Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis

Characteristics of Wheat Noodle "Kitanokaori" Using Weakly Acidic Hard Water in Terms of Functional Qualities, Such as Inhibiting Postprandial Abrupt Increase in Blood Glucose

Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis are very serious diseases all over the world. We prepared noodles from 'Kitanokaori' (newly developed wheat) (KITs) using weakly acidic hard water, which showed a higher amount of resistant starch (9.0-fold) and calcium (2.7-fold) than noodles from Sanukinoyume (premium wheat) (SANs) using purified water. Furthermore, aged mice, which were fed a diet of KIT using weakly acidic hard water for eight weeks, showed lower postprandial blood glucose levels (BGLs) at 30 min after consumption than mice fed a control diet (SAN using purified water) (p < 0.05). Therefore, KIT seems promising in terms of health promotion through food. Additionally, the whiteness (WB) and brightness (L*) of wheat noodles using weakly acidic hard water showed higher values than ones using purified water. The texture of KIT using weakly acidic hard water showed few textural differences from noodles using purified water. The KIT using weakly acidic hard water would be acceptable in terms of palatability and bio-functionality in terms of delaying digestion.

Exploring the Cardiovascular Benefits of Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, driven by complex interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, with diet playing a pivotal role. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO), a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), is a plant-based fat that has garnered attention for its robust cardiovascular benefits, which are attributed to its unique composition of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), particularly oleic acid (OA); and bioactive polyphenols, such as Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and oleocanthal. These compounds collectively exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and lipid-modulating effects. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that EVOO's properties reduce major modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. EVOO also promotes endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, thus favoring vasodilation, lowering blood pressure (BP), and supporting vascular integrity. Furthermore, it modulates biomarkers of cardiovascular health, such as C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and NT-proBNP, aligning with improved hemostatic balance and reduced arterial vulnerability. Emerging evidence highlights its interaction with gut microbiota, further augmenting its cardioprotective effects. This review synthesizes current evidence, elucidating EVOO's multifaceted mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Future directions emphasize the need for advanced extraction techniques, nutraceutical formulations, and personalized dietary recommendations to maximize its health benefits. EVOO represents a valuable addition to dietary strategies aimed at reducing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases.

The Intersection of Genetic Factors, Aberrant Nutrient Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Cardiometabolic Disease

Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), which encompasses metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been increasing considerably in the past 50 years. CMD is a complex disease that can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors such as diet. With the increased reliance on processed foods containing saturated fats, fructose and cholesterol, a mechanistic understanding of how these molecules cause metabolic disease is required. A major pathway by which excessive nutrients contribute to CMD is through oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss how oxidative stress can drive CMD and the role of aberrant nutrient metabolism and genetic risk factors and how they potentially interact to promote progression of MAFLD, CVD and CKD. This review will focus on genetic mutations that are known to alter nutrient metabolism. We discuss the major genetic risk factors for MAFLD, which include Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase Domain Containing 7 (MBOAT7) and Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 (TM6SF2). In addition, mutations that prevent nutrient uptake cause hypercholesterolemia that contributes to CVD. We also discuss the mechanisms by which MAFLD, CKD and CVD are mutually associated with one another. In addition, some of the genetic risk factors which are associated with MAFLD and CVD are also associated with CKD, while some genetic risk factors seem to dissociate one disease from the other. Through a better understanding of the causative effect of genetic mutations in CMD and how aberrant nutrient metabolism intersects with our genetics, novel therapies and precision approaches can be developed for treating CMD.

Guanmaitong Granule Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Inflammatory Immune Response in ApoE−/− Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

Background

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Guanmaitong granule (GMTG) is a TCM (Traditional Chinese medicine) prescribed to treat AS. However, its mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

We obtained reliable ingredients and targets of GMTG using the HERB database. AS-related targets were obtained from HERB and GeneCards databases. The target database was constructed by intersecting the ingredients of GMTG with the AS-related targets. STRING and Cytoscape were used to create protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and screen core targets. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analyses were performed using R. Finally, the ApoE^−/− mice AS model was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) for in vivo validation of core pathways and targets.

Results

A total of 124 ingredients and 418 potential targets of GMTG for treating AS were obtained. Numerous ingredients and targets were related to Panax notoginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Astragalus. Most core targets and pathways were involved in the inflammatory immune response. GMTG could decrease serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein level and increase the serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. Furthermore, GMTG reduced the plaque burden and promoted plaque remodeling by reducing plaque area, lipid deposition, foam cell content, and collagen fiber content in the plaque in the aortic root of ApoE^−/− mice. GMTG inhibited systemic and plaque inflammatory immune response and increased plaque stability by inhibiting the excessive release of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-induced inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta.

Conclusion

Radix notoginseng, Radix salviae liguliobae, and Radix astragali are the main ingredients of GMTG for treating AS. Further, GMTG could regulate the level of serum lipids and inhibit inflammatory immune response, which resulted in anti-AS effects such as plaque stabilization, reduction of plaque burden, and plaque remodeling. GMTG is a promising multi-target treatment for AS.

Engineering the Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica for Sustainable Production of High Oleic Oils

Oleic acid is widely applied in the chemical, material, nutritional, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the current production of oleic acid via high oleic plant oils is limited by the long growth cycle and climatic constraints. Moreover, the global demand for high oleic plant oils, especially the palm oil, has emerged as the driver of tropical deforestation causing tropical rainforest destruction, climate change, and biodiversity loss. In the present study, an alternative and sustainable strategy for high oleic oil production was established by reprogramming the metabolism of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using a two-layer "push-pull-block" strategy. Specifically, the fatty acid synthesis pathway was first engineered to increase oleic acid proportion by altering the fatty acid profiles. Then, the content of storage oils containing oleic acid was boosted by engineering the synthesis and degradation pathways of triacylglycerides. The strain resulting from this two-layer engineering strategy produced the highest titer of high oleic microbial oil reaching 56 g/L with 84% oleic acid in fed-batch fermentation, representing a remarkable improvement of a 110-fold oil titer and 2.24-fold oleic acid proportion compared with the starting strain. This alternative and sustainable method for high oleic oil production shows the potential of substitute planting.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals genes related to the rapid accumulation of oleic acid in Camellia chekiangoleosa, an oil tea plant with early maturity and large fruit

Camellia chekiangoleosa has a higher oleic acid content and a shorter reproductive cycle than typical oil tea plants. It was intensively sampled over six C. chekiangoleosa seed development stages. The content of fatty acids determined by GC showed that the accumulation of fatty acids gradually increased from the S1 to S5 stages, and the maximum concentration was reached in S5. Then, fatty acids declined slightly in S6. The main fatty acid component showed the same accumulation trend as the total fatty acids, except linolenic acid, which remained at a low level throughout seed developmental stages. Changes in the expression of fatty acid accumulation-related genes were monitored using second-generation and SMRT full-length transcriptome sequencing. Finally, 18.92 G accurate and reliable data were obtained. Differential expression analysis and weighted coexpression analysis revealed two "gene modules" significantly associated with oleic acid and linoleic acid contents, and the high expression of ENR, KAS I, and KAS II, which accumulate substrates for oleic acid synthesis, was thought to be responsible for the rapid accumulation of fatty acids in the early stage. The rapid increase in fatty acids in the second stage may be closely related to the synergy between the high expression of SAD and low expression of FAD2. In addition, many transcription factors, such as ERF, GRAS, GRF, MADS, MYB and WRKY, may be involved in the fatty acid synthesis. Our data provide a rich resource for further studies on the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in C. chekiangoleosa.

The Interplay Between Nutrition, Metabolic, and Endocrine Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease

The kidneys are responsible for maintaining our bodies' homeostasis through excretion, biodegradation, and synthesis of different hormones. Therefore, a decline in renal function often results in significant derangements in hormone levels. The most common metabolic and endocrine abnormalities seen in patients with chronic kidney disease include deficiencies in erythropoietin, calcitriol, triiodothyronine, testosterone, and estrogen. In addition, accumulation of hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides, and prolactin also is seen. Subsequently, this can lead to the development of a wide range of clinical consequences including but not limited to anemia, hyperparathyroidism, insulin resistance, anorexia-cachexia, infertility, bone disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. These disorders can negatively affect the prognosis and quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease, and, thus, early diagnosis, nutritional intervention, and pharmacologic treatment is imperative.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lung Cancer: nutrition or Pharmacology?

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplements for chemoprevention of different types of cancer including lung cancer has been investigated in recent years. ω-3 PUFAs are considered immunonutrients, commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients. ω-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory effects. Lung cancer patients suffer complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain and depression. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) 2017 guidelines for cancer patients only discuss the use of ω-3 PUFAs for cancer-cachexia treatment, leaving aside other cancer-related complications that could potentially be managed by ω-3 PUFAs. This review aims to elucidate whether the effects of ω-3 PUFAs in lung cancer is supplementary, pharmacological or both. In addition, clinical studies, evidence in cell lines and animal models suggest how ω-3 PUFAs induce anticancer effects. ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolites are suggested to modulate pivotal pathways underlying the progression or complications of lung cancer, indicating that this is a promising field to be explored. Further investigation is still required to analyze the benefits of ω-3 PUFAs as supplementation or pharmacological treatment in lung cancer.

Exploring the causal pathway from omega-6 levels to coronary heart disease: A network Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Evidence on the effect of omega-6 fats on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk remains inconclusive. We applied a network MR framework to determine the causal effects between omega-6 levels and CHD and the potential cholesterol metabolic risk factors (Total cholesterol, TC; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; Triglycerides, TG) which might act as mediators in the link between omega-6 levels and CHD by integrating summary-level genome wide association study (GWAS) data.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Network MR analysis-an approach using genetic variants as the instrumental variables for both the exposure and mediator to infer causality was performed to examine the causal effects between omega-6 levels and CHD and cholesterol metabolic risk factors. Summary statistics from the Kettunen et al. 's consortium were used (n = 13506) for omega-6, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium data were used (n = 184305) for CHD, and GLGC consortia data were used (n = 108363) for TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG. The IVW method estimate indicated that the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for CHD was 1.210 (1.118-1.310) per standard deviation increase in omega-6. Results were consistent in MR Egger method (OR, 1.418; 95% CI, 1.087-1.851; P = 0.050) and weighted median methods (OR, 1.239; 95% CI, 1.125-1.364; P = 0.000). Omega-6 was positively causal associated with TC, LDL-C, and TG but was not associated with HDL-C. Moreover, TC, LDL-C, and TG were positively associated with CHD.

CONCLUSIONS

Using a network MR framework, we provided evidence supporting a positive causal relationship between omega-6 and CHD, which might be partially mediated by TC, LDL-C, and TG.

An Overview of Atherosclerosis: A Look to the Future*

This overview briefly summarizes the cellular pathobiology of experimental atherosclerosis and is then followed by a consideration of how 3 major risk factors interact with the hypothesized pathogenetic process. First, since hemodynamics and blood flow influence the localization of atherosclerotic plaques, possible mechanisms and directions of research are considered. Secondly, the recent hypothesis relating the oxidation of LDL to several of the early processes of atherogenesis is briefly discussed in view of the fact that hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor. The possibility that subsets of LDL and lipoproteins other than LDL might be involved is also discussed. Family history is the last of the 3 contributors to atherosclerosis reviewed and some prototypes of gene abnormalities are considered. Finally, the needs and prospects of future research are summarized.

Updates on Legume Genome Sequencing

Legumes (Fabaceae) are agronomically and economically one of the most important crops. Because legumes serve as a source of food, feed, and industrial materials, many studies in the field of legume genomics, including genome sequencing, have been conducted over the last decade. Here, we update the progress in genome sequencing of legume crops, including soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), mung bean (V. radiata var. radiata), adzuki bean (V. angularis var. angularis), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Since the publication of the first reference genome sequence of each species, many accessions have been resequenced to study genetic diversity, speciation, and polyploidization in the legume lineage.

In Vivo Performances, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Pigs Fed Olive Cake Processing Waste

Simple Summary

In the recent years, the use of agro-industrial by-products in animal feed has been considered to reduce costs coming from the disposing of processing wastes and from the feeding for the animal breeding. The aim of this study was to assess the inclusion of two different levels of olive cake in 72 Pietrain pigs, during the finishing period; animals fed three dietary treatments contained increasing levels of olive cake: 0% (Ctrl), 5% (Low), and 10% (High) as partial substitution of wheat middling and soybean oil. Our hypothesis was that the inclusion of olive cake could be a possible strategy for the following: (i) finding unconventional ingredients of a commercial complete feed, and (ii) improving in vivo and postmortem performances, with particular attention on the acidic profile. The present study demonstrated that feeding olive cake improved animal performances and influenced some qualitative parameters, reducing the deposition of intramuscular fat and modifying the fatty acid composition in the intramuscular fat and backfat, where the concentration of MUFA and PUFA were increased and the quality indices (AI and IT) were improved. Obviously, the inclusion of unconventional ingredients in animal feed should not negatively affect the meat organoleptic characteristics.

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the inclusion of different levels of olive cake in pigs’ diet as a strategy to replace conventional ingredients and to improve meat quality traits. Seventy-two Pietrain pigs, during the growing–finishing period (50–120 kg BW), were fed with three dietary treatments that contained or did not contain olive cake: 0% (Ctrl), 5% (Low), and 10% (High). The trial lasted 90 days. Weekly, individual body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded to calculate average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At slaughter, the dressing percentage was calculated and carcass weight and backfat thickness were measured. On a section of Longissimus thoracis muscle (LT), pH, color, chemical, and fatty acid composition were determined. Fatty acid profile was also determined in backfat. The statistical model included the effects of diet (Ctrl, Low, and High). The inclusion of 5% of olive cake in the diet improved significantly (p < 0.05) BW and FCR. Both levels of inclusion (5% and 10%) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) backfat thickness and intramuscular fat and modified their fatty acid composition, increasing (p < 0.05) the concentration of MUFA and PUFA and improving (p < 0.05) quality indices. Results suggest that olive cake did not negatively affect the productive performances.

Cholesterol Disturbances and the Role of Proper Nutrition in CKD Patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread disease with increasing prevalence in the modern society. Lipid disturbances are common in this group of patients. In most patients with CKD atherogenic dyslipidemia is observed. Dyslipidemia in patients with renal diseases increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and it accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease to its end stage. The amelioration of dyslipidemia and the lowering of oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, insulin sensitivity and remnant lipoproteins levels may lead to the reduction in cardiovascular burden. Nutritional interventions can strengthen the beneficial effect of treatment and they play an important role in the preservation of overall well-being of the patients with CKD since the aim of appropriate diet is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, prevent malnutrition, and hamper the progression of kidney disease. The management of dyslipidemia, regardless of the presence of chronic kidney disease, should be initiated by the introduction of therapeutic lifestyle changes. The introduction of diet change was shown to exert beneficial effect on the lipid level lowering that reaches beyond pharmacological therapy. Currently available evidence give the impression that data on dietary interventions in CKD patients is not sufficient to make any clinical practice guidelines and is of low quality.

Active Constituent in the Ethyl Acetate Extract Fraction of Terminalia bellirica Fruit Exhibits Antioxidation, Antifibrosis, and Proapoptosis Capabilities In Vitro

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit (TBF) is a widely planted traditional medicinal herb in Tibet. We aimed to determine the most active substance-enriched extract by comparing the in vitro antioxidant activities of different extract fractions of TBF that were subsequently extracted by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol after initial extraction by 95% ethanol. The main compounds of the ethyl acetate extract fraction (EF) were analyzed via HPLC-MS. Gallic acid (GA) was obtained from EF to determine in vitro antifibrotic activity based on the traditional usage of TBF. After HSC-T6 cells were incubated with GA, extracellular secreted levels of fibrosis-associated cytokines, such as collagen I, collagen III, TGF-β1, and hydroxyproline, were estimated by ELISA. Gene and protein expressions of PDGFR, CTGF, NF-κB, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, α-SMA, and the Bcl-2/Bax family were determined by quantitative PCR and western blot. The proapoptotic effect of GA was further investigated by annexin V-PI and TUNEL staining. These results indicate that EF has prominent in vitro antioxidant activity among four extract fractions, and its main component, GA, manifests antifibrosis activity and its potential mechanism of action includes inhibition of cytokine secretion and collagen synthesis, as well as proapoptosis of HSCs.

Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Peanut B-Genome Progenitor (Arachis ipaensis)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an important leguminous crop, is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Peanut is an allotetraploid, having A and B subgenomes that maybe have originated in its diploid progenitors Arachis duranensis (A-genome) and Arachis ipaensis (B-genome), respectively. We previously sequenced the former and here present the draft genome of the latter, expanding our knowledge of the unique biology of Arachis. The assembled genome of A. ipaensis is ~1.39 Gb with 39,704 predicted protein-encoding genes. A gene family analysis revealed that the FAR1 family may be involved in regulating peanut special fruit development. Genomic evolutionary analyses estimated that the two progenitors diverged ~3.3 million years ago and suggested that A. ipaensis experienced a whole-genome duplication event after the divergence of Glycine max. We identified a set of disease resistance-related genes and candidate genes for biological nitrogen fixation. In particular, two and four homologous genes that may be involved in the regulation of nodule development were obtained from A. ipaensis and A. duranensis, respectively. We outline a comprehensive network involved in drought adaptation. Additionally, we analyzed the metabolic pathways involved in oil biosynthesis and found genes related to fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis. Importantly, three new FAD2 homologous genes were identified from A. ipaensis and one was completely homologous at the amino acid level with FAD2 from A. hypogaea. The availability of the A. ipaensis and A. duranensis genomic assemblies will advance our knowledge of the peanut genome.

Antioxidative activity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL): Mechanistic insights into potential clinical benefit

Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles by macrophages represents a key step in the development of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to the foam cell formation. Chemical modification of LDL is however necessary to induce this process. Proatherogenic LDL modifications include aggregation, enzymatic digestion and oxidation. LDL oxidation by one-electron (free radicals) and two-electron oxidants dramatically increases LDL affinity to macrophage scavenger receptors, leading to rapid LDL uptake and fatty streak formation. Circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, primarily small, dense, protein-rich HDL3, provide potent protection of LDL from oxidative damage by free radicals, resulting in the inhibition of the generation of pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids. HDL-mediated inactivation of lipid hydroperoxides involves their initial transfer from LDL to HDL and subsequent reduction to inactive hydroxides by redox-active Met residues of apolipoprotein A-I. Several HDL-associated enzymes are present at elevated concentrations in HDL3 relative to large, light HDL2 and can be involved in the inactivation of short-chain oxidized phospholipids. Therefore, HDL represents a multimolecular complex capable of acquiring and inactivating proatherogenic lipids. Antioxidative function of HDL can be impaired in several metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Structural and compositional anomalies in the HDL proteome and lipidome underlie such functional deficiency. Concomitant normalization of the metabolism, circulating levels, composition and biological activities of HDL particles, primarily those of small, dense HDL3, can constitute future therapeutic target.

Ginseng seed oil ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo

Background

Despite the large number of studies on ginseng, pharmacological activities of ginseng seed oil (GSO) have not been established. GSO is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mostly oleic and linoleic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to exert a therapeutic effect in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanisms of GSO against NAFLD using in vitro and in vivo models.

Methods

In vitro lipid accumulation was induced by free fatty acid mixture in HepG2 cells and by 3 wk of high fat diet (HFD)-feeding in Sprague-Dawley rats prior to hepatocyte isolation. The effects of GSO against diet-induced hepatic steatosis were further examined in C57BL/6J mice fed a HFD for 12 wk.

Results

Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride levels showed marked accumulation of lipid droplets in both HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes, and these were attenuated by GSO treatment. In HFD-fed mice, GSO improved HFD-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic insulin resistance. Increased hepatic lipid contents were observed in HFD-fed mice and it was lowered in GSO (500 mg/kg)-treated mice by 26.4% which was evident in histological analysis. Pathway analysis of hepatic global gene expression indicated that GSO increased the expression of genes associated with β-oxidation (Ppara, Ppargc1a, Sirt1, and Cpt1a) and decreased the expression of lipogenic genes (Srebf1 and Mlxipl), and these were confirmed with reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase-chain reaction.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that GSO has a beneficial effect on NAFLD through the suppression of lipogenesis and stimulation of fatty acid degradation pathway.

Effects of super-hard rice bread blended with black rice bran on amyloid β peptide production and abrupt increase in postprandial blood glucose levels in mice

Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes are very serious diseases with the latter having been suggested to cause the former. We prepared super-hard rice bread blended with black rice bran (SRBBB), which contained a high amount of resistant starch that showed strong inhibitory activities against β-secretase and acetylcholinesterase even after heating. Black rice bran showed greater β-secretase inhibitory activity (3.6-fold) than Koshihikari rice. The bran contained more oleic acid and anthocyanin, meaning that it is potentially a biofunctional food with a high antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, aged mice, which were fed a SRBBB diet for four weeks, showed lower amyloid β 40 peptide in the blood than mice fed a commercial diet (p < 0.01). Additionally, their initial blood glucose levels (BGLs) after 12 weeks of being fed SRBBB were significantly lower than those in the control group. Taken together, our results indicate SRBBB shows promise for inhibiting not only amyloid β production, but also abrupt increases in postprandial BGLs.

Main Properties of Canola Oil Components: A Descriptive Review of Current Knowledge

Together with olive and soybean, canola is one of the most important and diffuse oilseed crops. Due to high oleic acid and antioxidant contents, canola oil shows positive effects on cholesterol, glycemic control, blood pressure and cancer. For these reasons, canola oil can be considered an important food-resource: future scientific research is expected to provide further evidence on adoption of canola oil as a standard dietary choice in healthy subjects as well as a therapeutic strategy in disease treatment.

Lipoprotein-associated oxidative stress: a new twist to the postprandial hypothesis

Oxidative stress is recognized as one of the primary processes underlying the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Under physiological conditions, the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS scavenging is tightly controlled. As part of normal cellular metabolism, regulated oxidative stress is responsible for a variety of cellular responses. Excess generation of ROS that could not be compensated by antioxidant system has been suggested to be responsible for a number of pathological conditions. Due to their short biological half-lives, direct measurement of ROS is not available and surrogate measures are commonly used. Plasma lipoproteins, by virtue of their close interactions with endothelial cells in the vasculature and the susceptibility of their surface lipids to oxidative modification, are perfect biological sensors of oxidative stress in the arterial wall. In particular, with each consumed meal, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, secreted by the intestine into the circulation, are responsible for the delivery of 20–40 grams of fat to the peripheral tissues. This flux of dietary lipids is accompanied by concomitant increases in glucose, insulin and other meal-associated metabolites. The contribution of postprandial lipemia to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been previously suggested by several lines of investigation. We have extended this hypothesis by demonstrating the acute generation of oxidative epitopes on plasma lipoproteins as well as transient changes in the oxidative susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins.

The action of peroxyl radicals, powerful deleterious reagents, explains why neither cholesterol nor saturated fatty acids cause atherogenesis and age-related diseases

Cells respond to alterations in their membrane structure by activating hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are liberated. Free PUFAs react with molecular oxygen to give lipid hydroperoxide molecules (LOOHs). In case of severe cell injury, this physiological reaction switches to the generation of lipid peroxide radicals (LOO(·)). These radicals can attack nearly all biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes, impairing their biological functions. Identical cell responses are triggered by manipulation of food, for example, heating/grilling and particularly homogenization, representing cell injury. Cholesterol as well as diets rich in saturated fat have been postulated to accelerate the risk of atherosclerosis while food rich in unsaturated fatty acids has been claimed to lower this risk. However, the fact is that LOO(·) radicals generated from PUFAs can oxidize cholesterol to toxic cholesterol oxides, simulating a reduction in cholesterol level. In this review it is shown how active LOO(·) radicals interact with biomolecules at a speed transcending usual molecule-molecule reactions by several orders of magnitude. Here, it is explained how functional groups are fundamentally transformed by an attack of LOO(·) with an obliteration of essential biomolecules leading to pathological conditions. A serious reconsideration of the health and diet guidelines is required.

Recycling of food waste as nutrients in Chlorella vulgaris cultivation

Heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris was investigated in food waste hydrolysate. The highest exponential growth rate in terms of biomass of 0.8day(-1) was obtained in a hydrolysate consisting of 17.9gL(-1) glucose, 0.1gL(-1) free amino nitrogen, 0.3gL(-1) phosphate and 4.8mgL(-1) nitrate, while the growth rate was reduced in higher concentrated hydrolysates. C. vulgaris utilized the nutrients recovered from food waste for the formation of biomass and 0.9g biomass was produced per gram glucose consumed. The microalgal biomass produced in nutrient sufficient batch cultures consisted of around 400mgg(-1) carbohydrates, 200mgg(-1) proteins and 200mgg(-1) lipids. The conversion of nutrients derived from food waste and the balanced biomass composition make C. vulgaris a promising strain for the recycling of food waste in food, feed and fuel productions.

Dietary interventions (plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, soy protein and dietary fibers) for familial hypercholesterolaemia

BACKGROUND

A cholesterol-lowering diet and several other dietary interventions have been suggested as a management approach either independently or as an adjuvant to drug therapy in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the most appropriate dietary treatment. Plant sterols are commonly used in FH although patients may know them by other names like phytosterols or stanols.

OBJECTIVES

To examine whether a cholesterol-lowering diet is more effective in reducing ischaemic heart disease and lowering cholesterol than no dietary intervention in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Further, to compare the efficacy of supplementing a cholesterol-lowering diet with either omega-3 fatty acids, soya proteins, plant sterols or plant stanols.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register, which is compiled from electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (updated with each new issue of The Cochrane Library), quarterly searches of MEDLINE and the prospective handsearching of one journal - Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. Most recent search of the Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register: 22 August 2013. We also searched PubMed to 05 February 2012.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials, both published and unpublished, where a cholesterol-lowering diet in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia has been compared to other forms of dietary treatment or to no dietary intervention were included.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently assessed the trial eligibility and risk of bias and one extracted the data, with independent verification of data extraction by a colleague.

MAIN RESULTS

In the 2014 update of the review, 15 trials have been included, with a total of 453 participants across seven comparison groups. The included trials had either a low or unclear risk of bias for most of the parameters used for risk assessment. Only short-term outcomes could be assessed due to the short duration of follow up in the included trials. None of the primary outcomes, (incidence of ischaemic heart disease, number of deaths and age at death) were evaluated in any of the included trials. No significant differences were noted for the majority of secondary outcomes for any of the planned comparisons. However, a significant difference was found for the following comparisons and outcomes: for the comparison between plant sterols and cholesterol-lowering diet (in favour of plant sterols), total cholesterol levels, mean difference 0.30 mmol/l (95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.48); decreased serum LDL cholesterol, mean difference -0.60 mmol/l (95% CI -0.89 to -0.31). Fasting serum HDL cholesterol levels were elevated, mean difference -0.04 mmol/l (95% CI -0.11 to 0.03) and serum triglyceride concentration was reduced, mean difference -0.03 mmol/l (95% CI -0.15 to -0.09), although these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, guar gum when given as an add on therapy to bezafibrate reduced total cholesterol and LDL levels as compared to bezafibrate alone.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

No conclusions can be made about the effectiveness of a cholesterol-lowering diet, or any of the other dietary interventions suggested for familial hypercholesterolaemia, for the primary outcomes: evidence and incidence of ischaemic heart disease, number of deaths and age at death,due to the lack of data on these. Large, parallel, randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate the effectiveness of a cholesterol-lowering diet and the addition of omega-3 fatty acids, plant sterols or stanols, soya protein, dietary fibers to a cholesterol-lowering diet.

Avocado oil supplementation modifies cardiovascular risk profile markers in a rat model of sucrose-induced metabolic changes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of avocado oil administration on biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk profile in rats with metabolic changes induced by sucrose ingestion. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups: a control group (CG; basic diet), a sick group (MC; basic diet plus 30% sucrose solution), and three other groups (MCao, MCac, and MCas; basic diet plus 30% sucrose solution plus olive oil and avocado oil extracted by centrifugation or using solvent, resp.). Glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration were analyzed. Avocado oil reduces TG, VLDL, and LDL levels, in the LDL case significantly so, without affecting HDL levels. An effect was exhibited by avocado oil similar to olive oil, with no significant difference between avocado oil extracted either by centrifugation or solvent in myocardial injury biochemical indicators. Avocado oil decreased hs-CRP levels, indicating that inflammatory processes were partially reversed. These findings suggested that avocado oil supplementation has a positive health outcome because it reduces inflammatory events and produces positive changes in the biochemical indicators studied, related to the development of metabolic syndrome.

Pairing of cholesterol with oxidized phospholipid species in lipid bilayers

We claim that (1) cholesterol protects bilayers from disruption caused by lipid oxidation by sequestering conical shaped oxidized lipid species such as 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PZPC) away from phospholipid, because cholesterol and the oxidized lipid have complementary shapes and (2) mixtures of cholesterol and oxidized lipids can self-assemble into bilayers much like lysolipid–cholesterol mixtures. The evidence for bilayer protection comes from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Unimodal size distributions of extruded vesicles (LUVETs) made up of a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and PZPC containing high amounts of PZPC are only obtained when cholesterol is present in high concentrations. In simulations, bilayers containing high amounts of PZPC become porous, unless cholesterol is also present. The protective effect of cholesterol on oxidized lipids has been observed previously using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron microscopy imaging of vesicles. The evidence for the pairing of cholesterol and PZPC comes mainly from correlated 2-D density and thickness plots from simulations, which show that these two molecules co-localize in bilayers. Further evidence that the two molecules can cohabitate comes from self-assembly simulations, where we show that cholesterol-oxidized lipid mixtures can form lamellar phases at specific concentrations, reminiscent of lysolipid–cholesterol mixtures. The additivity of the packing parameters of cholesterol and PZPC explains their cohabitation in a planar bilayer. Oxidized lipids are ubiquitously present in significant amounts in high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) particles, diseased tissues, and in model phospholipid mixtures containing polyunsaturated lipids. Therefore, our hypothesis has important consequences for cellular cholesterol trafficking; diseases related to oxidized lipids, and to biophysical studies of phase behaviour of cholesterol-containing phospholipid mixtures.

Meat quality of buffalo young bulls fed faba bean as protein source

Sixteen Italian Mediterranean Buffalo young bulls were divided into two groups fed isoprotein and isoenergy diets and only differing for protein source of concentrate: faba bean (FB) vs soybean (SB). Animals were slaughtered at 350 kg BW. Meat from FB group showed significantly lower fat, protein, cholesterol and saturated fatty acids than SB group. Significant differences were also found between the three muscles analysed [Longissimus thoracis (LT), Semitendinosus (ST) and Iliopsoas plus Psoas minor (IP)]. ST showed the most favourable fatty acids profile: lower SFA, higher PUFA, MUFA, ω-3, ω-6, CLA and, consequently, lower values for both atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes. Results showed that faba bean can be used as a protein source alternative to soybean in the diet of young buffalo bulls for the production of high quality meat.

Genotypic effect of ahFAD2 on fatty acid profiles in six segregating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) populations

Background

Fatty acid composition of oil extracted from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is an important quality trait because it may affect the flavor and shelf life of resulting food products. In particular, a high ratio of oleic (C18:1) relative to linoleic (C18:2) fatty acid (O/L ≥ 10) results in a longer shelf life. Previous reports suggest that the high oleic (~80%) trait was controlled by recessive alleles of ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B, the former of which is thought to have a high frequency in US runner- and virginia-type cultivars. Functional mutations, G448A in ahFAD2A and 442insA in ahFAD2B eliminate or knock down desaturase activity and have been demonstrated to produce peanut oil with high O/L ratios. In order to employ marker assisted selection (MAS) to select a high oleic disease resistant peanut and to evaluate genotypic and phenotypic variation, crosses were made between high oleic (~80%) and normal oleic (~50%) peanuts to produce segregating populations.

Results

A total of 539 F₂ progenies were randomly selected to empirically determine each ahFAD2 genotype and the resulting fatty acid composition. Five of the six crosses segregated for the high oleic trait in a digenic fashion. The remaining cross was consistent with monogenic segregation because both parental genotypes were fixed for the ahFAD2A mutation. Segregation distortion was significant in ahFAD2A in one cross; however, the remaining crosses showed no distortion. Quantitative analyses revealed that dominance was incomplete for the wild type allele of ahFAD2, and both loci showed significant additive effects. Oleic and linoleic acid displayed five unique phenotypes, based on the number of ahFAD2 mutant alleles. Further, the ahFAD2 loci did exhibit pleiotropic interactions with palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2) acids and the O/L ratio. Fatty acid levels in these progeny were affected by the parental genotype suggesting that other genes also influence fatty acid composition in peanut. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study in which all of the nine possible ahFAD2 genotypes were quantitatively measured.

Conclusions

The inheritance of the high oleic trait initially was suggested to be controlled by dominant gene action from two homoeologous genes (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) exhibiting complete recessivity. Analyzing the ahFAD2 genotypes and fatty acid compositions of these segregating peanut populations clearly demonstrated that the fatty acid contents are quantitative in nature although much of the variability in the predominant fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic) is controlled by only two loci.

Synthesis and characterization of novel n-9 fatty acid conjugates possessing antineoplastic properties

The present study enumerates the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and evaluation of anticancer potential of esters of two n-9 fatty acids viz., oleic acid (OLA) and ricinoleic acid (RCA) with 2,4- or 2,6-diisopropylphenol. The synthesis strategy involved esterification of the hydroxyl group of diisopropylphenol (propofol) to the terminal carboxyl group of n-9 fatty acid. The synthesized propofol-n-9 conjugates having greater lipophilic character were tested initially for cytotoxicity in-vitro. The conjugates showed specific growth inhibition of cancer cell lines whereas no effect was observed in normal cells. In general, pronounced growth inhibition was found against the human skin malignant melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-1). The anticancer potential was also determined by testing the effect of these conjugates on cell migration, cell adhesion and induction of apoptosis in SK-MEL-1 cancer cells. Propofol-OLA conjugates significantly induced apoptosis in contrast to propofol-RCA conjugates which showed only weak signals for cytochrome c. Conclusively, the synthesized novel ester conjugates showed considerable moderation of anti-tumor activity. This preliminary study places in-house synthesized conjugates into the new class of anticancer agents that possess selectivity toward cancer cells over normal cells.

Anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects of the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid in psoriasis--a pilot study

Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a bioactive 3-thia fatty acid, giving hypolipidemic response, inhibiting the proliferation and increasing the differentiation of normal adult epidermal keratinocytes and showing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease associated with abnormalities in lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, eicosanoid metabolism and increased frequency of cardiovascular events. On this background we have conducted a pilot study to explore the hypothesis that this modified fatty acid could improve dyslipidemia and reduce inflammation in psoriatic patients. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we assessed the metabolic effects of systemic TTA in a limited number of patients with mild to moderate psoriasis, 1000 mg TTA daily for 28 days. The most important findings were: (i) TTA reduced plasma total cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides and total fatty acids; (ii) TTA decreased plasma TNF-α, IL-8 and VCAM-1; and (iii) plasma fatty acid composition changed with an increased level of monounsaturated fatty acids and decreased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion TTA exerts both hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects in psoriasis patients. The results further indicate that TTA can be of therapeutic benefit for a subgroup of psoriatic patients.

Olive Oil‐Based Fat Emulsion Versus Soy Oil‐Based Fat Emulsion in Abdominal Oncologic Surgery

In parenteral nutrition (PN), essential fatty acids are provided by soy oil‐based fat emulsions, which may exert adverse effects on the immune system and lipid peroxidation. Olive oil ‐based fat emulsions have been said to prevent these undesired effects. This study compares effects of olive oil ‐ and soy oil ‐based fat emulsions in 22 patients who underwent abdominal surgery for cancer. The first group (n = 10) received soy oil ‐based fat emulsion; the second group (n = 10) received olive oil ‐based fat emulsion. Body temperature, body mass index, (BMI) and biochemical variables were measured on days 0 and 7. There were no differences between the groups with regard to BMI or temperature. On day 7, the first group (compared with day 0) had significant increases in plasma alkaline phosphatase (81.70 ± 16.03 vs 117.60 ± 11.1), γ‐glutamyl transferase (39.90 ± 15.40 vs 137.70 ± 24.09), and mean body temperature (36.72°C ± 0.14°C vs 37.20°C ± 0.17°C) (P < .01). Second group had increases in alkaline phosphatase (85.80 ± 13.46 vs 147.20 ± 34.17), γ‐glutamyl transferase (48.40 ± 12.86 vs 129.40 ± 42.03), total protein (5.14 ± 0.19 vs 6.06 ± 0.49), and albumin (2.62 ± 0.14 vs 3.00 ± 0.18) (P < .05). Changes in thiobutyric acid levels were not statistically significant in either group. In postoperative cancer patients, olive oil‐based fat emulsion had similar effects on BMI, body temperature, biochemical values, and thiobutyric acid levels as soy oil‐based fat emulsions.