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Alberto R. Role of Pure Technetium Chemistry: Are There Still Links to Applications in Imaging? Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20539-20548. [PMID: 37417737 PMCID: PMC10731660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and development of new 99mTc-based radiopharmaceuticals or labeled drugs in general is based on innovative, pure chemistry and subsequent, application-targeted research. This was the case for all currently clinically applied imaging agents. Most of them were market-introduced some 20 years ago, and the few more recent ones are based on even older chemistry, albeit technetium chemistry has made substantial progress over the last 20 years. This progress though is not mirrored by new molecular imaging agents and is even accompanied by a steady decrease in the number of groups active in pure and applied technetium chemistry, a contrast to the trends in most other fields in which d-elements play a central role. The decrease in research with technetium has been partly counterbalanced by a strong increase of research activities with homologous, cold rhenium compounds for therapy, disclosing in the future eventually a quite unique opportunity for theranostics. This Viewpoint analyzes the pathways that led to radiopharmaceuticals in the past and their underlying fundamental contributions. It attempts to tackle the question of why new chemistry still does not lead to new imaging agents, i.e., the question of whether pure technetium chemistry is still needed at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Witney TH, Blower PJ. The chemical tool-kit for molecular imaging with radionuclides in the age of targeted and immune therapy. Cancer Imaging 2021; 21:18. [PMID: 33516256 PMCID: PMC7847158 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-021-00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine has evolved over the last half-century from a functional imaging modality using a handful of radiopharmaceuticals, many of unknown structure and mechanism of action, into a modern speciality that can properly be described as molecular imaging, with a very large number of specific radioactive probes of known structure that image specific molecular processes. The advances of cancer treatment in recent decades towards targeted and immune therapies, combined with recognition of heterogeneity of cancer cell phenotype among patients, within patients and even within tumours, has created a growing need for personalised molecular imaging to support treatment decision. This article describes the evolution of the present vast range of radioactive probes – radiopharmaceuticals – leveraging a wide variety of chemical disciplines, over the last half century. These radiochemical innovations have been inspired by the need to support personalised medicine and also by the parallel development in development of new radionuclide imaging technologies – from gamma scintigraphy, through single photon emission tomography (SPECT), through the rise of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) and PET-CT, and perhaps in the future, by the advent of total body PET. Thus, in the interdisciplinary world of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, as quickly as radiochemistry solutions are developed to meet new needs in cancer imaging, new challenges emerge as developments in one contributing technology drive innovations in the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, England
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, England.
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3
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Dewulf J, Adhikari K, Vangestel C, Wyngaert TVD, Elvas F. Development of Antibody Immuno-PET/SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging of Oncological Disorders-An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1868. [PMID: 32664521 PMCID: PMC7408676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are molecular imaging strategies that typically use radioactively labeled ligands to selectively visualize molecular targets. The nanomolar sensitivity of PET and SPECT combined with the high specificity and affinity of monoclonal antibodies have shown great potential in oncology imaging. Over the past decades a wide range of radio-isotopes have been developed into immuno-SPECT/PET imaging agents, made possible by novel conjugation strategies (e.g., site-specific labeling, click chemistry) and optimization and development of novel radiochemistry procedures. In addition, new strategies such as pretargeting and the use of antibody fragments have entered the field of immuno-PET/SPECT expanding the range of imaging applications. Non-invasive imaging techniques revealing tumor antigen biodistribution, expression and heterogeneity have the potential to contribute to disease diagnosis, therapy selection, patient stratification and therapy response prediction achieving personalized treatments for each patient and therefore assisting in clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Dewulf
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Karuna Adhikari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Christel Vangestel
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
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Papagiannopoulou D. Technetium-99m radiochemistry for pharmaceutical applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:502-520. [PMID: 28618064 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Technetium-99m (99m Tc) is a widely used radionuclide, and the development of 99m Tc imaging agents continues to be in demand. This overview discusses basic principles of 99m Tc radiopharmaceutical preparation and design and focuses on the 99m Tc radiochemistry relevant to its pharmaceutical applications. The 99m Tc complexes are described based on the most typical examples in each category, keeping up with the state-of-the-art in the field. In addition, the main current strategies to develop targeted 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia Papagiannopoulou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kasten BB, Ma X, Cheng K, Bu L, Slocumb WS, Hayes TR, Trabue S, Cheng Z, Benny PD. Isothiocyanate-Functionalized Bifunctional Chelates and fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) Complexes for Targeting uPAR in Prostate Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:130-42. [PMID: 26603218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing new strategies to rapidly incorporate the fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) core into biological targeting vectors in radiopharmaceuticals continues to expand as molecules become more complex and as efforts to minimize nonspecific binding increase. This work examines a novel isothiocyanate-functionalized bifunctional chelate based on 2,2'-dipicolylamine (DPA) specifically designed for complexing the fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) core. Two strategies (postlabeling and prelabeling) were explored using the isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA to determine the effectiveness of assembly on the overall yield and purity of the complex with amine containing biomolecules. A model amino acid (lysine) examined (1) amine conjugation of isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA followed by complexation with fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (postlabeling) and (2) complexation of fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) with isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA followed by amine conjugation (prelabeling). Conducted with stable Re and radioactive (99m)Tc analogs, both strategies formed the product in good to excellent yields under macroscopic and radiotracer concentrations. A synthetic peptide (AE105) which targets an emerging biomarker in CaP prognosis, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), was also explored using the isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA strategy. In vitro PC-3 (uPAR+) cell uptake assays with the (99m)Tc-labeled peptide (8a) showed 4.2 ± 0.5% uptake at 4 h. In a murine model bearing PC-3 tumor xenografts, in vivo biodistribution of 8a led to favorable tumor uptake (3.7 ± 0.7% ID/g) at 4 h p.i. with relatively low accumulation (<2% ID/g) in normal organs not associated with normal peptide excretion. These results illustrate the promise of the isothiocyanate-functionalized approach for labeling amine containing biological targeting vectors with fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lihong Bu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | - Steven Trabue
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Soil Tilth Laboratory , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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6
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Bag N, Mathur R, Hussain F, Indracanti N, Singh S, Singh S, Chauhan RP, Chuttani K, Mishra AK. Synthesis and in vivo toxicity assessment of CdSe:ZnS quantum dots functionalized with EDTA-Bis-Cysteamine. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and in vivo toxicity assessment of radiolabeled Bis-ligand functionalized core shell quantum dot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmada Bag
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defense Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Rashi Mathur
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defense Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Firasat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry
- Delhi University
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Namita Indracanti
- Experimental Animal Facility
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defence Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Sweta Singh
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defense Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defense Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | | | - Krishna Chuttani
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defense Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Anil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Defense Research and Development Organization
- New Delhi-110054
- India
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7
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Duan D, Li SL, Zhu YQ, Zhang T, Lei CM, Cheng XH. Radioimmunoimaging with mixed monoclonal antibodies of nude mice bearing human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4255-61. [PMID: 23167324 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate radioimmunoimaging (RII) and in vivo distribution of mixed antibodies 99mTc-EGFR-mAb and 99mTc-CD44- mAb in nude mice bearing human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Single and mixed applications of the two radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were compared. Direct labeling of 99mTc was applied to radiolabel the EGFR and CD44 mAbs. The properties of the radiolabeled antibodies were then characterized. RII and assessment of the distribution of the antibodies in nude mice bearing lung adenocarcinoma xenografts were achieved by applying separate and combined doses of 99mTc-EGFR-mAb and 99mTc-CD44-mAb. The labeling rates of 99mTc for EGFR-mAb and CD44-mAb were 91.5% ±3.8% and 92.3% ± 4.1% respectively, with specific activities of 2.8 and 2.9 MBq/μg, respectively, and radiochemical purities (RCP) of 96.5% and 96.2%. The radioactivity uptake of the combined application of both radiolabeled antibodies was clearly higher than with a single application of either alone. The relative values of target-to-nontarget (T/ NT) measured through the regional interest (ROI) technique were 5.59 ± 0.42 (mixed antibodies), 2.78 ±0.20 (99mTc-EGFR-mAb), and 2.28 ± 0.16 (99mTc-CD44-mAb) in the RII. The body distribution of the radiolabeled antibodies and their imaging results were basically identical. Application of the mixed antibodies with 99mTc- EGFR-mAb and 99mTc-CD44-mAb can increase the radioactivity uptake of tumor tissue, leading to more ideal target-to-nontarget ratios, and therefore superior results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Duan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Ono M, Ohgami M, Haratake M, Saji H, Nakayama M. A novel bifunctional chelating agent based on bis(hydroxamamide) for 99mTc labeling of polypeptides. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masatsugu Ohgami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi; Nagasaki; 852-8521; Japan
| | - Mamoru Haratake
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi; Nagasaki; 852-8521; Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho; Sakyo-ku; Kyoto; 606-8501; Japan
| | - Morio Nakayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi; Nagasaki; 852-8521; Japan
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9
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Synthesis and evaluation of a new bombesin analog labeled with 99mTc as a GRP receptor imaging agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-0985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Olberg DE, Arukwe JM, Grace D, Hjelstuen OK, Solbakken M, Kindberg GM, Cuthbertson A. One step radiosynthesis of 6-[(18)F]fluoronicotinic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester ([(18)F]F-Py-TFP): a new prosthetic group for efficient labeling of biomolecules with fluorine-18. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1732-40. [PMID: 20088512 DOI: 10.1021/jm9015813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The labeling of biomolecules for positron emission tomography (PET) with no-carrier-added fluorine-18 is almost exclusively accomplished using prosthetic groups in a two step procedure. The inherent complexity of the process renders full automation a challenge and leads to protracted synthesis times. Here we describe a new (18)F-labeled prosthetic group based on nicotinic acid tetrafluorophenyl ester. Reaction of [(18)F]fluoride at 40 degrees C with the trimethylammonium precursor afforded 6-[(18)F]fluoronicotinic acid tetrafluorophenyl ester ([(18)F]F-Py-TFP) directly in 60-70% yield. [(18)F]F-Py-TFP was conveniently purified by Sep-Pak cartridge prior to incubation with a peptide containing the RGD sequence. The desired conjugate was formed rapidly and in good yields. An in vitro receptor-binding assay for the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) was established to explore competition with peptide and peptidomimetic prepared from F-Py-TFP with (125)I-echistatin. The nonradioactive conjugates were found to possess high binding affinities with calculated K(i) values in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag E Olberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Sadeghzadeh N, Gandomkar M, Najafi R, Shafiei M, Sadat Ebrahimi SE, Shafiee A, Larijani B. Preparation and evaluation of a new 99mTc labeled bombesin derivative for tumor imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Bapst JP, Calame M, Tanner H, Eberle AN. Glycosylated DOTA−α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Analogues for Melanoma Targeting: Influence of the Site of Glycosylation on in Vivo Biodistribution. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:984-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900007u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Bapst
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martine Calame
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Tanner
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex N. Eberle
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Mishra AK, Panwar P, Hosono M, Chuttani K, Mishra P, Sharma RK, Chatal JF. A New Bifunctional Chelating Agent Conjugated with Monoclonal Antibody and Labelled with Technetium-99m for Targeted Scintigraphy: 6-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-5,7-dioxo-1,11-(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotridecane. J Drug Target 2008; 12:559-67. [PMID: 15621681 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400010671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to obtain the convenient, synthetically useful bifunctional chelating agent, 6-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-5,7-dioxo-1,11-(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotridecane, and to apply it to stable (99m)Tc-labelling of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). METHODS The chelate was synthesised by reaction of nitrobenzyl malonate and triethylenetetramine followed by alkylation by reacting with bromoacetic acid at pH 10. The amino group was converted to isothiocyanato derivative by reacting with thiophosgene at pH 2.0. Conjugation with mAbs [(anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr)] was performed at pH 8.4 using trisodium phosphate solution by incubating at 37 degrees C for 1 h and subjected to purification on size exclusion chromatography. RESULTS When radioimmunoconjugates were labelled with (99m)Tc, the specific activity of immunoconjugates was 20-30 mCi/mg of protein and their immunoreactivity exceeded 80%. The stability in serum indicated that the metal remained bound to antibodies. Biodistribution studies in athymic mice grafted with U-87 human glioblastoma multiforme and MDA-MB-468 human breast carcinoma tumours revealed significant localisation of (99m)Tc-labelled antibodies in tumours and reduced accumulation in normal organs. CONCLUSION This bifunctional chelating agent is promising for immunoscintigraphy because of good tumour-to-normal organ contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, Brig. S.K Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India.
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Liu S. Bifunctional coupling agents for radiolabeling of biomolecules and target-specific delivery of metallic radionuclides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1347-70. [PMID: 18538888 PMCID: PMC2539110 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-based radiopharmaceuticals are of great current interest in molecular imaging and radiotherapy of cancers, and provide a unique tool for target-specific delivery of radionuclides to the diseased tissues. In general, a target-specific radiopharmaceutical can be divided into four parts: targeting biomolecule (BM), pharmacokinetic modifying (PKM) linker, bifunctional coupling or chelating agent (BFC), and radionuclide. The targeting biomolecule serves as a "carrier" for specific delivery of the radionuclide. PKM linkers are used to modify radiotracer excretion kinetics. BFC is needed for radiolabeling of biomolecules with a metallic radionuclide. Different radiometals have significant difference in their coordination chemistry, and require BFCs with different donor atoms and chelator frameworks. Since the radiometal chelate can have a significant impact on physical and biological properties of the target-specific radiopharmaceutical, its excretion kinetics can be altered by modifying the coordination environment with various chelators or coligand, if needed. This review will focus on the design of BFCs and their coordination chemistry with technetium, copper, gallium, indium, yttrium and lanthanide radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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15
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Cappelli A, Mancini A, Sudati F, Valenti S, Anzini M, Belloli S, Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Vaghi M, Fabro A, Fazio F, Vomero S. Synthesis and biological characterization of novel 2-quinolinecarboxamide ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptors bearing technetium-99m or rhenium. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1143-53. [PMID: 18510350 DOI: 10.1021/bc700437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potential receptor imaging agents based on Tc-99m for the in vivo visualization of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) have been designed on the basis of the information provided by the previously published structure-affinity relationship studies, which suggested the existence of tolerance to voluminous substituents in the receptor area interacting with 3-position of the quinoline nucleus of 2-quinolinecarboxamides 5. In the first step of the investigation, the stereoelectronic features of the above-indicated receptor area were also probed by means of 4-phenyl-3-[(1-piperazinyl)methyl]-2-quinolinecarboxamide derivatives bearing different substituents on the terminal piperazine nitrogen atom (compounds 6a-f). The structure-affinity relationship data confirmed the existence of a tolerance to bulky lipophilic substituents and stimulated the design of bifunctional ligands based on the 4-phenyl-3-[(1-piperazinyl)methyl]-2-quinolinecarboxamide moiety (compounds 6h,j,k,m). The submicromolar PBR affinity of rhenium complexes 6j,m suggests that the presence of their metal-ligand moieties with encaged rhenium is fairly compatible with the interaction with the PBR binding site. Thus, in order to obtain information on the in vivo behavior of these bifunctional ligands, (99m)Tc-labeled compounds 6h,k were synthesized and evaluated in preliminary biodistribution and single photon emission tomography (SPET) studies. The results suggest that both tracers do not present a clear preferential distribution in tissues rich in PBR, probably because of their molecular dimensions, which may hamper both the intracellular diffusion toward PBR and the interaction with the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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16
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Liu G, Hnatowich DJ. Labeling biomolecules with radiorhenium: a review of the bifunctional chelators. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2007; 7:367-77. [PMID: 17504162 PMCID: PMC1949414 DOI: 10.2174/187152007780618144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For radiotherapy, biomolecules such as intact antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, DNAs and other oligomers have all been labeled with radiorhenium ((186)Re and (188)Re). Three different approaches have been employed that may be referred to as direct, indirect and integral labeling. Direct labeling applies to proteins and involves the initial reduction of endogenous disulfide bridges to provide chelation sites. Indirect labeling can apply to most biomolecules and involves the initial attachment of an exogenous chelator. Finally, integral labeling is a special case applying only to small molecules in which the metallic radionuclide serves to link two parts of a biomolecule together in forming the labeled complex. While the number of varieties for the direct and integral radiolabeling approaches is rather limited, a fairly large and diverse number of chelators have been reported in the case of indirect labeling. Our objective herein is to provide an overview of the various chelators that have been used in the indirect labeling of biomolecules with radiorhenium, including details on the labeling procedures, the stability of the radiolabel and, where possible, the influence of the label on biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Liu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Meunier S, Cristau P, Taran F. New Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Nitro Derivatives for the Synthesis of Bifunctional and Trifunctional Chelating Agents. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910500189718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Meunier
- a Service de Marquage Moléculaire et de Chimie Bio‐Organique , DBJC/DSV CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Cristau
- a Service de Marquage Moléculaire et de Chimie Bio‐Organique , DBJC/DSV CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- a Service de Marquage Moléculaire et de Chimie Bio‐Organique , DBJC/DSV CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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18
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Eisenhut M, Mißfeldt M, Lehmann WD, Karas M. Synthesis of a bis(aminoethanethiol) ligand with an activated ester group for protein conjugation and 99mTc labeling. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580291204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Archimandritis SC, Malamitsi J, Belkas E, Varvarigou AD, Cotsyfakis K, Sivolapenko G, Zorzos J, Skarlos DV, Proukakis C. 99m-technetium labelling of a tumor associated murine monoclonal antibody for immunoscintigraphic studies in man. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Sanchez OC, Mohammed A, Bauer C, Wolf M, Wängler B, Mier W, Haberkorn U, Mocelo R, Eisenhut M. 99mTc Complexes with activated ester functions; ligands comprising a 3,4-diamino-benzoate backbone. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:381-90. [PMID: 16631087 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Preformed (99m)Tc chelates with an activated ester function are useful for the gentle labeling of proteins (precomplexation route). In this context, new heterobifunctional ligands derived from 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) 3,4-diamino-benzoates (OC1, OC3, OC4) were synthesized. Their corresponding (99m)Tc-complexation and protein-conjugation characteristics were elucidated and compared with the results previously reported using 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl N-(S-benzoylthioacetyl)glycylglycyl-p-aminobenzoate (OC2). The reaction temperatures and the reaction time markedly influenced complexation yields. Compared with OC2, the (99m)Tc-chelate formation with OC1 and OC4 was more effective, showing radiochemical yields of 60% and 70% within 20 min, respectively. Owing to steric hindrance, the complexation of OC3, however, did not exceed 10%. No-carrier-added (99m)Tc complexes were conjugated at pH 10 with the anti-EGF-receptor monoclonal antibody MAb425, resulting in labeling yields of 14% for (99m)Tc-OC1 and 7% for (99m)Tc-OC4 after incubating for 20 min at 30 degrees C. Increasing the temperature to 40 degrees C improved these results by 14% and 3%, respectively. As compared with (99m)Tc-OC2, which provides the chelating substituent at the 4-phenyl position only, the application of 3,4-phenyl substituents proved less appropriate for protein conjugation. However, the 3,4-diaminobenzoate backbone may be attractive for an alternative design of novel (99m)Tc N2S2 or N3S complexes, because they show excellent complexation characteristics.
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21
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Fridkin G, Bonasera TA, Litman P, Gilon C. Backbone metal-cyclization: a novel approach for simultaneous peptide cyclization and radiolabeling. Application to the combinatorial synthesis of rhenium-cyclic somatostatin analogs. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:39-50. [PMID: 15691660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Revised: 08/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the combinatorial synthesis of backbone-derived metal-cyclic peptide libraries is presented. In this approach the metalo-cyclic peptides are prepared from their linear precursors through complexation of a metal atom via two hemi-chelating arms located on the peptide backbone. Thus, cyclization and metal labeling of the peptides are achieved simultaneously. A library, composed of 48 rhenium-cyclic somatostatin analogs, was prepared. All rhenium somatostatin complexes exhibited high to moderate in vitro binding affinities toward cloned human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (hsstr2). Five rhenium-cyclic peptides were found to be most potent with IC50 values between 1 and 3 nM making them promising leads for further development of tumor diagnostic and therapeutic radiolabeled agents. A 99mTc somatostatin cyclic analog was successfully prepared by the same method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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22
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23
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Jeong JM, Lee J, Paik CH, Kim DK, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Site-specific 99mTc-labeling of antibody using dihydrazinophthalazine (DHZ) conjugation to Fc region of heavy chain. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 27:961-7. [PMID: 15473668 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of an antibody labeling method with 99mTc is important for cancer imaging. Most bifunctional chelate methods for 99mTc labeling of antibody incorporate a 99mTc chelator through a linkage to lysine residue. In the present study, a novel site-specific 99mTc labeling method at carbohydrate side chain in the Fc region of 2 antibodies (T101 and rabbit anti-human serum albumin antibody (RPAb)) using dihydrazinophthalazine (DHZ) which has 2 hydrazino groups was developed. The antibodies were oxidized with sodium periodate to produce aldehyde on the Fc region. Then, one hydrazine group of DHZ was conjugated with an aldehyde group of antibody through the formation of a hydrazone. The other hydrazine group was used for labeling with 99mTc. The number of conjugated DHZ was 1.7 per antibody. 99mTc labeling efficiency was 46-85% for T101 and 67-87% for RPAb. Indirect labeling with DHZ conjugated antibodies showed higher stability than direct labeling with reduced antibodies. High immunoreactivities were conserved for both indirectly and directly labeled antibodies. A biodistribution study found high blood activity related to directly labeled T101 at early time point as well as low liver activity due to indirectly labeled T101 at later time point. However, these findings do not affect practical use. No significantly different biodistribution was observed in the other organs. The research concluded that DHZ can be used as a site-specific bifunctional chelating agent for labeling antibody with 99mTc. Moreover, 99mTc labeled antibody via DHZ was found to have excellent chemical and biological properties for nuclear medicine imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
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24
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Lahorte CMM, Vanderheyden JL, Steinmetz N, Van de Wiele C, Dierckx RA, Slegers G. Apoptosis-detecting radioligands: current state of the art and future perspectives. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:887-919. [PMID: 15138718 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-004-1555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a critical and thorough overview of the radiopharmaceutical development and in vivo evaluation of all apoptosis-detecting radioligands that have emerged so far, along with their possible applications in nuclear medicine. The following SPECT and PET radioligands are discussed: all forms of halogenated Annexin V (i.e. (123)I-labelled, (124)I-labelled, (125)I-labelled, (18)F-labelled), (99m)Tc/(94m)Tc-labelled Annexin V derivatives using different chelators and co-ligands (i.e. BTAP, Hynic, iminothiolane, MAG(3), EDDA, EC, tricarbonyl, SDH) or direct (99m)Tc-labelling, (99m)Tc-labelled Annexin V mutants and (99m)Tc/(18)F-radiopeptide constructs (i.e. AFIM molecules), (111)In-DTPA-PEG-Annexin V, (11)C-Annexin V and (64)Cu-, (67)Ga- and (68)Ga-DOTA-Annexin V. In addition, the potential role and clinical relevance of anti-PS monoclonal antibodies and other alternative apoptosis markers are reviewed, including: anti-Annexin V monoclonal antibodies, radiolabelled caspase inhibitors and substrates and mitochondrial membrane permeability targeting radioligands. Nevertheless, major emphasis is placed on the group of Annexin V-based radioligands, in particular (99m)Tc-Hynic-Annexin V, since this molecule is by far the most extensively investigated and best-characterised apoptosis marker at present. Furthermore, the newly emerging imaging modalities for in vivo detection of programmed cell death, such as MRI, MRS, optical, bioluminescent and ultrasound imaging, are briefly described. Finally, some future perspectives are presented with the aim of promoting the development of potential new strategies in pursuit of the ideal cell death-detecting radioligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M M Lahorte
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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Vallis KA, Reilly RM, Chen P, Oza A, Hendler A, Cameron R, Hershkop M, Iznaga-Escobar N, Ramos-Suzarte M, Keane P. A phase I study of 99mTc-hR3 (DiaCIM), a humanized immunoconjugate directed towards the epidermal growth factor receptor. Nucl Med Commun 2002; 23:1155-64. [PMID: 12464779 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200212000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A phase I trial was conducted to evaluate the safety, tumour and normal tissue localization, pharmacokinetics and radiation dosimetry of Tc-hR3, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed towards the epidermal growth factor receptor, in 12 patients with recurrent or metastatic epithelial malignancies. Patients were injected intravenously with 3.0 mg or 6.0 mg (1010 MBq) of Tc-hR3. Blood and plasma concentrations of radioactivity were measured and a complete 24 h urine collection was obtained. Whole-body images were acquired up to 24 h post-injection and normal organ uptake quantified. Radiation dosimetry was estimated using MIRDose. Safety was evaluated by clinical observation, biochemical/haematological testing and by measuring immune response to Tc-hR3. There were no adverse effects, no changes in biochemical/haematological indices and no immune response to Tc-hR3. Tc-hR3 was rapidly cleared from the blood with a distribution half-life of 10.8+/-3.8 min. The volume of distribution, and clearance, were 180+/-37 ml.kg and 14+/-3 ml.kg.min, respectively. The elimination phase could not be discerned due to increasing blood radioactivity at later times. About 19-24% was excreted in the urine. Normal tissue uptake was mainly in the liver (44-50%), spleen (3-4%) and kidneys (3%). Imaging was positive in one patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and an involved cervical lymph node. The whole-body radiation dose from Tc-hR3 was 1.34+/-0.02x10 mSv.Bq. We conclude that Tc-hR3 exhibited an excellent safety profile. Future studies to determine the sensitivity and specificity of imaging with Tc-hR3 in a larger group of patients with pre-selection for epidermal growth factor receptor positivity are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Vallis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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26
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Rajagopalan R, Kuntz RR, Sharma U, Volkert WA, Pandurangi RS. Chemistry of bifunctional photoprobes. 6. Synthesis and characterization of high specific activity metalated photochemical probes: development of novel rhenium photoconjugates of human serum albumin and fab fragments. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6748-57. [PMID: 12227807 DOI: 10.1021/jo010782u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of perfluoro aryl azides by bifunctional chelating agents (BFCAs) capable of forming high specific activity complexes with (99m)Tc (for gamma-imaging) and (188)Re (for radiotherapy) is described. The synthesis of multidonor BFCAs containing N(2)S(2), N(4), and N(3)S donor groups containing imidazole, pyridine, and pyrazine functionalities that may be important for tuning the pharmacokinetic parameters is also described. Functionalization of perfluoro aryl azides at various sites on BFCAs yields novel bifunctional photolabile chelating agents (BFPCAs) that are useful for covalent attachment to biomolecules. A representative Re-BFPCA 8a in a model solvent, diethylamine, proceeded to give a high yield of intermolecular NH insertion product without the decomplexation of the metal ion from 8a. All products originated from the photolysis of 8a in diethylamine are characterized by analytical techniques, and a plausible mechanism of formation of different photolytic products is suggested. The high yield of intermolecular NH insertion of Re-BFPCA 8a is extended to labeling of human serum albumin (HSA) and Fab fragments under aqueous conditions. The photolabeling technology developed here offers a new way to attach diagnostically and therapeutically useful radiotracers (e.g., (99m)Tc, (188)Re) to Fab fragments for potential noninvasive imaging and therapy of cancer.
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27
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Abstract
99mTc radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in widespread applications of nuclear medicine. When 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals first came into use, major efforts were directed toward the development of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for bone imaging and for the excretory functions of the liver and kidneys. In the past 20 years, a significant advance has been made in technetium chemistry, which provided 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for assessment of regional cerebral and myocardial blood flow. Recent efforts have been directed toward the design of 99mTc-labeled compounds for estimating receptor or transporter functions. A number of bifunctional chelating agents that provide 99mTc labeled proteins and peptides of high in vivo stability with high radiochemical yields have also been developed. More recently, organometallic technetium and rhenium compounds have been introduced as another class of 99mTc radiopharmaceutical design. In this manuscript, recent progress in 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals is reviewed with the major emphasis laid on key innovations in this field to provide the 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals available today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Arano
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
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28
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Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, Corstens FH. Animal models of infection and inflammation and their role in experimental nuclear medicine. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 47:151-7. [PMID: 11576679 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, basic aspects of nuclear medicine are described. One of the fields of research in nuclear medicine is the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for imaging infection and inflammation in humans. For this development, animal models are identified and modified to needs of a particular research question. In this review, a wide variety of models that are available in our laboratory are presented and the strengths and pitfalls are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Oyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (565), University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Vera DR, Wallace AM, Hoh CK. [(99m)Tc]MAG(3)-mannosyl-dextran: a receptor-binding radiopharmaceutical for sentinel node detection. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28:493-8. [PMID: 11516693 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(01)00218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Technetium-99m-labeled benzoyl-mercaptoacetylglycylglycyl-glycine-mannosyl-dextran ([(99m)Tc]MAG(3)-mannosyl-dextran) is a receptor-binding radiotracer that binds to mannose-binding protein, a receptor expressed by recticuloendothelial tissue. This agent is composed of a 10.5-kilodalton molecule of dextran and multiple units of mannose, and benzoyl-mercaptoacetylglycylglycyl-glycine (BzMAG(3)). The tetraflorophenol-activated ester of BzMAG(3) and the imidate of thiomannose were used to covalently attach BzMAG(3) and mannose to an amino-terminated conjugate of dextran. This yielded a 19-kilodalton macromolecule consisting of 3 BzMAG(3) and 21 mannose units per dextran. Dynamic light scattering was used to measure a mean diameter of 5.5 nanometers for BzMAG(3)-mannosyl-dextran and 0.28 microns for filtered Tc-99m sulfur colloid. A preliminary sentinel node detection study employing right fore and hind footpad injections of [(99m)Tc]MAG(3)-mannosyl-dextran and left fore and hind footpad injections of filtered Tc-99m sulfur colloid demonstrated greater sentinel lymph node uptake by the receptor-binding agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Vera
- Department of Radiology, UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
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30
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Radioactive Microspheres for Medical Applications. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY BASIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46891-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Hansen L, Lipowska M, Meléndez E, Xu X, Hirota S, Taylor AT, Marzilli LG. Factors Influencing the pKa of Ligated Amines and the Syn/Anti Isomerization in Cysteine-Based Re(V)O(N2S2) Radiopharmaceutical Analogues As Revealed by a Novel Dominant Tautomer in the Solid State. Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9906398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lory Hansen
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Malgorzata Lipowska
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Enrique Meléndez
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shun Hirota
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Andrew T. Taylor
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Luigi G. Marzilli
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Liu S, Edwards DS. 99mTc-Labeled Small Peptides as Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 1999; 99:2235-68. [PMID: 11749481 DOI: 10.1021/cr980436l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Medical Imaging Division, 331 Treble Cove Road, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862
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Fonti R, Cheung NK, Bridger GJ, Guo HF, Abrams MJ, Larson SM. 99mTc-monoclonal antibody radiolabeled via hydrazino nicotinamide derivative for imaging disialoganglioside G(D2)-positive tumors. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:681-6. [PMID: 10587107 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3F8 is a murine IgG3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) selective for the ganglioside G(D2). Previous studies using 131I-3F8 have shown great potential in the imaging of neuroectodermal tumors and the therapy of human neuroblastoma. 131I is commonly used in radioimmunodiagnosis, but its relatively long half-life (8 days) and its high energy gamma-emission (364 KeV) are suboptimal for imaging purposes when compared with 99mTc (6 h and 140 KeV, respectively). To label 3F8 with 99mTc, the antibody was first coupled with a heterobifunctional linker, succinimidyl-6-hydrazinonicotinate hydrochloride (SHNH), obtaining a hydrazinonicotinamide-antibody conjugate. Using 99mTc-Tricine as the precursor complex, 3F8-SHNH was coupled efficiently to 99mTc, resulting in >90% radiometal incorporation, with a specific activity >10 mCi/mg and retaining full immunoreactivity. Immunoscintigraphy at 6, 22, and 46 h after intravenous injection of 1 mCi of 99mTc-3F8 showed selective neuroblastoma localization in xenografted nude mice, comparable to that obtained with the injection of 100 microCi of 131I-3F8. Biodistribution studies of 131I-3F8 and 99mTc-3F8 in mice demonstrated comparable %ID/g uptake in tumor (with a T/B ratio: approximately 2.5 at 24 h and approximately 3.5 at 48 h) and normal organs, including blood, except for spleen and liver which had about a three times higher uptake of the 99mTc conjugate. In conclusion, 99mTc can be coupled conveniently at high specific activity to 3F8 without compromising immunoreactivity. SHNH appears to be a useful linker for 99mTc in tumor diagnostic imaging and may have potential utility in coupling other radioisotopes (e.g., 94mTc) for positron imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fonti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Chen J, Giblin MF, Wang N, Jurisson SS, Quinn TP. In vivo evaluation of 99mTc/188Re-labeled linear alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogs for specific melanoma targeting. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:687-93. [PMID: 10587108 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) analogs were examined in melanoma-bearing mice to determine the effects of peptide length, structure, and radiometal chelation chemistry on tumor targeting and in vivo biodistribution. The linear alpha-MSH analogs [Nle4,D-Phe7]alpha-MSH (NDPMSH) and [D-Phe7]alpha-MSH(5-10) (DPMSH) were radiolabeled with 99mTc and 188Re via the addition of tetrafluorophenyl mercapto-acetylglycylglycyl-gamma-aminobutyrate (MAG2) or tetrapeptide Ac-Cys-Gly-Cys-Gly (CGCG) chelation moieties. 125I-Tyr2-NDPMSH was obtained by direct iodination of the Tyr2 residue. Tumor uptake of 99mTc-labeled CGCG- and MAG2-NDPMSH analogs at 30 min postinjection were 6.52 +/- 1.11 %ID/g and 4.17 +/- 1.34 %ID/g, respectively, resulting in a significantly higher tumor-to-blood uptake ratio than that of 125I-NDPMSH or a shorter alpha-MSH analog, 99mTc-CGCG-DPMSH. The combination of radiolabeling efficacy and in vivo tumor uptake highlights the potential of 99mTc-CGCG-NDPMSH as a melanoma imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA
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35
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In vitro and in vivo studies of99mTc IgG: A comparison between three labeling methods. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02347306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Kniess T, Noll S, Noll B, Spies H, Johannsen B. Effective coupling of Re/Tc-MAG3 complexes with amines and nucleobases in aprotic solvents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02349428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu S, Edwards DS, Harris AR, Heminway SJ, Barrett JA. Technetium Complexes of a Hydrazinonicotinamide-Conjugated Cyclic Peptide and 2-Hydrazinopyridine: Synthesis and Characterization. Inorg Chem 1999; 38:1326-1335. [PMID: 11670921 DOI: 10.1021/ic980973o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ternary ligand technetium complexes of a hydrazinonicotinamide-conjugated cyclic peptide (HYNICtide: cyclo(D-Val-NMeArg-Gly-Asp-Mamb(5-(6-(6-hydrazinonicotinamido)hexanamide)))) and 2-hydrazinopyridine (HYPY) were prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The HPLC concordance experiments for (99m)Tc and (99)Tc analogues show clearly that the same complexes are prepared on the no-carrier-added ((99m)Tc) and the carrier-added ((99)Tc) levels. Using a chirality experiment, it was demonstrated that the presence of two radiometric peaks in the HPLC chromatograms of RP444, RP445, and RP446 is due to the resolution of diastereomers, which result from the presence of chiral cyclic peptide and the formation of two enantiomers of the technetium chelate. In a ligand challenge experiment, we found that the high solution stability of these ternary ligand [(99m)Tc]HYNICtide complexes is due to their kinetic inertness. The 1:1:1:1 composition for Tc:HYNICtide:L:tricine (L = TPPTS, TPPDS, and TPPMS) in these ternary ligand [(99)Tc]HYNICtide complexes is confirmed by (1)H NMR and FAB mass spectral data and is completely consistent with that determined on the tracer ((99m)Tc) level. In addition, the IC(50) values of RP444, RP445, and RP446 and the two isomeric forms of RP444 were determined using a platelet IIb/IIIa binding assay. Both isomeric forms of RP444 were found to have the same binding affinity (IC(50) = 13 +/- 2 nM). Complexes [(99)Tc(HYPY)(PPh(3))(2)Cl(2)] and [(99)Tc(HYPY)(PPh(3))(tricine)] were isolated from the reaction of HYPY with [n-Bu(4)N][TcOCl(4)(-)] in the presence of excess tricine and triphenylphosphine. [(99)Tc(HYPY)(PPh(3))(tricine)] serves as a model for ternary ligand [(99m)Tc]HYNICtide complexes. Both complexes have been characterized by HPLC, spectroscopic (IR, NMR, and FAB-MS) methods, and elemental analysis. The HPLC concordance for complexes [(99m)Tc(HYPY)(PPh(3))(tricine)] and [(99)Tc(HYPY)(PPh(3))(tricine)] shows that the two complexes are identical. The NMR ((1)H and (13)C) data suggests that the complex [(99)Tc(HYPY)(PPh(3))(tricine)] have an octahedral coordination geometry with a monodentate diazenido HYPY, a tetradentate tricine, and a monodentate triphenylphosphine coligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Medical Imaging Division, 331 Treble Cove Road, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862
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Papadopoulos M, Tsoukalas C, Pirmettis I, Nock B, Maina T, Abedin Z, Raptopoulou CP, Terzis A, Chiotellis E. Synthesis and characterization of five-coordinate rhenium(V) and technetium(V) mixed ligand bifunctional complexes carrying the SNS/S or the SNN/S donor atom set. Crystal structure of ReO{[(C2H5)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CH2S)2](p-H2N–PhS)} and ReO{[(CH2)4NCH2CH2NCH2CH2S](p-H2N–PhS)}. Inorganica Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(98)00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Blower PJ, Prakash S. The chemistry of rhenium in nuclear medicine. PERSPECTIVES ON BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1062-239x(99)80029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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42
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Xu LC, Nakayama M, Harada K, Kuniyasu A, Nakayama H, Tomiguchi S, Kojima A, Takahashi M, Ono M, Arano Y, Saji H, Yao Z, Sakahara H, Konishi J, Imagawa Y. Bis(hydroxamamide)-based bifunctional chelating agent for 99mTc labeling of polypeptides. Bioconjug Chem 1999; 10:9-17. [PMID: 9893958 DOI: 10.1021/bc980024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop chelating molecules that provide 99mTc-labeled polypeptides of high in vivo stability and high specific activities under mild reaction conditions, an asymmetrical bis(benzohydroxamamide) compound with an amine group, 4'-aminomethyl-N,N'-trimethylenedibenzohydroxamamide [NH2-C3(BHam)2], was designed and synthesized. The amine residue of NH2-C3(BHam)2 was converted to a maleimide group by reaction with N-succinimidyl-6-maleimidohexanoate, and the conjugation product was coupled to thiol groups of a monoclonal antibody against osteogenic sarcoma (OST7, IgG1) pretreated with 2-iminothiolane to prepare C3(BHam)2-OST7. 99mTc radiolabeling of C3(BHam)2-OST7 was performed by the exchange reaction with [99mTc]glucoheptonate. [99mTc]C3(BHam)2-OST7 was further characterized using directly radioiodinated OST7 ([125I]OST7) and [111In]labeled OST7 with 1-[4-[(5-maleimidopentyl)amidobenzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N, N'N'-tetraacetic acid (EMCS-Bz-EDTA) as references. [99mTc]C3(BHam)2-OST7 was obtained with radiochemical yields of over 94% at protein concentrations as low as 0.2 mg/mL at room temperature for 1 h. [99mTc]C3(BHam)2-OST7 remained stable after incubation in freshly prepared murine plasma and in the presence of cysteine. Similar binding affinities to tumor cells were observed between [99mTc]C3(BHam)2-OST7 and [125I]OST7. When injected into normal mice, [99mTc]C3(BHam)2-OST7 exhibited radioactivity levels in the blood similar to [111In]-EMCS-Bz-EDTA-OST7 up to 24 h postinjection with significantly faster elimination rate of the radioactivity from the liver. In nude mice bearing osteogenic sarcoma, no significant differences were observed in the radioactivity levels in the blood and the tumor between [99mTc]C3(BHam)2-OST7 and [125I]OST7 at 24 h postinjection. These findings indicated that C3(BHam)2 provided 99mTc chelate of high stability at low concentrations even when conjugated to an intact antibody. Such characteristics render bis(hydroxamamide) compounds useful as chelating molecules for preparation of 99mTc-labeled polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Xu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-Honmachi, Japan
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43
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Crudo JL, Viaggi M, de Castiglia SG. Labeling of photoactivated IgG with99mTc. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02385378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pandurangi RS, Lusiak P, Kuntz RR, Volkert WA, Rogowski J, Platz MS. Chemistry of Bifunctional Photoprobes.1 3. Correlation between the Efficiency of CH Insertion by Photolabile Chelating Agents and Lifetimes of Singlet Nitrenes by Flash Photolysis: First Example of Photochemical Attachment of 99mTc−Complex with Human Serum Albumin. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghoottama S. Pandurangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Przemyslaw Lusiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Robert R. Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Wynn A. Volkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jacek Rogowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Giblin MF, Wang N, Hoffman TJ, Jurisson SS, Quinn TP. Design and characterization of alpha-melanotropin peptide analogs cyclized through rhenium and technetium metal coordination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12814-8. [PMID: 9788997 PMCID: PMC23606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1997] [Accepted: 08/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) analogs, cyclized through site-specific rhenium (Re) and technetium (Tc) metal coordination, were structurally characterized and analyzed for their abilities to bind alpha-MSH receptors present on melanoma cells and in tumor-bearing mice. Results from receptor-binding assays conducted with B16 F1 murine melanoma cells indicated that receptor-binding affinity was reduced to approximately 1% of its original levels after Re incorporation into the cyclic Cys4,10, D-Phe7-alpha-MSH4-13 analog. Structural analysis of the Re-peptide complex showed that the disulfide bond of the original peptide was replaced by thiolate-metal-thiolate cyclization. A comparison of the metal-bound and metal-free structures indicated that metal complexation dramatically altered the structure of the receptor-binding core sequence. Redesign of the metal binding site resulted in a second-generation Re-peptide complex (ReCCMSH) that displayed a receptor-binding affinity of 2.9 nM, 25-fold higher than the initial Re-alpha-MSH analog. Characterization of the second-generation Re-peptide complex indicated that the peptide was still cyclized through Re coordination, but the structure of the receptor-binding sequence was no longer constrained. The corresponding 99mTc- and 188ReCCMSH complexes were synthesized and shown to be stable in phosphate-buffered saline and to challenges from diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and free cysteine. In vivo, the 99mTcCCMSH complex exhibited significant tumor uptake and retention and was effective in imaging melanoma in a murine-tumor model system. Cyclization of alpha-MSH analogs via 99mTc and 188Re yields chemically stable and biologically active molecules with potential melanoma-imaging and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Giblin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Xu LC, Nakayama M, Harada K, Nakayama H, Tomiguchi S, Kojima A, Takahashi M, Arano Y. Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxamamide-based tetradentate ligands as a new class of thiol-free chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl Med Biol 1998; 25:295-303. [PMID: 9620636 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(97)00208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both N,N'-ethylene bis(benzohydroxamamide) [(C2(BHam)2)] and N,N'-propylene bis(benzohydroxamamide) [(C3(BHam)2)] were designed as new thiol-free chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Synthetic procedures using oxadiazoline intermediates were developed for C2(BHam)2 and C3(BHam)2. Both C2(BHam)2 and C3(BHam)2 formed 99mTc complexes with high yields over a wide pH range (pH 3-12) at room temperature. Complexation yields of over 95% were achieved at ligand concentrations as low as 2.5 x 10(-6) M. Reversed-phase HPLC analyses indicated that both C2(BHam)2 and C3(BHam)2 formed 99mTc complexes as single species with stabilities much higher than those of 99mTc-BHam. Selective complex formation of 99mTc with the two ligands was observed in the presence of human IgG. No decomposition with low protein binding were demonstrated when the two 99mTc complexes were incubated in murine plasma. Although further structural studies are required, these findings implied that the Ham-based tetradentate ligands would serve as new chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Xu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Kasina S, Sanderson JA, Fitzner JN, Srinivasan A, Rao TN, Hobson LJ, Reno JM, Axworthy DB, Beaumier PL, Fritzberg AR. Simplified preformed chelate protein radiolabeling with technetium-99m mercaptoacetamidoadipoylglycylglycine (N3S-adipate). Bioconjug Chem 1998; 9:108-17. [PMID: 9460553 DOI: 10.1021/bc970047i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A simplified kiet has been developed for 99mTc protein radiolabeling using an N3S triamide mercaptide bifunctional chelating agent and the preformed chelate approach. The process combined N3S chelating agent, gluconate intermediate transfer agent, stannous reducing agent, and gentisic acid stabilizer into a lyophilized formulation. With sulfur donor atom hemithioacetal protection of the ligand, delta-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenyl alpha-S-(1-ethoxyethyl)mercaptoacetamido-L-adipoylglycylglycine , optimum 99mTc chelation was achieved in a single step. Subsequent reaction with NR-LU-10 antibody Fab fragment followed by purification via QAE Sephadex anion exchange resin filter afforded 99mTc-N3S-NR-LU-10 Fab conjugate with retained immunoreactivity and effective tumor targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasina
- NeoRx Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA.
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Safavy A, Khazaeli MB, Mayo MS, Buchsbaum DJ. Synthesis, rhenium-188 labeling and biodistribution studies of a phenolic ester derivative of trisuccin. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 1997; 12:375-84. [PMID: 10851491 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.1997.12.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous results indicated that the trihydroxamate ligand, trisuccin, was a promising bifunctional chelating agent (BCA) for radiometal labeling of monoclonal antibodies with rhenium and technetium. An interest was developed to evaluate structural modifications of this compound from both synthetic and biological points of view. In this report we describe the synthesis of an esterified trisuccin (referred to as trisester), and conjugation of this new derivative to MAb CC49, radiolabeling of this conjugate with rhenium-188 (188Re), and biodistribution of the labeled conjugate in athymic nude mice. Thus, trisuccin (1) was esterified with benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate in a DCC/DMAP reaction followed by removal of all benzyl protecting groups with catalytic hydrogenation. The resulting product was conjugated to CC49 by the active ester technique, through formation of the 2-nitrophenyl ester 6, and the conjugate was radiolabeled with generator-produced 188Re. The lead molecule trisuccin 1 was also conjugated to CC49 through the active ester 5 and the conjugate was radiolabeled by the same procedure to serve as the control conjugate. Biodistributions of the labeled conjugates were studied in athymic nude mice, transplanted s.c. with LS174T human colon cancer xenografts. Although an increase in the radiolabeling yield was observed for the esterified ligand-CC49 conjugate, as well as some increase in its immunoreactivity, as compared to those for the parent trisuccin molecule, there were no significant differences in their biodistribution. This new compound therefore may be useful in improving the conjugation and radiolabeling chemistries of this trihydroxamate ligand system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Safavy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-6832, USA.
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Breitz HB, Tyler A, Bjorn MJ, Lesley T, Weiden PL. Clinical experience with Tc-99m nofetumomab merpentan (Verluma) radioimmunoscintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 1997; 22:615-20. [PMID: 9298295 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-199709000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tc-99m nofetumomab merpentan (Verluma), consisting of a Fab fragment of the pancarcinoma murine antibody NR-LU-10, has been previously evaluated as a diagnostic imaging agent in staging patients with lung cancer. The authors have taken advantage of the pancarcinoma reactivity of this antibody to select patients with a variety of carcinomas for radioimmunotherapy trials. These have included gastrointestinal, breast, ovary, pancreas, kidney, cervix, and bladder carcinoma. This article documents the range of tumor types and locations that can be identified by gamma camera imaging with this radioimmunoconjugate. Tumor was positively identified in 92% of 107 patients studied. In 15 patients, the images led to suspicion of previously unknown disease. The authors conclude that this radioimmunoconjugate is useful in assessing patients with advanced disease. Additional studies may be warranted to explore further the potential benefit of this diagnostic imaging agent in evaluating the extent of disease in patients with a variety of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Breitz
- NeoRx-Virginia Mason Clinical Research Unit, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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