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Cheng J, Li G, Wang X, Yang C, Xu F, Qian Z, Ma X. Cloning and Functional Characterization of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductases in Aconitum vilmorinianum. Molecules 2023; 28:7409. [PMID: 37959828 PMCID: PMC10648341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs) are major pharmacologically active ingredients of Aconitum vilmorinianum, an important medicinal plant. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are involved in the DA biosynthetic pathway, and the electron transfer reaction of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) with P450 is the rate-limiting step of the P450 redox reaction. Here, we identified and characterized two homologs of CPR from Aconitum vilmorinianum. The open reading frames of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 were found to be 2103 and 2100 bp, encoding 700 and 699 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis characterized both AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 as class II CPRs. Cytochrome c and ferricyanide could be reduced with the recombinant proteins of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2. Both AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 were expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of A. vilmorinianum. The expression levels of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 were significantly increased in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The yeasts co-expressing AvCPR1/AvCPR2/SmCPR1 and CYP76AH1 all produced ferruginol, indicating that AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 can transfer electrons to CYP76AH1 in the same manner as SmCPR1. Docking analysis confirmed the experimentally deduced functional activities of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 for FMN, FAD, and NADPH. The functional characterization of AvCPRs will be helpful in disclosing molecular mechanisms relating to the biosynthesis of diterpene alkaloids in A. vilmorinianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Cheng
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guodong Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Congwei Yang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Furong Xu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zigang Qian
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education on Substance Benchmark Research of Ethnic Medicines, Kunming 650500, China
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Iyanagi T. Roles of Ferredoxin-NADP + Oxidoreductase and Flavodoxin in NAD(P)H-Dependent Electron Transfer Systems. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2143. [PMID: 36358515 PMCID: PMC9687028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct isoforms of FAD-containing ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) and ferredoxin (Fd) are involved in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic electron transfer systems. The FNR (FAD)-Fd [2Fe-2S] redox pair complex switches between one- and two-electron transfer reactions in steps involving FAD semiquinone intermediates. In cyanobacteria and some algae, one-electron carrier Fd serves as a substitute for low-potential FMN-containing flavodoxin (Fld) during growth under low-iron conditions. This complex evolves into the covalent FNR (FAD)-Fld (FMN) pair, which participates in a wide variety of NAD(P)H-dependent metabolic pathways as an electron donor, including bacterial sulfite reductase, cytochrome P450 BM3, plant or mammalian cytochrome P450 reductase and nitric oxide synthase isoforms. These electron transfer systems share the conserved Ser-Glu/Asp pair in the active site of the FAD module. In addition to physiological electron acceptors, the NAD(P)H-dependent diflavin reductase family catalyzes a one-electron reduction of artificial electron acceptors such as quinone-containing anticancer drugs. Conversely, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which shares a Fld-like active site, functions as a typical two-electron transfer antioxidant enzyme, and the NQO1 and UDP-glucuronosyltransfease/sulfotransferase pairs function as an antioxidant detoxification system. In this review, the roles of the plant FNR-Fd and FNR-Fld complex pairs were compared to those of the diflavin reductase (FAD-FMN) family. In the final section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain electron transfer systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iyanagi
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Akoh 678-1297, Hyogo, Japan
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Huang R, Liu L, He X, Wang W, Hou Y, Chen J, Li Y, Zhou H, Tian T, Wang W, Xu Q, Yu Y, Zhou T. Isolation and Functional Characterization of Multiple NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Genes from Camellia sinensis in View of Catechin Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14926-14937. [PMID: 34859673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catechins are critical constituents for the sensory quality and health-promoting benefits of tea. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for catechin biosynthesis and are dependent on NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) to provide reducing equivalents for their activities. However, CPRs have not been identified in tea, and their relationship to catechin accumulation also remains unknown. Thus, three CsCPR genes were identified in this study, all of which had five CPR-related conserved domains and were targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. These three recombinant CsCPR proteins could reduce cytochrome c using NADPH as an electron donor. Heterologous co-expression in yeast demonstrated that all the three CsCPRs could support the enzyme activities of CsC4H and CsF3'H. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression level of CsCPR1 (or CsCPR2 or CsCPR3) was positively correlated with 3',4',5'-catechin (or total catechins) content. Our results indicate that the CsCPRs are involved in the biosynthesis of catechins in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuqiu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yihong Hou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - He Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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Liao J, Xie L, Shi H, Cui S, Lan F, Luo Z, Ma X. Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112824. [PMID: 34102591 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Siraitia grosvenorii (Luo hanguo or monk fruit) is a valuable medicinal herb for which the market demand has increased dramatically worldwide. As promising natural sweeteners, mogrosides have received much attention from researchers because of their extremely high sweetness and lack of calories. Nevertheless, owing to the absence of genetic transformation methods, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of mogroside biosynthesis have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, an effective method for gene function analysis needs to be developed for S. grosvenorii fruit. As a powerful approach, transient expression has become a versatile method to elucidate the biological functions of genes and proteins in various plant species. In this study, PBI121 with a β-glucuronidase (GUS) marker and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) were used as vectors for overexpression and silencing, respectively, of the SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 genes in S. grosvenorii fruit. The effectiveness of transient expression was validated by GUS staining in S. grosvenorii fruit, and the expression levels of SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 increased significantly after infiltration for 36 h. In addition, TRV-induced gene silencing suppressed the expression of SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 in S. grosvenorii fruit. More importantly, the production of the major secondary metabolites mogrol, mogroside IIE (MIIE) and mogroside III (MIII) was activated by the overexpression of SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 in S. grosvenorii fruit, with levels 1-2 times those in the control group. Moreover, the accumulation of mogrol, MIIE and MIII was decreased in the SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 gene silencing assays. Therefore, this transient expression approach was available for S. grosvenorii fruit, providing insight into the expression of the SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 genes involved in the mogroside biosynthesis pathway. Our study also suggests that this method has potential applications in the exploration of the molecular mechanisms, biochemical hypotheses and functional characteristics of S. grosvenorii genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongwu Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengrong Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fusheng Lan
- Guilin GFS Monk Fruit Corp, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Zuliang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Yamamura Y, Mabuchi A. Functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase encoding genes from Scoparia dulcis L. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:6. [PMID: 32124148 PMCID: PMC7052086 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plant cytochrome P450 (P450) proteins need to be supplied with electrons from a redox partner, e.g. an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), for the activation of oxygen molecules via heme. CPR is a flavoprotein with an N-terminal transmembrane domain, which transfers electrons from NADPH to the P450 via coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. RESULTS In this study, a novel CPR (SdCPR) was isolated from a tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L. The deduced amino acid of SdCPR showed high homology of > 76% with CPR from higher plants and belonged to the class II CPRs of dicots. Recombinant SdCPR protein reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and dichlorophenolindophenol in an NADPH-dependent manner. To elucidate the P450 monooxygenase activity of SdCPR, we isolated a cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (SdC4H, CYP73A111) gene from S. dulcis. Biochemical characterization of SdCPR/SdC4H demonstrated that SdCPR supports the oxidation step of SdC4H. Real-time qPCR results showed that expression levels of SdCPR and SdC4H were inducible by mechanical wounding treatment and phytohormone elicitation (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid), which were consistent with the results of promotor analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the SdCPR and SdC4H are related to defense reactions, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yamamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Mabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Tsou CY, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase from the green microalga Botryococcus braunii, B race. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:30-37. [PMID: 28818427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii of the B race accumulates various lipophilic compounds containing a 10,11-oxidosqualene epoxide moiety in addition to large amounts of triterpene hydrocarbons. While 2,3-squalene epoxidases have already been isolated and characterized from the alga, the enzyme that catalyzes the 10,11-epoxidation of squalene has remained elusive. In order to obtain a molecular tool to explore a 10,11-squalene epoxidase, cDNA cloning of an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) that is required by both squalene epoxidases and cytochrome P450 enzymes was carried out. The isolated cDNA contained an open reading frame (1998 bp) that encoded for a protein with 665 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 71.46 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.49. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed the presence of conserved motifs, including FMN, FAD, and NADPH binding domains, which are typical of other CPRs and necessary for enzyme activity. By truncation of the N-terminal transmembrane anchor and addition of a 6× His-tag, BbCPR was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant enzyme showed optimal reducing activity of cytochrome c at around a neutral pH at a temperature range of 30-37°C. For steady state kinetic parameters, the recombinant enzyme had a km for cytochrome c and NADPH of 11.7±1.6 and 9.4±1.4 μM, and a kcat for cytochrome c and NADPH of 2.78±0.09 and 3.66±0.11 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. This is the first study to perform the functional characterization of a CPR from eukaryotic microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yau Tsou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Evolution of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases (POR) in Apiales - POR 1 is missing. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:21-8. [PMID: 26854662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the obligate electron donor to eukaryotic microsomal cytochromes P450 enzymes. The number of PORs within plant species is limited to one to four isoforms, with the most common being two PORs per plant. These enzymes provide electrons to a huge number of different cytochromes P450s (from 50 to several hundred within one plant). Within the eudicotyledons, PORs can be divided into two major clades, POR 1 and POR 2. Based on our own sequencing analysis and publicly available data, we have identified 45 PORs from the angiosperm order Apiales. These were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis along with 237 other publicly available (NCBI and oneKP) POR sequences found within the clade Asterids. Here, we show that the order Apiales only harbor members of the POR 2 clade, which are further divided into two distinct subclades. This is in contrast to most other eudicotyledon orders that have both POR 1 and POR 2. This suggests that through gene duplications and one gene deletion, Apiales only contain members of the POR 2 clade. Three POR 2 isoforms from Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae, were all full-length in an Illumina root transcriptome dataset (available from the SRA at NCBI). All three genes were shown to be functional upon reconstitution into nanodiscs, confirming that none of the isoforms are pseudogenes.
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Sintupachee S, Ngamrojanavanich N, Sitthithaworn W, De-Eknamkul W. Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and functional characterisation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP97C27, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR I, from Croton stellatopilosus Ohba. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:131-141. [PMID: 25443840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (designated as CYP97C27 by D. Nelson's group) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (designated as CPR I based on its classification) were isolated from Croton stellatopilosus leaves, which actively biosynthesise plaunotol (18-OH geranylgeraniol). CYP97C27 and CPR I contain open reading frames encoding proteins of 471 and 711 amino acids with predicted molecular masses of 53 and 79kDa, respectively. By aligning the deduced sequences of CYP97C27 and CPR I with other plant species, all functional domains of CYP97C27 (heme and oxygen binding) and CPR I (CYP- and FMN, FAD, and NADPH cofactor binding) were identified. Amino acid sequence comparison indicated that both CYP97C27 (85-93%) and CPR I (79-83%) share high sequence identities with homologous proteins in other plant species, suggesting that CYP97C27 belongs to the CYP97C subfamily and that CPR I belongs to class I of the dicotyledonous CPR. Functional characterisation of both enzymes, produced in Escherichia coli (pET32a/BL21(DE3)) as recombinant proteins, showed that simultaneous incubation of CYP97C27 and CPR I with the substrate geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and coenzyme NADPH led to formation of the product plaunotol. In C. stellatopilosus, the levels of the CYP97C27 and CPR I transcripts were highly correlated with those of several mRNAs involved in the plaunotol biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that CYP97C27 and CPR I are the enzymes that catalyse the last hydroxylation step of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Sintupachee
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Worapan Sitthithaworn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakonnayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Phamacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Bhat WW, Rana S, Dhar N, Razdan S, Pandith SA, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK. An inducible NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Picrorhiza kurrooa - an imperative redox partner of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:381-99. [PMID: 24522789 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurrooa synthesizes a large array of pharmacologically important monoterpenoid iridoid glycosides called picrosides. Although chemical profile and pharmacological activities of P. kurrooa have been extensively studied, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and to identify the key regulatory genes involved in picroside biosynthesis. In the present study, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, a key enzyme involved in electron transfer to cytochrome P450s was identified from P. kurrooa. The full length cDNA (2679 bp) contained an open reading frame of 2133 bp, corresponding to 710 amino acids. PkCPR was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the kinetic parameters of the recombinant enzyme were determined. Specific activity, V max and K m of PkCPR were found to be 5.8 ± 0.05 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), 8.1 ± 0.12 μmol min(-1) mg(-1) and 7.8 μM, respectively. PkCPR was found to be spatially regulated at transcript level, being maximally expressed in leaf tissues. Altitude was found to have a positive effect on the picroside concentration and the picroside content positively correlated with the PkCPR transcript levels in samples collected at varied altitudes. Further, transcript profiling under methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, 2,4-dicholorophenoxy acetic acid and UV-B elicitations displayed differential transcriptional regulation of PkCPR that fully corroborated with the identified cis-elements within the PkCPR promoter. Expression of PkCPR was inducible by UV-B and phytohormone elicitation, indicating that the PkCPR is possibly related to defence reactions, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Present study is so far the only report of identification and functional characterization of CPR ortholog from P. kurrooa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi-180001, India
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Rana S, Lattoo SK, Dhar N, Razdan S, Bhat WW, Dhar RS, Vishwakarma R. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: molecular cloning and functional characterization of two paralogs from Withania somnifera (L.) dunal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57068. [PMID: 23437311 PMCID: PMC3578826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a highly reputed medicinal plant, synthesizes a large array of steroidal lactone triterpenoids called withanolides. Although its chemical profile and pharmacological activities have been studied extensively during the last two decades, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. Cytochrome P450 reductase is the most imperative redox partner of multiple P450s involved in primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We describe here the cloning and characterization of two paralogs of cytochrome P450 reductase from W. somnifera. The full length paralogs of WsCPR1 and WsCPR2 have open reading frames of 2058 and 2142 bp encoding 685 and 713 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that grouping of dual CPRs was in accordance with class I and class II of eudicotyledon CPRs. The corresponding coding sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins, purified and characterized. Recombinant proteins of both the paralogs were purified with their intact membrane anchor regions and it is hitherto unreported for other CPRs which have been purified from microsomal fraction. Southern blot analysis suggested that two divergent isoforms of CPR exist independently in Withania genome. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both genes were widely expressed in leaves, stalks, roots, flowers and berries with higher expression level of WsCPR2 in comparison to WsCPR1. Similar to CPRs of other plant species, WsCPR1 was un-inducible while WsCPR2 transcript level increased in a time-dependent manner after elicitor treatments. High performance liquid chromatography of withanolides extracted from elicitor-treated samples showed a significant increase in two of the key withanolides, withanolide A and withaferin A, possibly indicating the role of WsCPR2 in withanolide biosynthesis. Present investigation so far is the only report of characterization of CPR paralogs from W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Rekha S. Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
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Rice P450 reductases differentially affect P450-mediated metabolism in bacterial expression systems. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:325-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Jensen K, Møller BL. Plant NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:132-41. [PMID: 19931102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) serves as the electron donor to almost all eukaryotic cytochromes P450. It belongs to a small family of diflavin proteins and is built of cofactor binding domains with high structural homology to those of bacterial flavodoxins and to ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductases. CPR shuttles electrons from NADPH through the FAD and FMN-cofactors into the central heme-group of the P450s. Mobile domains in CPR are essential for electron transfer between FAD and FMN and for P450 interaction. Blast searches identified 54 full-length gene sequences encoding CPR derived from a total of 35 different plant species. CPRs from vascular plants cluster into two major phylogenetic groups. Depending on the species, plants contain one, two or three paralogs of which one is inducible. The nature of the CPR-P450 interacting domains is well conserved as demonstrated by the ability of CPRs from different species or even from different kingdoms to at least partially complement each other functionally. This makes CPR an ideal bio-brick in synthetic biology approaches to re-design or develop entirely different combinations of existing biological systems to gain improved or completely altered functionalities based on the "share your parts" principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Jensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang CQ, Lu S, Mao YB, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Characterization of two NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductases from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:27-35. [PMID: 19883924 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are commonly involved in biosynthesis of endogenous compounds and catabolism of xenobiotics, and their activities rely on a partner enzyme, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR, E.C.1.6.2.4). Two CPR cDNAs, GhCPR1 and GhCPR2, were isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). They are 71% identical to each other at the amino acid sequence level and belong to the Class I and II of dicotyledonous CPRs, respectively. The recombinant enzymes reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide and dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) in an NADPH-dependent manner, and supported the activity of CYP73A25, a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase of cotton. Both GhCPR genes were widely expressed in cotton tissues, with a reduced expression level of GhCPR2 in the glandless cotton cultivar. Expression of GhCPR2, but not GhCPR1, was inducible by mechanical wounding and elicitation, indicating that the GhCPR2 is more related to defense reactions, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Kong S, Ngo SNT, McKinnon RA, Stupans I. Cloning and expression of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) liver cytochrome P450 reductase. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:1-9. [PMID: 19444989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cloning, expression and characterization of hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) from koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is described. Two 2059 bp koala liver CPR cDNAs, designated CPR1 and CPR2, were cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The koala CPR cDNAs encode proteins of 678 amino acids and share 85% amino acid sequence identity to human CPR. Transfection of the koala CPR cDNAs into Cos-7 cells resulted in the expression of proteins, which were recognized by a goat-antihuman CPR antibody. The koala CPR1 and 2 cDNA-expressed enzymes catalysed cytochrome c reductase at the rates of 4.9 +/- 0.5 and 2.6 +/- 0.4 nmol/min/mg protein (mean +/- SD, n = 3), respectively which were comparable to that of rat CPR cDNA-expressed enzyme. The apparent Km value for CPR activity in koala liver microsomes was 11.61 +/- 6.01 microM, which is consistent with that reported for rat CPR enzyme. Northern analysis detected a CPR mRNA band of approximately 2.6 kb. Southern analysis suggested a single PCR gene across species. The present study provides primary molecular data regarding koala CPR1 and CPR2 genes in this unique marsupial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kong
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Eberle D, Ullmann P, Werck-Reichhart D, Petersen M. cDNA cloning and functional characterisation of CYP98A14 and NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase from Coleus blumei involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 69:239-53. [PMID: 18982412 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The final reactions of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis, the introduction of the aromatic 3- and 3'-hydroxyl groups, are catalysed by cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylases. The cDNAs encoding CYP98A14 as well as a NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) were isolated from Coleus blumei and actively expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The CYP98A14-cDNA showed an open reading frame of 1521 nucleotides with high similarities to 4-coumaroylshikimate/quinate 3-hydroxylases. Yeast microsomes harbouring the CYP98A14 protein catalysed the 3-hydroxylation of 4-coumaroyl-3',4'-dihydroxyphenyllactate and the 3'-hydroxylation of caffeoyl-4'-hydroxyphenyllactate, in both cases forming rosmarinic acid. Apparent K (m)-values for 4-coumaroyl-3',4'-dihydroxyphenyllactate and caffeoyl-4'-hydroxyphenyllactate were determined to be at 5 microM and 40 microM, respectively. CYP98A14 differs from CYP98s from other plants, since 4-coumaroylshikimate or -quinate were not accepted as substrates. Coexpression of the Coleus blumei CPR and CYP98A14 in the same yeast cells increased the hydroxylation activity up to sevenfold. CYP98A14 from Coleus blumei is a novel bifunctional cytochrome P450 specialised for rosmarinic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eberle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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16
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Shet MS. Relevance of cytochrome P450s in plants: also one of Ron Estabrook's research interests. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:273-80. [PMID: 17786619 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701468268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
I worked with Dr. Ronald Estabrook for nearly 10 years at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. In Ron's lab, when I joined I was initially involved in the isolation, purification, and characterization of cytochrome P450s and NADPH-P450(c) reductase(s) from plants, which was his new exploratory project at the time. We developed methods for the isolation, solubilization, and purification of P450s and NADPH-P450(c) reductase from plant tissue microsomes. We carried out number of in vitro experiments to study the involvement P450s and NADPH-P450(c) reductase in the biosynthesis of number of phytoalexins. We successfully isolated, purified, and cloned NADPH-P450(c) reductase from etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiate) seedlings. In addition, a series of studies were undertaken to show that purified mung bean NADPH-P450(c) reductase was able to catalyze P450-supported reactions for mammalian and bacterial P450s. My stay in Ron's lab was very educational and productive. He provided the necessary support and led the way through the maze in different research projects in the lab, which allowed me to understand the roles of P450s in humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. He liked to teach and discover new things everyday in the lab. He is a great scientist, as well as loving and caring mentor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath S Shet
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Purdue Pharma, LP, Stamford, Connecticut 06901, USA.
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17
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Jennewein S, Park H, DeJong JM, Long RM, Bollon AP, Croteau RB. Coexpression in yeast of Taxus cytochrome P450 reductase with cytochrome P450 oxygenases involved in Taxol biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 89:588-98. [PMID: 15672381 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To maximize redox coupling efficiency with recombinant cytochrome P450 hydroxylases from yew (Taxus) species installed in yeast for the production of the anticancer drug Taxol, a cDNA encoding NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase from T. cuspidata was isolated. This single-copy gene (2,154 bp encoding a protein of 717 amino acids) resembles more closely other reductases from gymnosperms (approximately 90% similarity) than those from angiosperms (<80% similarity). The recombinant reductase was characterized and compared to other reductases by heterologous expression in insect cells and was shown to support reconstituted taxoid 10beta-hydroxylase activity with an efficiency comparable to that of other plant-derived reductases. Coexpression in yeast of the reductase along with T. cuspidata taxoid 10beta-hydroxylase, which catalyzes an early step of taxoid biosynthesis, demonstrated significant enhancement of hydroxylase activity compared to that supported by the endogenous yeast reductase alone. Functional transgenic coupling of the Taxus reductase with a homologous cytochrome P450 taxoid hydroxylase represents an important initial step in reconstructing Taxol biosynthesis in a microbial host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jennewein
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
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18
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Ro DK, Ehlting J, Douglas CJ. Cloning, functional expression, and subcellular localization of multiple NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from hybrid poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1837-51. [PMID: 12481067 PMCID: PMC166695 DOI: 10.1104/pp.008011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Revised: 06/29/2002] [Accepted: 08/17/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) provides reducing equivalents to diverse cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. We isolated cDNAs for three CPR genes (CPR1, CPR2, and CPR3) from hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides). Deduced CPR2 and CPR3 amino acid sequences were 91% identical, but encoded isoforms divergent from CPR1 (72% identity). CPR1 and CPR2 were co-expressed together with the P450 enzyme cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Microsomes isolated from strains expressing CPR1/C4H or CPR2/C4H enhanced C4H activities approximately 10-fold relative to the C4H-only control strain, and catalyzed NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reduction. The divergent CPR isoforms (CPR1 and CPR2/3) contained entirely different N-terminal sequences, which are conserved in other plant CPRs and are diagnostic for two distinct classes of CPRs within the angiosperms. C-terminal green fluorescent protein fusions to CPR1 and CPR2 were constructed and expressed in both yeast and Arabidopsis. The fusion proteins expressed in yeast retained the ability to support C4H activity and, thus, were catalytically active. Both CPR::green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were strictly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in transgenic Arabidopsis. The lack of localization of either isoform to chloroplasts, where P450s are known to be present, suggests that an alternative P450 reduction system may be operative in this organelle. Transcripts for the three poplar CPR genes were present ubiquitously in all tissues examined, but CPR2 showed highest expression in young leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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19
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MAEHANA K, TANI H, KAMATAKI T, KAMIDATE T. Affinity partitioning of histidine-tagged cytochrome b5 and an oligopeptide in an aqueous micellar two-phase system containing a metal-chelating polymer. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2002. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.51.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji MAEHANA
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Hirofumi TANI
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Tetsuya KAMATAKI
- Division of Medical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Tamio KAMIDATE
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
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20
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Tranbarger TJ, Forward BS, Misra S. Regulation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase expressed during Douglas-fir germination and seedling development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 44:141-153. [PMID: 11117258 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006425025702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
NADH-cytochrome P450 is a key enzyme that transfers electrons from NADPH to the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes. To begin to determine the regulation of CPR gene expression and enzyme activity in Douglas-fir a full-length cDNA was isolated from a seedling lambda ZAP cDNA library and the ORF was used to develop a synthetic CPR-peptide-based antiserum. Northern blot analysis indicated CPR expression was regulated both developmentally prior to seed maturation and during germination, and differentially in the cotyledons, radicle and megagametophyte of seed and seedling tissues. The CPR-peptide antiserum detected a single CPR in seed and seedling microsomes analyzed by western blot of two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gels. In microsomal extracts from whole seeds and seedlings, the amount of CPR protein remained constant while NADPH:cytochrome c reductase activity increased during stratification, germination and early seedling development. In contrast to cotyledons and megagametophyte, the level of CPR protein detected in radicles was higher than expected when compared to the amount of CPR transcript.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cycadopsida/enzymology
- Cycadopsida/genetics
- Cycadopsida/growth & development
- DNA Restriction Enzymes/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Germination/genetics
- Microsomes/enzymology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/genetics
- NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Development
- Plants/enzymology
- Plants/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tranbarger
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Oyan AM, Nilsen F, Goksøyr A, Holmqvist B. Partial cloning of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases and detailed neuronal expression of NOS mRNA in the cerebellum and optic tectum of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 78:38-49. [PMID: 10891583 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of different species have implicated nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) in various physiological and pathological events. Three major NOS isoforms are present in the brain of mammals; endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). Little is known about the significance of the presence of these proteins in the brain. We report the first investigation into the presence of nNOS and iNOS isoforms in a teleost, adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Complementary DNA was synthesized from cerebellum and thymus mRNA using RT-PCR techniques with primers against conserved regions of NOS. Cloning and sequencing revealed a partial gene sequence of 560 bp corresponding to mammalian nNOS from cerebellum cDNA. The predicted protein sequence of identified salmon nNOS possessed 85% identity to that of mammalian nNOS. Northern blot analysis of different tissues revealed expression in brain and heart, and indicated expression of three different nNOS mRNAs in the brain. In addition, a 389 bp sequence corresponding to iNOS was identified in thymus cDNA. Salmon iNOS is almost identical to rainbow trout iNOS (95%), but shows much less amino acid identity to goldfish (65%) and mammalian (52%) iNOS. Phylogenetically, all vertebrate nNOS and iNOS homologues are clustered separately. Expression studies by means of in situ hybridization revealed abundant nNOS mRNA transcripts in distinct neuronal populations throughout the Purkinje cell layer of the corpus cerebellum and the periventricular layer of the optic tectum. Our data show that adult Atlantic salmon possess a gene encoding an nNOS isoform and putative alternatively spliced forms, which are expressed in distinct neuronal populations in the cerebellum and optic tectum, and in yet unidentified cell types in the heart. The data suggest that the arising of different vertebrate NOS isoforms is an evolutionary old event. The well conserved sequences present in salmon and mammalian nNOS may reflect their importance in protein function, whereas interspecies distributional differences in cellular expression of nNOS and sequence differences of iNOS may reflect variations and specializations in routes of NO action in the vertebrate phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Oyan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
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22
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Kahn RA, Durst F. Function and Evolution of Plant Cytochrome P450. EVOLUTION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(00)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Lupien S, Karp F, Wildung M, Croteau R. Regiospecific cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases from mint (Mentha) species: cDNA isolation, characterization, and functional expression of (-)-4S-limonene-3-hydroxylase and (-)-4S-limonene-6-hydroxylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 368:181-92. [PMID: 10415126 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxygenation pattern of the cyclic monoterpenoids of commercial mint (Mentha) species is determined by regiospecific cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the common olefinic precursor (-)-4S-limonene. In peppermint (Mentha x piperita), C3-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-isopiperitenol, whereas in spearmint, C6-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-carveol. The microsomal limonene-6-hydroxylase was purified from the oil glands of spearmint, and amino acid sequences from the homogeneous enzyme were used to design PCR primers with which a 500-bp amplicon was prepared. This nondegenerate probe was employed to screen a spearmint oil gland cDNA library from which the corresponding full-length cDNA was isolated and subsequently confirmed as the C6-hydroxylase by functional expression using the baculovirus-Spodoptera system. The probe was also utilized to isolate two closely related full-length cDNA species from a peppermint oil gland cDNA library which were confirmed as the limonene-3-hydroxylase by functional expression as before. Deduced sequence analysis of these regiospecific cytochrome P450 monooxygenases indicates that both enzymes bear a typical amino-terminal membrane anchor, consistent with the microsomal location of the native forms, exhibit calculated molecular weights of 56,149 (spearmint) and about 56,560 (peppermint), and are very similar in primary sequence (70% identity and 85% similarity). The availability of these regiochemically distinct, yet very closely related, recombinant hydroxylases and their corresponding genes provides a unique model system for understanding structure-function relationships in cytochrome P450 substrate binding and catalysis, and a means for transgenic manipulation of monoterpene biosynthetic pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lupien
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340, USA
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24
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Kranendonk M, Fisher CW, Roda R, Carreira F, Theisen P, Laires A, Rueff J, Vermeulen NP, Estabrook RW. Escherichia coli MTC, a NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase competent mutagenicity tester strain for the expression of human cytochrome P450: comparison of three types of expression systems. Mutat Res 1999; 439:287-300. [PMID: 10023085 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently three different methods have been taken to develop new mutagenicity tester strains containing human cytochrome P450s (CYPs). Each of these use a single expression vector. In this paper we describe a fourth approach, i.e., the coexpression of a CYP and its electron-transfer flavoprotein, NADPH CYP reductase (RED), encoded by two different expression vectors. The Escherichia coli mutagenicity tester strain BMX100 has been expanded to a strain, MTC which stably expresses human RED. This new tester strain permits the biplasmid coexpression of human CYP1A2 and RED (MTC1A2). This novel strain can be used for the determination of the mutagenicity of chemicals known to be procarcinogens and metabolized by CYP1A2. The mutagenicity tester strain MTC1A2 was compared with: (i) BMX100 using the post-mitochondrial rat liver fraction (S9); (ii) BMX100 with expressing CYP1A2 alone (iii) or with expressing CYP1A2 fused to rat RED or (iv) with expressing CYP1A2, bicistronically coexpressed with rat RED. The biplasmid RED/CYP coexpression system generated a strain with the highest methoxy- and ethoxy-resorufin dealkylase activities and the highest mutagenic activities for the procarcinogens 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ). Furthermore, the metabolism of 2AA and IQ was detected more efficiently using the MTC1A2 strain than with the BMX100 strain plus the standard rodent liver S9 metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kranendonk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, R. de Junqueira 96, P-1300, Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Makovec T, Breskvar K. Purification and characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from filamentous fungus Rhizopus nigricans. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 357:310-6. [PMID: 9735172 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here the isolation and partial characterization of a flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome P450 (cytochrome c) reductase. The enzyme is a part of steroid 11 alpha-hydroxylating system and is associated with the microsomal fraction of the fungus Rhizopus nigricans. Fungal reductase was solubilized from microsomal membranes with Triton X-100 and purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. A 350-fold purification of the enzyme with specific activity of 37 mumol cytochrome c reduced/min/mg protein was achieved. A single protein band was obtained on SDS-PAGE analysis with an apparent molecular weight of 79 kDa. Purified reductase contained approximately equimolar quantities of flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide per mole of the enzyme. Upon induction of the steroid hydroxylating system with progesterone the activity of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c (P450) reductase increased 10-fold. This is in good correlation with the increase in content of fungal cytochrome P450. Purified fungal flavoprotein was active in a reconstituted system with cytochrome P450 C21 from adrenal gland but could not replace adrenodoxin reductase in the mitochondrial steroid 11 beta-hydroxylating system. We were able to confirm the role of the enzyme by reconstituting steroid 11 alpha-hydroxylating activity from the separated components NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450, partly purified from fungal microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Makovec
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Mizutani M, Ohta D. Two isoforms of NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene structure, heterologous expression in insect cells, and differential regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:357-67. [PMID: 9449848 PMCID: PMC35176 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/1997] [Accepted: 10/13/1997] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated two NADPH-cytochrome (Cyt) P450 reductase isoforms encoded by separate genes (AR1 and AR2) in Arabidopsis thaliana. We isolated AR1 and AR2 cDNAs using a mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) NADPH-Cyt P450 reductase cDNA as a probe. The recombinant AR1 and AR2 proteins produced using a baculovirus expression system showed similar Km values for Cyt c and NADPH, respectively. In the reconstitution system with a recombinant cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (CYP73A5), the recombinant AR1 and AR2 proteins gave the same level of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity (about 70 nmol min-1 nmol-1 P450). The AR2 gene expression was transiently induced by 4- and 3-fold within 1 h of wounding and light treatments, respectively, and the induction time course preceded those of CYP73A5 and a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL1) gene. On the contrary, the AR1 expression level did not change during the treatments. Analysis of the AR1 and AR2 gene structure revealed that only the AR2 promoter contained three putative sequence motifs (boxes P, A, and L), which are involved in the coordinated expression of CYP73A5 and other phenylpropanoid pathway genes. These results suggest the possibility that AR2 transcription may be functionally linked to the induced levels of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mizutani
- Takarazuka Research Institute, Novartis Pharma K.K., Japan
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28
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Koopmann E, Hahlbrock K. Differentially regulated NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases in parsley. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14954-9. [PMID: 9405720 PMCID: PMC25144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases (CPRs) from parsley (Petroselinum crispum) were cloned, and the complete proteins were expressed and functionally identified in yeast. The two enzymes, designated CPR1 and CPR2, are 80% identical in amino acid sequence with one another and about 75% identical with CPRs from several other plant species. The mRNA accumulation patterns for CPR1 and CPR2 in fungal elicitor-treated or UV-irradiated cultured parsley cells and in developing or infected parsley plants were compared with those for cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), one of the most abundant CPR-dependent P450 enzymes in plants. All treatments strongly induced the mRNAs for C4H and CPR1 but not for CPR2, suggesting distinct metabolic roles of CPR1 and CPR2 and a functional relationship between CPR1 and C4H.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koopmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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Rosco A, Pauli HH, Priesner W, Kutchan TM. Cloning and heterologous expression of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from the Papaveraceae. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 348:369-77. [PMID: 9434750 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductase was purified to homogeneity from cell suspension cultures of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum, the enzyme was characterized (K(m) cytochrome c, 8.3 microM; K(m) NADPH, 4.2 microM; pH optimum, 8.0; M(r), 80 kDa), and the amino acid sequence of internal peptides was determined. Partial cDNA clones from P. somniferum and from Eschscholzia californica (California poppy) were then generated using the polymerase chain reaction and were used as hybridization probes to isolate full-length cDNAs. The Papaver and Eschscholzia cytochrome P450 reductases are 63% identical at the nucleotide level and 69% identical at the amino acid level. SDS-PAGE of the purified native P. somniferum enzyme as well as genomic DNA gel blot analysis indicate that two cytochrome P450 reductase isoforms are present in each species. This evidence is also supported by translation of nucleotide sequences obtained from the PCR-generated partial cDNAs and the full-length cDNAs isolated from lambda libraries. The Papaver and Eschscholzia cytochrome P450 reductases were functionally expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the insect cell culture Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9. Coexpression of cytochrome P450 reductase with the C-O phenol coupling cytochrome P450 of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in Berberis stolonifera, berbamunine synthase (CYP80A1), in insect cell culture resulted in an alteration of the product profile as compared to that obtained by expression of berbamunine synthase in the absence of plant reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosco
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Universität München, Germany
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Urban P, Mignotte C, Kazmaier M, Delorme F, Pompon D. Cloning, yeast expression, and characterization of the coupling of two distantly related Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases with P450 CYP73A5. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:19176-86. [PMID: 9235908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.31.19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase-encoding cDNAs were isolated from an Arabidopsis cDNA library by metabolic interference in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant disrupted for its endogenous cpr1 gene. ATR1 encodes a protein of 692 amino acids, while ATR2 encodes either a 712-residue protein (ATR2-1), or a 702-residue protein (ATR2-2) depending on the choice of the initiation codon. Comparative analysis of ATR1 and ATR2-1 indicates 64% amino acid sequence identity and the absence of conservation in the third base of conserved amino acid codons. The two Arabidopsis reductases are encoded by distinct genes whose divergence is expected an early event in angiosperms evolution. A poly(Ser/Thr) stretch reminiscent of a plant chloroplastic targeting signal is present at the ATR2-1 N-terminal end but absent in ATR1. The cDNA open reading frames were expressed in yeast. The recombinant polypeptides were found present in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum membrane and exhibited a high specific NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. To gain more insight into the respective functions of the two reductases, the Arabidopsis cDNA encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (CYP73A5) was cloned and co-expressed with ATR1 or ATR2 in yeast. Biochemical characterization of the Arabidopsis ATR1/CYP73A5 and ATR2-1/CYP73A5 systems demonstrates that the two distantly related Arabidopsis reductases similarly support the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid general pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Urban
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Kärgel E, Menzel R, Honeck H, Vogel F, Böhmer A, Schunck WH. Candida maltosa NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: Cloning of a full-length cDNA, Heterologous expression inSaccharomyces cerevisiae and function of the N-terminal region for membrane anchoring and proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19960330)12:4<333::aid-yea915>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kärgel E, Menzel R, Honeck H, Vogel F, Böhmer A, Schunck WH. Candida maltosa NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: cloning of a full-length cDNA, heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and function of the N-terminal region for membrane anchoring and proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast 1996; 12:333-48. [PMID: 8701606 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19960330)12:4%3c333::aid-yea915%3e3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA for NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida maltosa was cloned and sequenced. The derived amino acid sequence showed a high similarity to the reductases from other eukaryotes. Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under control of the GAL10 promoter resulted in an approximately 70-fold increase in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in the microsomal fraction. The functional integrity of the heterologously expressed reductase as an electron transfer component for alkane hydroxylating cytochrome P450 from C. maltosa was shown in a reconstituted system containing both enzymes in a highly purified state. The signal-anchor sequence of the reductase was identified within the N-terminal region of the protein by means of constructing and expressing fusion proteins with the cytosolic form of yeast invertase. The first 33 amino acids turned out to be sufficient for stable membrane insertion, wild-type membrane orientation and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. As shown by immunoelectron microscopy, the heterologously expressed reductase was integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum of the host organism. It triggered a strong proliferation of the membrane system. This membrane-inducing property of the reductase was transferable to the cytosolic reporter protein with the same N-terminal sequences that confer membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kärgel
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Research Group Membrane proteins, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Misra S, Chatthai M, Tranbarger TJ, Forward BS, Kaukinen KH. Differentially Regulated Gene Sets in Douglas Fir Seeds and Somatic Embryos. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS OF TREES 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3983-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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van den Brink HJ, van Zeijl CM, Brons JF, van den Hondel CA, van Gorcom RF. Cloning and characterization of the NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. DNA Cell Biol 1995; 14:719-29. [PMID: 7646819 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1995.14.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the cloning and molecular characterization of the Aspergillus niger cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) gene, cprA. Attempts to clone the cprA gene by heterologous hybridization techniques were unsuccessful. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers based on conserved regions found in cpr genes from other organisms, we were able to isolate a fragment that contained part of the gene. With the aid of this fragment, a genomic fragment containing the entire coding region and 5' and 3' untranslated ends of the cprA gene was isolated and sequenced. The cprA gene was introduced in multiple copies in A. niger strain N402 using the amdS transformation system. One of the resulting transformants, AB2-2, showed a 14-fold increase in CPR activity, indicating that the cloned cprA gene is functional. We analyzed the induction of cprA gene expression by several generally used cytochrome P450 inducers but did not find any induction of cprA gene expression. However, A. niger cprA gene expression could be induced by benzoic acid, which is the substrate of the highly inducible A. niger cytochrome P450 gene, bphA (cyp53). On the basis of a comparison of the deduced protein sequence of the A. niger cprA gene with CPR proteins isolated from other organisms, the structure-function relationship of some conserved regions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J van den Brink
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Kraus PF, Kutchan TM. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a cDNA encoding berbamunine synthase, a C--O phenol-coupling cytochrome P450 from the higher plant Berberis stolonifera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:2071-5. [PMID: 7892226 PMCID: PMC42425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.6.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a cytochrome P450-dependent oxidase, berbamunine synthase (EC 1.1.3.34; CYP80), from cell suspension cultures of the higher plant Berberis stolonifera Koehne and Wolf (barberry) has been isolated and heterologously expressed in functional form in insect cell culture using a baculovirus-based expression system. This cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme is unusual in that it catalyzes the regio- and stereoselective formation of a C--O phenol couple in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis without concomitant incorporation of activated oxygen into the product. Consistent with the function of an oxidase rather than a monooxygenase, an essential glycine residue in the distal helix, which forms the oxygen-binding pocket in the well-studied bacterial enzyme P-450cam, is replaced by proline at the equivalent position in berbamunine synthase. This oxidase was accumulated in an active form in insect cell microsomes and accepted electrons from the endogenous NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The heterologously expressed enzyme oxidatively couples either two molecules of (R)-N-methylcoclaurine to form the (R,R) dimer guattegaumerine or one molecule each of (R)- and (S)-N-methylcoclaurine to form the (R,S) dimer berbamunine. The ratio of the two bisbenzylisoquinolines formed could be altered by reductase source or by varying the enantiomer composition of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Kraus
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Universität München, Germany
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Durst F, Nelson DR. Diversity and evolution of plant P450 and P450-reductases. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1995; 12:189-206. [PMID: 8820852 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1995.12.3-4.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Durst
- Département d'Enzymologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, IBMP/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Menting JG, Cornish E, Scopes RK. Purification and partial characterization of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase from Petunia hybrida flowers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 106:643-650. [PMID: 7991686 PMCID: PMC159571 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.2.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was solubilized from the microsomal fraction of Petunia hybrida flowers by 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate detergent and purified by adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate-Sepharose chromatography, followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Two proteins with molecular sizes of 75 and 81 kD were detected in the purified preparation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Western blot analysis showed that both purified proteins cross-reacted with two different monoclonal antibodies raised against P. hybrida NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and rabbit anti-Jerusalem artichoke NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase antibodies. Only one 84-kD protein was detected by western blot analysis of fresh microsomal extracts. Amino acid sequence analysis of tryptic peptides revealed significant similarity to the NADPH binding region of plant and animal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases and Bacillus megaterium cytochrome P450:NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The pH optimum for reduction of ferricytochrome c was 7.4 and the Km values for the binding of NADPH and ferricytochrome c were 9.2 and 2.8 microM, respectively. We believe that the purified enzyme is a P. hybrida NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Menting
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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Shiota N, Nagasawa A, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y, Ohkawa H. Herbicide-resistant tobacco plants expressing the fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 106:17-23. [PMID: 7972515 PMCID: PMC159494 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) plants expressing a genetically engineered fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase were produced. The expression plasmid pGFC2 for the fused enzyme was constructed by insertion of the corresponding cDNA into the expression vector pNG01 under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and nopaline synthase gene terminator. The fused enzyme cDNA was integrated into tobacco genomes by Agrobacterium infection techniques. In transgenic tobacco plants, the fused enzyme protein was localized primarily in the microsomal fraction. The microsomal monooxygenase activities were approximately 10 times higher toward both 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo[a]pyrene than in the control plant. The transgenic plants also showed resistance to the herbicide chlortoluron.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shiota
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan
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