known receptor pair on the egg and sperm surface, respectively. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a total of 12 proteins on the sperm or oocyte have been identified to mediate gamete interactions. Majority of these genes were identified through mutants isolated from genetic screens. In this review, we summarize the several key screening strategies that led to the identification of fertility mutants in C. elegans and provide a perspective about future research using genetic approaches. Recently, advancements in new technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and Crispr-based genome editing tools have accelerated the molecular, cell biological, and mechanistic analysis of fertility genes. We review how these valuable tools advance our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of fertilization. We draw parallels of the molecular mechanisms of fertilization between worms and mammals and argue that our work in C. elegans complements fertility research in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei
- Department of GeneticsWaksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Andrew W. Singson
- Department of GeneticsWaksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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5
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Enikanolaiye A, Ruston J, Zeng R, Taylor C, Schrock M, Buchovecky CM, Shendure J, Acar E, Justice MJ. Suppressor mutations in Mecp2-null mice implicate the DNA damage response in Rett syndrome pathology. Genome Res 2020; 30:540-552. [PMID: 32317254 PMCID: PMC7197480 DOI: 10.1101/gr.258400.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause Rett syndrome (RTT). To identify functional pathways that could inform therapeutic entry points, we carried out a genetic screen for secondary mutations that improved phenotypes in Mecp2/Y mice after mutagenesis with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Here, we report the isolation of 106 founder animals that show suppression of Mecp2-null traits from screening 3177 Mecp2/Y genomes. Whole-exome sequencing, genetic crosses, and association analysis identified 22 candidate genes. Additional lesions in these candidate genes or pathway components associate variant alleles with phenotypic improvement in 30 lines. A network analysis shows that 63% of the genes cluster into the functional categories of transcriptional repression, chromatin modification, or DNA repair, delineating a pathway relationship with MECP2. Many mutations lie in genes that modulate synaptic signaling or lipid homeostasis. Mutations in genes that function in the DNA damage response (DDR) also improve phenotypes in Mecp2/Y mice. Association analysis was successful in resolving combinatorial effects of multiple loci. One line, which carries a suppressor mutation in a gene required for cholesterol synthesis, Sqle, carries a second mutation in retinoblastoma binding protein 8, endonuclease (Rbbp8, also known as CtIP), which regulates a DDR choice in double-stranded break (DSB) repair. Cells from Mecp2/Y mice have increased DSBs, so this finding suggests that the balance between homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining is important for neuronal cells. In this and other lines, two suppressor mutations confer greater improvement than one alone, suggesting that combination therapies could be effective in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola Enikanolaiye
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Ruston
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rong Zeng
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christine Taylor
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marijke Schrock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Christie M Buchovecky
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Elif Acar
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Monica J Justice
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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FUNATO H. Forward genetic approach for behavioral neuroscience using animal models. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:10-31. [PMID: 31932526 PMCID: PMC6974404 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forward genetics is a powerful approach to understand the molecular basis of animal behaviors. Fruit flies were the first animal to which this genetic approach was applied systematically and have provided major discoveries on behaviors including sexual, learning, circadian, and sleep-like behaviors. The development of different classes of model organism such as nematodes, zebrafish, and mice has enabled genetic research to be conducted using more-suitable organisms. The unprecedented success of forward genetic approaches was the identification of the transcription-translation negative feedback loop composed of clock genes as a fundamental and conserved mechanism of circadian rhythm. This approach has now expanded to sleep/wakefulness in mice. A conventional strategy such as dominant and recessive screenings can be modified with advances in DNA sequencing and genome editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa FUNATO
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Qiu B, Ruston J, Granzier H, Justice MJ, Dowling JJ. Failure to identify modifiers of NEBULIN-related nemaline myopathy in two pre-clinical models of the disease. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.044867. [PMID: 31530540 PMCID: PMC6777365 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nemaline myopathy is a rare neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 50,000 live births, with prevalence as high as 1 in 20,000 in certain populations. 13 genes have been linked to nemaline myopathy (NM), all of which are associated with the thin filament of the muscle sarcomere. Of the 13 associated genes, mutations in NEBULIN (NEB) accounts for up to 50% of all cases. Currently, the disease is incompletely understood and there are no available therapeutics for patients. To address this urgent need for effective treatments for patients affected by NM, we conducted a large scale chemical screen in a zebrafish model of NEB-related NM and an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-based genetic screen in a mouse model of NEB exon 55 deletion, the most common NEB mutation in NM patients. Neither screen was able to identify a candidate for therapy development, highlighting the need to transition from conventional chemical therapeutics to gene-based therapies for the treatment of NM. Summary: NEBULIN-related nemaline myopathy currently has no treatment. We attempted to uncover new avenues for therapy by performing modifier screens, which unfortunately failed to identify modifiers that improved disease relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Qiu
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Julie Ruston
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Henk Granzier
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Monica J Justice
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James J Dowling
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Efficient genome-wide first-generation phenotypic screening system in mice using the piggyBac transposon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18507-18516. [PMID: 31451639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906354116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide phenotypic screens provide an unbiased way to identify genes involved in particular biological traits, and have been widely used in lower model organisms. However, cost and time have limited the utility of such screens to address biological and disease questions in mammals. Here we report a highly efficient piggyBac (PB) transposon-based first-generation (F1) dominant screening system in mice that enables an individual investigator to conduct a genome-wide phenotypic screen within a year with fewer than 300 cages. The PB screening system uses visually trackable transposons to induce both gain- and loss-of-function mutations and generates genome-wide distributed new insertions in more than 55% of F1 progeny. Using this system, we successfully conducted a pilot F1 screen and identified 5 growth retardation mutations. One of these mutants, a Six1/4 PB/+ mutant, revealed a role in milk intake behavior. The mutant animals exhibit abnormalities in nipple recognition and milk ingestion, as well as developmental defects in cranial nerves V, IX, and X. This PB F1 screening system offers individual laboratories unprecedented opportunities to conduct affordable genome-wide phenotypic screens for deciphering the genetic basis of mammalian biology and disease pathogenesis.
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9
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Chen G, Wen H, Mao Z, Song J, Jiang H, Wang W, Yang Y, Miao Y, Wang C, Huang Z, Wang X. Assessment of the Pig-a, micronucleus, and comet assay endpoints in rats treated by acute or repeated dosing protocols with procarbazine hydrochloride and ethyl carbamate. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:56-71. [PMID: 30240497 DOI: 10.1002/em.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The utility and sensitivity of the newly developed flow cytometric Pig-a gene mutation assay have become a great concern recently. In this study, we have examined the feasibility of integrating the Pig-a assay as well as micronucleus and Comet endpoints into acute and subchronic general toxicology studies. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 3 or 28 consecutive days by oral gavage with procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ) or ethyl carbamate (EC) up to the maximum tolerated dose. The induction of CD59-negative reticulocytes and erythrocytes, micronucleated reticulocytes in peripheral blood, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow, and Comet responses in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and lung were evaluated at one, two, or more timepoints. Both PCZ and EC produced positive responses at most analyzed timepoints in all tissue types, both with the 3-day and 28-day treatment regimens. Furthermore, comparison of the magnitude of the genotoxicity responses indicated that the micronucleus and Comet endpoints generally produced greater responses with the higher dose, short-term treatments in the 3-day study, while the Pig-a assay responded better to the cumulative effects of the lower dose, but repeated subchronic dosing in the 28-day study. Collectively, these results indicate that integration of several in vivo genotoxicity endpoints into a single routine toxicology study is feasible and that the Pig-a assay may be particularly suitable for integration into subchronic dose studies based on its ability to accumulate the mutations that result from repeated treatments. This characteristic may be especially important for assaying lower doses of relatively weak genotoxicants. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:56-71, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufa Miao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Jain D, Puno MR, Meydan C, Lailler N, Mason CE, Lima CD, Anderson KV, Keeney S. ketu mutant mice uncover an essential meiotic function for the ancient RNA helicase YTHDC2. eLife 2018; 7:30919. [PMID: 29360036 PMCID: PMC5832417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating mammalian meiotic progression are poorly understood. Here we identify mouse YTHDC2 as a critical component. A screen yielded a sterile mutant, ‘ketu’, caused by a Ythdc2 missense mutation. Mutant germ cells enter meiosis but proceed prematurely to aberrant metaphase and apoptosis, and display defects in transitioning from spermatogonial to meiotic gene expression programs. ketu phenocopies mutants lacking MEIOC, a YTHDC2 partner. Consistent with roles in post-transcriptional regulation, YTHDC2 is cytoplasmic, has 3′→5′ RNA helicase activity in vitro, and has similarity within its YTH domain to an N6-methyladenosine recognition pocket. Orthologs are present throughout metazoans, but are diverged in nematodes and, more dramatically, Drosophilidae, where Bgcn is descended from a Ythdc2 gene duplication. We also uncover similarity between MEIOC and Bam, a Bgcn partner unique to schizophoran flies. We propose that regulation of gene expression by YTHDC2-MEIOC is an evolutionarily ancient strategy for controlling the germline transition into meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Jain
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - M Rhyan Puno
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Nathalie Lailler
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Christopher D Lima
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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11
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McGuigan K, Aw E. How does mutation affect the distribution of phenotypes? Evolution 2017; 71:2445-2456. [PMID: 28884791 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential for mutational processes to influence patterns of neutral or adaptive phenotypic evolution is not well understood. If mutations are directionally biased, shifting trait means in a particular direction, or if mutation generates more variance in some directions of multivariate trait space than others, mutation itself might be a source of bias in phenotypic evolution. Here, we use mutagenesis to investigate the affect of mutation on trait mean and (co)variances in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Mutation altered the relationship between age and both prolonged swimming speed and body shape. These observations suggest that mutational effects on ontogeny or aging have the potential to generate variance across the phenome. Mutations had a far greater effect in males than females, although whether this is a reflection of sex-specific ontogeny or aging remains to be determined. In males, mutations generated positive covariance between swimming speed, size, and body shape suggesting the potential for mutation to affect the evolutionary covariation of these traits. Overall, our observations suggest that mutation does not generate equal variance in all directions of phenotypic space or in each sex, and that pervasive variation in ontogeny or aging within a cohort could affect the variation available to evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Ernest Aw
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072
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12
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Jain D, Meydan C, Lange J, Claeys Bouuaert C, Lailler N, Mason CE, Anderson KV, Keeney S. rahu is a mutant allele of Dnmt3c, encoding a DNA methyltransferase homolog required for meiosis and transposon repression in the mouse male germline. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006964. [PMID: 28854222 PMCID: PMC5607212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing by heritable cytosine-5 methylation is an ancient strategy to repress transposable elements. It was previously thought that mammals possess four DNA methyltransferase paralogs—Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b and Dnmt3l—that establish and maintain cytosine-5 methylation. Here we identify a fifth paralog, Dnmt3c, that is essential for retrotransposon methylation and repression in the mouse male germline. From a phenotype-based forward genetics screen, we isolated a mutant mouse called ‘rahu’, which displays severe defects in double-strand-break repair and homologous chromosome synapsis during male meiosis, resulting in sterility. rahu is an allele of a transcription unit (Gm14490, renamed Dnmt3c) that was previously mis-annotated as a Dnmt3-family pseudogene. Dnmt3c encodes a cytosine methyltransferase homolog, and Dnmt3crahu mutants harbor a non-synonymous mutation of a conserved residue within one of its cytosine methyltransferase motifs, similar to a mutation in human DNMT3B observed in patients with immunodeficiency, centromeric instability and facial anomalies syndrome. The rahu mutation lies at a potential dimerization interface and near the potential DNA binding interface, suggesting that it compromises protein-protein and/or protein-DNA interactions required for normal DNMT3C function. Dnmt3crahu mutant males fail to establish normal methylation within LINE and LTR retrotransposon sequences in the germline and accumulate higher levels of transposon-derived transcripts and proteins, particularly from distinct L1 and ERVK retrotransposon families. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Dnmt3c arose during rodent evolution by tandem duplication of Dnmt3b, after the divergence of the Dipodoidea and Muroidea superfamilies. These findings provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics and functional specialization of the transposon suppression machinery critical for mammalian sexual reproduction and epigenetic regulation. Half of human genomes are made up of transposons, which are mobile genetic elements that pose a constant threat to genome stability. As a defense strategy, transposons are methylated to prevent their expression and restrain their mobility. We have generated a mutant mouse, called ‘rahu’, that fails to methylate transposons in germ cells, suffers an increase in transposon expression and is sterile. rahu mice carry a mutation in a new gene, Dnmt3c, which appeared during rodent evolution through gene duplication 45–55 million years ago and is an essential component of the germline defense system against transposons in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Jain
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJ); (SK)
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Corentin Claeys Bouuaert
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Lailler
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn V. Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJ); (SK)
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13
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Hai T, Cao C, Shang H, Guo W, Mu Y, Yang S, Zhang Y, Zheng Q, Zhang T, Wang X, Liu Y, Kong Q, Li K, Wang D, Qi M, Hong Q, Zhang R, Wang X, Jia Q, Wang X, Qin G, Li Y, Luo A, Jin W, Yao J, Huang J, Zhang H, Li M, Xie X, Zheng X, Guo K, Wang Q, Zhang S, Li L, Xie F, Zhang Y, Weng X, Yin Z, Hu K, Cong Y, Zheng P, Zou H, Xin L, Xia J, Ruan J, Li H, Zhao W, Yuan J, Liu Z, Gu W, Li M, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang S, Liu Z, Wei H, Zhao J, Zhou Q, Meng A. Pilot study of large-scale production of mutant pigs by ENU mutagenesis. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28639938 PMCID: PMC5505698 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis is a powerful tool to generate mutants on a large scale efficiently, and to discover genes with novel functions at the whole-genome level in Caenorhabditis elegans, flies, zebrafish and mice, but it has never been tried in large model animals. We describe a successful systematic three-generation ENU mutagenesis screening in pigs with the establishment of the Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium. A total of 6,770 G1 and 6,800 G3 pigs were screened, 36 dominant and 91 recessive novel pig families with various phenotypes were established. The causative mutations in 10 mutant families were further mapped. As examples, the mutation of SOX10 (R109W) in pig causes inner ear malfunctions and mimics human Mondini dysplasia, and upregulated expression of FBXO32 is associated with congenital splay legs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of artificial random mutagenesis in pigs and opens an avenue for generating a reservoir of mutants for agricultural production and biomedical research. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26248.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Shang
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanshuang Mu
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qiantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingran Kong
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Kui Li
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qianlong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xiupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qitao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Kenan Guo
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shibin Zhang
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Yin
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Kui Hu
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Yimei Cong
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Zou
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Leilei Xin
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihan Xia
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hegang Li
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zizhan Liu
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Working Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Anming Meng
- Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium Guide Group, Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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14
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Conway AJ, Brown FC, Fullinfaw RO, Kile BT, Jane SM, Curtis DJ. A mouse model of hereditary coproporphyria identified in an ENU mutagenesis screen. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1005-1013. [PMID: 28600349 PMCID: PMC5560062 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen in mice was performed to identify novel regulators of erythropoiesis. Here, we describe a mouse line, RBC16, which harbours a dominantly inherited mutation in the Cpox gene, responsible for production of the haem biosynthesis enzyme, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPOX). A premature stop codon in place of a tryptophan at amino acid 373 results in reduced mRNA expression and diminished protein levels, yielding a microcytic red blood cell phenotype in heterozygous mice. Urinary and faecal porphyrins in female RBC16 heterozygotes were significantly elevated compared with that of wild-type littermates, particularly coproporphyrinogen III, whereas males were biochemically normal. Attempts to induce acute porphyric crises were made using fasting and phenobarbital treatment on females. While fasting had no biochemical effect on RBC16 mice, phenobarbital caused significant elevation of faecal coproporphyrinogen III in heterozygous mice. This is the first known investigation of a mutagenesis mouse model with genetic and biochemical parallels to hereditary coproporphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee J Conway
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University and Clinical Haematology, Alfred Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Fiona C Brown
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University and Clinical Haematology, Alfred Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Robert O Fullinfaw
- Porphyria Reference Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University and Clinical Haematology, Alfred Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - David J Curtis
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University and Clinical Haematology, Alfred Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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15
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Habas K, Anderson D, Brinkworth M. Detection of phase specificity of in vivo germ cell mutagens in an in vitro germ cell system. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:1-10. [PMID: 27059372 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo tests for male reproductive genotoxicity are time consuming, resource-intensive and their use should be minimised according to the principles of the 3Rs. Accordingly, we investigated the effects in vitro, of a variety of known, phase-specific germ cell mutagens, i.e., pre-meiotic, meiotic, and post-meiotic genotoxins, on rat spermatogenic cell types separated using Staput unit-gravity velocity sedimentation, evaluating DNA damage using the Comet assay. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (spermatogenic phase), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (5-BrdU) (meiotic phase), methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) (post-meiotic phase) were selected for use as they are potent male rodent, germ cell mutagens in vivo. DNA damage was detected directly using the Comet assay and indirectly using the TUNEL assay. Treatment of the isolated cells with ENU and MNU produced the greatest concentration-related increase in DNA damage in spermatogonia. Spermatocytes were most sensitive to 6-MP and 5-BrdU while spermatids were particularly susceptible to MMS and EMS. Increases were found when measuring both Olive tail moment (OTM) and% tail DNA, but the greatest changes were in OTM. Parallel results were found with the TUNEL assay, which showed highly significant, concentration dependent effects of all these genotoxins on spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids in the same way as for DNA damage. The specific effects of these chemicals on different germ cell types matches those produced in vivo. This approach therefore shows potential for use in the detection of male germ cell genotoxicity and could contribute to the reduction of the use of animals in such toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Habas
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Diana Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Martin Brinkworth
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK.
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16
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Kamimura D, Katsunuma K, Arima Y, Atsumi T, Jiang JJ, Bando H, Meng J, Sabharwal L, Stofkova A, Nishikawa N, Suzuki H, Ogura H, Ueda N, Tsuruoka M, Harada M, Kobayashi J, Hasegawa T, Yoshida H, Koseki H, Miura I, Wakana S, Nishida K, Kitamura H, Fukada T, Hirano T, Murakami M. KDEL receptor 1 regulates T-cell homeostasis via PP1 that is a key phosphatase for ISR. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7474. [PMID: 26081938 PMCID: PMC4557295 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KDEL receptors are responsible for retrotransporting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones from the Golgi complex to the ER. Here we describe a role for KDEL receptor 1 (KDELR1) that involves the regulation of integrated stress responses (ISR) in T cells. Designing and using an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutant mouse line, T-Red (naïve T-cell reduced), we show that a point mutation in KDELR1 is responsible for the reduction in the number of naïve T cells in this model owing to an increase in ISR. Mechanistic analysis shows that KDELR1 directly regulates protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a key phosphatase for ISR in naïve T cells. T-Red KDELR1 does not associate with PP1, resulting in reduced phosphatase activity against eIF2α and subsequent expression of stress responsive genes including the proapoptotic factor Bim. These results demonstrate that KDELR1 regulates naïve T-cell homeostasis by controlling ISR. KDEL receptors are known to be involved in retrotransporting chaperones to the endoplasmic reticulum from the Golgi complex. Here the authors unravel a role of KDEL receptor 1 in regulating integrated stress responses in naïve T cells through its association with protein phosphatase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kamimura
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kokichi Katsunuma
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Arima
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Atsumi
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jing-jing Jiang
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenori Bando
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jie Meng
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lavannya Sabharwal
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andrea Stofkova
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishikawa
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hironao Suzuki
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Ogura
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Ueda
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mineko Tsuruoka
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Harada
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takanori Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Yoshida
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Hirano
- Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Mouse ENU Mutagenesis to Understand Immunity to Infection: Methods, Selected Examples, and Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:887-925. [PMID: 25268389 PMCID: PMC4276919 DOI: 10.3390/genes5040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are responsible for over 25% of deaths globally, but many more individuals are exposed to deadly pathogens. The outcome of infection results from a set of diverse factors including pathogen virulence factors, the environment, and the genetic make-up of the host. The completion of the human reference genome sequence in 2004 along with technological advances have tremendously accelerated and renovated the tools to study the genetic etiology of infectious diseases in humans and its best characterized mammalian model, the mouse. Advancements in mouse genomic resources have accelerated genome-wide functional approaches, such as gene-driven and phenotype-driven mutagenesis, bringing to the fore the use of mouse models that reproduce accurately many aspects of the pathogenesis of human infectious diseases. Treatment with the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) has become the most popular phenotype-driven approach. Our team and others have employed mouse ENU mutagenesis to identify host genes that directly impact susceptibility to pathogens of global significance. In this review, we first describe the strategies and tools used in mouse genetics to understand immunity to infection with special emphasis on chemical mutagenesis of the mouse germ-line together with current strategies to efficiently identify functional mutations using next generation sequencing. Then, we highlight illustrative examples of genes, proteins, and cellular signatures that have been revealed by ENU screens and have been shown to be involved in susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
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Toki H, Inoue M, Minowa O, Motegi H, Saiki Y, Wakana S, Masuya H, Gondo Y, Shiroishi T, Yao R, Noda T. Novel retinoblastoma mutation abrogating the interaction to E2F2/3, but not E2F1, led to selective suppression of thyroid tumors. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1360-8. [PMID: 25088905 PMCID: PMC4462357 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant mouse models are indispensable tools for clarifying gene functions and elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases. Here, we describe novel cancer models bearing point mutations in the retinoblastoma gene (Rb1) generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. Two mutations in splice sites reduced Rb1 expression and led to a tumor spectrum and incidence similar to those observed in the conventional Rb1 knockout mice. The missense mutant, Rb1D326V/+, developed pituitary tumors, but thyroid tumors were completely suppressed. Immunohistochemical analyses of thyroid tissue revealed that E2F1, but not E2F2/3, was selectively inactivated, indicating that the mutant Rb protein (pRb) suppressed thyroid tumors by inactivating E2F1. Interestingly, Rb1D326V/+ mice developed pituitary tumors that originated from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, despite selective inactivation of E2F1. Furthermore, in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, other E2F were also inactivated. These observations show that pRb mediates the inactivation of E2F function and its contribution to tumorigenesis is highly dependent on the cell type. Last, by using a reconstitution assay of synthesized proteins, we showed that the D326V missense pRb bound to E2F1 but failed to interact with E2F2/3. These results reveal the effect of the pRb N-terminal domain on E2F function and the impact of the protein on tumorigenesis. Thus, this mutant mouse model can be used to investigate human Rb family-bearing mutations at the N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Toki
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, Riken BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Stottmann R, Beier DR. ENU Mutagenesis in the Mouse. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2014; 82:15.4.1-15.4.10. [PMID: 25042716 PMCID: PMC4113905 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1504s82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes the treatment of laboratory mice with the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) to induce very highly increased rates of mutation throughout the genome. Further, it describes several popular mating schemes designed to produce animals displaying phenotypes associated with the induced mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Stottmann
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David R. Beier
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
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Abstract
This article describes the treatment of laboratory mice with the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) to induce very highly increased rates of mutation throughout the genome. Further, it describes several popular mating schemes designed to produce animals displaying phenotypes associated with the induced mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Stottmann
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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21
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Abstract
Much of what we know about the role of epigenetics in the determination of phenotype has come from studies of inbred mice. Some unusual expression patterns arising from endogenous and transgenic murine alleles, such as the Agouti coat color alleles, have allowed the study of variegation, variable expressivity, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, parent-of-origin effects, and position effects. These phenomena have taught us much about gene silencing and the probabilistic nature of epigenetic processes. Based on some of these alleles, large-scale mutagenesis screens have broadened our knowledge of epigenetic control by identifying and characterizing novel genes involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Blewitt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, 3052 Victoria, Australia
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The Mouse House: A brief history of the ORNL mouse-genetics program, 1947–2009. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2013; 753:69-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Cancer of mice and men: old twists and new tails. J Pathol 2013; 230:4-16. [PMID: 23436574 DOI: 10.1002/path.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review we set out to celebrate the contribution that mouse models of human cancer have made to our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms driving tumourigenesis. We take the opportunity to look forward to how the mouse will be used to model cancer and the tools and technologies that will be applied, and indulge in looking back at the key advances the mouse has made possible.
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Toki H, Inoue M, Motegi H, Minowa O, Kanda H, Yamamoto N, Ikeda A, Karashima Y, Matsui J, Kaneda H, Miura I, Suzuki T, Wakana S, Masuya H, Gondo Y, Shiroishi T, Akiyama T, Yao R, Noda T. Novel mouse model for Gardner syndrome generated by a large-scale N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis program. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:937-44. [PMID: 23551873 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant mouse models are indispensable tools for clarifying the functions of genes and elucidating the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases. We carried out large-scale mutagenesis using the chemical mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. One specific aim of our mutagenesis project was to generate novel cancer models. We screened 7012 animals for dominant traits using a necropsy test and thereby established 17 mutant lines predisposed to cancer. Here, we report on a novel cancer model line that developed osteoma, trichogenic tumor, and breast cancer. Using fine mapping and genomic sequencing, we identified a point mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene. The Apc1576 mutants bear a nonsense mutation at codon 1576 in the Apc gene. Although most Apc mutant mice established thus far have multifocal intestinal tumors, mice that are heterozygous for the Apc1576 mutation do not develop intestinal tumors; instead, they develop multifocal breast cancers and trichogenic tumors. Notably, the osteomas that develop in the Apc1576 mutant mice recapitulate the lesion observed in Gardner syndrome, a clinical variant of familial adenomatous polyposis. Our Apc1576 mutant mice will be valuable not only for understanding the function of the Apc gene in detail but also as models of human Gardner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Toki
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, Riken BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan
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Genome-wide ENU mutagenesis in combination with high density SNP analysis and exome sequencing provides rapid identification of novel mouse models of developmental disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55429. [PMID: 23469164 PMCID: PMC3585849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice harbouring gene mutations that cause phenotypic abnormalities during organogenesis are invaluable tools for linking gene function to normal development and human disorders. To generate mouse models harbouring novel alleles that are involved in organogenesis we conducted a phenotype-driven, genome-wide mutagenesis screen in mice using the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ENU was injected into male C57BL/6 mice and the mutations transmitted through the germ-line. ENU-induced mutations were bred to homozygosity and G3 embryos screened at embryonic day (E) 13.5 and E18.5 for abnormalities in limb and craniofacial structures, skin, blood, vasculature, lungs, gut, kidneys, ureters and gonads. From 52 pedigrees screened 15 were detected with anomalies in one or more of the structures/organs screened. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage analysis in conjunction with candidate gene or next-generation sequencing (NGS) we identified novel recessive alleles for Fras1, Ift140 and Lig1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study we have generated mouse models in which the anomalies closely mimic those seen in human disorders. The association between novel mutant alleles and phenotypes will lead to a better understanding of gene function in normal development and establish how their dysfunction causes human anomalies and disease.
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26
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Won J, Shi LY, Hicks W, Wang J, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. Translational vision research models program. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 723:391-7. [PMID: 22183357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0631-0_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ENU mutagenesis is an efficient method to identify new animal models of ocular disease. The new alleles described herein will be a useful resource to further examine the role of the affected molecules and the effects of their disruption within the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeon Won
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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27
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Sordino P, Heisenberg CP, Cirino P, Toscano A, Giuliano P, Marino R, Pinto MR, De Santis R. A mutational approach to the study of development of the protochordateCiona intestinalis(Tunicata, Chordata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.2000.10414567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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ENU mutagenesis screen to establish motor phenotypes in wild-type mice and modifiers of a pre-existing motor phenotype in tau mutant mice. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:130947. [PMID: 22219655 PMCID: PMC3246812 DOI: 10.1155/2011/130947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifier screening is a powerful genetic tool. While not widely used in the vertebrate system, we applied these tools to transgenic mouse strains that recapitulate key aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as tau-expressing mice. These are characterized by a robust pathology including both motor and memory impairment. The phenotype can be modulated by ENU mutagenesis, which results in novel mutant mouse strains and allows identifying the underlying gene/mutation. Here we discuss this strategy in detail. We firstly obtained pedigrees that modify the tau-related motor phenotype, with mapping ongoing. We further obtained transgene-independent motor pedigrees: (i) hyperactive, circling ENU 37 mice with a causal mutation in the Tbx1 gene—the complete knock-out of Tbx1 models DiGeorge Syndrome; (ii) ENU12/301 mice that show sudden jerky movements and tremor constantly; they have a causal mutation in the Kcnq1 gene, modelling aspects of the Romano-Ward and Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndromes; and (iii) ENU16/069 mice with tremor and hypermetric gait that have a causal mutation in the Mpz (Myelin Protein Zero) gene, modelling Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMT1B). Together, we provide evidence for a real potential of an ENU mutagenesis to dissect motor functions in wild-type and tau mutant mice.
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29
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Jiang XY, Sun CF, Zhang QG, Zou SM. ENU-induced mutagenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by treating mature sperm. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26475. [PMID: 22022617 PMCID: PMC3195716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis is a useful approach for genetic improvement of plants, as well as for inducing functional mutants in animal models including mice and zebrafish. In the present study, mature sperm of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were treated with a range of ENU concentrations for 45 min, and then wild-type eggs were fertilized. The results indicated that the proportion of embryos with morphological abnormalities at segmentation stage or dead fry at hatching stage increased with increasing ENU dose up to 10 mM. Choosing a dose that was mutagenic, but provided adequate numbers of viable fry, an F1 population was generated from 1 mM ENU-treated sperm for screening purposes. The ENU-treated F1 population showed large variations in growth during the first year. A few bigger mutants with morphologically normal were generated, as compared to the controls. Analysis of DNA from 15 F1 ENU-treated individuals for mutations in partial coding regions of igf-2a, igf-2b, mstn-1, mstn-2, fst-1and fst-2 loci revealed that most ENU-treated point mutations were GC to AT or AT to GC substitution, which led to nonsense, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations. The average mutation rate at the examined loci was 0.41%. These results indicate that ENU treatment of mature sperm can efficiently induce point mutations in grass carp, which is a potentially useful approach for genetic improvement of these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Gen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ming Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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30
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Fairfield H, Gilbert GJ, Barter M, Corrigan RR, Curtain M, Ding Y, D'Ascenzo M, Gerhardt DJ, He C, Huang W, Richmond T, Rowe L, Probst FJ, Bergstrom DE, Murray SA, Bult C, Richardson J, Kile BT, Gut I, Hager J, Sigurdsson S, Mauceli E, Di Palma F, Lindblad-Toh K, Cunningham ML, Cox TC, Justice MJ, Spector MS, Lowe SW, Albert T, Donahue LR, Jeddeloh J, Shendure J, Reinholdt LG. Mutation discovery in mice by whole exome sequencing. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R86. [PMID: 21917142 PMCID: PMC3308049 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-9-r86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development and optimization of reagents for in-solution, hybridization-based capture of the mouse exome. By validating this approach in a multiple inbred strains and in novel mutant strains, we show that whole exome sequencing is a robust approach for discovery of putative mutations, irrespective of strain background. We found strong candidate mutations for the majority of mutant exomes sequenced, including new models of orofacial clefting, urogenital dysmorphology, kyphosis and autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Barter
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Rebecca R Corrigan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza R804, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Yueming Ding
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | | | - Chao He
- National Center for Genome Analysis (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Torre I, Baldiri Reixac, 408028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Lucy Rowe
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Frank J Probst
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza R804, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Carol Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Joel Richardson
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine and Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ivo Gut
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jorg Hager
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Snaevar Sigurdsson
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Evan Mauceli
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Federica Di Palma
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Foege Building S-250, Box 355065, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Foege Building S-250, Box 355065, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
| | - Monica J Justice
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza R804, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mona S Spector
- National Center for Genome Analysis (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Torre I, Baldiri Reixac, 408028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott W Lowe
- National Center for Genome Analysis (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Torre I, Baldiri Reixac, 408028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jay Shendure
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Foege Building S-250, Box 355065, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
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Second-generation high-throughput forward genetic screen in mice to isolate subtle behavioral mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108 Suppl 3:15557-64. [PMID: 21896739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107726108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic screens have been highly successful in revealing roles of genes and pathways in complex biological events. Traditionally these screens have focused on isolating mutants with the greatest phenotypic deviance, with the hopes of discovering genes that are central to the biological event being investigated. Behavioral screens in mice typically use simple activity-based assays as endophenotypes for more complex emotional states of the animal. They generally set the selection threshold for a putative mutant at 3 SDs (z score of 3) from the average behavior of normal animals to minimize false-positive results. Behavioral screens using a high threshold for detection have generally had limited success, with high false-positive rates and subtle phenotypic differences that have made mapping and cloning difficult. In addition, targeted reverse genetic approaches have shown that when genes central to behaviors such as open field behavior, psychostimulant response, and learning and memory tasks are mutated, they produce subtle phenotypes that differ from wild-type animals by 1 to 2 SDs (z scores of 1 to 2). We have conducted a second-generation (G2) dominant N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) screen especially designed to detect subtle behavioral mutants for open field activity and psychostimulant response behaviors. We successfully detect mutant lines with only 1 to 2 SD shifts in mean response compared with wild-type control animals and present a robust statistical and methodological framework for conducting such forward genetic screens. Using this methodology we have screened 229 ENU mutant lines and have identified 15 heritable mutant lines. We conclude that for screens in mice that use activity-based endophenotypic measurements for complex behavioral states, this G2 screening approach yields better results.
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Rohner N, Perathoner S, Frohnhöfer HG, Harris MP. Enhancing the Efficiency of N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea–Induced Mutagenesis in the Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2011; 8:119-23. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rohner
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simon Perathoner
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Georg Frohnhöfer
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, Orthopaedic Research, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Large-scale projects are providing rapid global access to a wealth of mouse genetic resources to help discover disease genes and to manipulate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Furuichi T, Masuya H, Murakami T, Nishida K, Nishimura G, Suzuki T, Imaizumi K, Kudo T, Ohkawa K, Wakana S, Ikegawa S. ENU-induced missense mutation in the C-propeptide coding region of Col2a1 creates a mouse model of platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:318-28. [PMID: 21538020 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The COL2A1 gene encodes the α1(II) chain of the homotrimeric type II collagen, the most abundant protein in cartilage. In humans, COL2A1 mutations create many clinical phenotypes collectively termed type II collagenopathies; however, the genetic basis of the phenotypic diversity is not well elucidated. Therefore, animal models corresponding to multiple type II collagenopathies are required. In this study we identified a novel Col2a1 missense mutation--c.44406A>C (p.D1469A)--produced by large-scale N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis in a mouse line. This mutation was located in the C-propeptide coding region of Col2a1 and in the positions corresponding to a human COL2A1 mutation responsible for platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type (PLSD-T). The phenotype was inherited as a semidominant trait. The heterozygotes were mildly but significantly smaller than wild-type mice. The homozygotes exhibited lethal skeletal dysplasias, including extremely short limbs, severe spondylar dysplasia, severe pelvic hypoplasia, and brachydactyly. As expected, these skeletal defects in the homozygotes were similar to those in PLSD-T patients. The secretion of the mutant proteins into the extracellular space was disrupted, accompanied by abnormally expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and upregulation of ER stress-related genes, such as Grp94 and Chop, in chondrocytes. These findings suggested that the accumulation of mutant type II collagen in the ER and subsequent induction of ER stress are involved, at least in part in the PLSD-T-like phenotypes of the mutants. This mutant should serve as a good model for studying PLSD-T pathogenesis and the mechanisms that create the great diversity of type II collagenopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Furuichi
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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35
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Wansleeben C, van Gurp L, Feitsma H, Kroon C, Rieter E, Verberne M, Guryev V, Cuppen E, Meijlink F. An ENU-mutagenesis screen in the mouse: identification of novel developmental gene functions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19357. [PMID: 21559415 PMCID: PMC3084836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutagenesis screens in the mouse have been proven useful for the identification of novel gene functions and generation of interesting mutant alleles. Here we describe a phenotype-based screen for recessive mutations affecting embryonic development. Methodology/Principal Findings Mice were mutagenized with N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU) and following incrossing the offspring, embryos were analyzed at embryonic day 10.5. Mutant phenotypes that arose in our screen include cardiac and nuchal edema, neural tube defects, situs inversus of the heart, posterior truncation and the absence of limbs and lungs. We isolated amongst others novel mutant alleles for Dll1, Ptprb, Plexin-B2, Fgf10, Wnt3a, Ncx1, Scrib(Scrib, Scribbled homolog [Drosophila]) and Sec24b. We found both nonsense alleles leading to severe protein truncations and mutants with single-amino acid substitutions that are informative at a molecular level. Novel findings include an ectopic neural tube in our Dll1 mutant and lung defects in the planar cell polarity mutants for Sec24b and Scrib. Conclusions/Significance Using a forward genetics approach, we have generated a number of novel mutant alleles that are linked to disturbed morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Wansleeben
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Léon van Gurp
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harma Feitsma
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Kroon
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ester Rieter
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Verberne
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Guryev
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Meijlink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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36
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Abstract
The use of mouse models in medical research has greatly contributed to our understanding of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms of disease progression in the context of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Maintenance of glucose homeostasis involves a complex interplay of many genes and their actions in response to exogenous stimuli. In recent years, the availability of large population-based cohorts and the capacity to genotype enormous numbers of common genetic variants have driven various large-scale genome-wide association studies, which has greatly accelerated the identification of novel genes likely to be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. The increasing demand for verifying novel genes is met by the timely development of new mouse resources established as various collaborative projects involving major transgenic and phenotyping centres and laboratories worldwide. The surge of new data will ultimately enable translational research into potential improvement and refinement of current type 2 diabetes therapy options, and hopefully restore quality of life for patients.
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37
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Gondo Y, Murata T, Makino S, Fukumura R, Ishitsuka Y. Mouse mutagenesis and disease models for neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 7:1-35. [PMID: 21298381 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, mutant mouse resources which have been developed by classical genetics as well as by modern large-scale mutagenesis projects are summarized. Various spontaneous and induced mouse mutations have been archived since the rediscovery of Mendel's genetics in 1900. Moreover, genome-wide, large-scale mutagenesis efforts have recently been expanding the available mutant mouse resources. Forward genetics projects using ENU mutagenesis in the mouse were started in the mid-1990s. The widespread adoption of reverse genetics, using knockouts and conditional mutagenesis based on gene-targeting technology, followed. ENU mutagenesis has now evolved to provide a further resource for reverse genetics, with multiple point mutations in a single gene and this new approach is described. Researchers now have various options to obtain mutant mice: point mutations, transgenic mouse strains, and constitutional or conditional knockout mice. The established mutant strains have already contributed to modeling human diseases by elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms as well as by providing preclinical applications. Examples of mutant mice, focusing on neurological and behavioral models for human diseases, are reviewed. Human diseases caused by a single gene or a small number of major genes have been well modeled by corresponding mutant mice. Current evidence suggests that quantitative traits based on polygenes are likely to be associated with a range of psychiatric diseases, and these are now coming within the range of modeling by mouse mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan,
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38
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Nguyen N, Judd LM, Kalantzis A, Whittle B, Giraud AS, van Driel IR. Random mutagenesis of the mouse genome: a strategy for discovering gene function and the molecular basis of disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G1-11. [PMID: 20947703 PMCID: PMC3774088 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00343.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenesis of mice with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is a phenotype-driven approach to unravel gene function and discover new biological pathways. Phenotype-driven approaches have the advantage of making no assumptions about the function of genes and their products and have been successfully applied to the discovery of novel gene-phenotype relationships in many physiological systems. ENU mutagenesis of mice is used in many large-scale and more focused projects to generate and identify novel mouse models for the study of gene functions and human disease. This review examines the strategies and tools used in ENU mutagenesis screens to efficiently generate and identify functional mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;
| | - Louise M. Judd
- 2Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Anastasia Kalantzis
- 2Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Belinda Whittle
- 3Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- 2Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Ian R. van Driel
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;
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39
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Abstract
The need for mouse models, with their well-developed genetics and similarity to human physiology and anatomy, is clear and their central role in furthering our understanding of human disease is readily apparent in the literature. Mice carrying mutations that alter developmental pathways or cellular function provide model systems for analyzing defects in comparable human disorders and for testing therapeutic strategies. Mutant mice also provide reproducible, experimental systems for elucidating pathways of normal development and function. Two programs, the Eye Mutant Resource and the Translational Vision Research Models, focused on providing such models to the vision research community are described herein. Over 100 mutant lines from the Eye Mutant Resource and 60 mutant lines from the Translational Vision Research Models have been developed. The ocular diseases of the mutant lines include a wide range of phenotypes, including cataracts, retinal dysplasia and degeneration, and abnormal blood vessel formation. The mutations in disease genes have been mapped and in some cases identified by direct sequencing. Here, we report 3 novel alleles of Crxtvrm65, Rp1tvrm64, and Rpe65tvrm148 as successful examples of the TVRM program, that closely resemble previously reported knockout models.
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40
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Jamsai D, O'Bryan MK. Genome-wide ENU mutagenesis for the discovery of novel male fertility regulators. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 56:246-59. [PMID: 20536324 DOI: 10.3109/19396361003706424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The completion of genome sequencing projects has provided an extensive knowledge of the contents of the genomes of human, mouse, and many other organisms. Despite this, the function of most of the estimated 25,000 human genes remains largely unknown. Attention has now turned to elucidating gene function and identifying biological pathways that contribute to human diseases, including male infertility. Our understanding of the genetic regulation of male fertility has been accelerated through the use of genetically modified mouse models including knockout, knock-in, gene-trapped, and transgenic mice. Such reverse genetic approaches however, require some fore-knowledge of a gene's function and, as such, bias against the discovery of completely novel genes and biological pathways. To facilitate high throughput gene discovery, genome-wide mouse mutagenesis via the use of a potent chemical mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), has been developed over the past decade. This forward genetic, or phenotype-driven, approach relies upon observing a phenotype first, then subsequently defining the underlining genetic defect. Mutations are randomly introduced into the mouse genome via ENU exposure. Through a controlled breeding scheme, mutations causing a phenotype of interest (e.g., male infertility) are then identified by linkage analysis and candidate gene sequencing. This approach allows for the possibility of revealing comprehensive phenotype-genotype relationships for a range of genes and pathways i.e. in addition to null alleles, mice containing partial loss of function or gain-of-function mutations, can be recovered. Such point mutations are likely to be more reflective of those that occur within the human population. Many research groups have successfully used this approach to generate infertile mouse lines and some novel male fertility genes have been revealed. In this review, we focus on the utility of ENU mutagenesis for the discovery of novel male fertility regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Jamsai
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and The Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Now and future of mouse mutagenesis for human disease models. J Genet Genomics 2010; 37:559-72. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Abstract
The generation and analysis of germline mutations in the mouse is one of the cornerstones of modern biological research. The chemical supermutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is the most potent known mouse mutagen and can be used to generate point mutations throughout the mouse genome. The progeny of ENU-mutagenized males can be screened for autosomal dominant phenotypes, or they can be used to generate multigeneration pedigrees to screen for autosomal recessive traits. The introduction of balancer chromosomes into the breeding scheme can allow for the selective capture of mutations in a specific chromosomal region. More recent work has demonstrated that the use of animals that already have a mutation of interest can lead to the successful isolation of additional mutations that modify the original mutant phenotype. Further, modern molecular techniques ensure that mutations can be readily identified. We describe here the procedures for mutagenizing male mice with ENU and explain the various types of screens that can be performed for different kinds of induced mutations. The currently published research on ENU mutagenesis in the mouse has only scratched the surface of what is possible with this powerful technique, and further work is certain to deepen our knowledge of the role of the individual components of the mouse genome and the myriad relationships between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Probst
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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44
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Abstract
In the past decade, forward genetic screens in the mouse have come into their own as a practical method for exploring the genetic basis of many biological processes. By looking directly for disruption in a process of interest, genetic screens have always been powerful, but completion of the genome sequence has made mouse forward genetic screens practical, as well. The sequenced genome means we can map and sequence more efficiently than before, so small focused screens are now within the reach of even small labs. N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is the preferred mutagen in forward genetic screens, because it is extremely potent in the premeiotic male germ line, where it induces point mutations. This last point is crucial, as point mutations lead to all classes of mutations (e.g., null, hypomorphs, neomorphs, antimorphs, and hypermorphs), which is why forward genetic screens can implicate a gene in a particular process when a targeted deletion may not. Point mutations often mimic human disease states, yielding highly relevant animal models. Since mammals reproduce, lactate, behave, develop, and protect themselves from infection differently from other vertebrates, mammalian forward genetic screens are uniquely informative. In fact, in the past decade, forward genetics has uncovered mutations demonstrating that certain genes exist only in mammals, that specific mechanisms function only in mammals, and that particular biological processes may exist only in mammals; hence screens focused on these processes have identified unsuspected genes. As powerful as the approach is, forward genetics remains a method for the committed; the process of screening requires organization and tenacity. This chapter is intended to help those who are ready to make the commitment by providing practical advice. To this end I detail the issues surrounding screen design and screen execution, as well as mutation identification and confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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45
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Brown SDM, Wurst W, Kühn R, Hancock JM. The functional annotation of mammalian genomes: the challenge of phenotyping. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43:305-33. [PMID: 19689210 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is central to the goal of establishing a comprehensive functional annotation of the mammalian genome that will help elucidate various human disease genes and pathways. The mouse offers a unique combination of attributes, including an extensive genetic toolkit that underpins the creation and analysis of models of human disease. An international effort to generate mutations for every gene in the mouse genome is a first and essential step in this endeavor. However, the greater challenge will be the determination of the phenotype of every mutant. Large-scale phenotyping for genome-wide functional annotation presents numerous scientific, infrastructural, logistical, and informatics challenges. These include the use of standardized approaches to phenotyping procedures for the population of unified databases with comparable data sets. The ultimate goal is a comprehensive database of molecular interventions that allows us to create a framework for biological systems analysis in the mouse on which human biology and disease networks can be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve D M Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom.
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46
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Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Elder GA. Animal transgenesis: an overview. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 214:91-109. [PMID: 19937345 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animals are extensively used to study in vivo gene function as well as to model human diseases. The technology for producing transgenic animals exists for a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The mouse is the most utilized organism for research in neurodegenerative diseases. The most commonly used techniques for producing transgenic mice involves either the pronuclear injection of transgenes into fertilized oocytes or embryonic stem cell-mediated gene targeting. Embryonic stem cell technology has been most often used to produce null mutants (gene knockouts) but may also be used to introduce subtle genetic modifications down to the level of making single nucleotide changes in endogenous mouse genes. Methods are also available for inducing conditional gene knockouts as well as inducible control of transgene expression. Here, we review the main strategies for introducing genetic modifications into the mouse, as well as in other vertebrate and invertebrate species. We also review a number of recent methodologies for the production of transgenic animals including retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, RNAi-mediated gene knockdown and somatic cell mutagenesis combined with nuclear transfer, methods that may be more broadly applicable to species where both pronuclear injection and ES cell technology have proven less practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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47
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Identification of Mouse Cytomegalovirus Resistance Loci by ENU Mutagenesis. Viruses 2009; 1:460-83. [PMID: 21994556 PMCID: PMC3185521 DOI: 10.3390/v1030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance to infection depends on the efficiency with which innate immune responses keep the infectious agent in check. Innate immunity encompasses components with sensing, signaling and effector properties. These elements with non-redundant functions are encoded by a set of host genes, the resistome. Here, we review our findings concerning the resistome. We have screened randomly mutagenized mice for susceptibility to a natural opportunistic pathogen, the mouse cytomegalovirus. We found that some genes with initially no obvious functions in innate immunity may be critical for host survival to infections, falling into a newly defined category of genes of the resistome.
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48
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Hagarman JA, O'Brien TP. An essential gene mutagenesis screen across the highly conserved piebald deletion region of mouse chromosome 14. Genesis 2009; 47:392-403. [PMID: 19391113 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The piebald deletion complex is a set of overlapping chromosomal deficiencies on distal mouse chromosome 14. We surveyed the functional genetic content of the piebald deletion region in an essential gene mutagenesis screen of 952 genomes to recover seven lethal mutants. The ENU-induced mutations were mapped to define genetic intervals using the piebald deletion panel. Lethal mutations included loci required for establishment of the left-right embryonic axis and a loss-of-function allele of Phr1 resulting in respiratory distress at birth. A functional map of the piebald region integrates experimental genetic data from the deletion panel, mutagenesis screen, and the targeted disruption of specific genes. A comparison of several genomic intervals targeted in regional mutagenesis screens suggests that the piebald region is characterized by a low gene density and high essential gene density with a distinct genomic content and organization that supports complex regulatory interactions and promotes evolutionary stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Hagarman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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49
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Gondo Y, Fukumura R, Murata T, Makino S. Next-generation gene targeting in the mouse for functional genomics. BMB Rep 2009; 42:315-23. [PMID: 19558788 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.6.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to elucidate ultimate biological function of the genome, the model animal system carrying mutations is indispensable. Recently, large-scale mutagenesis projects have been launched in various species. Especially, the mouse is considered to be an ideal model to human because it is a mammalian species accompanied with well-established genetic as well as embryonic technologies. In 1990's, large-scale mouse mutagenesis projects firstly initiated with a potent chemical mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) by the phenotype-driven approach or forward genetics. The knockout mouse mutagenesis projects with trapping/conditional mutagenesis have then followed as Phase II since 2006 by the gene-driven approach or reverse genetics. Recently, the next-generation gene targeting system has also become available to the research community, which allows us to establish and analyze mutant mice carrying an allelic series of base substitutions in target genes as another reverse genetics. Overall trends in the large-scale mouse mutagenesis will be reviewed in this article particularly focusing on the new advancement of the next-generation gene targeting system. The drastic expansion of the mutant mouse resources altogether will enhance the systematic understanding of the life. The construction of the mutant mouse resources developed by the forward and reverse genetic mutagenesis is just the beginning of the annotation of mammalian genome. They provide basic infrastructure to understand the molecular mechanism of the gene and genome and will contribute to not only basic researches but also applied sciences such as human disease modelling, genomic medicine and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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50
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Accumulation and persistence of Pig-A mutant peripheral red blood cells following treatment of rats with single and split doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 677:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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